Name: histological quantification of chronic myocardial infarct in rats
Uploaded: 2016-12-11T14:00:00.000+00:00
Duration: 9 min 45 s
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Histological Quantification of Chronic Myocardial Infarct in Rats at JoVE.com

The study was supported by the Swiss National Foundation [SNF 310030-149986 to MNG], the University of Fribourg, and Fribourg Hospital.

Alle Tiere erhielten humane Pflege im Einklang mit der Europäischen Konvention zum Tierpflege. Chirurgische Eingriffe wurden in Übereinstimmung mit dem Schweizer Tierschutzgesetzes durchgeführt, nachdem die Erlaubnis des Staates Veterinäramt zu erhalten, Fribourg, genehmigt durch das Bundesamt für Veterinärwesen, Schweiz. 1. Herzernte HINWEIS: Alle chirurgischen Eingriffe wurden unter Isofluran-Narkose durchgeführt. Es wurden Anstrengungen unternommen Leiden der Tiere zu verringern. Insbesondere erhielten alle Tiere eine subkutane Injektion von 0,1 mg / kg Buprenorphin Präanästhesie. Das chirurgische Protokoll für Myokardinfarkt inducting wurde bereits an anderer Stelle 13 beschrieben. <ol><li> Führen Sie eine Sternotomie auf einem myocardial Infarkt Tier unter Narkose (intubiert Tier, 2,5% Isofluran, richtige von Pfote Prise Reflex bestätigt Anästhesie). <ol><li> Öffnen Sie das Tier durch die Haut schneiden und dann die Muskelnmit chirurgische Scheren. Schneiden Sie die Rippen auf der linken und rechten Seite, und dann auf die Brust zu entfernen. </li><li> Entfernen Sie die restlichen Adhäsionen nach der vorhergehenden Operation (LAD-Ligation). Schneiden Sie die Aorta und entfernen Sie das Herz. Legen Sie das Gewebe in 1 M KCl (in PBS), und dann waschen Sie es mit PBS. </li></ol></li></ol> 2. Gewebepräparation <ol><li> Setzen Sie das Infarkt Herz in Längsrichtung in einem Acrylrattenherz-Matrix. Halten Sie es bei -20 ° C für 1 Stunde. </li><li> Schneiden Sie das Herz direkt in der Matrix eine Rasierklinge mit einer Quer verwenden. Stellen Sie sicher, jede Scheibe ist 2 mm dick. Schneiden Sie ca. 5 bis 7 Rutschen für jedes Herz (basierend auf dem Umbau Ebene); dies ist eine systematische Probenahme genannt. </li><li> Bei diesem Schritt ist es, die 2,3,5-Triphenyltetrazoliumchlorid (TTC) Färbung durchführen optional (halten Sie die Ausrichtung des Herzens Scheiben Basis-Spitze). <ol><li> Inkubieren in 1% TTC in PBS für 50 min bei 37 ° C. Inkubieren es in 4% Paraformaldehyd (PFA) für 20 min bis 1 Std. Setzen Sie die Abschnitte between zwei Glasplatten mit 2-mm-Distanzscheiben und nehmen Sie Bilder mit einem stereo Mikroskop gekoppelt mit einer Kamera bei 15-facher Vergrößerung. VORSICHT! Paraformaldehyd ist giftig. </li></ol></li><li> Slide Einfrieren (1 st Option) <ol><li> Setzen Sie jede Folie in einer Kunststoff-Form (10 x 10 x 5 mm) mit Eindeckmittel für die Kryotomie (optimale Schnitttemperatur, OCT), halten Sie die Ausrichtung (der Ort, den Scheitel orientierte Seite des Abschnitts nach unten auf dem Boden der Form). Frieren Sie die Blöcke mit 2-Methyl Dämpfe unter Kühlung mit flüssigem Stickstoff 10 - 15 min. Schließlich lagern Sie das Gewebe bei -80 ° C. </li></ol></li><li> Paraffinization (2. Option) <ol><li> Platzieren Sie jede Folie in Kassetten Einbetten (halten Sie die Ausrichtung, indem die Spitze orientierte Seite des Abschnitts nach unten auf dem Boden der Kassette) und dann in 4% PFA für 24 Stunden. Legen Sie es in einem Gewebe-Prozessor-Maschine über Nacht. <ol><li> Inkubieren in 70% igem Ethanol für 2 Stunden. Inkubieren es in ethan95% für 2 Stunden ol. Inkubieren es in Ethanol 100% für 3 Stunden. Inkubieren es in Xylol 4 Stunden. Inkubieren es in Paraffin (geschmolzenes bei 60 ° C in einem Ofen) für 5 Std. Schließlich machen Blöcke durch jedes Herz Dia in Paraffin eingebettet wird. </li></ol></li></ol></li></ol> 3. Masson-Goldner Trichromfärbung <ol><li> Machen Sie Gewebeschnitte aus Paraffinblöcken mit einem manuellen Mikrotom (Dicke: 5 um) oder von Oktober Blöcke mit einem Kryostaten auf -18 ° C (Dicke: 7 &amp; mgr; m). </li><li> Stain eine Folie aus jedem Herzteil für jede Ratte (3 bis 4 Querschnitte pro Folie) mit Masson-Goldner Trichrom - Färbung (siehe Anhang). HINWEIS: Starten Sie von diesem Schritt für die Paraffinschnitten. <ol><li> Schmelzen die Objektträger bei 60 ° C in einem Ofen. Unter einem Abzug Deparaffinisieren sie in Xylol zweimal für jeweils 10 min. Rehydrieren sie in 100% Ethanol, 95% Ethanol, 70% Ethanol und destilliertem Wasser für 3 min pro. HINWEIS: Starten Sie von diesem Schritt für die Kryoschnittess. </li><li> Fix sie in Bouin-Lösung über Nacht. Dann spülen Sie Leitungswasser für 10 in Laufen - 15 min. Spülen Sie sie in destilliertem Wasser. Inkubieren sie in Mayers Hämatoxylin für 3 min. </li><li> Entfernen Sie die Folien und lassen Sie sie in destilliertem Wasser für 5 min. Dann brüten sie in Säure Fuchsin-Ponceau für 5 min. Spülen Sie sie in 1% Essigsäure für 1 min. </li><li> Als nächstes für 1 min sie in Phosphomolybdänsäure Orange G inkubiert. Spülen Sie sie in 1% Essigsäure für 1 min, brüten sie in hellgrünen Farbstoff für 10 min, und spülen sie in 1% Essigsäure für 1 min. </li><li> Dehydrieren sie in 70% Ethanol (30 sec), 95% Ethanol (30 sec) und 100% igem Ethanol (5 min). Geben Sie einen Tropfen eines harzigen Eindeckmedium auf den Gewebeschnitten, bedecken sie mit Deckgläsern, und lassen Sie sie trocknen. </li></ol></li></ol> 4. Infarktgrößenanalyse <ol><li> Erwerben Sie ein Bild von jeder Folie auf einem Stereomikroskop (15-facher Vergrößerung) gekoppelt mit einer Kamera. Fotografieren Sie ein Lineal mit der gleichen Einstellungs. </li><li> Verwenden der Bildanalyse-Software die Narbendicke in der Mitte des Infarkts, das Septum Dicke zu messen, den linken Ventrikel (LV) Hohlraumbereich, der Infarktbereich und dem Gewebe LV Bereich verwendet wird. <ol><li> Stellen Sie die Waage mit dem Lineal Bild (Abbildung 1A). <ol><li> Klicken Sie auf Messungen dann Set Umrechnungsfaktor wählen. Zeichnen Sie eine Linie auf der Kalibrierungs bar. Rechtsklick auf das Bild und klicken Sie auf End - Kalibrierung. Notieren Sie sich den Bar - Wert und dann auf OK klicken. </li></ol></li><li> Wählen Sie die LV aus dem gefärbten Herz Bild (Abbildung 1B). Verwenden Sie das Multiple - Segment - Tool. Wählen Sie den LV Punkt-für-Punkt, und dann einen Rechtsklick Kopieren / Einfügen überall. </li><li> Messen Sie die Narbe und Septum Dicke mit dem einzigen Segment Messwerkzeug (1C </strong&gt;). </li><li> Automatische Erkennung der LV Hohlraum, Infarkt und LV Bereiche der automatischen Bereich Messwerkzeug im RGB - Modus (Abbildung 1D) verwendet wird . <ol><li> Klicken Sie auf das Werkzeug. Aktivieren Sie nur Grenzen und Angrenzend im RGB - Modus. Schließlich, klicken Sie in den Bereich von Interesse, es zu erkennen. Falls erforderlich, Präzisionswerkzeuge. </li></ol></li></ol></li><li> Berechne die Infarktgröße als das Verhältnis der Infarktbereich zum Bereich LV. </li><li> Berechnen Sie den Erweiterungsindex wie folgt: [LV Hohlraumbereich / gesamte LV-Bereich] / [Infarktdicke / Septum Dicke], mit der gesamten LV-Bereich einschließlich der LV Hohlraum und LV Gewebebereiche. </li><li> Schließlich berechnen für jedes Herz ein &quot;durchschnittlich&quot; wie folgt: [durchschnittlich Erweiterungsindex aus den Infarkt Dias] * [Anzahl der Infarkt Dias / Gesamtzahl der Folien]. </li></ol>

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The authors have nothing to disclose.

Kritische Schritte im Rahmen des Protokolls Fibrotische Gewebe genau in einem chronischen MI Rattenmodell bewertet werden analysiert unter Verwendung von systematischen Probenahme des geernteten Herz und Bild von Trichromie-gefärbten histologischen Schnitten von der Basis bis zur Spitze erhalten. Zwei Schritte sind besonders wichtig für ein erfolgreiches Protokoll-Implementierung. Erstens ermöglicht die Verwendung von KCl für Herz Ernten des Herzmuskels in einem entspann...

Myokardinfarkt (MI) ist eine führende Ursache für Tod und Behinderung weltweit. Die koronare Herzkrankheit ist die Hauptursache; MI ergibt sich aus Ischämie in Folge einer koronaren Ereignissen wie Okklusion. Wenn Reperfusion nicht innerhalb der ersten 6 Stunden durchgeführt, induziert Ischämie irreversible myocardial necrosis. Bei Patienten, stützt sich die Charakterisierung von MI auf verschiedene Diagnose - Tools, einschließlich der klinischen Symptome, der Elektrokardiographie, die Beurteilung der Plasmaspiegel von Biomarkern, Echokardiographie, MRT - Bildgebung und histologische Analysen 1. nach dem Zeitpunkt der myokardialen Nekrose relativ zu der Zeit der Koronarverschluss akuten und chronischen MI als zwei verschiedene Phasen Verletzungs eingestuft. Die akute Phase, während der ersten 7 Tage stattfindet, wird mit dem Verlust von Kardiomyozyten, ausgedehnte Entzündungen, und die Rekrutierung von Fibroblasten. Die subakuten Phase durch Heilung des Herzgewebes und die Bildung einer Narbe gekennzeichnet, auftrittzwischen 1 und 4 - 6 Wochen. Erweiterung des Infarkts, Ventrikel Wandverdünnung und Ventrikel Dilatation charakterisieren die chronische Phase. Umfangreiche Neugestaltung des linken Ventrikels führt schrittweise in schwerer Herzinsuffizienz 2. MI durch permanente linken vorderen absteigenden Arterie (LAD) Ligatur stellt die Standard-Nagetiermodell von chronischem Myokardinfarkt induziert. Die koronare Ligatur ahmt die Koronarokklusion. Die Größe des Infarkts hängt von der Stelle der Ligatur. Charakterisierung von myokardialen ischämischen Verletzung in einem Nagetiermodell klassisch unter Verwendung von Biomarkern Plasmaspiegel, wie Troponin ausgeführt I und T 3, Echokardiographie, MRT und Histologie 4,5. Biomarkers Pegel werden mit dem Ausmaß der Kardiomyozyten Tod korreliert. Echokardiographie wertet die linke Beeinträchtigung der Ventrikelfunktion aus regionalen Wandbewegungsstörungen. Zusätzlich können nicht-invasive Bildgebungsverfahren, wie MRI oder hochauflösendeEchokardiographie, erlauben die Beurteilung der Verringerung der Wandbewegung, das Volumen des Narbenbereich mit reduzierten Perfusion und vitales Myokard und der Wandverdünnung. LV Abmessungen ermöglichen die genaue Auswertung der Infarktgröße. Schließlich kann die Quantifizierung der lebenden und toten Myokard durchgeführt werden post mortem spezifischen Flecken von histologischen Schnitten von geernteten Herzen verwendet und ermöglicht die Überprüfung der Infarktgröße (IS). Ein weiteres wichtiges Merkmal ist die Auswertung des Infarkts Erweiterungsindex (EI) 6. Die EI wird mit dem transmuralen Infarkt und beginnt innerhalb der ersten 3 Tagen verbunden. Die EI wird durch eine progressive Verringerung der Wandstärke, einer Erhöhung in der LV Hohlraumgröße und folglich Veränderungen in LV Form charakterisiert. Um die therapeutische Wirksamkeit von neuartigen Behandlungen zu bewerten - insbesondere die regenerative Strategien basierend auf Zellen, Matrizen und Genübertragung-genaue Beurteilung von MI bei Nagetieren ist von größter Bedeutung.Wenn auf einem einzigen Querschnitt an der Papillarmuskel Ebene erhalten gemessen, kann die IS Größe kann aufgrund der großen Variabilität vorgespannt werden, die nach LAD-Ligation in die Infarktentwicklung vorhanden ist; der Scheitel Infarkt abgedeckt werden, könnten dann. Wichtig sind für Mäuse 7-9 oder Ratten beschrieben, genauere Methoden zu bestimmt MI Größe 10. Dennoch ist nicht ausreichend, um genau LV Umbau oder therapeutisch induzierten Reduktionen (oder Verhinderungen) der Umbau zu quantifizieren. Tatsächlich wird üblicherweise als Prozentsatz der gesamten LV Volumen auf Querschnitte des Herzens beurteilt ausgedrückt. Obwohl dieses Verfahren zur Behandlung von akuter MI gültig ist, bleibt die Ausdünnung der LV Wand während des Umbaus auftretenden 11,12 untersucht. Eine vollständige morphometrische Quantifizierung der Infarktgröße und strukturelle Änderungen sollten einige Parameter, wie endokardialen und epikardialen Längen und Durchmesser sowie Infarkt und gesunde Bereiche zu quantifizieren. Wir beschreiben eine methodische ca.oach genau zu beurteilen, MI und Umbau in einem chronischen Rattenmodell.

<table><tbody><tr><td>Acrylic rat heart matrix 2 mm</td><td>72-5015</td><td>Harvard Appartus</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Inspira advanced volume controlled ventilator</td><td>Harvard Apparatus</td><td>557058</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Catheter Insyte 14 G</td><td>BD</td><td>381267</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>O.C.T</td><td>BDHA361603E</td><td>VWR</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>TTC</td><td>T8877-10G</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Mayer hematoxylin</td><td>MHS32-1L</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Acid Fuchsin&lt;br/&gt; CI 42685</td><td>F8129-50G</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Ponceau Xylidin&lt;br/&gt; CI 16150</td><td>P2395-25G</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Orange G&lt;br/&gt; CI 16230</td><td>O3756-100G</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Light green&lt;br/&gt; CI 42095</td><td>L5382-25G</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>KCl</td><td>P9333-500G</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Xylol</td><td>10315083</td><td>HoneyWell</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Ethanol absolute</td><td>10303990</td><td>HoneyWell</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>2-methylbutane</td><td>M32631-1L</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Stereogical microscope</td><td>SM2800</td><td>Nikon</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Formaldehyde</td><td>99340</td><td>Reactolab</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Embedding cassette</td><td>K113.1</td><td>Carl Roth</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Bersoft Image measurement Software</td><td></td><td>Bersoft.com</td><td>Licensed software</td></tr></tbody></table>

histological quantification of chronic myocardial infarct in rats

Myocardial infarction is defined as cardiomyocyte death due to prolonged ischemia; an inflammatory response and scar formation (fibrosis) follow the ischemic injury. Following the initial acute phase, chronic remodeling of the left ventricle (LV) modifies the structure and function of the heart. Permanent coronary ligation in small animals has been widely used as a reference model for a chronic model of MI. Thinning of the infarcted wall progressively develops to transmural fibrosis. Histological assessment of infarct size is commonly performed; nevertheless, a standardization of the methods for quantification is missing. Indeed, important methodological aspects, such as the number of sections analyzed and the sampling and quantification methods, are usually not described and therefore preclude comparison across investigations. Too often, quantification is performed on a single section obtained at the level of the papillary muscles. Because novel strategies aimed at reducing infarct expansion and remodeling are under investigation, there is an important need for the standardization of accurate heart sampling protocols. We describe an accurate method to quantify the infarct size using a systematic sampling of harvested rat heart and image analyses of trichromatic stained histological sections obtained from base to apex. We also provide evidence that calculating the expansion index (EI) allowed for infarct size assessment, taking into account changes of the left ventricle throughout the remodeling.

Sechs Wochen nach der LAD-Ligation, Herzen wurden von Lewis-Ratten geerntet. 2-mm-Gewebeschnitte wurden von der Spitze zur Basis erhalten. Eine TTC - Färbung Verfahren wurde ausgeführt , um den Infarktbereich sichtbar zu machen, die in weiß erscheint, und das gesunde Myokard, die in rot (Abbildung 2) erscheint. Je nach der Stelle der Ligation der LAD variiert der Infarktgröße. Für große MI wurden transmurale Infarkte von der Spitze zur Basis (2A) ...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Histological Quantification of Chronic Myocardial Infarct in Rats at JoVE.com

Histological Quantification of Chronic Myocardial Infarct in Rats

The post-mortem assessment of myocardial infarction (MI) in rodents is based on quantification of the infarct on stained heart sections. We describe an accurate method to quantify the infarct size using systematic sampling of harvested rat hearts from base to apex and image analyses of trichrome-stained histological sections.

Die histologische Quantifizierung der chronischen Myokardinfarktes bei Ratten

Myocardial infarction is defined as cardiomyocyte death due to prolonged ischemia; an inflammatory response and scar formation (fibrosis) follow the ...

histological-quantification-of-chronic-myocardial-infarct-in-rats

Universidad de Cartagena UDEC

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

14.5K Aufrufe.  University of Fribourg. The post-mortem assessment of myocardial infarction (MI) in rodents is based on quantification of the infarct on stained heart sections. We describe an accurate method to quantify the infarct size using systematic sampling of harvested rat hearts from base to apex and image analyses of trichrome-stained histological sections. 

Serie: Histological Quantification of Chronic Myocardial Infarct in Rats

Coronary Artery Ligation and Intramyocardial Injection in a Murine Model of Infarction

Mouse models are a valuable tool for studying acute injury and chronic remodeling of the myocardium in vivo. With the advent of genetic modifications to the whole organism or the myocardium and an array of biological and/or synthetic materials, there is great potential for any combination of these to assuage the extent of acute ischemic injury and impede the onset of heart failure pursuant to myocardial remodeling. 
Here we present the methods and materials used to reliably perform this microsurgery and the modifications involved for temporary (with reperfusion) or permanent coronary artery occlusion studies as well as intramyocardial injections. The effects on the heart that can be seen during the procedure and at the termination of the experiment in addition to histological evaluation will verify efficacy. 
Briefly, surgical preparation involves anesthetizing the mice, removing the fur on the chest, and then disinfecting the surgical area. Intratracheal intubation is achieved by transesophageal illumination using a fiber optic light. The tubing is then connected to a ventilator. An incision made on the chest exposes the pectoral muscles which will be cut to view the ribs. For ischemia/reperfusion studies, a 1 cm piece of PE tubing placed over the heart is used to tie the ligature to so that occlusion/reperfusion can be customized. For intramyocardial injections, a Hamilton syringe with sterile 30gauge beveled needle is used. When the myocardial manipulations are complete, the rib cage, the pectoral muscles, and the skin are closed sequentially. Line block analgesia is effected by 0.25% marcaine in sterile saline which is applied to muscle layer prior to closure of the skin. The mice are given a subcutaneous injection of saline and placed in a warming chamber until they are sternally recumbent. They are then returned to the vivarium and housed under standard conditions until the time of tissue collection. At the time of sacrifice, the mice are anesthetized, the heart is arrested in diastole with KCl or BDM, rinsed with saline, and immersed in fixative. Subsequently, routine procedures for processing, embedding, sectioning, and histological staining are performed. 
Nonsurgical intubation of a mouse and the microsurgical manipulations described make this a technically challenging model to learn and achieve reproducibility. These procedures, combined with the difficulty in performing consistent manipulations of the ligature for timed occlusion(s) and reperfusion or intramyocardial injections, can also affect the survival rate so optimization and consistency are critical.

Numerous genetic manipulations and/or intramyocardial injections of genes, proteins, cells, and/or biomaterials are superimposed upon the dimension of time in studies of acute ischemia/ reperfusion injury and chronic remodeling in mice. This video illustrates the microsurgical procedures for ischemia/reperfusion, permanent coronary artery ligation, and intramyocardial injection studies.

Koronare Ligation und intramyokardialen Injection in einem Mausmodell der Infarkt

Mouse models are a valuable tool for studying acute injury and chronic remodeling of the myocardium in vivo.  With the advent of genetic modifications to ...

Forschung

Medizin

In Vivo Quantitative Assessment of Myocardial Structure, Function, Perfusion and Viability Using Cardiac Micro-computed Tomography

The use of Micro-Computed Tomography (MicroCT) for in vivo studies of small animals as models of human disease has risen tremendously due to the fact that MicroCT provides quantitative high-resolution three-dimensional (3D) anatomical data non-destructively and longitudinally. Most importantly, with the development of a novel preclinical iodinated contrast agent called eXIA160, functional and metabolic assessment of the heart became possible. However, prior to the advent of commercial MicroCT scanners equipped with X-ray flat-panel detector technology and easy-to-use cardio-respiratory gating, preclinical studies of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in small animals required a MicroCT technologist with advanced skills, and thus were impractical for widespread implementation. The goal of this work is to provide a practical guide to the use of the high-speed Quantum FX MicroCT system for comprehensive determination of myocardial global and regional function along with assessment of myocardial perfusion, metabolism and viability in healthy mice and in a cardiac ischemia mouse model induced by permanent occlusion of the left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD).

In Vivo Quantitative Assessment of Myocardial Structure, Function, Perfusion and Viability Using Cardiac Micro-computed Tomography

This method outlines the use of Quantum Micro-Computed Tomography (MicroCT) to assess cardiac morphology, function, perfusion, metabolism and viability with iodinated contrast agent in mice with experimentally-induced myocardial ischemia. The technique can be applied for non-destructive high-throughput longitudinal in vivo imaging of various animal models of human heart disease.

In Vivo quantitative Bewertung der myokardialen Struktur, Funktion, Perfusion und Lebensfähigkeit Mit Herz Micro-Computertomographie

The use of Micro-Computed Tomography (MicroCT) for in vivo studies of small animals as models of human disease has risen tremendously due to the fact that ...

Biotechnik

Minimal Invasive Surgical Procedure of Inducing Myocardial Infarction in Mice

Myocardial infarction still remains the main cause of death in western countries, despite considerable progress in the stent development area in the last decades. For clarification of the underlying mechanisms and the development of new therapeutic strategies, the availability of valid animal models are mandatory. Since we need new insights into pathomechanisms of cardiovascular diseases under in vivo conditions to combat myocardial infarction, the validity of the animal model is a crucial aspect. However, protection of animals are highly relevant in this context. Therefore, we establish a minimally invasive and simple model of myocardial infarction in mice, which assures a high reproducibility and survival rate of animals. Thus, this models fulfils the requirements of the 3R principle (Replacement, Refinement and Reduction) for animal experiments and assure the scientific information needed for further developing of therapeutical strategies for cardiovascular diseases.

A highly reproducible model for myocardial infarction in mice with minimal invasive manipulations is described. The model can be easily performed, resulting in a high reproducibility and survival rate. Thus, the described model will reduce the number of required animals as requested by the 3R principle (Replacement, Refinement and Reduction).

Minimal-invasive chirurgische Verfahren zur Induktion Myokardinfarkt in Mice

Myocardial infarction still remains the main cause of death in western countries, despite considerable progress in the stent development area in the last ...

Primary Outcome Assessment in a Pig Model of Acute Myocardial Infarction

Mortality after acute myocardial infarction remains substantial and is associated with significant morbidity, like heart failure. Novel therapeutics are therefore required to confine cardiac damage, promote survival and reduce the disease burden of heart failure. Large animal experiments are an essential part in the translational process from experimental to clinical therapies. To optimize clinical translation, robust and representative outcome measures are mandatory. The present manuscript aims to address this need by describing the assessment of three clinically relevant outcome modalities in a pig acute myocardial infarction (AMI) model: infarct size in relation to area at risk (IS/AAR) staining, 3-dimensional transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) and admittance-based pressure-volume (PV) loops. Infarct size is the main determinant driving the transition from AMI to heart failure and can be quantified by IS/AAR staining. Echocardiography is a reliable and robust tool in the assessment of global and regional cardiac function in clinical cardiology. Here, a method for three-dimensional transesophageal echocardiography (3D-TEE) in pigs is provided. Extensive insight into cardiac performance can be obtained by admittance-based pressure-volume (PV) loops, including intrinsic parameters of myocardial function that are pre- and afterload independent. Combined with a clinically feasible experimental study protocol, these outcome measures provide researchers with essential information to determine whether novel therapeutic strategies could yield promising targets for future testing in clinical studies.

Reliable and accurate outcome assessment is the key for translation of preclinical therapies into clinical treatment. The current paper describes how to assess three clinically relevant primary outcome parameters of cardiac performance and damage in a pig acute myocardial infarction model.

Primärer Ergebnisbeurteilung in einem Schwein Modell eines akuten Myokardinfarkts

Mortality after acute myocardial infarction remains substantial and is associated with significant morbidity, like heart failure. Novel therapeutics are ...

Murine Myocardial Infarction Model using Permanent Ligation of Left Anterior Descending Coronary Artery

Myocardial infarction (MI) and acute coronary diseases are among the most prominent causes of death in population with western lifestyle. The murine models of MI with permanent ligation of left-anterior descending (LAD) coronary artery closely mimics MI in humans. Murine models benefit from the extensive genetic engineering available nowadays. Here we propose a reproducible murine surgical model of myocardial infarction by permanent LAD coronary ligation. Our technique comprises anesthesia with ketamine/xylazine that can be rapidly reversed by administration of an antagonist, intubation without tracheotomy for mechanical-assisted ventilation, ventilation with application of extrinsic positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) to avoid alveolar collapse, a thoracotomy method limiting to the minimum surgical lesions made to skeletal muscles, and lung inflation without thoracentesis. This method is sparsely invasive, reproducible and reduces post-surgery mortality and complications.

Herein we describe a surgical procedure showing how to achieve permanent ligation of the left-anterior descending coronary artery in mice. This model is of high relevance to investigate the pathophysiology of myocardial infarction and the concomitant biological processes.

Murine Myokardinfarkt Modell mit permanenten Ligation der linken Anterior absteigende Koronararterie

Myocardial infarction (MI) and acute coronary diseases are among the most prominent causes of death in population with western lifestyle. The murine ...

A New Model of Heart Failure Post-Myocardial Infarction in the Rat

Ligation of the left anterior descending (LAD) coronary artery has been widely used to establish the rat model of heart failure (HF) post myocardial infarction (MI). However, the disadvantages of this model include high mortality rate after ligation and larger variations both in the infarct size and the degree of impaired cardiac function. In addition, a ventilator or exteriorization of the heart is indispensable for the previous models, which complicates the procedure during the ligation. In this study, we developed a reliable and reproducible model without the ventilator or exteriorization of the heart by ligating the LAD coronary artery. Four weeks after the procedure, we found that the serum concentrations of CK-MB, NT-proBNP, and Renin, which were used to assist diagnoses of MI and HF, were significantly higher in the MI group compared to the sham group. In contrast, the value of left ventricle ejection fraction (LVEF) in the MI group was obviously less than in the sham group. Furthermore, the infarct size and cardiac fibrosis area were individually confirmed and quantitatively analyzed by TTC staining and Masson's trichrome staining. Smaller variations were found in either infarct size or fibrosis area in the MI group, which helped to develop a reliable and reproducible model of HF post-MI. This new model of HF post-MI in the rat is vital for studying the potential mechanisms of MI and HF. This new method can be used to develop the new drug for treatment of MI and HF in rats by using pharmacological strategies.

We successfully developed a reliable and reproducible model of heart failure post-myocardial infarction in the rat without ventilation or exteriorization of the heart. This simplifies the procedure and benefits the further studies about the potential mechanisms behind the heart failure.

Ligation of the left anterior descending (LAD) coronary artery has been widely used to establish the rat model of heart failure (HF) post myocardial ...

An Intact Pericardium Ischemic Rodent Model

This protocol has shown that the pericardium and its contents play an essential anti-fibrotic role in the ischemic rodent model (coronary ligation to induce myocardial injury). The majority of pre-clinical myocardial infarction models require the disruption of pericardial integrity with loss of the homeostatic cellular milieu. However, recently a methodology has been developed by us to induce myocardial infarction, which minimizes pericardial damage and retains the heart&#39;s resident immune cell population. An improved cardiac functional recovery in mice with an intact pericardial space following coronary ligation has been observed. This method provides an opportunity to study inflammatory responses in the pericardial space following myocardial infarction. Further development of the labeling techniques can be combined with this model to understand the fate and function of pericardial immune cells in regulating the inflammatory mechanisms that drive remodeling in the heart, including fibrosis.

This protocol outlines the steps for inducing myocardial infarction in mice while preserving the pericardium and its contents.

Ein intaktes ischämisches Nagetiermodell des Perikards

This protocol has shown that the pericardium and its contents play an essential anti-fibrotic role in the ischemic rodent model (coronary ligation to ...

Generation and Characterization of Right Ventricular Myocardial Infarction Induced by Permanent Ligation of the Right Coronary Artery in Mice

Right ventricular infarction (RVI) is a common presentation in clinical practice. Severe RVI can lead to fatal hemodynamic dysfunction and arrhythmia. In contrast to the extensively used mouse myocardial infarction (MI) model generated by left coronary artery ligation, the RVI mouse model is rarely employed due to the difficulty associated with model generation. Research on the mechanisms and treatment of RVI-induced RV remodeling and dysfunction requires animal models to mimic the pathophysiology of RVI in patients. This study introduces a feasible procedure for RVI model generation in C57BL/6J mice. Further, this model was characterized based on the following: infarct size evaluation at 24 h after MI, assessment of cardiac remodeling and function with echocardiography, RV hemodynamics assessment, and histology of the infarct zone at 4 weeks after RVI. In addition, a coronary vasculature cast was performed to observe the coronary arterial arrangement in RV. This mouse model of RVI would facilitate the research on mechanisms of right heart failure and seek new therapeutic targets of RV remodeling.

There are several differences between the right and left ventricles. However, the pathophysiology of right ventricular infarction (RVI) has not been clarified. In the present protocol, a reproducible method for RVI mouse model generation is introduced, which may provide a means to explain the mechanism of RVI.

Erzeugung und Charakterisierung eines rechtsventrikulären Myokardinfarkts induziert durch permanente Ligation der rechten Koronararterie bei Mäusen

Right ventricular infarction (RVI) is a common presentation in clinical practice. Severe RVI can lead to fatal hemodynamic dysfunction and arrhythmia. In ...

Ultrasound-Guided Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Cardiomyocyte Implantation in Myocardial Infarcted Mice

The key objective of cell therapy after myocardial infarction (MI) is to effectively enhance the cell grafted rate, and human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (hiPSC-CMs) are a promising cell source for cardiac repair after ischemic damage. However, a low grafted rate is a significant obstacle for effective cardiac tissue regeneration after transplantation. This protocol shows that multiple hiPSC-CM ultrasound-guided percutaneous injections into an MI area effectively increase cell transplantation rates. The study also describes the entire hiPSC-CM culture process, pretreatment, and ultrasound-guided percutaneous delivery methods. In addition, the use of human mitochondrial DNA help detect the absence of hiPSC-CMs in other mouse organs. Lastly, this paper describes the changes in cardiac function, angiogenesis, cell size, and apoptosis at the infarcted border zone in mice 4 weeks after cell delivery. It can be concluded that echocardiography-guided percutaneous injection of the left ventricular myocardium is a feasible, relatively invasive, satisfactory, repeatable, and effective cellular therapy.

Ultrasound-guided cell delivery around the site of myocardial infarction in mice is a safe, effective, and convenient way of cell transplantation.

Ultraschallgesteuerte induzierte pluripotente Stammzell-abgeleitete Kardiomyozyten-Implantation bei myokardinfarktierten Mäusen

The key objective of cell therapy after myocardial infarction (MI) is to effectively enhance the cell grafted rate, and human induced pluripotent stem ...

An Experimental Model of Myocardial Infarction for Studying Cardiac Repair and Remodeling in Knockout Mice

Cardiovascular disease is the most prevalent cause of death in Western countries, with acute myocardial infarction (MI) being the most prevalent form. This paper describes a protocol for studying the role of galectin 3 (Gal-3) in the temporal evolution of cardiac healing and remodeling in an experimental animal model of MI. 
The procedures described include an experimental model of MI with a permanent coronary ligature in male C57BL/6J (control) and Gal-3 knockout (KO) mice, an echocardiography procedure to study cardiac remodeling and systolic function in vivo, a histological evaluation of interstitial myocardial fibrosis with picrosirius red-stained and rhodamine-conjugated lectin-stained sections for studying myocyte hypertrophy by the cross-sectional area (MCSA), and the quantification of infarct size and cardiac remodeling (scar thinning, septum thickness, and expansion index) by planimetry in slices stained with Masson's trichrome and triphenyl tetrazolium chloride. Gal-3 KO mice with MI showed disrupted cardiac remodeling and an increase in the scar thinning ratio and the expansion index. At the onset of MI, myocardial function and cardiac remodeling were also severely affected. At 4 weeks post MI, the natural evolution of fibrosis in infarcted Gal-3 KO mice was also affected. 
In summary, the experimental model of MI is a suitable model for studying the temporal evolution of cardiac repair and remodeling in mice with the genetic deletion of Gal-3 and other animal models. The lack of Gal-3 affects the dynamics of cardiac repair and disrupts the evolution of cardiac remodeling and function after MI.

Here, we describe an experimental model of myocardial infarction, an echocardiography procedure to study cardiac remodeling and function, and procedures for quantifying fibrosis and hypertrophy in picrosirius red-stained and rhodamine-stained sections, as well as the infarct size and expansion index in slices stained with Masson's trichrome.

Cardiovascular disease is the most prevalent cause of death in Western countries, with acute myocardial infarction (MI) being the most prevalent form. ...