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Chapter 9
Introduction: In nature, compounds containing both carbon and hydrogen are known as "hydrocarbons". Aliphatic hydrocarbons are compounds whose ...
Alkynes are unsaturated hydrocarbons characterized by the presence of carbon-carbon triple bonds and have a general formula CnH2n-2. The nomenclature of ...
The acidic strength of hydrocarbons follows the order: Alkynes > Alkenes > Alkanes. The strength of an acid is commonly expressed in units of pKa ...
Introduction Alkylation of terminal alkynes with primary alkyl halides in the presence of a strong base like sodium amide is one of the common methods for ...
Introduction Alkynes can be prepared by dehydrohalogenation of vicinal or geminal dihalides in the presence of a strong base like sodium amide in liquid ...
Introduction Halogenation is another class of electrophilic addition reactions where a halogen molecule gets added across a π bond. In alkynes, the ...
Electrophilic addition of hydrogen halides, HX (X = Cl, Br or I) to alkenes forms alkyl halides as per Markovnikov's rule, where the hydrogen gets ...
Introduction Analogous to alkenes, alkynes also undergo acid-catalyzed hydration. While the addition of water to an alkene gives an alcohol, hydration of ...
Introduction One of the convenient methods for the preparation of aldehydes and ketones is via hydration of alkynes. Hydroboration-oxidation of alkynes is ...
Alkynes undergo oxidative cleavage in the presence of oxidizing reagents like potassium permanganate and ozone. The triple bond — one σ bond ...
Introduction Like alkenes, alkynes can be reduced to alkanes in the presence of transition metal catalysts such as Pt, Pd, or Ni. The reaction involves ...
Alkynes can be reduced to trans-alkenes using sodium or lithium in liquid ammonia. The reaction, known as dissolving metal reduction, proceeds with an ...
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![9.11 : Reduction of Alkynes to ,[object Object],-Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation](https://cloudfront.jove.com/files/media/science-education/science-education-thumbs/11841.jpg)
![9.12 : Reduction of Alkynes to ,[object Object],-Alkenes: Sodium in Liquid Ammonia](https://cloudfront.jove.com/files/media/science-education/science-education-thumbs/11842.jpg)
