Memory is the retention of information or experiences over time, facilitated through three main processes: encoding, storage, and retrieval. Encoding is the process of inputting information into the memory system. For instance, when listening to a lecture, watching a play, reading a book, or having a conversation, the brain is actively encoding information. This initial stage involves transforming sensory input into a form that can be processed and stored by the brain. Various factors, such as attention, can enhance encoding efficiency.

Once information is encoded, it needs to be stored. Storage involves creating a permanent record of the encoded information in the brain. For example, after studying for an exam, the information learned is stored in long-term memory, allowing it to be recalled later.

Lastly, retrieval is the process of accessing stored information, such as recalling facts during an exam and bringing them back into conscious awareness. These three processes work together to enable learning, memory retention, and effective utilization of information in daily life. Remembering the plot of a favorite movie, recalling instructions from a cooking class, or recognizing a familiar face all depend on the seamless operation of encoding, storage, and retrieval. These processes are essential for cognitive functioning, impacting everything from basic daily tasks to complex problem-solving and decision-making activities. The interplay among encoding, storage, and retrieval highlights the dynamic nature of memory and its critical role in human experience and behavior.