Die Autoren möchten die folgenden Organisationen danken: National Natural Science Foundation of China (31171018, 31171355), der Wissenschaft und Technik Abteilung Guangdong (2013KJCX0054), der naturwissenschaftlichen Grundlage der Provinz Guangdong ( 2014A030313418, 2014A030313440), Guangzhou Wissenschaft und Technologie Bureau (201607010320).

Tierhaltung und alle Tierarten, die Experimente wurden nach Verfahren genehmigt von der Ethikkommission für Tierversuche an South China Normal University, nach den Richtlinien für Animal Care vom National Institute of Gesundheit.
 1. Vorbereitung der Lösungen <ol><li>bereiten 500 mL standard künstliche Liquor cerebrospinalis (ACFS) mit den Komponenten in unseren veröffentlichten Werk 7 beschrieben, wie in Tabelle 1 aufgeführt.
	<ol><li>Verwendung sauberes Glas Becher mit entionisiertem Wasser, eine frische ACFS Lösung vorzubereiten. Spachteln mit entionisiertem Wasser reinigen und trocknen, bevor Sie mit NaCl, KCl, NaH hinzufügen 2 PO 4, Nahco3 3, MgSO 4, D-Glucose, und fügen Sie das CaCl 2 nach haben sprudelte die Lösung mit 95 % O 2 / 5 % CO 2 Mischung für ~ 20 min (wie in Tabelle 1) bis 500 mL entionisiertem Wasser. Rühren, bis Sie vollständig aufgelöst.</li>
		<li>Stellen Sie sicher der ACFS völlig ist klar, ohne jede Niederschlag. Dann stellen Sie den pH-Wert auf 7.2-7.4. Blase mit einem Gasgemisch bestehend aus 95 % O 2 und 5 % CO 2 für ~ 20 min.</li>
	</ol></li> <li>250 mL Slice Cutting-Lösung mit den Chemikalien 7 in Tabelle 2 beschrieben vorbereiten.
	<ol><li>KCl, MgCl 2, NaH 2 PO 4, Nahco3 3, Choline·Cl, D-Glucose hinzufügen und fügen Sie das CaCl 2 zuletzt gemäß 1.1.1 bis 250 mL entionisiertem Wasser und auflösen wie in 1.1.1 und 1.1.2 beschrieben.</li>
		<li>Nach sprudeln mit 95 % O 2 / 5 % CO 2, stellen die Lösung in eine Tiefkühltruhe für 15-20 min, so dass die Cutting-Lösung wird eiskalt und teilweise gefrorenen. 
		Hinweis: Wir verwenden diese Cutting-Lösung bei der Scheiben von 1-2 Monate-alten Mäusen; die Formel für Mäuse, die älter als 2 Monate abweichen.</li>
		<li>Bereiten LPS Lösung durch Auflösen in sterilen Endotoxin-freie isotonische Kochsalzlösung (0,9 % NaCl). LPS ist intraperitoneal verabreicht (0,5 mg/kg) und mit der Aufnahme 2 h später.</li>
	</ol></li></ol> 2. Vorbereitung des präfrontalen Cortex Slice <ol><li>Cutting-Lösung aus dem Gefrierschrank nehmen und homogenisieren um ein Matsch zu erhalten. Legen Sie die Lösung auf dem Eis und Blase ständig mit 95 % O 2 / 5 % CO 2.</li>
	<li>Mit großen, scharfen Schere, schnell eine Maus als beschriebenen 9 enthaupten und sofort legte den Kopf in ein Becherglas gefüllt mit eiskalten (0-4 ° C) Schneidlösung.</li>
	<li>Schneiden Sie die Spitze des Schädels entlang der Mittellinie in Richtung kaudalen Nasal mit einer feinen Schere und die seitlichen Schädel Teile zu entfernen. Entfernen Sie das Gehirn mit einem feinen Spachtel und Drop ins eiskalte Schneidlösung. 
	Hinweis: Schritte 2.2-2.3 erfolgen schnell (im Idealfall &#60; 1 min).</li>
	<li>Legen Sie das Gehirn auf den Deckel einer 9 cm Petrischale mit Eis gefüllt. Spülen Sie das Gehirn mit eiskalten Schneidlösung. Das Kleinhirn und der Riechkolben mit einer Rasierklinge abgeschnitten.</li>
	<li>Anwenden Cyanacrylat-Klebstoff auf die Probe Inhaber einer Vibratome. Legen Sie vorsichtig den Gehirn-Block auf den Tropfen Klebstoff, rostral Seite nach oben, und sofort eintauchen in eiskaltes Schneidlösung.</li>
	<li>Einstellen den Klingenhalter Vibratome in einem Winkel von 15° mit Bezug auf die horizontale Ebene und bereiten 350 µm koronalen Gehirnscheiben (Klinge Schwingungsfrequenz = 85 Hz, Geschwindigkeit = 0,1 mm/s).</li>
	<li>Mit einer Pipette, die Scheiben in die Erholung-Kammer voller ACFS, Transfer inkubieren 1 h (bei RT) mit konstanten sprudeln von 95 % O 2 / 5 % CO 2.</li>
</ol> 3. Ganze Zelle Patch Aufnahme <ol><li>machen Glas Borosilikat Mikropipetten für als Aufnahme Elektroden verwenden oder Blätterteig Mikropipetten nach den vorgegebenen Richtlinien der Puller-Betriebsanleitung. Für die Aufzeichnung von Elektroden, Tipp Widerstände sind im Bereich von 4-6 M &#8486;, während Blätterteig Mikropipetten Spitze Durchmesser im Bereich von 2 bis 5 µm haben.</li>
	<li>Na +-Kanal-Blocker (TTX, 1 µM), Block schnell Na + Kanal und damit Aktionspotentiale zu ACFS hinzufügen und Verwalten von konstantem Volumenstrom dieser Lösung von 2-3 mL/min in der Kammer Aufnahme durch peristaltische Pumpe in die Kammer und streben aus ihm heraus. Blase der ACFS mit 95 % O 2 / 5 % CO 2 ständig um die Lebensfähigkeit der Scheiben gewährleisten.</li>
	<li>Übertragen eine Gehirn-Scheibe in der Aufnahme-Kammer mit einer modifizierten Pasteurpipette deren feiner Spitze geschnitten wurde, um die Scheibe Größe passen. Decken Sie die Scheibe mit einem Platin Slice-Anker mit parallel Nylonfäden Abstand &#8805; 2 mm auseinander, die Scheibe auf der Plattform zu halten.</li>
	<li>Füllen Sie die Aufnahme Mikropipette mit internen Lösung 7 (Tabelle 3), und füllen Sie die Blätterteig Mikropipetten mit GABA bei 10 µM, 50 µM und 100 µM (aufgelöst in ACFS) oder ACFS als Fahrzeugkontrolle.</li>
	<li>Gegen Verstopfung mit Schutt, üben Sie leichten positive Druck mit eine 1 mL Spritze vor die Aufnahme Elektrode in der ACFS eintauchen. Mit einem Mikromanipulator unter dem Mikroskop (4 X Objektiv), die Aufnahme Elektrode und Blätterteig Mikropipette so positionieren, dass die Spitzen in der Mitte des video-Bildes auf dem Monitor ( Abbildung 1 A) erscheinen.</li>
	<li>Stellen Sie den Mikroskop-Fokus (40 X Objektiv) schrittweise Senkung der Blätterteig Mikropipette und legen Sie es über das Neuron Aufnahmen in einem Winkel von 45°. Halten Sie den Abstand zwischen der Spitze des Blätterteig Mikropipette und das Neuron, aufgenommen zwischen 20-40 µm ( Abbildung 1 B). Nähern Sie langsam und vorsichtig das Neuron mit der Aufnahme-Elektrode und lassen Sie dann den positiven-Luftdruck. Eine schwache und kurze Absaugung durch den Schlauch angeschlossen, der Elektrodenhalter erstelle ich ein Giga-Ohm-Siegel bewerben.</li>
	<li>Pflegen die Spannung auf 0 mV. Nach Bildung der Giga-Ohm-Dichtung schnell kompensieren Sie und verlangsamen Sie Kapazität zu, manuell oder automatisch. Dann bewerben Sie sich eine kurze und starke Absaugung durch die Schläuche erwähnt, um in den gesamten Zelle Modus bekommen.</li>
	<li>Datensatz eIPSC in Voltage-Clamp-Modus. Die Blätterteig-Mikropipette mit einer Picospritzer durch einen Master 8 Schritt Generatorspannung gesteuert, einzeln oder paarweise GABA Puffs ( Abbildung 2) liefern niedrigen Gasdruck (Stickstoff, 4-6 Psi) zuweisen.</li>
	<li>Ändern die Blätterteig-Dauer um das beste eIPSC erzielen ( Abbildung 3) und Messen Sie die eIPSC in die LPS-induzierte Depression-Modell ( Abbildung 4).</li>
</ol>

<ol>
	<li>Neher, E., Sakmann, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Single-channel+currents+recorded+from+membrane+of+denervated+frog+muscle+fibres.">Single-channel currents recorded from membrane of denervated frog muscle fibres.</a> Nature. 260 (5554), 799-802 (1976).</li><li>Sakmann, B., Edwards, F., Konnerth, A., Takahashi, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Patch+clamp+techniques+used+for+studying+synaptic+transmission+in+slices+of+mammalian+brain.">Patch clamp techniques used for studying synaptic transmission in slices of mammalian brain.</a> Q J Exp Physiol. 74 (7), 1107-1118 (1989).</li><li>Eyo, U. B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Neuronal+hyperactivity+recruits+microglial+processes+via+neuronal+NMDA+receptors+and+microglial+P2Y12+receptors+after+status+epilepticus.">Neuronal hyperactivity recruits microglial processes via neuronal NMDA receptors and microglial P2Y12 receptors after status epilepticus.</a> J Neurosci. 34 (32), 10528-10540 (2014).</li><li>Dickinson, G. D., Parker, I. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Factors+determining+the+recruitment+of+inositol+trisphosphate+receptor+channels+during+calcium+puffs.">Factors determining the recruitment of inositol trisphosphate receptor channels during calcium puffs.</a> Biophys J. 105 (11), 2474-2484 (2013).</li><li>Lee, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Columnar+distribution+of+activity+dependent+gabaergic+depolarization+in+sensorimotor+cortical+neurons.">Columnar distribution of activity dependent gabaergic depolarization in sensorimotor cortical neurons.</a> Mol Brain. 5, 33 (2012).</li><li>Glykys, J., Mody, I. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+main+source+of+ambient+GABA+responsible+for+tonic+inhibition+in+the+mouse+hippocampus.">The main source of ambient GABA responsible for tonic inhibition in the mouse hippocampus.</a> J Physiol. 582, 1163-1178 (2007).</li><li>Chen, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=APP+modulates+KCC2+expression+and+function+in+hippocampal+GABAergic+inhibition.">APP modulates KCC2 expression and function in hippocampal GABAergic inhibition.</a> Elife. 6, (2017).</li><li>Dunn, A. J., Swiergiel, A. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effects+of+interleukin-1+and+endotoxin+in+the+forced+swim+and+tail+suspension+tests+in+mice.">Effects of interleukin-1 and endotoxin in the forced swim and tail suspension tests in mice.</a> Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 81 (3), 688-693 (2005).</li><li>Engel, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Subcellular+Patch-clamp+Recordings+from+the+Somatodendritic+Domain+of+Nigral+Dopamine+Neurons.">Subcellular Patch-clamp Recordings from the Somatodendritic Domain of Nigral Dopamine Neurons.</a> J Vis Exp. (117), (2016).</li><li>Wondolowski, J., Frerking, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Subunit-dependent+postsynaptic+expression+of+kainate+receptors+on+hippocampal+interneurons+in+area+CA1.">Subunit-dependent postsynaptic expression of kainate receptors on hippocampal interneurons in area CA1.</a> J Neurosci. 29 (2), 563-574 (2009).</li><li>Yang, L., Wang, Z., Wang, B., Justice, N. J., Zheng, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Amyloid+precursor+protein+regulates+Cav1.2+L-type+calcium+channel+levels+and+function+to+influence+GABAergic+short-term+plasticity.">Amyloid precursor protein regulates Cav1.2 L-type calcium channel levels and function to influence GABAergic short-term plasticity.</a> J Neurosci. 29 (50), 15660-15668 (2009).</li><li>Huo, Q., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Prefrontal+Cortical+GABAergic+Dysfunction+Contributes+to+Aberrant+UP-State+Duration+in+APP+Knockout+Mice.">Prefrontal Cortical GABAergic Dysfunction Contributes to Aberrant UP-State Duration in APP Knockout Mice.</a> Cereb Cortex. , (2016).</li><li>Zhou, W. L., Gao, X. B., Picciotto, M. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Acetylcholine+Acts+through+Nicotinic+Receptors+to+Enhance+the+Firing+Rate+of+a+Subset+of+Hypocretin+Neurons+in+the+Mouse+Hypothalamus+through+Distinct+Presynaptic+and+Postsynaptic+Mechanisms.">Acetylcholine Acts through Nicotinic Receptors to Enhance the Firing Rate of a Subset of Hypocretin Neurons in the Mouse Hypothalamus through Distinct Presynaptic and Postsynaptic Mechanisms.</a> eNeuro. 2 (1), (2015).</li></ol>

Die Autoren haben nichts preisgeben.

Blätterteig-Anwendung ist weit verbreitet, postsynaptischen Rezeptor-Funktion3,4,7zu bewerten, sondern erfordert eine präzise Steuerung in jedem Experiment. Wir beschreiben hier ein Verfahrens unter Beteiligung ganz-Zell-Patch zu spannen, was beweist, dass GABA-Blätterteig IPSCs (z.B. eIPSCs) im präfrontalen kortikalen Gehirnscheiben induziert. Der Widerstand der Elektrode Aufnahme beträgt ca. 5 MΩ, während der Kopfkreis ...

Die Patch-Clamp-Technik, ein wichtiges Werkzeug für die Untersuchung von elektrischen Signale in Neuronen, wurde in den 1970er Jahren1,2entwickelt. Ein großer Vorteil dieser Technik ist, dass sie wissen wie bestimmte Behandlungen bietet (z. B. pharmakologische) neuronale Funktionen oder Kanäle in Echtzeit3verändern kann. Pharmakologische Bewertung der neuronalen Funktion während der gesamten-Zelle in einer Gehirn-Scheibe Aufzeichnung erfordert die Anwendung von Medikamenten, wie z. B. Agonisten oder Antagonisten von spezifischen Rezeptoren, die Neuronen aufgenommen wird. Diese Methode ermöglicht die Identifikation von neuronalen Veränderungen, die auftreten, nach der Anwendung eines bestimmten Medikaments, führt zu einem besseren Verständnis der physiologischen und pathologischen Eigenschaften der Neuronen-4. Obwohl pharmakologische Verwaltung über entweder Perfusion5 oder Blätterteig6durchgeführt werden kann, ist letzteres die überlegene Technik. Insbesondere: (i) Blätterteig Anwendung rasch erhöht Medikament Konzentration um das aufgezeichnete Neuron auf ein Niveau, so dass Desensibilisierung der Membranrezeptoren verhindert wird; (Ii) das Volumen der Droge aufgeblasen ist äußerst gering, so dass es kaum Auswirkungen auf die Bad-Lösung, die daher Nebenwirkungen der verabreichten Chemikalien auf Gehirnscheiben reduziert; (Iii) das Blätterteig-Protokoll kann eingestellt und gespeichert, so dass das Experiment sehr genau reproduzierbar; (iv) Blätterteig Anwendung steht für sparsamen Umgang mit Agonisten/Antagonisten, besonders wo solche Reagenzien sind teuer oder schwer zu erlangen.
Hier konzentrieren wir uns auf die ganze Zelle Ströme induziert durch schnaufend GABA in akut bereit Gehirnscheiben, ein Präparat, das hat den Vorteil, relativ gut erhaltene Hirnschaltkreisen Aufnahme. Wie führen wir Blätterteig-induzierte hemmenden Strömungen7 werden in diesem Artikel beschrieben werden. Mithilfe von Cäsium (Cs+)-interne Lösungen, und halten die Neuronen bei 0 mV, präsentieren wir GABA-Blätterteig hervorgerufen inhibitorischen postsynaptischen Ströme (eIPSCs) mit entsprechenden technischen Details. Mit einem Maus-Modell der Depression induziert durch Lipopolysaccharid (LPS) Injektion8, wir zeigen, dass die eIPSC ist Amplitude, hervorgerufen durch einen GABA-Zug in Scheiben von LPS injiziert Mäusen im Vergleich zu Kontrollen Fahrzeug deutlich reduziert. Unsere Absicht ist, dass dieser Artikel zeigen sollte, wie die Blätterteig-Technik ist überall anwendbar, Studien zur Bewertung der Wirkung von Chemikalien, Verbindungen oder Drogen auf neuronalen Aktivitäten im Gehirnscheiben.

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		<col style="width:140pt" width="187" />
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	<tbody>
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			<td class="xl20" height="40" style="width:161pt;height:30.0pt" width="214">Glass Borosilicate micropipettes</td>
			<td class="xl20" style="width:140pt" width="187">Shutter Instruments</td>
			<td class="xl20" style="width:155pt" width="206">BF150-86-10</td>
			<td class="xl18" style="width:210pt" width="280">1.50 mm outer diameter; 0.86 mm inner diameter</td>
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		<tr height="40" style="height:30.0pt">
			<td class="xl20" height="40" style="width:161pt;height:30.0pt" width="214">Micropipette Puller</td>
			<td class="xl20" style="width:140pt" width="187">Shutter Instruments</td>
			<td class="xl20" style="width:155pt" width="206">MODEL P-97&#160;</td>
			<td class="xl18" style="width:210pt" width="280">Flaming/Brow Micropipette Puller</td>
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			<td class="xl20" height="40" style="width:161pt;height:30.0pt" width="214">Micromanipulators</td>
			<td class="xl20" style="width:140pt" width="187">Shutter Instruments</td>
			<td class="xl20" style="width:155pt" width="206">MP-285</td>
			<td class="xl18" style="width:210pt" width="280"></td>
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			<td class="xl20" height="40" style="width:161pt;height:30.0pt" width="214">Computer controlled Amplifier&#160;&#160;&#160;</td>
			<td class="xl20" style="width:140pt" width="187">Molecular Devices</td>
			<td class="xl20" style="width:155pt" width="206">Multiclamp 700B</td>
			<td class="xl18" style="width:210pt" width="280"></td>
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		<tr height="40" style="height:30.0pt">
			<td class="xl20" height="40" style="width:161pt;height:30.0pt" width="214">Digital Acquisition system&#160;</td>
			<td class="xl20" style="width:140pt" width="187">Molecular Devices</td>
			<td class="xl20" style="width:155pt" width="206">Digidata 1440A</td>
			<td class="xl20" style="width:210pt" width="280"></td>
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		<tr height="40" style="height:30.0pt">
			<td class="xl20" height="40" style="width:161pt;height:30.0pt" width="214">Imaging Camera</td>
			<td class="xl20" style="width:140pt" width="187">Nikon&#160;</td>
			<td class="xl18" style="width:155pt" width="206">2115001</td>
			<td class="xl18" style="width:210pt" width="280">Inspection equipment</td>
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		<tr height="40" style="height:30.0pt">
			<td class="xl20" height="40" style="width:161pt;height:30.0pt" width="214">Microscopy&#160;</td>
			<td class="xl20" style="width:140pt" width="187">Nikon&#160;</td>
			<td class="xl20" style="width:155pt" width="206">Eclipse FN1&#160;</td>
			<td class="xl20" style="width:210pt" width="280"></td>
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		<tr height="40" style="height:30.0pt">
			<td class="xl20" height="40" style="width:161pt;height:30.0pt" width="214">Master 8</td>
			<td class="xl20" style="width:140pt" width="187">A.M.P.I.</td>
			<td class="xl20" style="width:155pt" width="206">Master-8 Pulse stimulator</td>
			<td class="xl18" style="width:210pt" width="280"></td>
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		<tr height="40" style="height:30.0pt">
			<td class="xl20" height="40" style="width:161pt;height:30.0pt" width="214">Vibratome Slicer</td>
			<td class="xl20" style="width:140pt" width="187">Leica</td>
			<td class="xl20" style="width:155pt" width="206">VT 1000S</td>
			<td class="xl18" style="width:210pt" width="280"></td>
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		<tr height="40" style="height:30.0pt">
			<td class="xl20" height="40" style="width:161pt;height:30.0pt" width="214">Picospritzer &#8546;</td>
			<td class="xl20" style="width:140pt" width="187">Parker Hannifin</td>
			<td class="xl20" style="width:155pt" width="206"></td>
			<td class="xl18" style="width:210pt" width="280">Pressure Systems for Ejection of 
			Picoliter Volumes in Cell Research</td>
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		<tr height="40" style="height:30.0pt">
			<td class="xl20" height="40" style="width:161pt;height:30.0pt" width="214">Razor blade</td>
			<td class="xl20" style="width:140pt" width="187">Gillette</td>
			<td class="xl20" style="width:155pt" width="206">74-S</td>
			<td class="xl20" style="width:210pt" width="280">FLYING EAGLE</td>
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		<tr height="40" style="height:30.0pt">
			<td class="xl20" height="40" style="width:161pt;height:30.0pt" width="214">Video monitor</td>
			<td class="xl20" style="width:140pt" width="187">Panasonic</td>
			<td class="xl20" style="width:155pt" width="206">WV-BM 1410</td>
			<td class="xl20" style="width:210pt" width="280"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40" style="height:30.0pt">
			<td class="xl18" height="40" style="width:161pt;height:30.0pt" width="214">502 Glue</td>
			<td class="xl20" style="width:140pt" width="187">Deli</td>
			<td class="xl18" style="width:155pt" width="206">7146</td>
			<td class="xl20" style="width:210pt" width="280">Cyanoacrylate Glue</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40" style="height:30.0pt">
			<td class="xl20" height="40" style="width:161pt;height:30.0pt" width="214">Peristaltic pump</td>
			<td class="xl20" style="width:140pt" width="187">Shanghai JIA PENG Corporation</td>
			<td class="xl20" style="width:155pt" width="206">BT100-1F</td>
			<td class="xl20" style="width:210pt" width="280"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40" style="height:30.0pt">
			<td class="xl20" height="40" style="width:161pt;height:30.0pt" width="214">Video Camera</td>
			<td class="xl20" style="width:140pt" width="187">Olympus America Medical</td>
			<td class="xl20" style="width:155pt" width="206">OLY-150</td>
			<td class="xl20" style="width:210pt" width="280"></td>
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		<tr height="40" style="height:30.0pt">
			<td class="xl18" height="40" style="width:161pt;height:30.0pt" width="214">Transfer Pipets</td>
			<td class="xl18" style="width:140pt" width="187">Biologix</td>
			<td class="xl18" style="width:155pt" width="206">30-0138A1</td>
			<td class="xl20" style="width:210pt" width="280"></td>
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whole-cell currents induced by puff application of gaba in brain slices

Pharmakologische Verwaltung wird häufig verwendet, wenn Sie ganze Zelle Patch-Clamp in Hirnschnitten Aufnahme durchführen. Eine der besten Methoden der Zulassungsantrag bei der elektrophysiologischen Aufnahme ist der Blätterteig-Technik, die verwendet werden kann, um die Wirkung der pharmakologischen Reagenzien auf neuronalen Aktivitäten im Gehirnscheiben zu studieren. Der größte Vorteil der Blätterteig-Anwendung ist, dass die Wirkstoffkonzentration rund um den Ort der Aufnahme schnell erhöht und verhindert so die Desensibilisierung von Membranrezeptoren. Erfolgreichen Einsatz von Blätterteig Anwendung beinhaltet besondere Aufmerksamkeit auf die folgenden Elemente: die Konzentration des Medikaments, die Parameter der Blätterteig Mikropipette, der Abstand zwischen der Spitze des einen Blätterteig Mikropipette und das Neuron aufgenommen und die Dauer und Druck der Zug fahren (Pfund pro Quadratzoll, Psi). Dieser Artikel beschreibt ein schrittweises Verfahren zur Erfassung der ganzen Zelle Ströme induziert durch Gamma - Aminobuttersäure (GABA) auf ein Neuron eine präfrontalen kortikalen Scheibe schnaufend. Insbesondere kann das gleiche Verfahren mit geringfügigen Änderungen, andere Hirnareale wie Hippocampus und das Striatum und verschiedene Präparate, wie z. B. Zellkulturen angewendet werden.

Die Blätterteig-Technik erlaubt Forschern, die Wirkung von Medikamenten auf bestimmte Rezeptoren auf der Oberfläche eines bestimmten Neurons zu studieren. In diesem Artikel konzentrieren wir uns auf Strömungen durch GABA-Rezeptoren vermittelt. Abbildung 1 zeigt die Blätterteig und Aufnahme Mikropipetten. Keine Auswirkungen auf die aufgezeichneten Neuronen des physischen Drucks zu beseitigen durch das Blätterteig ACFS generiert und Saccharose Puffs (<stro...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Whole-cell Currents Induced by Puff Application of GABA in Brain Slices at JoVE.com

Whole-cell Currents Induced by Puff Application of GABA in Brain Slices

Whole-Cell Ströme induziert durch Blätterteig Anwendung von GABA im Gehirnscheiben

Wir beschreiben die Blätterteig-Technik, durch die pharmakologische Reagenzien können während der gesamten Zelle Patch-Clamp-Aufnahme verabreicht werden, und verschiedene Aspekte der Funktionen, die für den Erfolg entscheidend sind.

Pharmacological administration is commonly used when conducting whole-cell patch-clamp recording in brain slices. One of the best methods of drug ...

whole-cell-currents-induced-puff-application-gaba-brain

Universidad de Cartagena UDEC

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

9.3K Aufrufe.  South China Normal University. Wir beschreiben die Blätterteig-Technik, durch die pharmakologische Reagenzien können während der gesamten Zelle Patch-Clamp-Aufnahme verabreicht werden, und verschiedene Aspekte der Funktionen, die für den Erfolg entscheidend sind.

Serie: Whole-cell Currents Induced by Puff Application of GABA in Brain Slices

GABA-activated Single-channel and Tonic Currents in Rat Brain Slices

The GABAA channels are present in all neurons and are located both at synapses and outside of synapses where they generate phasic and tonic currents, respectively 4,5,6,7 The GABAA channel is a pentameric GABA-gated chloride channel. The channel subunits are grouped into 8 families (&alpha;1-6, &beta;1-3, &gamma;1-3, &delta;, &#949;, &theta;, &pi; and &rho;). Two alphas, two betas and one 3rd subunit form the functional channel 8. By combining studies of sub-type specific GABA-activated single-channel molecules with studies including all populations of GABAA channels in the neuron it becomes possible to understand the basic mechanism of neuronal inhibition and how it is modulated by pharmacological agents.
We use the patch-clamp technique 9,10 to study the functional properties of the GABAA channels in alive neurons in hippocampal brain slices and record the single-channel and whole-cell currents. We further examine how the channels are affected by different GABA concentrations, other drugs and intra and extracellular factors. For detailed theoretical and practical description of the patch-clamp method please see The Single-Channel Recordings edited by B Sakman and E Neher 10.

We use the patch-clamp technique to measure GABA-activated single-channel currents (GABAA channels, GABAA receptors) and the synaptic and tonic currents they generate in neurons. Activation of the channels decreases neuronal excitability in health and disease 1,2,3,4.

GABA-aktivierten Single-Channel-und Tonic Currents in Hirnschnitten der Ratte

The GABAA channels are present in all neurons and are located both at synapses and outside of synapses where they generate phasic and tonic currents, ...

Forschung

Neurowissenschaften

Local Application of Drugs to Study Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor Function in Mouse Brain Slices

Tobacco use leads to numerous health problems, including cancer, heart disease, emphysema, and stroke. Addiction to cigarette smoking is a prevalent neuropsychiatric disorder that stems from the biophysical and cellular actions of nicotine on nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) throughout the central nervous system. Understanding the various nAChR subtypes that exist in brain areas relevant to nicotine addiction is a major priority.
Experiments that employ electrophysiology techniques such as whole-cell patch clamp or two-electrode voltage clamp recordings are useful for pharmacological characterization of nAChRs of interest. Cells expressing nAChRs, such as mammalian tissue culture cells or Xenopus laevis oocytes, are physically isolated and are therefore easily studied using the tools of modern pharmacology. Much progress has been made using these techniques, particularly when the target receptor was already known and ectopic expression was easily achieved. Often, however, it is necessary to study nAChRs in their native environment: in neurons within brain slices acutely harvested from laboratory mice or rats. For example, mice expressing "hypersensitive" nAChR subunits such as &alpha;4 L9&prime;A mice 1 and &alpha;6 L9&prime;S mice 2, allow for unambiguous identification of neurons based on their functional expression of a specific nAChR subunit. Although whole-cell patch clamp recordings from neurons in brain slices is routinely done by the skilled electrophysiologist, it is challenging to locally apply drugs such as acetylcholine or nicotine to the recorded cell within a brain slice. Dilution of drugs into the superfusate (bath application) is not rapidly reversible, and U-tube systems are not easily adapted to work with brain slices.
In this paper, we describe a method for rapidly applying nAChR-activating drugs to neurons recorded in adult mouse brain slices. Standard whole-cell recordings are made from neurons in slices, and a second micropipette filled with a drug of interest is maneuvered into position near the recorded cell. An injection of pressurized air or inert nitrogen into the drug-filled pipette causes a small amount of drug solution to be ejected from the pipette onto the recorded cell. Using this method, nAChR-mediated currents are able to be resolved with millisecond accuracy. Drug application times can easily be varied, and the drug-filled pipette can be retracted and replaced with a new pipette, allowing for concentration-response curves to be created for a single neuron. Although described in the context of nAChR neurobiology, this technique should be useful for studying many types of ligand-gated ion channels or receptors in neurons from brain slices.

In this paper, we describe a useful method to study ligand-gated ion channel function in neurons of acutely isolated brain slices. This method involves the use of a drug-filled micropipette for local application of drugs to neurons recorded using standard patch clamp techniques.

Lokale Anwendung von Medikamenten zur nikotinischen Acetylcholin-Rezeptor-Funktion in Maus Hirnschnitten Studie

Tobacco use leads to numerous health problems, including cancer, heart disease, emphysema, and stroke. Addiction to cigarette smoking is a prevalent ...

Fast Micro-iontophoresis of Glutamate and GABA: A Useful Tool to Investigate Synaptic Integration

One of the fundamental interests in neuroscience is to understand the integration of excitatory and inhibitory inputs along the very complex structure of the dendritic tree, which eventually leads to neuronal output of action potentials at the axon. The influence of diverse spatial and temporal parameters of specific synaptic input on neuronal output is currently under investigation, e.g. the distance-dependent attenuation of dendritic inputs, the location-dependent interaction of spatially segregated inputs, the influence of GABAergig inhibition on excitatory integration, linear and non-linear integration modes, and many more.
With fast micro-iontophoresis of glutamate and GABA it is possible to precisely investigate the spatial and temporal integration of glutamatergic excitation and GABAergic inhibition. Critical technical requirements are either a triggered fluorescent lamp, light-emitting diode (LED), or a two-photon scanning microscope to visualize dendritic branches without introducing significant photo-damage of the tissue. Furthermore, it is very important to have a micro-iontophoresis amplifier that allows for fast capacitance compensation of high resistance pipettes. Another crucial point is that no transmitter is involuntarily released by the pipette during the experiment.
Once established, this technique will give reliable and reproducible signals with a high neurotransmitter and location specificity. Compared to glutamate and GABA uncaging, fast iontophoresis allows using both transmitters at the same time but at very distant locations without limitation to the field of view. There are also advantages compared to focal electrical stimulation of axons: with micro-iontophoresis the location of the input site is definitely known and it is sure that only the neurotransmitter of interest is released. However it has to be considered that with micro-iontophoresis only the postsynapse is activated and presynaptic aspects of neurotransmitter release are not resolved. In this article we demonstrate how to set up micro-iontophoresis in brain slice experiments.

In this article we introduce fast micro-iontophoresis of neurotransmitters as a technique to investigate integration of postsynaptic signals with high spatial and temporal precision.

Schnelle Micro-Iontophorese von Glutamat und GABA: Ein nützliches Tool, um Synaptic Integration Untersuchen

One of the fundamental interests in neuroscience is to understand the integration of excitatory and inhibitory inputs along the very complex structure of ...

Paired Whole Cell Recordings in Organotypic Hippocampal Slices

Pair recordings involve simultaneous whole cell patch clamp recordings from two synaptically connected neurons, enabling not only direct electrophysiological characterization of the synaptic connections between individual neurons, but also pharmacological manipulation of either the presynaptic or the postsynaptic neuron. When carried out in organotypic hippocampal slice cultures, the probability that two neurons are synaptically connected is significantly increased. This preparation readily enables identification of cell types, and the neurons maintain their morphology and properties of synaptic function similar to that in native brain tissue. A major advantage of paired whole cell recordings is the highly precise information it can provide on the properties of synaptic transmission and plasticity that are not possible with other more crude techniques utilizing extracellular axonal stimulation. Paired whole cell recordings are often perceived as too challenging to perform. While there are challenging aspects to this technique, paired recordings can be performed by anyone trained in whole cell patch clamping provided specific hardware and methodological criteria are followed. The probability of attaining synaptically connected paired recordings significantly increases with healthy organotypic slices and stable micromanipulation allowing independent attainment of pre- and postsynaptic whole cell recordings. While CA3-CA3 pyramidal cell pairs are most widely used in the organotypic slice hippocampal preparation, this technique has also been successful in CA3-CA1 pairs and can be adapted to any neurons that are synaptically connected in the same slice preparation. In this manuscript we provide the detailed methodology and requirements for establishing this technique in any laboratory equipped for electrophysiology.

Pair recordings are simultaneous whole cell patch clamp recordings from two synaptically connected neurons, enabling precise electrophysiological and pharmacological characterization of the synapses between individual neurons. Here we describe the detailed methodology and requirements for establishing this technique in organotypic hippocampal slice cultures in any laboratory equipped for electrophysiology.

Gepaart ganze Zelle Recordings in Organotypische Hippocampus

Pair recordings involve simultaneous whole cell patch clamp recordings from two synaptically connected neurons, enabling not only direct ...

Ex Vivo Optogenetic Dissection of Fear Circuits in Brain Slices

Optogenetic approaches are now widely used to study the function of neural populations and circuits by combining targeted expression of light-activated proteins and subsequent manipulation of neural activity by light. Channelrhodopsins (ChRs) are light-gated cation-channels and when fused to a fluorescent protein their expression allows for visualization and concurrent activation of specific cell types and their axonal projections in defined areas of the brain. Via stereotactic injection of viral vectors, ChR fusion proteins can be constitutively or conditionally expressed in specific cells of a defined brain region, and their axonal projections can subsequently be studied anatomically and functionally via ex vivo optogenetic activation in brain slices. This is of particular importance when aiming to understand synaptic properties of connections that could not be addressed with conventional electrical stimulation approaches, or in identifying novel afferent and efferent connectivity that was previously poorly understood. Here, a few examples illustrate how this technique can be applied to investigate these questions to elucidating fear-related circuits in the amygdala. The amygdala is a key region for acquisition and expression of fear, and storage of fear and emotional memories. Many lines of evidence suggest that the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) participates in different aspects of fear acquisition and extinction, but its precise connectivity with the amygdala is just starting to be understood. First, it is shown how ex vivo optogenetic activation can be used to study aspects of synaptic communication between mPFC afferents and target cells in the basolateral amygdala (BLA). Furthermore, it is illustrated how this ex vivo optogenetic approach can be applied to assess novel connectivity patterns using a group of GABAergic neurons in the amygdala, the paracapsular intercalated cell cluster (mpITC), as an example.

Ex Vivo Optogenetic Dissection of Fear Circuits in Brain Slices

Optogenetic approaches are widely used to manipulate neural activity and assess the consequences for brain function. Here, a technique is outlined that&#160;upon in vivo expression of the optical activator Channelrhodopsin, allows for ex vivo analysis of synaptic properties of specific long range and local neural connections in fear-related circuits.

Ex Vivo optogenetische Dissection of Fear Schaltkreise in Hirnschnitten

Optogenetic approaches are now widely used to study the function of neural populations and circuits by combining targeted expression of light-activated ...

Whole-cell Patch-clamp Recordings in Brain Slices

Whole-cell patch-clamp recording is an electrophysiological technique that allows the study of the&#160;electrical properties of a substantial part of the neuron. In this configuration, the micropipette is in tight contact with the cell membrane, which prevents current leakage and thereby provides more accurate ionic current measurements than the previously used intracellular sharp electrode recording method. Classically, whole-cell recording can be performed on neurons in various types of preparations, including cell culture models, dissociated neurons, neurons in brain slices, and in intact anesthetized or awake animals. In summary, this technique has immensely contributed to the understanding of passive and active biophysical properties of excitable cells. A major advantage of this technique is that it provides information on how specific manipulations (e.g., pharmacological, experimenter-induced plasticity) may alter specific neuronal functions or channels in real-time. Additionally, significant opening of the plasma membrane allows the internal pipette solution to freely diffuse into the cytoplasm, providing means for introducing drugs, e.g., agonists or antagonists of specific intracellular proteins, and manipulating these targets without altering their functions in neighboring cells. This article will focus on whole-cell recording performed on neurons in brain slices,&#160;a preparation that has the advantage of recording neurons in relatively well preserved brain circuits, i.e., in a physiologically relevant context. In particular,&#160;when combined with appropriate pharmacology, this technique is a powerful tool allowing identification of specific neuroadaptations that occurred following any type of experiences, such as learning, exposure to drugs of abuse, and stress. In summary, whole-cell patch-clamp recordings in brain slices provide means to measure in ex vivo preparation long-lasting changes in neuronal functions that have developed in intact awake animals.

This protocol describes basic procedural steps for performing whole-cell patch-clamp recordings. This technique allows the study of&#160;the electrical behavior of neurons, and when performed in brain slices, allows the assessment of various neuronal functions from neurons that are still integrated in relatively well preserved brain circuits.

Whole-Cell-Patch-Clamp-Aufnahmen in Hirnschnitten

Whole-cell patch-clamp recording is an electrophysiological technique that allows the study of the&#160;electrical properties of a substantial part of the ...

Electrophysiological Method for Whole-cell Voltage Clamp Recordings from Drosophila Photoreceptors

Whole-cell voltage clamp recordings from Drosophila melanogaster photoreceptors have revolutionized the field of invertebrate visual transduction, enabling the use of D. melanogaster molecular genetics to study inositol-lipid signaling and Transient Receptor Potential (TRP) channels at the single-molecule level. A handful of labs have mastered this powerful technique, which enables the analysis of the physiological responses to light under highly controlled conditions. This technique allows control over the intracellular and extracellular media; the membrane voltage; and the fast application of pharmacological compounds, such as a variety of ionic or pH indicators, to the intra- and extracellular media. With an exceptionally high signal-to-noise ratio, this method enables the measurement of dark spontaneous and light-induced unitary currents (i.e.&#160;spontaneous and quantum bumps) and macroscopic Light-induced Currents (LIC) from single D. melanogaster photoreceptors. This protocol outlines, in great detail, all the key steps necessary to perform this technique, which includes both electrophysiological and optical recordings. The fly retina dissection procedure for the attainment of intact and viable ex vivo isolated ommatidia in the bath chamber is described. The equipment needed to perform whole-cell and fluorescence imaging measurements are also detailed. Finally, the pitfalls in using this delicate preparation during extended experiments are explained.

Electrophysiological Method for Whole-cell Voltage Clamp Recordings from Drosophila Photoreceptors

Whole-cell recordings from Drosophila melanogaster photoreceptors enable the measurement of spontaneous dark bumps, quantum bumps, macroscopic responses to light, and current-voltage relationships under various conditions. In combination with D. melanogaster genetic manipulation tools, this method enables the study of the ubiquitous inositol-lipid signaling pathway and its target, the TRP channel.

Elektrophysiologische Methode für Ganzzell-Spannungsklemmen Aufnahmen von<em&gt; Drosophila</em&gt; Fotorezeptoren

Whole-cell voltage clamp recordings from Drosophila melanogaster photoreceptors have revolutionized the field of invertebrate visual transduction, ...

Application of Automated Image-guided Patch Clamp for the Study of Neurons in Brain Slices

Whole-cell patch clamp is the gold-standard method to measure the electrical properties of single cells. However, the in vitro patch clamp remains a challenging and low-throughput technique due to its complexity and high reliance on user operation and control. This manuscript demonstrates an image-guided automatic patch clamp system for in vitro whole-cell patch clamp experiments in acute brain slices. Our system implements a computer vision-based algorithm to detect fluorescently labeled cells and to target them for fully automatic patching using a micromanipulator and internal pipette pressure control. The entire process is highly automated, with minimal requirements for human intervention. Real-time experimental information, including electrical resistance and internal pipette pressure, are documented electronically for future analysis and for optimization to different cell types. Although our system is described in the context of acute brain slice recordings, it can also be applied to the automated image-guided patch clamp of dissociated neurons, organotypic slice cultures, and other non-neuronal cell types.

This protocol describes how to conduct automatic image-guided patch-clamp experiments using a system recently developed for standard in vitro electrophysiology equipment.

Anwendung von automatisierten Bild-geführten Patch-Clamp für die Studie von Neuronen in Gehirn-Scheiben

Whole-cell patch clamp is the gold-standard method to measure the electrical properties of single cells. However, the in vitro patch clamp remains a ...

Preparations and Protocols for Whole Cell Patch Clamp Recording of Xenopus laevis Tectal Neurons

The Xenopus tadpole retinotectal circuit, comprised of the retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) in the eye which form synapses directly onto neurons in the optic tectum, is a popular model to study how neural circuits self-assemble. The ability to carry out whole cell patch clamp recordings from tectal neurons and to record RGC-evoked responses, either in vivo or using a whole brain preparation, has generated a large body of high-resolution data about the mechanisms underlying normal, and abnormal, circuit formation and function. Here we describe how to perform the in vivo preparation, the original whole brain preparation, and a more recently developed horizontal brain slice preparation for obtaining whole cell patch clamp recordings from tectal neurons. Each preparation has unique experimental advantages. The in vivo preparation enables the recording of the direct response of tectal neurons to visual stimuli projected onto the eye. The whole brain preparation allows for the RGC axons to be activated in a highly controlled manner, and the horizontal brain slice preparation allows recording from across all layers of the tectum.

Preparations and Protocols for Whole Cell Patch Clamp Recording of Xenopus laevis Tectal Neurons

In this paper, we discuss three brain preparations used for whole cell patch clamp recording to study the retinotectal circuit of Xenopus laevis tadpoles. Each preparation, with its own specific advantages, contributes to the experimental tractability of the Xenopus tadpole as a model to study neural circuit function.

Vorbereitungen und Protokolle für die ganze Zelle Patch Clamp Aufnahme von Xenopus Laevis Tectal Neuronen

The Xenopus tadpole retinotectal circuit, comprised of the retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) in the eye which form synapses directly onto neurons in the optic ...

Preparation of Acute Spinal Cord Slices for Whole-cell Patch-clamp Recording in Substantia Gelatinosa Neurons

Recent whole-cell patch-clamp studies from substantia gelatinosa (SG) neurons have provided a large body of information about the spinal mechanisms underlying sensory transmission, nociceptive regulation, and chronic pain or itch development. Implementations of electrophysiological recordings together with morphological studies based on the utility of acute spinal cord slices have further improved our understanding of neuronal properties and the composition of local circuitry in SG. Here, we present a detailed and practical guide for the preparation of spinal cord slices and show representative whole-cell recording and morphological results. This protocol permits ideal neuronal preservation and can mimic in vivo conditions to a certain extent. In summary, the ability to obtain an in vitro preparation of spinal cord slices enables stable current- and voltage-clamp recordings and could thus facilitate detailed investigations into the intrinsic membrane properties, local circuitry and neuronal structure using diverse experimental approaches.

Here, we describe the essential steps for whole-cell patch-clamp recordings made from substantia gelatinosa (SG) neurons in the in vitro spinal cord slice. This method allows the intrinsic membrane properties, synaptic transmission and morphological characterization of SG neurons to be studied.

Vorbereitung der akuten Rückenmark Scheiben auf Whole-Cell Patch-Clamp-Aufnahme in den Neuronen der Substantia Gelatinosa

Recent whole-cell patch-clamp studies from substantia gelatinosa (SG) neurons have provided a large body of information about the spinal mechanisms ...