Wir danken Dr. Naojiro Minami (Kyoto University) für die Bereitstellung der Oog1pro3.9 Mäuse. Diese Forschung wurde von der JSPS (KAKENHI # JP15H06275) und der Nitto-Stiftung unterstützt.

Mäuse wurden in einem ökologisch kontrollierten Raum 23 ±1 ° C mit einem 12 h Licht/12 h dunklen Zyklus untergebracht. Tierbetreuung Protokolle und Experimente wurden gemäß den Richtlinien für Tier-Experimente an der Aichi Medical University durchgeführt und von der etablierten Tier Pflege und Nutzung Ausschuss angenommen wurden.
1. Vorbereitung des Kulturmediums und Gerichte
<ol><li>Fügen Sie um grundlegende Kulturmedium vorzubereiten, fetalen bovine Serum (FBS, 5 % V/V), FSH (100 mIU/mL), LH (10 mU/mL) und Penicillin-Streptomycin (Penicillin, 100 U/mL; Streptomycin, 100 mg/mL), minimale wesentliche mittlere Alpha (MEM-Alpha) und mischen in 50 mL Röhrchen. Hinweis: Gesamtvolumen der erforderlichen Nährmedien variieren zwischen Experimente, aber 1 mL Kulturmedium ist in der Regel ausreichend für 3,5 cm Glasboden Kultur Gerichte.</li>
	<li>Gießen Sie 1 mL Aliquote gemischte Kulturmedium in 3,5 cm Glasboden Kultur Gerichte und Gerichte eingelassen Sie statt 30 mm Zelle Kultur Einsätze. Wärmen Sie vor, Medien und Gerichte in einem Inkubator (5 % CO2 und 37 ° C).</li>
</ol>2. Vorbereitung von Eierstockgewebe
<ol><li>Pre-warme Phosphat gepufferte Kochsalzlösung (PBS) (−) und MEM-Alpha mit 5 % FBS, 100 U/mL Penicillin und 100 mg/mL Streptomycin im Inkubator (5 % CO2 und 37 ° C). Hinweis: Etwa 3 mL Aliquote von PBS (−) pro Eierstock sind ausreichend für den Einsatz im Eierstock Sezierungen, und 1 mL Aliquots der MEM-Alpha sind ausreichend für die vorübergehende Speicherung einzelner Eierstöcke in 3,5 cm Gerichte.</li>
	<li>
Verbrauchsteuern Sie Eierstöcke aus 4 - Wochen alten weiblichen ICR (benannt nach dem Institute of Cancer Research) Mäusen und trimmen Sie das Gewebe um den Eierstock mit Schere und Pinzette stereoskopische Mikroskop zu. Reservieren Sie die entfernten Eierstöcken in Kulturmedium (siehe Punkt 2.1) bis zur Verwendung.
	<ol>
<li>Statt einzelne Eierstöcke auf Filterpapier befeuchtet mit vorgewärmt PBS (−) (siehe Punkt 2.1) und in Scheiben schneiden in 4 Stücke, die mit einem Mikrotom Klinge unter dem stereoskopische Mikroskop. Hinweis: Eierstöcke der 4 - Wochen alten ICR Mäuse sind ca. 2 mm im Durchmesser. Die Anzahl der Stücke hängt von der Eierstock-Größe; etwa 500 µm Dicke Stücke erlauben jedoch für korrekte Follikel Beobachtungen (in Stücke dicker als 500 mm, Gewebe Transparenz wird verringert; in Stücke dünner als 500 mm, viele antrale Follikel sind gebrochen und verloren).</li>
		<li>Legen Sie nach Dissektion die in Scheiben geschnittenen Eierstock Exemplare in vorgewärmten Kulturmedium in 3,5 cm Gerichte (siehe Punkt 2.1).</li>
	</ol>
</li>
</ol>(3) Eierstock Gewebekultur
<ol><li>Fallen etwa 0,5 µL Kulturmedium pro geschnitten eierstockgewebe auf die Zelle Kultur einfügen wo werden die ovarielle Gewebe mit einer Mikropipette eingestellt.</li>
	<li>Platzieren Sie jedes geschnittene Muster zu einem Tropfen Kulturmedium auf die Zelle-Kultur-Einsätze mit einer Pinzette.</li>
	<li>Kultur der Eierstock-Gewebe in 5 % CO2 bei 37 ° C.</li>
	<li>Ersetzen Sie das Kulturmedium mit frischen vorgewärmten Medium alle 2 Tage. Hinweis: Der Zeitplan für mittlere Veränderungen für die Kultur der Eierstock Abschnitte von 4 - Wochen alten ICR Mäusen ist in Abbildung 1dargestellt.<ol>
<li>Für die Reproduktion den LH-Anstieg behandeln Sie kultivierten 4 - Wochen alten ICR Mäuse Eierstöcke mit dem Medium mit 100 mU/mL FSH und LH für 12 h alle 4 Tage (Abbildung 1).</li>
	</ol>
</li>
</ol>(4) Mikroskopaufnahmen kultivierten Eierstöcke
<ol><li>Starten Sie imaging die kultivierten Eierstöcke nach Tag 1 Wenn das Gewebe auf die Zelle Kultur Einsätze geklebt haben und konfokale oder umgekehrtes Mikroskop Analysen in 24 h Abständen ausreichend Follikelwachstums zwischen Zeitpunkten zu ermöglichen. Hinweis: Konfokale Mikroskopie ist besser als invertierte Mikroskopie zur Beobachtung von Follikeln in ganzen kultivierten Eierstöcke.</li>
</ol>(5) Zeitraffer Imaging kultivierten Eierstöcke
<ol><li>
Optimieren Sie die Time-Lapse imaging Bedingungen, einschließlich Laser-Intensitäten und Belichtungszeiten für die imaging-System (Tabelle 1).
	<ol>
<li>Wählen Sie gepaarten Eierstock Proben von einzelnen Mäusen für den Einsatz als Behandlung und Kontrollgruppen. Variieren Sie Laser Intensitäten und Belichtungszeit, die besten Bilder (Tabelle 1) zu erreichen.</li>
		<li>Vergleichen Sie Follikelwachstums unter jeder Bedingung Kultur durch die Messung der Follikel Bereiche in Bildern von Kontrollproben in 24-Stunden-Intervallen und in Zeitraffer bildgebenden Proben (siehe Schritt 6). Gleichzeitig die Anzahl der Eisprung Eizellen in jedem Eierstock-Satz und wählen Sie die optimale Zeitraffer imaging Bedingungen.</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>Die Aufnahmen Sie in 30 min Abständen mit Zeitraffer-imaging-System unter den festgelegten Bedingungen (Tabelle 1).</li>
</ol>(6) Follikel Wachstum Analyse
<ol><li>
Um die Entwicklung der Follikel zu analysieren, Messen Sie die Follikel Bereiche der aufgenommenen Bilder mit ImageJ-Software (http://resbweb.nih.gov/ij/).
	<ol>
<li>Zunächst legen Sie den Maßstab des Bildes durch Klicken auf "Set Scale" unter "Analysieren" in der Symbolleiste. Geben Sie die Seitenlängen der das aufgenommene Bild und der entsprechenden Anzahl von Pixel in die leeren Felder der "Bekannten Abstand" und "Abstand in Pixel", beziehungsweise.</li>
		<li>Klicken Sie auf "Freie Hand" in der Symbolleiste und skizzieren Sie die Follikel in den erfassten Hellfeld-Bildern zu.</li>
		<li>Klicken Sie auf "Messen" unter "Analysieren" in der Symbolleiste. Hinweis: Wenn andere Messdaten gewünscht werden, klicken Sie auf "Messung" unter "Analysieren" in der Werkzeugleiste, und überprüfen Sie die entsprechenden Felder in der Liste.</li>
	</ol>
</li>
</ol>7. Analyse der Entwicklung der Follikel mit transgenen Mäusen
<ol><li>Sammeln Sie Eierstöcke von postnatalen Tagen 0 und 4 (P0 und P4) weibliche Transgene Mäuse mit den transgenen Oog1pro3.9 R26-H2B-mCherrund Kultur auf Einsätze wie in beschrieben Schritte 1.1 – 3.2, außer nicht Slice der P0 und P4 Eierstöcke.</li>
	<li>Ersetzen Sie das Kulturmedium mit frischen, vorgewärmten Medium in 3,5 cm Gerichte in einem Inkubator mit 5 % CO2 bei 37 ° C alle 2 Tage. Hinweis: Die Konzentration von LH in das Kulturmedium P0 und P4 Eierstöcke kann konstant bleiben, weil LH Überspannungen in P0 und P4 Mäuse nicht vorkommen.</li>
	<li>Legen Sie das Mikroskop nur AcGFP1-positiven primären Follikel in kultivierten P4 Eierstöcken (Tabelle 1) zu visualisieren. Hinweis: Nur ursprüngliche und primäre Follikel sind in P4 weibliche Maus Eierstöcke.</li>
	<li>Die Aufnahmen der kultivierten P0 Oog1pro3.9/R26-H2B-mCherry Transgene Mäuse Eierstöcke in 30 min Abständen mit den Einstellungen für P4 Eierstöcke (siehe Punkt 5.2).</li>
	<li>Verfolgen Sie und analysieren Sie Follikel Entwicklung mit AcGFP1 und H2B-mCHerry Signale.</li>
</ol>

<ol>
	<li>Myers, M., Britt, K. L., Wreford, N. G., Ebling, F. J., Kerr, J. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Methods+for+quantifying+follicular+numbers+within+the+mouse+ovary.">Methods for quantifying follicular numbers within the mouse ovary.</a> Reproduction. 127 (5), 569-580 (2004).</li><li>Adams, G. P., Jaiswal, R., Singh, J., Malhi, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Progress+in+understanding+ovarian+follicular+dynamics+in+cattle.">Progress in understanding ovarian follicular dynamics in cattle.</a> Theriogenology. 69 (1), 72-80 (2008).</li><li>Palma, G. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Biology+and+biotechnology+of+follicle+development.">Biology and biotechnology of follicle development.</a> Sci World J. , (2012).</li><li>Knight, P. G., Glister, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=TGF-beta+superfamily+members+and+ovarian+follicle+development.">TGF-beta superfamily members and ovarian follicle development.</a> Reproduction. 132 (2), 191-206 (2006).</li><li>Picton, H. M., Harris, S. E., Muruvi, W., Chambers, E. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+in+vitro+growth+and+maturation+of+follicles.">The in vitro growth and maturation of follicles.</a> Reproduction. 136 (6), 703-715 (2008).</li><li>Spears, N., de Bruin, J. P., Gosden, R. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+establishment+of+follicular+dominance+in+co-cultured+mouse+ovarian+follicles.">The establishment of follicular dominance in co-cultured mouse ovarian follicles.</a> J Reprod Fertil. 106 (1), 1-6 (1996).</li><li>Baker, S. J., Srsen, V., Lapping, R., Spears, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Combined+effect+of+follicle-follicle+interactions+and+declining+follicle-stimulating+hormone+on+murine+follicle+health+in+vitro.">Combined effect of follicle-follicle interactions and declining follicle-stimulating hormone on murine follicle health in vitro.</a> Biol Reprod. 65 (4), 1304-1310 (2001).</li><li>Komatsu, K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Analysis+of+the+Effect+of+Leukemia+Inhibitory+Factor+on+Follicular+Growth+in+Cultured+Murine+Ovarian+Tissue.">Analysis of the Effect of Leukemia Inhibitory Factor on Follicular Growth in Cultured Murine Ovarian Tissue.</a> Biol Reprod. 93 (1), 18 (2015).</li><li>Komatsu, K., Masubuchi, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+concentration-dependent+effect+of+progesterone+on+follicle+growth+in+the+mouse+ovary.">The concentration-dependent effect of progesterone on follicle growth in the mouse ovary.</a> J Reprod Dev. 63 (3), 271-277 (2017).</li><li>Murase, T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Follicle+dynamics:+visualization+and+analysis+of+follicle+growth+and+maturation+using+murine+ovarian+tissue+culture.">Follicle dynamics: visualization and analysis of follicle growth and maturation using murine ovarian tissue culture.</a> J Assist Reprod Genet. , 1-5 (2017).</li><li>Ishida, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+promoter+of+the+oocyte-specific+gene,+Oog1,+functions+in+both+male+and+female+meiotic+germ+cells+in+transgenic+mice.">The promoter of the oocyte-specific gene, Oog1, functions in both male and female meiotic germ cells in transgenic mice.</a> PLoS One. 8 (7), 68686 (2013).</li><li>Minami, N., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Oogenesin+is+a+novel+mouse+protein+expressed+in+oocytes+and+early+cleavage-stage+embryos.">Oogenesin is a novel mouse protein expressed in oocytes and early cleavage-stage embryos.</a> Biol Reprod. 69 (5), 1736-1742 (2003).</li><li>Nilsson, E. E., Skinner, M. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Growth+and+differentiation+factor-9+stimulates+progression+of+early+primary+but+not+primordial+rat+ovarian+follicle+development.">Growth and differentiation factor-9 stimulates progression of early primary but not primordial rat ovarian follicle development.</a> Biol Reprod. 67 (3), 1018-1024 (2002).</li><li>Nilsson, E. E., Kezele, P., Skinner, M. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Leukemia+inhibitory+factor+(LIF)+promotes+the+primordial+to+primary+follicle+transition+in+rat+ovaries.">Leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) promotes the primordial to primary follicle transition in rat ovaries.</a> Mol Cell Endocrinol. 188 (1-2), 65-73 (2002).</li><li>Nilsson, E. E., Skinner, M. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Bone+morphogenetic+protein-4+acts+as+an+ovarian+follicle+survival+factor+and+promotes+primordial+follicle+development.">Bone morphogenetic protein-4 acts as an ovarian follicle survival factor and promotes primordial follicle development.</a> Biol Reprod. 69 (4), 1265-1272 (2003).</li><li>Nilsson, E. E., Skinner, M. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Kit+ligand+and+basic+fibroblast+growth+factor+interactions+in+the+induction+of+ovarian+primordial+to+primary+follicle+transition.">Kit ligand and basic fibroblast growth factor interactions in the induction of ovarian primordial to primary follicle transition.</a> Mol Cell Endocrinol. 214 (1-2), 19-25 (2004).</li><li>Abe, T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Establishment+of+conditional+reporter+mouse+lines+at+ROSA26+locus+for+live+cell+imaging.">Establishment of conditional reporter mouse lines at ROSA26 locus for live cell imaging.</a> Genesis. 49 (7), 579-590 (2011).</li><li>Lan, Z. J., Xu, X., Cooney, A. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Differential+oocyte-specific+expression+of+Cre+recombinase+activity+in+GDF-9-iCre,+Zp3cre,+and+Msx2Cre+transgenic+mice.">Differential oocyte-specific expression of Cre recombinase activity in GDF-9-iCre, Zp3cre, and Msx2Cre transgenic mice.</a> Biol Reprod. 71 (5), 1469-1474 (2004).</li><li>Payer, B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Generation+of+stella-GFP+transgenic+mice:+a+novel+tool+to+study+germ+cell+development.">Generation of stella-GFP transgenic mice: a novel tool to study germ cell development.</a> Genesis. 44 (2), 75-83 (2006).</li><li>Ohinata, Y., Sano, M., Shigeta, M., Yamanaka, K., Saitou, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+comprehensive,+non-invasive+visualization+of+primordial+germ+cell+development+in+mice+by+the+Prdm1-mVenus+and+Dppa3-ECFP+double+transgenic+reporter.">A comprehensive, non-invasive visualization of primordial germ cell development in mice by the Prdm1-mVenus and Dppa3-ECFP double transgenic reporter.</a> Reproduction. 136 (4), 503-514 (2008).</li></ol>

Die Autoren haben nichts preisgeben.

In dieser Studie haben wir zwei neue Methoden für die Untersuchung der Entwicklung der Follikel in den Eierstöcken Maus entwickelt. Die erste Methode beinhaltet Kultur der geschnittenen Eierstock Erwachsener Mäuse Gewebe gefolgt von Analysen zur Entwicklung der Follikel, und die zweite beinhaltet die Verwendung von Time-Lapse imaging zu visualisieren, frühe Entwicklung der Follikel bei der Gonadotropin-unabhängig. Zuvor wir verwendet das vorliegende Eierstock Gewebekultur Verfahren zur Beurteilung der Wirkung von he...

Weibliche Maus Eierstöcke enthalten mehrere tausend Follikel1und regelmäßigen Eisprung reift etwa zehn Eizellen bei jedem Brunst-Zyklus. Follikel sind in mehrere Entwicklungsstufen eingeteilt: Primordial, Primar-, Sekundar-, antral, und Graafian Follikel, abhängig von der Form der Granulosa zellulärer Ebene rund um jede Eizelle. Die meisten primordialfollikel ruhen, und einige von ihnen werden aktiviert und wachsen in primären Follikel bei jeder Östrus Zyklus2. Nach der sekundären follikuläre Phase ist Follikel Entwicklung vor allem von Gonadotropinen, follikuläre stimulierende Hormon (FSH) und Luteinisierendes Hormon (LH) geregelt. Jedoch ursprüngliche und primäre Follikel Entwicklung ist unabhängig von der Gonadotropin und Regulationsmechanismen, die diese Stufen Regeln bleiben schlecht Inderstood3,4,5. Die ursprüngliche und primäre Follikel ist zusätzlich Wachstumsfaktoren und Hormone die Interaktionen zwischen den Follikeln6,7geregelt. Daher wir Analysen der Follikel Dynamik in Maus Eierstock Gewebe durchgeführt, und die damit verbundenen Regulationsmechanismen mit Eierstockkrebs Gewebekulturen8,9,10untersucht.
Hier stellen wir zwei Eierstöcke Gewebekultur Modell Methoden. Die erste dient zur Follikel Entwicklung analysieren durch Messung der follikulären Bereiche, und die zweite wird verwendet, um den Regulierungsmechanismus in frühen Entwicklung der Follikel aus ur auf sekundäre Follikel Bühne mit transgenen Mäusen zu studieren. Für Follikel Entwicklungsanalyse benutzten wir hauptsächlich Eierstöcke der 4 - Wochen alten weiblichen Mäusen, weil sie für einfache Visualisierung der Follikel ermöglichen. Um regelmäßige Ovulation und Modellentwicklung in Vivo Follikel zu induzieren, reproduziert wir LH-Anstieg und beobachteten Eisprung Follikel Atresie und Sekretion von Estradiol Gewebekultur Bedingungen. Bilder der kultivierten Eierstöcke wurden gefangen genommen, und die Follikel Entwicklungsprozesse durch Rückverfolgung Veränderungen im Bereich follikulären analysiert wurden. Allerdings war die Unterscheidung zwischen ursprünglicher und frühen primären Follikel im Hellfeld Mikroskopieren Analysen, unklar. So wir entwickelten eine Methode, um kleine Follikel zu erkennen und zu unterscheiden zwischen dem ursprünglichen, primäre, und sekundäre Follikel in kultivierten ovariellen Gewebe mit Oogenesin1 (Oog1) pro3. 9 und R26-H2B-mCherry Transgene Mäuse Eierstöcke bei 0 und 4 Tage nach Geburt11. Oog1 Ausdruck ist nachweisbar in Eizellen nach Inkrafttreten der Meiose und allmählich mit der Entwicklung der Follikel, so dass Beobachtung des Übergangs vom ursprünglichen primären Follikel mit Zeitraffer-Bilder der kultivierten eierstockgewebe11 ,12. Obwohl morphologische Methoden verwendet wurden, um Faktoren zu untersuchen, die ruhende primordialfollikel13,14,15,16aktivieren, ist die Entwicklung der physiologischen Follikel in den Eierstöcken schwer zu beobachten, und die Effekte verschiedener Faktoren bleiben fußgelenkes. Die gegenwärtige Kulturmethoden wurden entwickelt, um diesen Mangel in Echtzeit Analysen Ziel Faktoren anzugehen.
In der vorliegenden Studie wir follikulären Entwicklung mit einem Zeitraffer bildgebenden Methode verfolgt und charakterisiert den Prozess der Entwicklung der Follikel. Unsere neuartigen Methoden bieten ein noch nie da gewesenen Instrument zur Erforschung der Physiologie der Eierstöcke.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width:1176px;" width="1175">
	<colgroup>
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
	</colgroup>
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:383px;">Follicle stimulating hormone from human pituitary</td>
			<td style="width:224px;">SIGMA</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">F4021</td>
			<td style="width:451px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Lutenizing hormone from equine pituitary</td>
			<td>SIGMA</td>
			<td>L9773</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Penicillin-streptomycin solution</td>
			<td>Wako Pure Chemical Industries</td>
			<td>168-23191</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">MEM a, GlutaMax, no nucleotides</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher</td>
			<td>32561037</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Glass bottom dish</td>
			<td>MatTek</td>
			<td>P35G-0-10-C</td>
			<td>35mm dish, No. 0 coverslip, 10mm glass diameter</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Millicell cell culture insert</td>
			<td>Merck Millipore</td>
			<td>PICM0RG50</td>
			<td>Diameter: 315 mm, pore size: 0.4 mm, material: hydrophilic PTTE</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:383px;">3.5cm cell culture dishes</td>
			<td style="width:224px;">greiner bio-one</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">627160</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:383px;">50ml / centrifuge tube with triple seal cap</td>
			<td style="width:224px;">IWAKI</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">2345-050</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:383px;">Low-profile disposable blades 819</td>
			<td style="width:224px;">Leica</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">14035838925</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">LSM 710</td>
			<td>Carl Zeiss</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>Confocal microscope</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">CellVoyager, CV1000</td>
			<td>Yokogawa Electric Corporation</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>Time-lapse imaging</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">BZ-X700</td>
			<td>KEYENCE</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>Time-lapse imaging</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

ovarian tissue culture to visualize phenomena in mouse ovary

Säugetier-Frauen Eisprung in regelmäßigen Abständen eine nahezu konstante Anzahl von Eizellen bei jedem Brunst-Zyklus. Um solche Regelmäßigkeit und Häufigkeit zu erhalten, tritt die Verordnung auf die Hypothalamus-Hypophysen-Gonaden Achse-Ebene und auf die Entwicklung der Follikel in den Eierstöcken. Trotz aktiven Studien sind Follikel Fördermechanismen nicht klar wegen der mehrere Schritte aus der ruhenden primordialen Follikel-Aktivierung zur Ovulation und aufgrund der Komplexität der Verordnung, die in jeder follikuläre Phase unterscheidet. Um die Mechanismen der Entwicklung der Follikel und die Dynamik der Follikel während des Östrus Zyklus zu untersuchen, entwickelten wir ein Mausmodell ovariellen Gewebe-Kultur, die verwendet werden, um die Entwicklung der Follikel mit einem Mikroskop zu beobachten. Systematische Follikel Entwicklung und regelmäßigen Eisprung Follikel Atresie können alle im kultivierten Eierstock Modell reproduziert werden, und die Kulturbedingungen experimentell moduliert werden können. Hier zeigen wir die Nützlichkeit dieser Methode in der Studie die regulatorischen Mechanismen der Entwicklung der Follikel und anderen Eierstock Phänomene.

Abbildung 1 zeigt das Protokoll für Änderungen in den Medien während der ovariellen Gewebe-Kultur. Nach diesem Programm 4 Wochen alten ICR Mäuse Eierstöcke wurden kultiviert und in 24-Stunden-Abständen mit konfokalen Mikroskopie (Abbildung 2) abgebildet. Während der Kultur der Eierstock Gewebe für 3 Wochen die meisten antral und sekundäre Follikel wurden durch Follikel Atresie degeneriert und einige waren Eisprung (<stro...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Ovarian Tissue Culture to Visualize Phenomena in Mouse Ovary at JoVE.com

Ovarian Tissue Culture to Visualize Phenomena in Mouse Ovary

Ovarian Tissue Culture Phänomene in der Maus Eierstock zu visualisieren

Eierstöcke Gewebekulturen als Modelle der Follikel Entwicklung, Eisprung und Follikel Atresie einsetzbar und regulatorische Mechanismen der Eierstöcke Dynamiken zeigen.

Mammalian females periodically ovulate an almost constant number of oocytes during each estrus cycle. To sustain such regularity and periodicity, ...

ovarian-tissue-culture-to-visualize-phenomena-in-mouse-ovary

Universidad de Cartagena UDEC

Research

JoVE Journal

Developmental Biology

13.6K Aufrufe.  Aichi Medical University. Eierstöcke Gewebekulturen als Modelle der Follikel Entwicklung, Eisprung und Follikel Atresie einsetzbar und regulatorische Mechanismen der Eierstöcke Dynamiken zeigen.

Serie: Ovarian Tissue Culture to Visualize Phenomena in Mouse Ovary

Culture and Co-Culture of Mouse Ovaries and Ovarian Follicles

The mammalian ovary is composed of ovarian follicles, each follicle consisting of a single oocyte surrounded by somatic granulosa cells, enclosed together within a basement membrane. A finite pool of follicles is laid down during embryonic development, when oocytes in meiotic arrest form a close association with flattened granulosa cells, forming primordial follicles. By or shortly after birth, mammalian ovaries contain their lifetime&#8217;s supply of primordial follicles, from which point onwards there is a steady release of follicles into the growing follicular pool.
The ovary is particularly amenable to development in vitro, with follicles growing in a highly physiological manner in culture. This work describes the culture of whole neonatal ovaries containing primordial follicles, and the culture of individual ovarian follicles, a method which can support the development of follicles from an immature through to the preovulatory stage, after which their oocytes are able to undergo fertilization in vitro. The work outlined here uses culture systems to determine how the ovary is affected by exposure to external compounds. We also describe a co-culture system, which allows investigation of the interactions that occur between growing follicles and the non-growing pool of primordial follicles.

This protocol describes the primary culture/co-culture of mouse ovarian tissue, using ovaries from neonatal mice and individual ovarian follicles from prepubertal mice. The culture techniques support development in a highly physiological manner, allowing investigation of the effect of extrinsic agents on the ovary, and of interactions between ovarian follicles.

Kultur und Co-Kultur von Maus Eierstöcke und Eibläschen

The mammalian ovary is composed of ovarian follicles, each follicle consisting of a single oocyte surrounded by somatic granulosa cells, enclosed together ...

Forschung

Entwicklungsbiologie

Ex Utero Electroporation and Organotypic Slice Culture of Mouse Hippocampal Tissue

Mouse genetics offers a powerful tool determining the role of specific genes during development. Analyzing the resulting phenotypes by immunohistochemical and molecular methods provides information of potential target genes and signaling pathways. To further elucidate specific regulatory mechanisms requires a system allowing the manipulation of only a small number of cells of a specific tissue by either overexpression, ablation or re-introduction of specific genes and follow their fate during development. To achieve this ex utero electroporation of hippocampal structures, especially the dentate gyrus, followed by organotypic slice culture provides such a tool. Using this system to generate mosaic deletions allows determining whether the gene of interest regulates cell-autonomously developmental processes like progenitor cell proliferation or neuronal differentiation. Furthermore it facilitates the rescue of phenotypes by re-introducing the deleted gene or its target genes. In contrast to in utero electroporation the ex utero approach improves the rate of successfully targeting deeper layers of the brain like the dentate gyrus. Overall ex utero electroporation and organotypic slice culture provide a potent tool to study regulatory mechanisms in a semi-native environment mirroring endogenous conditions.

Ex Utero Electroporation and Organotypic Slice Culture of Mouse Hippocampal Tissue

Here we present a protocol providing a tool to examine regulatory mechanisms of specific genes during hippocampal development. Employing ex utero electroporation and organotypic slice culture allows the up- and down-regulation of the expression of genes of interest in single cells and follow their fate during development.

Ex Utero Elektroporation und Organotypischen Kultur der Maus Hippocampus-Gewebe

Mouse genetics offers a powerful tool determining the role of specific genes during development. Analyzing the resulting phenotypes by immunohistochemical ...

Loss- and Gain-of-function Approach to Investigate Early Cell Fate Determinants in Preimplantation Mouse Embryos

Gene silencing and overexpression techniques are instrumental for the identification of genes involved in embryonic development. Direct target gene modification in preimplantation embryos provides a means to study the underlying mechanisms of genes implicated in, for instance, cellular differentiation into the trophectoderm (TE) and the inner cell mass (ICM). Here, we describe a protocol that examines the role of neogenin as an authentic receptor for initial cell fate determination in preimplantation mouse embryos. First, we discuss the experimental manipulations that were used to produce gain and loss of neogenin function by microinjecting neogenin cDNA and shRNA; the effectiveness of this approach was confirmed by a strong correlation between the pair-wise expression levels of either red fluorescent protein (RFP) or green fluorescent protein (GFP) and the immunocytochemical quantification of neogenin expression. Secondly, overexpression of neogenin in preimplantation mouse embryos leads to normal ICM development while neogenin knockdown causes the ICM to develop abnormally, implying that neogenin could be a receptor that relays extracellular cues to drive blastomeres to early cell fates. Given the success of this detailed protocol in investigating the function of a novel embryonic developmental stage-specific receptor, we propose that it has the potential to aid in exploration and identification of other stage-specific genes during embryogenesis.

The goal of this protocol is to describe a loss- and gain-of function method that is applicable to identify neogenin as a stage-specific receptor that leads to trophectoderm and inner cell mass differentiation in preimplantation mouse embryos.

Verlust- und Gewinn-of-function-Ansatz Frühe Zellschicksal Bestimmungsfaktoren in Preimplantation Maus Embryonen zur Untersuchung

 Gene silencing and overexpression techniques are instrumental for the identification of genes involved in embryonic development. Direct target gene ...

A 5-mC Dot Blot Assay Quantifying the DNA Methylation Level of Chondrocyte Dedifferentiation In Vitro

The dedifferentiation of hyaline chondrocytes into fibroblastic chondrocytes often accompanies monolayer expansion of chondrocytes in vitro. The global DNA methylation level of chondrocytes is considered to be a suitable biomarker for the loss of the chondrocyte phenotype. However, results based on different experimental methods can be inconsistent. Therefore, it is important to establish a precise, simple, and rapid method to quantify global DNA methylation levels during chondrocyte dedifferentiation.
Current genome-wide methylation analysis techniques largely rely on bisulfite genomic sequencing. Due to DNA degradation during bisulfite conversion, these methods typically require a large sample volume. Other methods used to quantify global DNA methylation levels include high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). However, HPLC requires complete digestion of genomic DNA. Additionally, the prohibitively high cost of HPLC instruments limits HPLC&#39;s wider application.
In this study, genomic DNA (gDNA) was extracted from human chondrocytes cultured with varying number of passages. The gDNA methylation level was detected using a methylation-specific dot blot assay. In this dot blot approach, a gDNA mixture containing the methylated DNA to be detected was spotted directly onto an N+ membrane as a dot inside a previously drawn circular template pattern. Compared with other gel electrophoresis-based blotting approaches and other complex blotting procedures, the dot blot method saves significant time. In addition, dot blots can detect overall DNA methylation level using a commercially available 5-mC antibody. We found that the DNA methylation level differed between the monolayer subcultures, and therefore could play a key role in chondrocyte dedifferentiation. The 5-mC dot blot is a reliable, simple, and rapid method to detect the general DNA methylation level to evaluate chondrocyte phenotype.

A 5-mC Dot Blot Assay Quantifying the DNA Methylation Level of Chondrocyte Dedifferentiation In Vitro

We present a method to quantify DNA methylation based on the 5-methylcytosine (5-mC) dot blot. We determined the 5-mC levels during chondrocyte dedifferentiation. This simple technique could be used to quickly determine the chondrocyte phenotype in ACI treatment.

Ein 5-mC-Dot-Blot-Assay, der den DNA-Methylierungsgrad der Chondrozyten-Dedifferenzierung quantifiziert<em&gt; In vitro</em

The dedifferentiation of hyaline chondrocytes into fibroblastic chondrocytes often accompanies monolayer expansion of chondrocytes in vitro. The global ...

Live Imaging of Mouse Secondary Palate Fusion

The fusion of the secondary palatal shelves to form the intact secondary palate is a key process in mammalian development and its disruption can lead to cleft secondary palate, a common congenital anomaly in humans. Secondary palate fusion has been extensively studied leading to several proposed cellular mechanisms that may mediate this process. However, these studies have been mostly performed on fixed embryonic tissues at progressive timepoints during development or in fixed explant cultures analyzed at static timepoints. Static analysis is limited for the analysis of dynamic morphogenetic processes such a palate fusion and what types of dynamic cellular behaviors mediate palatal fusion is incompletely understood. Here we describe a protocol for live imaging of ex vivo secondary palate fusion in mouse embryos. To examine cellular behaviors of palate fusion, epithelial-specific Keratin14-cre was used to label palate epithelial cells in ROSA26-mTmGflox reporter embryos. To visualize filamentous actin, Lifeact-mRFPruby reporter mice were used. Live imaging of secondary palate fusion was performed by dissecting recently-adhered secondary palatal shelves of embryonic day (E) 14.5 stage embryos and culturing in agarose-containing media on a glass bottom dish to enable imaging with an inverted confocal microscope. Using this method, we have detected a variety of novel cellular behaviors during secondary palate fusion. An appreciation of how distinct cell behaviors are coordinated in space and time greatly contributes to our understanding of this dynamic morphogenetic process. This protocol can be applied to mutant mouse lines, or cultures treated with pharmacological inhibitors to further advance understanding of how secondary palate fusion is controlled.

Here, we present a protocol for live imaging of mouse secondary palate fusion using confocal microscopy. This protocol can be used in combination with a variety of fluorescent reporter mouse lines, and with pathway inhibitors for mechanistic insight. This protocol can be adapted for live imaging in other developmental systems.

Live Imaging der Maus Sekundärer Gaumen Fusion

The fusion of the secondary palatal shelves to form the intact secondary palate is a key process in mammalian development and its disruption can lead to ...

Methods for Imaging Intracellular pH of the Follicle Stem Cell Lineage in Live Drosophila Ovarian Tissue

Changes in intracellular pH (pHi) play important roles in the regulation of many cellular functions, including metabolism, proliferation, and differentiation. Typically, pHi dynamics are determined in cultured cells, which are amenable to measuring and experimentally manipulating pHi. However, the recent development of new tools and methodologies has made it possible to study pHi dynamics within intact, live tissue. For Drosophila research, one important development was the generation of a transgenic line carrying a pHi biosensor, mCherry::pHluorin. Here, we describe a protocol that we routinely use for imaging live Drosophila ovarioles to measure pHi in the epithelial follicle stem cell (FSC) lineage in mCherry::pHluorin transgenic wild type lines; however, the methods described here can be easily adapted for other tissues, including the wing discs and eye epithelium. We describe techniques for expressing mCherry::pHluorin in the FSC lineage, maintaining ovarian tissue during live imaging, and acquiring and analyzing images to obtain pHi values.

Methods for Imaging Intracellular pH of the Follicle Stem Cell Lineage in Live Drosophila Ovarian Tissue

We provide a protocol for imaging intracellular pH of an epithelial stem cell lineage in live Drosophila ovarian tissue. We describe methods to generate transgenic flies expressing a pH biosensor, mCherry::pHluorin, image the biosensor using quantitative fluorescence imaging, generate standard curves, and convert fluorescence intensity values to pH values.

Methoden für Imaging intrazellulären pH der Follikel Stem Cell Linie in Live Drosophila Eierstockgewebe

Changes in intracellular pH (pHi) play important roles in the regulation of many cellular functions, including metabolism, proliferation, and ...

Orthotopic Ovarian Transplantation Procedures to Investigate the Life- and Health-span Influence of Ovarian Senescence in Female Mice

Ovarian transplantation was first conducted at Utah State University in 1963. In more recent work, heterochronic transplantation of mammalian ovaries is being used to investigate the health-protective effects of young ovaries in young females. The current procedures employ an orthotopic transplantation method, where allogenic ovaries are transplanted back to their original position in the ovarian bursa. This is in contrast to the more commonly used heterotopic transplantation of ovaries/ovarian tissue subcutaneously or under the kidney capsule. All three locations provide efficient revascularization of the transplanted tissues. However, orthotopic transplantation provides the ovary with the most natural signaling environment and is the only procedure that provides the opportunity for the animal to reproduce naturally post-operatively. One must take care to remove all endogenous ovarian tissue during the ovariectomy procedure. If any endogenous tissue remains or if only one ovary is removed, the transplanted tissue will remain dormant until the existing tissue becomes senescent. While revascularization of the transplanted ovaries occurs very quickly, the transplant recipient can take a considerable amount of time to adapt to a new hypothalamic/pituitary/gonadal/adrenal (HPG/A) axis signaling regime associated with the transplanted tissue. This normally takes about 100 days in the mouse. Therefore, transplantation experiments should be designed to accommodate this adaptation period. Typical results with ovarian transplantation will include changes in the health of the recipient that reflect the age of the transplanted ovary, rather than the chronological age of the recipient.

Described here are orthotopic ovarian transplantation protocols for modifying ovarian influence on the physiology of the recipient mouse. This surgical procedure is used to expose female mice to various types of ovarian influence and may include heterochronic transplantations and transplantation of ovaries that have undergone various ex vivo treatments.

Orthotopen Eierstock Transplantationsverfahren zu untersuchen, die Gesundheit und Lebensdauer Einfluss der Eierstöcke Seneszenz bei weiblichen Mäusen

Ovarian transplantation was first conducted at Utah State University in 1963. In more recent work, heterochronic transplantation of mammalian ovaries is ...

A Hyperandrogenic Mouse Model to Study Polycystic Ovary Syndrome

Hyperandrogenemia plays a critical role in reproductive and metabolic function in females and is the hallmark of polycystic ovary syndrome. Developing a lean PCOS-like mouse model that mimics women with PCOS is clinically meaningful. In this protocol, we describe such a model. By inserting a 4 mm length of DHT (dihydrotestosterone) crystal powder pellet (total length of pellet is 8 mm), and replacing it monthly, we are able to produce a PCOS-like mouse model with serum DHT levels 2 fold higher than mice not implanted with DHT (no-DHT). We observed reproductive and metabolic dysfunction without changing body weight and body composition. While exhibiting a high degree of infertility, a small subset of these PCOS-like female mice can get pregnant and their offspring show delayed puberty and increased testosterone as adults. This PCOS-like lean mouse model is a useful tool to study the pathophysiology of PCOS and the offspring from these PCOS-like dams.

We describe the development of a lean PCOS-like mouse model with&#160;dihydrotestosterone pellet to study the pathophysiology of PCOS and the offspring from these PCOS-like dams.

Ein Hyperandrogenic Mausmodell, PCO-Syndrom zu studieren

Hyperandrogenemia plays a critical role in reproductive and metabolic function in females and is the hallmark of polycystic ovary syndrome. Developing a ...

Assessment of Oxidative Damage in the Primary Mouse Ocular Surface Cells/Stem Cells in Response to Ultraviolet-C (UV-C) Damage

The ocular surface is subjected to regular wear and tear due to various environmental factors. Exposure to UV-C radiation constitutes an occupational health hazard. Here, we demonstrate the exposure of primary stem cells from the mouse ocular surface to UV-C radiation. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation is the readout of the extent of oxidative stress/damage. In an experimental in vitro setting, it is also essential to assess the percentage of dead cells generated due to oxidative stress. In this article, we will demonstrate the 2&#39;,7&#39;-Dichlorofluoresceindiacetate (DCFDA) staining of UV-C exposed mouse primary ocular surface stem cells and their quantification based on the fluorescent images of DCFDA staining. DCFDA staining directly corresponds to ROS generation. We also demonstrate the quantification of dead and live cells by simultaneous staining with propidium iodide (PI) and Hoechst 3332 respectively and the percentage of DCFDA (ROS positive) and PI positive cells.

Assessment of Oxidative Damage in the Primary Mouse Ocular Surface Cells/Stem Cells in Response to Ultraviolet-C UV-C Damage

This protocol demonstrates the simultaneous detection of reactive oxygen species (ROS), live cells, and dead cells in live primary cultures from mouse ocular surface cells. 2&#39;,7&#39;-Dichlorofluoresceindiacetate, propidium iodide, and Hoechst staining are used to assess the ROS, dead cells, and live cells, respectively, followed by imaging and analysis.

Bewertung von oxidativen Schäden in den primären Maus-Augen-Oberflächenzellen/Stammzellen als Reaktion auf Uv-C-Schäden (UV-C)

The ocular surface is subjected to regular wear and tear due to various environmental factors. Exposure to UV-C radiation constitutes an occupational ...

Isolation, Culture, and Adipogenic Induction of Neural Crest Original Adipose-Derived Stem Cells from Periaortic Adipose Tissue

An excessive amount of adipose tissue surrounding the blood vessels (perivascular adipose tissue, also known as PVAT) is associated with a high risk of cardiovascular disease. ADSCs derived from different adipose tissues show distinct features, and those from the PVAT have not been well characterized. In a recent study, we reported that some ADSCs in the periaortic arch adipose tissue (PAAT) descend from the neural crest cells (NCCs), a transient population of migratory cells originating from the ectoderm.
In this paper, we describe a protocol for isolating red fluorescent protein (RFP)-labeled NCCs from the PAAT of Wnt-1 Cre+/-;Rosa26RFP/+ mice and inducing their adipogenic differentiation in vitro. Briefly, the stromal vascular fraction (SVF) is enzymatically dissociated from the PAAT, and the RFP+ neural crest derived ADSCs (NCADSCs) are isolated by fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS). The NCADSCs differentiate into both brown and white adipocytes, can be cryopreserved, and retain their adipogenic potential for ~3&#8211;5 passages. Our protocol can generate abundant ADSCs from the PVAT for modeling PVAT adipogenesis or lipogenesis in vitro. Thus, these NCADSCs can provide a valuable system for studying the molecular switches involved in PVAT differentiation.

We present a protocol for the isolation, culture, and adipogenic induction of neural crest derived adipose-derived stem cells (NCADSCs) from the periaortic adipose tissue of Wnt-1 Cre+/-;Rosa26RFP/+ mice. The NCADSCs can be an easily accessible source of ADSCs for modeling adipogenesis or lipogenesis in vitro.

Isolation, Kultur und adipogene Induktion von Neural Crest Original Adipose-Derived Stem Cells from Periaortic Adipose Tissue

An excessive amount of adipose tissue surrounding the blood vessels (perivascular adipose tissue, also known as PVAT) is associated with a high risk of ...