Name: using fluorescence in situ hybridization (fish) to monitor the state of arm cohesion in prometaphase and metaphase i drosophila oocytes
Uploaded: 2017-12-06T15:00:00.000+00:00
Duration: 12 min 46 s
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Using Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization FISH to Monitor the State of Arm Cohesion in Prometaphase and Metaphase I Drosophila Oocytes at JoVE.com

Diese Arbeit wurde von NIH Grant GM59354 an Sharon E. Bickel vergeben unterstützt. Wir danken für die Unterstützung bei der Ausarbeitung des Protokolls für die Erzeugung von fluoreszierenden Arm Sonden, Ann Lavanway Hilfe bei der konfokalen Mikroskopie und J. Emiliano Reed für technische Hilfe Huy Nguyen q. Wir danken auch zahlreiche Kolleginnen und Kollegen in der Drosophila-Community für hilfreiche Gespräche und Beratung.

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Die Autoren erklären keine konkurrierenden finanziellen Interessen.

Die Verwendung von Fisch-Sonden zur Bewertung des Zustands der Arm Zusammenhalt im prometaphase ich und Metaphase ich Drosophila Eizellen ist eine deutliche Weiterentwicklung im Bereich der Drosophila Meiose. In der Vergangenheit wurden Drosophila Forscher zu Gentests zu vorzeitigen Verlust der Arm Zusammenhalt in reifen Eizellen11,18,19folgern beschränkt. Nun kann mit der hier vorgestellten Methoden ...

Angemessene Trennung der Chromosomen während der Mitose und Meiose erfordert, dass Schwester Chromatids Zusammenhalt werden eingerichtet, gepflegt und veröffentlicht in koordinierter Form1,2. Zusammenhalt ist in S Phase etabliert und wird durch die Cohesin komplexe, die physischen Verbindungen bildet, die die Schwester halten vermittelt Chromatiden zusammen. In Meiose, Zusammenhalt distal zu einer Überschneidung auch Funktionen zum rekombinanten homologe zusammen zu halten und diese körperliche Vereinigung gewährleistet korrekte Ausrichtung der Bivalent auf der Metaphase ich Spindel (Abbildung 1)3,4, 5. Freisetzung von Arm Zusammenhalt auf Anaphase ich ermöglicht die homologe zu den entgegengesetzten Polen der Spindel zu trennen. Jedoch wenn Arm Zusammenhalt ist verloren vorzeitig, rekombinante homologe verlieren ihre physische Verbindung und zufällig, zu trennen, was aneuploiden Keimzellen (Abbildung 1) führen kann.
In der menschlichen Eizellen Fehler im Chromosom Trennung sind die häufigste Ursache für Fehlschläge und Geburtsschäden, wie z. B. Down-Syndrom-6, und ihre Häufigkeit steigt exponentiell mit der mütterlichen Alter7. Schwester Chromatids Zusammenhalt entsteht in der fetalen Eizellen und meiotischen Rekombination erfolgt vor der Geburt. Eizellen dann verhaften in Mitte Prophase ich bis zum Eisprung und während dieser Festnahme, die weiterhin körperliche Vereinigung der rekombinanten homologe setzt auf Schwester Chromatids Zusammenhalt. Daher genaue Trennung während der Meiose und normale Schwangerschaft Ergebnisse erfordern, dass Zusammenhalt für bis zu fünf Jahrzehnte intakt bleiben.
Vorzeitiger Verlust der Zusammenhalt während der verlängerten meiotische Festnahme von menschlichen Eizellen zu der mütterlichen Alter Wirkung beitragen soll und mehrere Textzeilen Beweise unterstützen diese Hypothese8,9. Jedoch angesichts der Herausforderungen des Studiums meiotische Zusammenhalt in der menschlichen Eizellen, viel von unserem Verständnis für dieses Phänomen beruht auf der Verwendung von Modell Organismen5,10,11,12, 13,14,15.
Drosophila Melanogaster Eizellen bieten zahlreiche Vorteile für die Studie der meiotischen Zusammenhalt und Chromosom Segregation. Eine einfache genetische Test erlaubt es, Nachkommen von aneuploiden Keimzellen erholen und messen die Treue des X-Chromosom Segregation auf einer großen Skala11,16,17. Darüber hinaus kann man auch bestimmen, ob Chromosom Abtrennung Fehler entstehen, weil rekombinante homologe missegregate während der Meiose I, einem Phänotyp, der vorzeitige Verlust der Arm Zusammenhalt11,18, entspricht 19. direkte Beobachtung des Bundesstaates meiotische Zusammenhalt in Drosophila Eizellen ist auch möglich mit Fluoreszenz in Situ Hybridisierung (FISH). Obwohl fluoreszierende Oligonukleotiden, die sich wiederholende Sat-Sequenzen hybridisieren wurden für mehr als ein Jahrzehnt zur Chromosomenregion Zusammenhalt in Reife Drosophila Eizellen4,20, Analyse der Arm überwachen Zusammenhalt ist viel schwieriger gewesen. Visualisierung des Bundesstaates Arm Zusammenhalt erfordert eine Sonde, die ein großes Gebiet der Urschrift umfasst Sequenzen und ist hell genug, um sichtbare Signale für einzelne Schwester Chromatiden entstehen, wenn Arm Zusammenhalt fehlt. Darüber hinaus müssen die Eizelle Fixierung Bedingungen und Größe der beschrifteten DNA eindringen21 in der großen Reifen Drosophila Eizelle (200 µm Breite von 500 µm lang) erleichtern. Vor kurzem wurde eine Arm-Sonde erfolgreich genutzt, Drosophila Eizelle Chromatiden während Anaphase zu visualisieren, ich, aber die Autoren erklärt, dass sie nicht ein Signal im prometaphase erkennen könnte oder Metaphase ich verhaftet Eizellen22. Hier bieten wir ein detailliertes Protokoll für die Generation von X-Chromosom Arm FISH-Sonden und Eizelle Herstellungsbedingungen, die uns für den vorzeitigen Verlust der Schwester Chromatids Zusammenhalt im prometaphase assay ich und Metaphase erlaubt haben, ich Eizellen. Diese Techniken, die es uns ermöglicht haben, Genprodukte zu identifizieren, die für die Aufrechterhaltung der meiotischen Zusammenhalt erforderlich sind, damit andere assay für Schwester Chromatids Zusammenhalt Mängel an Reifen Drosophila Eizellen der verschiedenen Genotypen.

<table><tbody><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Kits&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Midi Prep kit</td><td>Qiagen</td><td>12143</td><td>Prep BAC clone DNA</td></tr><tr><td>GenomePlex Complete Whole Genome Amplification (WGA) Kit</td><td>Sigma</td><td>WGA2</td><td>Amplify BAC clone DNA</td></tr><tr><td>ARES Alexa Fluor 647 DNA labeling kit</td><td>Invitrogen</td><td>A21676</td><td>Label BAC clone DNA</td></tr><tr><td>PCR purification kit</td><td>Qiagen</td><td>28104</td><td>Remove non-conjugated dye following labeling of BAC clone DNA</td></tr><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Name&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Company&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Catalog Number&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Comments&lt;/strong&gt;</td></tr><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Chemicals &amp;amp; Solutions&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Note: &lt;/strong&gt;All solutions are prepared using sterile ultrapure water and should be sterilized either by autoclave or filter sterilization.</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Bovine serum albumin (BSA)</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>BP1600-100</td><td>Prepare 10% stock&lt;br/&gt; Freeze aliquots</td></tr><tr><td>Calcium chloride</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>C75-500</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>DAPI (4&amp;rsquo;, 6-Diamidino-2-Phenylindole, Dihydrochloride)</td><td>Invitrogen</td><td>D1306</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Toxic:&lt;/strong&gt; wear appropriate protection. Prepare 100&amp;micro;g/ml stock in 100% ethanol, store in aliquots at -20 &amp;deg;C. Prepare 1 &amp;micro;g/ml solution in 2X SSCT before use.</td></tr><tr><td>Dextran sulfate</td><td>Sigma</td><td>D-8906</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Drierite</td><td>Drierite Company</td><td>23001</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Dithiothreitol (DTT)</td><td>Invitrogen</td><td>15508-013</td><td>Prepare 10 mM stock</td></tr><tr><td>dTTP (10 &amp;micro;mol, 100 &amp;micro;l)</td><td>Boehringer Mannheim</td><td>1277049</td><td>Prepare 1 mM stock</td></tr><tr><td>EDTA (Disodium ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid)</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>S311-500</td><td>Prepare 250 mM stock</td></tr><tr><td>100% ethanol (molecular grade, 200 proof)</td><td>Decon Laboratories</td><td>2716</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Tris (Ultra Pure)</td><td>Invitrogen</td><td>15504-020</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>EGTA (Ethylenebis(oxyethylenenitrilo)tetraacetic acid)</td><td>Sigma</td><td>E-3889</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>16% formaldehyde</td><td>Ted Pella, Inc.</td><td>18505</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Toxic:&lt;/strong&gt; wear appropriate protection</td></tr><tr><td>Formamide</td><td>Invitrogen</td><td>AM9342</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Toxic: &lt;/strong&gt;wear appropriate protection</td></tr><tr><td>Glucose</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>D16-1</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Glycogen</td><td>Roche</td><td>901393</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>HEPES</td><td>Boehringer Mannheim</td><td>737-151</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Heptane</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>H350-4</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Toxic:&lt;/strong&gt; wear appropriate protection.</td></tr><tr><td>Hydrochloric acid</td><td>Millipore</td><td>HX0603-4</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Toxic:&lt;/strong&gt; wear appropriate protection.</td></tr><tr><td>Hydroxylamine</td><td>Sigma</td><td>438227</td><td>Prepare 3 M stock</td></tr><tr><td>4.9 M Magnesium chloride</td><td>Sigma</td><td>104-20</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Na&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;HPO&lt;sub&gt;4 &lt;/sub&gt;&amp;Yuml; 7H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>S373-500</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>NaH&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;PO&lt;sub&gt;4 &lt;/sub&gt;&amp;Yuml; 2H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>S369-500</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Poly-L-lysine (0.1mg/ml)</td><td>Sigma</td><td>P8920-100</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Potassium acetate</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>BP364-500</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Sodium acetate</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>S209-500</td><td>Prepare 3M stock</td></tr><tr><td>Sodium cacodylate</td><td>Polysciences, Inc.</td><td>1131</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Toxic: &lt;/strong&gt;wear appropriate protection. 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Comes with NEB enzymes</td></tr><tr><td>Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT) 400 U/&amp;micro;l</td><td>Roche/Sigma</td><td>3333566001</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>TdT buffer</td><td>Roche/Sigma</td><td></td><td>Comes with TdT enzyme</td></tr><tr><td>Cobalt chloride</td><td>Roche/Sigma</td><td></td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Toxic: &lt;/strong&gt;wear appropriate protection. 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using fluorescence in situ hybridization (fish) to monitor the state of arm cohesion in prometaphase and metaphase i drosophila oocytes

Beim Menschen sind Chromosom Abtrennung Fehler in Eizellen verantwortlich für die meisten Fehlschläge und Geburtsschäden. Außerdem ist, wie Frauen im Alter, ist ihr Risiko zu konzipieren, dass eine Aneuploidie Fötus drastisch erhöht und dieses Phänomen als mütterliches Alter-Effekt bekannt. Eine Voraussetzung für präzise Chromosom Trennung während der meiotischen Divisionen sind Wartung der Schwester Chromatids Zusammenhalt in der erweiterten Prophase-Zeit, die Eizellen zu erleben. Zytologische Nachweis bei Menschen und Modellorganismen zufolge meiotische Zusammenhalt während der Alterungsprozess verschlechtert sich. Darüber hinaus Segregation Fehler in der menschlichen Eizellen sind am häufigsten während der Meiose I, Einklang mit vorzeitigen Verlust der Arm Zusammenhalt. Die Verwendung von Modellorganismen ist entscheidend für die Entschlüsselung der Mechanismen, die altersabhängigen Verlust der Kohäsion zugrunde liegen. Drosophila Melanogaster bietet mehrere Vorteile für die Regulierung der meiotischen Zusammenhalt in Eizellen zu studieren. Allerdings waren bis vor kurzem nur genetische Tests zur Verfügung, um für den Verlust von Arm Zusammenhalt in Eizellen von unterschiedlichen Genotypen oder unter verschiedenen experimentellen Bedingungen bestimmen. Hier ist ein detailliertes Protokoll, unter der Voraussetzung für die Verwendung von Fluoreszenz in Situ Hybridisierung (FISH) direkt zu visualisieren Mängel an Arm Zusammenhalt im prometaphase ich und Metaphase ich Drosophila Eizellen verhaftet. Erzeugen eine Fisch-Sonde, die am distalen Arm des x-Chromosoms hybridisiert und konfokale Z-Stapel zu sammeln, kann Forscher die Anzahl der einzelnen Fische Signale in drei Dimensionen zu visualisieren und festzustellen, ob Schwester Chromatids Arme sind getrennt. Das beschriebene Verfahren ermöglicht es, Arm Zusammenhalt Mängel in Hunderten von Drosophila Eizellen zu quantifizieren. Als solches stellt diese Methode ein wichtiges Instrument für die Untersuchung der Mechanismen, die zum Zusammenhalt Wartung sowie die Faktoren, die zu seinem Untergang, während der Alterungsprozess führen beitragen.

Abbildung 5 zeigt Bilder, die mit einem Arm-Sonde, zytologische Region 6E-7 b auf dem x-Chromosom hybridisiert . Diese Testergebnisse in ein Signal, das gemeinsam mit der DAPI lokalisiert, unterscheidet sich leicht vom Hintergrund und wird bereits erfolgreich eingesetzt, Arm Zusammenhalt Mängel in verschiedenen Genotypen19zu quantifizieren. Quantifizierung der Zusammenhalt Mängel beschränkt war, prometaphase ich und Metapha...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Using Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization FISH to Monitor the State of Arm Cohesion in Prometaphase and Metaphase I Drosophila Oocytes at JoVE.com

Verwendung von Fluoreszenz-in-situ-Hybridisierung FISH zur Überwachung des Zustands der Armkohäsion in Prometaphase- und Metaphase-I-Drosophila-Oozyten | Entwicklung | Biologie | Video

Using Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization FISH to Monitor the State of Arm Cohesion in Prometaphase and Metaphase I Drosophila Oocytes

Fluoreszenz In Situ Hybridisierung (FISH) verwenden, um den Zustand der Arm Zusammenhalt im Prometaphase und Metaphase überwachen ich Drosophila Eizellen

Dieses Manuskript stellt eine detaillierte Methode zur Erzeugung von X-Chromosom Arm Sonden und darstellende Fluoreszenz in Situ Hybridisierung (FISH) zu prüfen, den Zustand der Schwester Chromatids Zusammenhalt im prometaphase und Metaphase ich verhaftet Drosophila Eizellen. Dieses Protokoll eignet sich zur Feststellung, ob meiotische Arm Zusammenhalt intakt oder in verschiedenen Genotypen gestört ist.

In humans, chromosome segregation errors in oocytes are responsible for the majority of miscarriages and birth defects. Moreover, as women age, their risk ...

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Using Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization (FISH) to Monitor the State of Arm Cohesion in Prometaphase and Metaphase I Drosophila Oocytes

Meiosis

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11.3K Aufrufe.  Dartmouth College. Dieses Manuskript stellt eine detaillierte Methode zur Erzeugung von X-Chromosom Arm Sonden und darstellende Fluoreszenz in Situ Hybridisierung (FISH) zu prüfen, den Zustand der Schwester Chromatids Zusammenhalt im prometaphase und Metaphase ich verhaftet Drosophila Eizellen. Dieses Protokoll eignet sich zur Feststellung, ob meiotische Arm Zusammenhalt intakt oder in verschiedenen Genotypen gestört ist.

Serie: Using Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization FISH to Monitor the State of Arm Cohesion in Prometaphase and Metaphase I Drosophila Oocytes

High Resolution Fluorescent In Situ Hybridization in Drosophila Embryos and Tissues Using Tyramide Signal Amplification

In our efforts to determine the patterns of expression and subcellular localization of Drosophila RNAs on a genome-wide basis, and in a variety of tissues, we have developed numerous modifications and improvements to our original fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) protocol. To facilitate throughput and cost effectiveness, all steps, from probe generation to signal detection, are performed using exon 96-well microtiter plates. Digoxygenin (DIG)-labelled antisense RNA probes are produced using either cDNA clones or genomic DNA as templates. After tissue fixation and permeabilization, probes are hybridized to transcripts of interest and then detected using a succession of anti-DIG antibody conjugated to biotin, streptavidin conjugated to horseradish peroxidase (HRP) and fluorescently conjugated tyramide, which in the presence of HRP, produces a highly reactive intermediate that binds to electron dense regions of immediately adjacent proteins. These amplification and localization steps produce a robust and highly localized signal that facilitates both cellular and subcellular transcript localization. The protocols provided have been optimized to produce highly specific signals in a variety of tissues and developmental stages. References are also provided for additional variations that allow the simultaneous detection of multiple transcripts, or transcripts and proteins, at the same time.

High Resolution Fluorescent In Situ Hybridization in Drosophila Embryos and Tissues Using Tyramide Signal Amplification

The described RNA in situ hybridization protocol allows the detection of RNA in whole Drosophila embryos or dissected tissues. Using 96-well microtiter plates and tyramide signal amplification, transcripts can be detected at high resolution, sensitivity, and throughput, and at a relatively low cost.

Hochauflösender Fluoreszenz In Situ Hybridisierung in Drosophila Embryos und Gewebe mit Tyramide Signalverstärkung

In our efforts to determine the patterns of expression and subcellular localization of Drosophila RNAs on a genome-wide basis, and in a variety of ...

Forschung

Genetik

Using Mouse Oocytes to Assess Human Gene Function During Meiosis I

Embryonic aneuploidy is the major genetic cause of infertility in humans. Most of these events originate during female meiosis, and albeit positively correlated with maternal age, age alone is not always predictive of the risk of generating an aneuploid embryo. Therefore, gene variants might account for incorrect chromosome segregation during oogenesis. Given that access to human oocytes is limited for research purposes, a series of assays were developed to study human gene function during meiosis I using mouse oocytes. First, messenger RNA (mRNA) of the gene and gene variant of interest are microinjected into prophase I-arrested mouse oocytes. After allowing time for expression, oocytes are synchronously released into meiotic maturation to complete meiosis I. By tagging the mRNA with a sequence of a fluorescent reporter, such as green fluorescent protein (Gfp), the localization of the human protein can be assessed in addition to the phenotypic alterations. For example, gain or loss of function can be investigated by establishing experimental conditions that challenge the gene product to fix meiotic errors. Although this system is advantageous in investigating human protein function during oogenesis, adequate interpretation of results should be undertaken given that protein expression is not at endogenous levels and, unless controlled for (i.e. knocked out or down), murine homologs are also present in the system.

As the genetic variants associated with human disease begin to become uncovered, it is becoming increasingly important to develop systems with which to rapidly evaluate the biological significance of those identified variants. This protocol describes methods for evaluating human gene function during female meiosis I using mouse oocytes.

Mit Maus Eizellen menschliche Gen-Funktion während der Meiose zu beurteilen ich

Embryonic aneuploidy is the major genetic cause of infertility in humans. Most of these events originate during female meiosis, and albeit positively ...

Use of Single Molecule Fluorescent In Situ Hybridization (SM-FISH) to Quantify and Localize mRNAs in Murine Oocytes

Current methods routinely used to quantify mRNA in oocytes and embryos include digital reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (dPCR), quantitative, real-time RT-PCR (RT-qPCR) and RNA sequencing. When these techniques are performed using a single oocyte or embryo, low-copy mRNAs are not reliably detected. To overcome this problem, oocytes or embryos can be pooled together for analysis; however, this often leads to high variability amongst samples. In this protocol, we describe the use of fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) using branched DNA chemistry. This technique identifies the spatial pattern of mRNAs in individual cells. When the technique is coupled with Spot Finding and Tracking&#160;computer software, the abundance of mRNAs in the cell can also be quantified. Using this technique, there is reduced variability within an experimental group and fewer oocytes and embryos are required to detect significant differences between experimental groups. Commercially available branched-DNA SM-FISH kits have been optimized to detect mRNAs in sectioned tissues or adherent cells on slides. However, oocytes do not effectively adhere to slides and some reagents in the kit were too harsh resulting in oocyte lysis. To prevent this lysis, several modifications were made to the FISH kit. Specifically, oocyte permeabilization and wash&#160;buffers designed for the immunofluorescence of oocytes and embryos replaced the proprietary buffers. The permeabilization, washes, and incubations with probes and amplifier were performed in 6-well plates and oocytes were placed on slides at the end of the protocol using mounting media. These modifications were able to overcome the limitations of the commercially available kit, in particular, the oocyte lysis. To accurately and reproducibly count the number of mRNAs in individual oocytes, computer software was used. Together, this protocol represents an alternative to PCR and sequencing to compare the expression of specific transcripts in single cells.

Use of Single Molecule Fluorescent In Situ Hybridization SM-FISH to Quantify and Localize mRNAs in Murine Oocytes

To reproducibly count the numbers of mRNAs in individual oocytes, single molecule RNA fluorescence in situ hybridization (RNA-FISH) was optimized for non-adherent cells. Oocytes were collected, hybridized with the transcript specific probes, and quantified using an image quantification software.

Verwendung von einzelnen Molekül Fluoreszenz In Situ Hybridisierung (SM-Fisch), Quantify und Localize mRNAs in murinen Eizellen

Current methods routinely used to quantify mRNA in oocytes and embryos include digital reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (dPCR), ...

Nuclear Migration in the Drosophila Oocyte

Live cell imaging is particularly necessary to understand the cellular and molecular mechanisms that regulate organelle movements, cytoskeleton rearrangements, or polarity patterning within the cells. When studying oocyte nucleus positioning, live-imaging techniques are essential to capture the dynamic events of this process. The Drosophila egg chamber is a multicellular structure and an excellent model system to study this phenomenon because of its large size and availability of numerous genetic tools. During Drosophila mid-oogenesis, the nucleus migrates from a central position within the oocyte to adopt an asymmetric position mediated by microtubule-generated forces. This migration and positioning of the nucleus are necessary to determine the polarity axes of the embryo and the subsequent adult fly. One characteristic of this migration is that it occurs in three dimensions (3D), creating a necessity for live imaging. Thus, to study the mechanisms that regulate nuclear migration, we have developed a protocol to culture the dissected egg chambers and perform live imaging for 12 h by time-lapse acquisitions using spinning-disk confocal microscopy. Overall, our conditions allow us to preserve Drosophila egg chambers alive for a long period of time, thereby enabling the completion of nuclear migration to be visualized in a large number of samples in 3D.

Nuclear Migration in the Drosophila Oocyte

In Drosophila, the oocyte nucleus undergoes microtubule-dependent migration during oogenesis. Here, we describe a protocol that was developed to follow the migration by performing live imaging on egg chambers ex-vivo. Our procedure maintains egg chambers alive for 12 h to acquire multi-position 3D time-lapse movies using spinning-disk confocal microscopy.

Kernmigration in der Drosophila-Eizelle

Live cell imaging is particularly necessary to understand the cellular and molecular mechanisms that regulate organelle movements, cytoskeleton ...

Entwicklungsbiologie

Studying Mitotic Checkpoint by Illustrating Dynamic Kinetochore Protein Behavior and Chromosome Motion in Living Drosophila Syncytial Embryos

The spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC) mechanism is an active signal, which monitors the interaction between chromosome kinetochores and spindle microtubules to prevent anaphase onset until the chromosomes are properly connected. Cells use this mechanism to prevent aneuploidy or genomic instability, and hence cancers and other human diseases like birth defects and Alzheimer's1. A number of the SAC components such as Mad1, Mad2, Bub1, BubR1, Bub3, Mps1, Zw10, Rod and Aurora B kinase have been identified and they are all kinetochore dynamic proteins2. Evidence suggests that the kinetochore is where the SAC signal is initiated. The SAC prime regulatory target is Cdc20. Cdc20 is one of the essential APC/C (Anaphase Promoting Complex or Cyclosome) activators3 and is also a kinetochore dynamic protein4-6. When activated, the SAC inhibits the activity of the APC/C to prevent the destruction of two key substrates, cyclin B and securin, thereby preventing the metaphase to anaphase transition7,8. Exactly how the SAC signal is initiated and assembled on the kinetochores and relayed onto the APC/C to inhibit its function still remains elusive.
Drosophila is an extremely tractable experimental system; a much simpler and better-understood organism compared to the human but one that shares fundamental processes in common. It is, perhaps, one of the best organisms to use for bio-imaging studies in living cells, especially for visualization of the mitotic events in space and time, as the early embryo goes through 13 rapid nuclear division cycles synchronously (8-10 minutes for each cycle at 25 &deg;C) and gradually organizes the nuclei in a single monolayer just underneath the cortex9.
Here, I present a bio-imaging method using transgenic Drosophila expressing GFP (Green Fluorescent Protein) or its variant-targeted proteins of interest and a Leica TCS SP2 confocal laser scanning microscope system to study the SAC function in flies, by showing images of GFP fusion proteins of some of the SAC components, Cdc20 and Mad2, as the example.

Studying Mitotic Checkpoint by Illustrating Dynamic Kinetochore Protein Behavior and Chromosome Motion in Living Drosophila Syncytial Embryos

The kinetochore is where the SAC initiates its signal monitoring the mitotic segregation of the sister chromatids. A method is described to visualize the recruitment and turnover of one of the kinetochore proteins and its coordination with the chromosome motion in Drosophila embryos using a Leica laser scanning confocal system.

Studieren mitotischen Checkpoint durch Veranschaulichung Dynamische Kinetochor Protein Verhalten und Chromosome Motion in Lebens-<em&gt; Drosophila</em&gt; Syncytial Embryonen

The spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC) mechanism is an active signal, which monitors the interaction between chromosome kinetochores and spindle ...

Biologie

Live Imaging of GFP-labeled Proteins in Drosophila Oocytes

The Drosophila oocyte has been established as a versatile system for investigating fundamental questions such as cytoskeletal function, cell organization, and organelle structure and function. The availability of various GFP-tagged proteins means that many cellular processes can be monitored in living cells over the course of minutes or hours, and using this technique, processes such as RNP transport, epithelial morphogenesis, and tissue remodeling have been described in great detail in Drosophila oocytes1,2.
The ability to perform video imaging combined with a rich repertoire of mutants allows an enormous variety of genes and processes to be examined in incredible detail. One such example is the process of ooplasmic streaming, which initiates at mid-oogenesis3,4. This vigorous movement of cytoplasmic vesicles is microtubule and kinesin-dependent5 and provides a useful system for investigating cytoskeleton function at these stages.
Here I present a protocol for time lapse imaging of living oocytes using virtually any confocal microscopy setup.

Live Imaging of GFP-labeled Proteins in Drosophila Oocytes

A protocol for live imaging of GFP-tagged proteins or autofluorescent structures in individual Drosophila oocytes is described.

Live-Imaging von GFP-markierten Proteine ​​in<em&gt; Drosophila</em&gt; Oozyten

The  Drosophila oocyte has been established as a versatile system for investigating  fundamental questions such as cytoskeletal function, cell ...

Whole Mount RNA Fluorescent in situ Hybridization of Drosophila Embryos

Assessing the expression pattern of a gene, as well as the subcellular localization properties of its transcribed RNA, are key features for understanding its biological function during development. RNA in situ hybridization (RNA-ISH) is a powerful method used for visualizing RNA distribution properties, be it at the organismal, cellular or subcellular levels 1. RNA-ISH is based on the hybridization of a labeled nucleic acid probe (e.g. antisense RNA, oligonucleotides) complementary to the sequence of an mRNA or a non-coding RNA target of interest 2. As the procedure requires primary sequence information alone to generate sequence-specific probes, it can be universally applied to a broad range of organisms and tissue specimens 3. Indeed, a number of large-scale ISH studies have been implemented to document gene expression and RNA localization dynamics in various model organisms, which has led to the establishment of important community resources 4-11. While a variety of probe labeling and detection strategies have been developed over the years, the combined usage of fluorescently-labeled detection reagents and enzymatic signal amplification steps offer significant enhancements in the sensitivity and resolution of the procedure 12. Here, we describe an optimized fluorescent in situ hybridization method (FISH) employing tyramide signal amplification (TSA) to visualize RNA expression and localization dynamics in staged Drosophila embryos. The procedure is carried out in 96-well PCR plate format, which greatly facilitates the simultaneous processing of large numbers of samples.

Whole Mount RNA Fluorescent in situ Hybridization of Drosophila Embryos

Here we describe a whole-mount fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) protocol for determining the expression and localization properties of RNAs expressed during embryogenesis in the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster.

Whole Berg RNA Fluorescent<em&gt; In situ</em&gt; Hybridisierung<em&gt; Drosophila</em&gt; Embryonen

Assessing  the expression pattern of a gene, as well as the subcellular localization  properties of its transcribed RNA, are key features for ...

Techniques for Imaging Prometaphase and Metaphase of Meiosis I in Fixed Drosophila Oocytes

Chromosome segregation in human oocytes is error prone, resulting in aneuploidy, which is the leading genetic cause of miscarriage and birth defects. The study of chromosome behavior in oocytes from model organisms holds much promise to uncover the molecular basis of the susceptibility of human oocytes to aneuploidy. Drosophila melanogaster is amenable to genetic manipulation, with over 100 years of research, community, and technique development. Visualizing chromosome behavior and spindle assembly in Drosophila oocytes has particular challenges, however, due primarily to the presence of membranes surrounding the oocyte that are impenetrable to antibodies. We describe here protocols for the collection, preparation, and imaging of meiosis I spindle assembly and chromosome behavior in Drosophila oocytes, which allow the molecular dissection of chromosome segregation in this important model organism.

Techniques for Imaging Prometaphase and Metaphase of Meiosis I in Fixed Drosophila Oocytes

We present protocols for the collection, preparation, and imaging of mature Drosophila oocytes. These methods allow the visualization of chromosome behavior and spindle assembly and function during meiosis.

Techniques for Imaging Prometaphase und Metaphase der Meiose I in fester<em&gt; Drosophila</em&gt; Oozyten

Chromosome segregation in human oocytes is error prone, resulting in aneuploidy, which is the leading genetic cause of miscarriage and birth defects. The ...

Visualizing and Tracking Endogenous mRNAs in Live Drosophila melanogaster Egg Chambers

Fluorescence-based imaging techniques, in combination with developments in light microscopy, have revolutionized how cell biologists conduct live cell imaging studies. Methods for detecting RNAs have expanded greatly since seminal studies linked site-specific mRNA localization to gene expression regulation. Dynamic mRNA processes can now be visualized via approaches that detect mRNAs, coupled with microscopy set-ups that are fast enough to capture the dynamic range of molecular behavior. The molecular beacon technology is a hybridization-based approach capable of direct detection of endogenous transcripts in living cells. Molecular beacons are hairpin-shaped, internally quenched, single-nucleotide discriminating nucleic acid probes, which fluoresce only upon hybridization to a unique target sequence. When coupled with advanced fluorescence microscopy and high-resolution imaging, they enable one to perform spatial and temporal tracking of intracellular movement of mRNAs. Although this technology is the only method capable of detecting endogenous transcripts, cell biologists have not yet fully embraced this technology due to difficulties in designing such probes for live cell imaging. A new software application, PinMol, allows for enhanced and rapid design of probes best suited to efficiently hybridize to mRNA target regions within a living cell. In addition, high-resolution, real-time image acquisition and current, open source image analysis software allow for a refined data output, leading to a finer evaluation of the complexity underlying the dynamic processes involved in the mRNA&#39;s life cycle.
Here we present a comprehensive protocol for designing and delivering molecular beacons into Drosophila melanogaster egg chambers. Direct and highly specific detection and visualization of endogenous maternal mRNAs is performed via spinning disc confocal microscopy. Imaging data is processed and analyzed using object detection and tracking in Icy software to obtain details about the dynamic movement of mRNAs, which are transported and localized to specialized regions within the oocyte.

Visualizing and Tracking Endogenous mRNAs in Live Drosophila melanogaster Egg Chambers

Here, we present a protocol for the visualization, detection, analysis and tracking of endogenous mRNA trafficking in live Drosophila melanogaster egg chamber using molecular beacons, spinning disc confocal microscopy, and open-source analysis software.

Visualisierung und Verfolgung endogenes mRNAs in Live Drosophila melanogaster Eierkammern

Fluorescence-based imaging techniques, in combination with developments in light microscopy, have revolutionized how cell biologists conduct live cell ...

Multiplex Detection of Gene Expression in the Intact Drosophila Brain Using Expansion-Assisted Iterative Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization

Understanding gene expression is essential for deciphering cellular functions. However, methods for analyzing the expression of numerous genes in situ within a given tissue remain limited. The EASI-FISH protocol described here has been adapted to detect the expression of dozens of genes in the intact adult Drosophila central nervous system (CNS) using commercially available reagents. This protocol includes a new gel formulation that enhances gel robustness, enabling multiple rounds of hybridization and allowing the embedding of multiple brains per gel. This improvement increases throughput, facilitates optimal comparison of experimental conditions, and reduces reagent costs. Additionally, by employing the GAL4-UAS system for co-detection of green fluorescent protein (GFP), gene expression can be visualized in specific neuronal or glial cell types. Notably, the high resolution achieved through expansion microscopy, combined with the sensitivity of the method, allows for the detection of single RNA transcripts. This approach effectively integrates high image quality with high throughput, making it a powerful tool for studying gene expression throughout the intact fly brain.

Expansion-Assisted Iterative Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization (EASI-FISH) is a robust technique that combines expansion microscopy with fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) to detect the expression of multiple genes in thick tissue. This protocol outlines recent advancements in the method and its adaptation for labeling the intact Drosophila central nervous system..

Understanding gene expression is essential for deciphering cellular functions. However, methods for analyzing the expression of numerous genes in situ ...

Fluoreszenz In Situ Hybridisierung (FISH) verwenden, um den Zustand der Arm Zusammenhalt im Prometaphase und Metaphase überwachen ich Drosophila Eizellen

Zusammenfassung

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Kernmigration in der Drosophila-Eizelle

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Live-Imaging von GFP-markierten Proteine in

Whole Berg RNA Fluorescent

Techniques for Imaging Prometaphase und Metaphase der Meiose I in fester

Visualisierung und Verfolgung endogenes mRNAs in Live Drosophila melanogaster Eierkammern

Multiplex Detection of Gene Expression in the Intact Drosophila Brain Using Expansion-Assisted Iterative Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization

Fluoreszenz In Situ Hybridisierung (FISH) verwenden, um den Zustand der Arm Zusammenhalt im Prometaphase und Metaphase überwachen ich Drosophila Eizellen

Zusammenfassung

Weitere Videos entdecken

Kapitel in diesem Video

Hochauflösender Fluoreszenz In Situ Hybridisierung in Drosophila Embryos und Gewebe mit Tyramide Signalverstärkung

Mit Maus Eizellen menschliche Gen-Funktion während der Meiose zu beurteilen ich

Verwendung von einzelnen Molekül Fluoreszenz In Situ Hybridisierung (SM-Fisch), Quantify und Localize mRNAs in murinen Eizellen

Kernmigration in der Drosophila-Eizelle

Studieren mitotischen Checkpoint durch Veranschaulichung Dynamische Kinetochor Protein Verhalten und Chromosome Motion in Lebens-

Live-Imaging von GFP-markierten Proteine ​​in

Whole Berg RNA Fluorescent

Techniques for Imaging Prometaphase und Metaphase der Meiose I in fester

Visualisierung und Verfolgung endogenes mRNAs in Live Drosophila melanogaster Eierkammern

Multiplex Detection of Gene Expression in the Intact Drosophila Brain Using Expansion-Assisted Iterative Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization

Live-Imaging von GFP-markierten Proteine in