Dr. Antoniades was supported by the National Institute of Health Research (NIHR) and by the Dementias and Neurodegenerative Diseases Research Network (DENDRON) and by the Wellcome Trust. Dr FitzGerald was supported by the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Oxford Biomedical Research Centre.

Die Ethikkommission genehmigte diese Studie und informierte Zustimmung wurde von den Teilnehmern erhalten, wie unten beschrieben in Abschnitt 1. 1. Teilnehmer Zustimmung <ol><li> Den Teilnehmern ein Informationsblatt, das im Detail erklärt, was die Test-Session enthalten wird. </li><li> Nachdem die Teilnehmer die Möglichkeit haben, zu lesen und zu Fragen, Bedenken oder anderen Angelegenheiten ihrer Teilnahme an der Studie, gehen durch die Zustimmung Form mit ihnen zu erklären, jeden Punkt auf der Einverständniserklärung und geben ihnen die Möglichkeit zu diskutieren, Fragen zu stellen sie haben könnte. Bitten Sie den Teilnehmer das Formular auszufüllen. </li></ol> 2. Einrichten des Saccadometer <ol><li> Stellen Sie das Gerät auf den Kopf des Patienten, durch einen verstellbaren Gummiband befestigt und ruht auf der Brücke der Nase. Da die Reize genau mit dem Kopf zu bewegen, keine Kopfstütze ist notwendig, und das Gerät ist bequem zu wear. </li><li> Fragen Sie den Patienten bei 1,5 m von einer flachen Mattscheibe zu sitzen. </li><li> Stellen Sie sicher, dass das Umgebungslicht schwach ist, so dass die Stimuli (rote Lichtpunkte) deutlich zu sehen sind. </li></ol> 3. Aufnahme eines Sakkadische Session Hinweis: Als Beispiel ein Standardprotokoll , das sowohl prosaccades und Antisakkaden testet 8 wird hier beschrieben. Dieses Protokoll besteht aus fünf Blöcken: 60 prosaccades, 40 Antisakkaden x 3 und 60 prosaccades mit einer Pause von 1 min zwischen den Blöcken. Die Sitzung dauert etwa 40 min. <ol><li> Stellen Sie die saccadometer, so dass für jeden Versuch die zentrale Fixierungsziel für eine zufällige Vorder Zeitraum von 1,0 angezeigt - 2,0 sec, nach dem es ausgelöscht wird und eine der peripheren Zielen angezeigt wird , zufällig nach rechts oder 9 verlassen. Hinweis: Die drei Ziele Flecken auf dem Bildschirm vor dem Teilnehmer projiziert rotes Licht sind (siehe 2.2) durch niedrige Leistungslasern in die saccadometer gebaut. Die saccadometer automatically schaltet der Laser ein- und ausgeschaltet Anzeige / Ziele in der notwendigen Reihenfolge löschen. </li><li> Weisen Sie den Teilnehmer, der die Prüfung besteht aus fünf Blöcken mit einer Minute Pause zwischen den Blöcken. </li><li> Vor dem ersten Block den Teilnehmer anweisen, ihre Augen so schnell und genau wie möglich zu bewegen, den roten Punkt von der Mitte springt zu folgen, um eine oder die andere Seite und sie anweisen, diese 60-mal zu tun. </li><li> Stellen Sie die saccadometer eine Folge von 60 Studien zu generieren. Drücken Sie die Taste auf der saccadometer den ersten Block von Studien (prosaccades) zu starten. </li><li> Nach Abschluss des ersten Blocks, lassen eine Minute Lücke vor dem zweiten Block. Setzen Sie die saccadometer eine Folge von 40 Studien zu erzeugen, und gegen Ende des einen winzigen Spalt, weisen Sie den Teilnehmer für den nächsten Block, um ihre Augen so schnell wie möglich in die entgegengesetzte Richtung zu dem roten Punkt bewegen, und zu erklären, dass sie werden benötigt, um diese 40-mal zu tun. Starten Sie die Sekond Block von Studien (Antisakkaden). </li><li> Nach Abschluss des zweiten Blocks, eine weitere 1 min Lücke lassen, wiederholen Sie die Anweisung im Schritt 3.5 und den dritten Block von Studien (Antisakkaden) starten. </li><li> Nach Abschluss des dritten Blocks, eine weitere 1 min Lücke lassen, wiederholen Sie die Anweisung im Schritt 3.5 und den vierten Block von Studien (Antisakkaden) starten. </li><li> Nach Beendigung des vierten Blocks, eine weitere 1 min Lücke lassen, und dass für den letzten Block von Tests erklären bitten die Teilnehmer, um ihre Augen so schnell und so genau wie möglich bewegen Sie den roten Punkt von der Mitte zu folgen, um eine Seite springen oder die andere, genau so, wie sie in dem ersten Block haben. </li><li> Setzen Sie die saccadometer eine Folge von 60 Studien zu generieren, und starten Sie den letzten Block von Studien (prosaccades). </li></ol><img alt="Figur 2" src="/files/ftp_upload/53640/53640fig2.jpg" /> Abbildung 2. Augenbewegungsaufgaben. Schematic illustratiauf zwei Beispiele von Sakkaden-Aufgaben. Der feste blauen Fleck stellt das Ziel und die gestrichelte blaue Kreis stellt den Bereich der Fixierung. LEFT eine prosaccadic Aufgabe zeigt , wo das Subjekt aufgefordert wird , auf das Ziel zu suchen. RECHTS ein Antisakkaden zeigt , wo die Versuchsperson gebeten wird vom visuellen Reiz zu schauen weg . Dies erfordert die Hemmung der natürlichen prosaccade Reaktion und die Erzeugung eines Sakkaden in die entgegengesetzte Richtung. <a href="https://jove.unicartagenaproxy.elogim.com/files/ftp_upload/53640/53640fig2large.jpg" target="_blank">Bitte hier klicken</a> , um <a href="https://jove.unicartagenaproxy.elogim.com/files/ftp_upload/53640/53640fig2large.jpg" target="_blank">eine größere Version dieser Figur zu sehen.</a> 4. Deep Brain Stimulator-Einstellungen Hinweis: Für Teilnehmer mit tiefen Hirnstimulatoren die Tests durchführen bisher mit Stimulator System normal läuft, dh ein &#39;auf Stimulation&#39; Datensatz entnommen wurde. Testen muss nun mit der Stimulator System ausgeschaltet wiederholt werden (für gesunde Kontrollpersonen ohne DBS-Systeme werden in diesem Abschnitt gelten nicht). <ol><li> Schalten Sie das DBS-System ab. Tun Sie dies durch einen ausgebildeten Klinikpersonal. Lassen Sie 30 Minuten vor dem Test. </li><li> Wiederholen Sie die Sakkaden-Tests (Schritte 3,2 bis 3,9), um eine vollständige &#39;off Stimulation&#39; Daten-Set zu erhalten. </li><li> Schalten Sie das DBS-System wieder auf (wieder sollte diese durch entsprechend geschultes Klinikpersonal durchgeführt werden). </li></ol> 5. Datenanalyse Hinweis: Für Teilnehmer mit tiefen Hirnstimulatoren die Tests durchführen bisher mit Stimulator System normal läuft, dh ein &#39;auf Stimulation&#39; Datensatz entnommen wurde. Testen muss nun mit der Stimulator System ausgeschaltet wiederholt werden (für gesunde Kontrollpersonen ohne DBS Systeme dieser Abschnitt nicht gelten). <ol><li> Laden Sie sich die Rohdaten von der saccadometer an einen Computer für die Analyse. </li><li> Verwenden Sie die Software-Programm saccadometer auszuschließen Sakkaden Verzerrungented durch blinkt und Kopfbewegungen, einschließlich zu berechnen Variablen saccadische Latenzen, Spitzengeschwindigkeiten und Amplituden. Hinweis: Die Aufnahme erfolgt kontaminiert durch übermäßige Kopfbewegungen oder blinkt, werden automatisch von der Software entfernt. <ol><li> Entfernen Sie Sakkaden mit Latenz von weniger als 80 ms oder größer als 1000 ms. Hinweis: Sakkadische Latenz berechnet wird automatisch unter Verwendung eines Sakkade-Erfassungsalgorithmus basierend auf Geschwindigkeit und Beschleunigung. Der Beginn eines Sakkade wird als der Punkt identifiziert, wenn das Auge Geschwindigkeit eine Schwelle von 5 Grad / sec überschreitet. </li></ol></li></ol>

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The authors have nothing to disclose.

Der wichtigste Faktor in der guten Qualität saccadische Daten zu erhalten, ist sicherzustellen, dass die dem Teilnehmer gegebenen Anweisungen sind klar und präzise. wenn die Anweisungen für die antisaccadic Aufgabe Zum Beispiel sind nicht ganz klar, ist der Teilnehmer wahrscheinlich prosaccades stattdessen auszuführen. Aufzeichnungen können auch verdorben sein, wenn der Teilnehmer nicht eindeutig die Reize oder die saccadometer können Augenposition nicht genau messen zu sehen. So, wenn die Daten als von niedriger ...

In den letzten Jahren gab es bei der Verwendung von Messungen von Reaktionszeiten als quantitative und nicht-invasive Art und Weise zu gewinnen , Informationen über die hohen Ebene Mechanismen der neuronalen Entscheidung zunehmendes Interesse 1 zu machen. Eine Art von Reaktionszeit, die intensiv untersucht worden ist, ist die Zeit für eine Sakkaden bei Vorlage eines visuellen Stimulus zu initiieren, wie Sakkaden Latenz bekannt. Sakkaden sind die schnellen Augenbewegungen, die auftreten, wenn wir schnell unseren Blick von einem Ort zum anderen zu verschieben. Sie sind die häufigste Art von Augenbewegungen machen wir bei einer Frequenz auftreten, von typischerweise zwei oder drei pro Sekunde. Jeder Sakkaden ist in der Tat eine Entscheidung auf ein Stichwort in der visuellen Welt zu betrachten und nicht als eine andere 2. Die Nervenbahnen Augenbewegungen zu steuern wurden ausführlich untersucht und sind recht gut 3 dokumentiert. Mit empfindlichen elektronischen Geräten, können Aspekte der oculomotor Funktion sein präzise und objectively quantifiziert. Dies erleichtert die detaillierte Untersuchung der Augenbewegungen selbst, sondern ermöglicht es auch, sie als Werkzeug verwendet werden, um andere Bereiche der Neurophysiologie und Pathophysiologie zu untersuchen. Augenbewegungsmessung können alle notwendigen Informationen über Krankheitszustände liefern. Sakkadische Augenbewegungen kürzlich zum Beispiel viel Aufmerksamkeit als potentielle Biomarker in neurodegenerativen Erkrankungen einschließlich Huntington-4,5 und Parkinson-Krankheiten 6,7, und es ist bekannt, dass sakkadische Reaktions mal langsamer zu sein neigen als normal in diesen Bedingungen. Einsatzmöglichkeiten von Sakkaden Messung umfassen Hilfsmittel zur Diagnose und Krankheit Verfolgung. Sakkadische Aufgaben reichen von der einfachen prosaccade (Suche so schnell wie möglich in Richtung auf eine plötzlich visuellen Reizes nach links oder rechts erscheine) zu komplexeren Aufgaben wie die Antisakkaden (Suche so schnell wie möglich auf die andere Seite auf einen visuellen Reiz) oder Gedächtnis- geführte Sakkaden (Blickin Richtung der zu merkenden Ort eines Ziels, das nicht mehr da ist). Tiefe Hirnstimulation ist eine wirksame Behandlung für mehrere neurologische Zustände. Es wird am häufigsten zur Behandlung der motorischen Symptome der Parkinson-Krankheit, einschließlich Tremor, Rigor, Bradykinesie und Dyskinesie verwendet. Es ist auch für andere Bewegungsstörungen einschließlich Dystonie und essentiellem Tremor, und weniger häufig für neuropathische Schmerzen, Epilepsie und psychiatrischen Erkrankungen wie Zwangsstörungen eingesetzt. Es ist die einzige Einstellung , in denen Wissenschaftler einen direkten elektrischen Zugang zu tiefen Strukturen des menschlichen Gehirns in vivo und bietet somit eine wertvolle Gelegenheit für experimentelle Neurologie haben. Eine Vielzahl von Zielen auf der Bedingung stimulierte abhängig, die behandelt, einschließlich mehreren Stellen in den Basalganglien, von denen viele in oculomotor Wegen beteiligt sind. Dies bedeutet, dass ein breites Spektrum von Studien können mit dem DBS-System durchgeführt werden Stimulation zu liefernzu einem bestimmten Gehirn Lage und ein Eye-Tracking-Gerät aufzeichnen und seine Auswirkungen zu analysieren. Je nach experimentellen Paradigmen können solche Studien liefern Informationen über die Physiologie der Region stimuliert wird, die Auswirkungen der Krankheit oder der Mechanismus, durch den DBS wird in dieser bestimmten Umgebung zu arbeiten. Dieser Artikel beschreibt einen allgemeinen Ansatz zu Sakkaden Augenbewegung in Deep Brain Stimulation Patienten. Mehrere verschiedene Arten von Eye-Tracking-Geräte stehen zur Verfügung. Für die Forschung in diesem Protokoll beschrieben wurde ein tragbares saccadometer verwendet horizontale Sakkaden Augenbewegungen aufzuzeichnen. Tragbare saccadometers haben den Vorteil , nicht Kopfstütze erforderlich ist (siehe Abbildung 1), was bedeutet , dass die Sitzungen sind bequemer für Patienten mit Parkinson-Krankheit, vor allem für diejenigen mit schweren Dyskinesien leiden. Der hier verwendete saccadometer ist leicht und etwa 5 cm breit und 10 cm hoch. Die saccadometer measures Augenbewegungen durch die Verwendung von direkter Infrarot Okulographie: einer Infrarotquelle und vor dem medialen Augenwinkel Gebrauch Licht reflektiert positioniert Sensor von der Hornhaut in Millisekunden-Intervallen um die Drehposition des Augapfels zu etablieren. Um eine gute Qualität Daten für die Analyse zu erwerben die saccadometer sollte mit mindestens einem 12-Bit-Auflösung mit einer Geschwindigkeit von mindestens 1 kHz abzutasten. Im saccadometer hier die visuellen Reize verwendet wurden , waren drei rote 13 cd m -2 Lichtflecken durch im Low - Power - Laser gebaut erzeugt, wobei jeder Punkt ein paar 0,1 Grad, mit einem Punkt in der Mittellinie und die beiden anderen bei ± 10 Grad aufspannt (dh nach rechts und links). <img alt="Abbildung 1" src="/files/ftp_upload/53640/53640fig1.jpg" /> Abbildung 1. Die Saccadometer. Kopf montiert saccadometer an einem elastischen Band und ruht auf der Brücke der Nase. Vier Miniaturlaser projizieren visuelle Ziels auf eine matte Oberfläche, und die Augenbewegungen des Teilnehmers durch Differentialinfrarotreflexions Wandler auf der nasalen Seite jedes Auges gemessen. Da die Laser Ziele mit dem Kopf bewegen, Kopfstützen sind nicht erforderlich. <a href="https://jove.unicartagenaproxy.elogim.com/files/ftp_upload/53640/53640fig1large.jpg" target="_blank">Bitte hier klicken</a> , um <a href="https://jove.unicartagenaproxy.elogim.com/files/ftp_upload/53640/53640fig1large.jpg" target="_blank">eine größere Version dieser Figur zu sehen.</a>

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="88">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Saccadometer device ( Ober Consulting Poland)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Computer with Windows environment</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Software, Latency Meter for downloading the raw data from the saccadometer.</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

using saccadometry with deep brain stimulation to study normal and pathological brain function

The oculomotor system involves a large number of brain areas including parts of the basal ganglia, and various neurodegenerative diseases including Parkinson's and Huntington's can disrupt it. People with Parkinson's disease, for example, tend to have increased saccadic latencies. Consequently, the quantitative measurement of saccadic eye movements has received considerable attention as a potential biomarker for neurodegenerative conditions. A lot more can be learned about the brain in both health and disease by observing what happens to eye movements when the function of specific brain areas is perturbed. Deep brain stimulation is a surgical intervention used for the management of a range of neurological conditions including Parkinson's disease, in which stimulating electrodes are placed in specific brain areas including several sites in the basal ganglia. Eye movement measurements can then be made with the stimulator systems both off and on and the results compared. With suitable experimental design, this approach can be used to study the pathophysiology of the disease being treated, the mechanism by which DBS exerts it beneficial effects, and even aspects of normal neurophysiology.

Figur 3 zeigt ein Beispiel von sakkadischen Augenbewegungsbahnen von einer Parkinson-Krankheit Patienten mit einem Nucleus subthalamicus DBS - System implantiert. Die beiden Diagramme der prosaccades des Patienten Plots mit dem Stimulator System (obere Grafik) ausgeschaltet und eingeschaltet (untere Grafik). Jede Spur auf dem Graphen zeigt die Trajektorie eines einzelnen Sakkade, dh wie die Augenposition in Grad von der Mittellinie (y - Achse) weg als Funktion d...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Using Saccadometry with Deep Brain Stimulation to Study Normal and Pathological Brain Function at JoVE.com

Using Saccadometry with Deep Brain Stimulation to Study Normal and Pathological Brain Function

This paper describes the use of quantitative measurement of eye movements in conjunction with stimulation of focal areas of the deep brain in order to study physiology, pathophysiology, and the mechanisms of deep brain stimulation.

Mit Saccadometry mit Deep Brain Stimulation Normale und Pathologische Funktion des Gehirns zu studieren

The oculomotor system involves a large number of brain areas including parts of the basal ganglia, and various neurodegenerative diseases including ...

using-saccadometry-with-deep-brain-stimulation-to-study-normal

Universidad de Cartagena UDEC

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

7.4K Aufrufe.  The University of Oxford. This paper describes the use of quantitative measurement of eye movements in conjunction with stimulation of focal areas of the deep brain in order to study physiology, pathophysiology, and the mechanisms of deep brain stimulation.

Serie: Using Saccadometry with Deep Brain Stimulation to Study Normal and Pathological Brain Function

Intra-Operative Behavioral Tasks in Awake Humans Undergoing Deep Brain Stimulation Surgery

Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is a surgical procedure that directs chronic, high frequency electrical stimulation to specific targets in the brain through implanted electrodes. Deep brain stimulation was first implemented as a therapeutic modality by Benabid et al. in the late 1980s, when he used this technique to stimulate the ventral intermediate nucleus of the thalamus for the treatment of tremor 1. Currently, the procedure is used to treat patients who fail to respond adequately to medical management for diseases such as Parkinson's, dystonia, and essential tremor. The efficacy of this procedure for the treatment of Parkinson's disease has been demonstrated in well-powered, randomized controlled trials 2. Presently, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration has approved DBS as a treatment for patients with medically refractory essential tremor, Parkinson's disease, and dystonia. Additionally, DBS is currently being evaluated for the treatment of other psychiatric and neurological disorders, such as obsessive compulsive disorder, major depressive disorder, and epilepsy. 
DBS has not only been shown to help people by improving their quality of life, it also provides researchers with the unique opportunity to study and understand the human brain. Microelectrode recordings are routinely performed during DBS surgery in order to enhance the precision of anatomical targeting. Firing patterns of individual neurons can therefore be recorded while the subject performs a behavioral task. Early studies using these data focused on descriptive aspects, including firing and burst rates, and frequency modulation 3. More recent studies have focused on cognitive aspects of behavior in relation to neuronal activity 4,5. This article will provide a description of the intra-operative methods used to perform behavioral tasks and record neuronal data with awake patients during DBS cases. Our exposition of the process of acquiring electrophysiological data will illuminate the current scope and limitations of intra-operative human experiments.

Deep brain stimulation surgery offers a unique opportunity to examine information encoding in the awake human brain. This article will describe intra-operative methods used to perform cognitive and behavioral tasks while simultaneously acquiring physiological data such as EMG, single-unit neuronal activity and/or local field potentials.

Intra-Operative Behavioral Aufgaben in Awake Humans Undergoing Deep Brain Stimulation Chirurgie

Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is a surgical procedure that directs chronic, high frequency electrical stimulation to specific targets in the brain through ...

Forschung

Medizin

Eye Tracking Young Children with Autism

The rise of accessible commercial eye-tracking systems has fueled a rapid increase in their use in psychological and psychiatric research. By providing a direct, detailed and objective measure of gaze behavior, eye-tracking has become a valuable tool for examining abnormal perceptual strategies in clinical populations and has been used to identify disorder-specific characteristics1, promote early identification2, and inform treatment3. In particular, investigators of autism spectrum disorders (ASD) have benefited from integrating eye-tracking into their research paradigms4-7. Eye-tracking has largely been used in these studies to reveal mechanisms underlying impaired task performance8 and abnormal brain functioning9, particularly during the processing of social information1,10-11. While older children and adults with ASD comprise the preponderance of research in this area, eye-tracking may be especially useful for studying young children with the disorder as it offers a non-invasive tool for assessing and quantifying early-emerging developmental abnormalities2,12-13. Implementing eye-tracking with young children with ASD, however, is associated with a number of unique challenges, including issues with compliant behavior resulting from specific task demands and disorder-related psychosocial considerations. In this protocol, we detail methodological considerations for optimizing research design, data acquisition and psychometric analysis while eye-tracking young children with ASD. The provided recommendations are also designed to be more broadly applicable for eye-tracking children with other developmental disabilities. By offering guidelines for best practices in these areas based upon lessons derived from our own work, we hope to help other investigators make sound research design and analysis choices while avoiding common pitfalls that can compromise data acquisition while eye-tracking young children with ASD or other developmental difficulties.

Eye tracking has long been used to study gaze patterns in typically-developing individuals, but recent technological advancements have made its use with clinical populations, including autism, more feasible. While eye-tracking young children with autism can offer insight into early symptom manifestations, it involves methodological challenges. Suggestions for best practices are provided.

Eye Tracking kleine Kinder mit Autismus

The rise of accessible commercial eye-tracking systems has fueled a rapid increase in their use in psychological and psychiatric research. By providing a ...

Isolation of Soluble and Insoluble PrP Oligomers in the Normal Human Brain

The central event in the pathogenesis of prion diseases involves a conversion of the host-encoded cellular prion protein PrPC into its pathogenic isoform PrPSc 1. PrPC is detergent-soluble and sensitive to proteinase K (PK)-digestion, whereas PrPSc forms detergent-insoluble aggregates and is partially resistant to PK2-6. The conversion of PrPC to PrPSc is known to involve a conformational transition of &alpha;-helical to &beta;-sheet structures of the protein. However, the in vivo pathway is still poorly understood. A tentative endogenous PrPSc, intermediate PrP* or "silent prion", has yet to be identified in the uninfected brain7.
Using a combination of biophysical and biochemical approaches, we identified insoluble PrPC aggregates (designated iPrPC) from uninfected mammalian brains and cultured neuronal cells8, 9. Here, we describe detailed procedures of these methods, including ultracentrifugation in detergent buffer, sucrose step gradient sedimentation, size exclusion chromatography, iPrP enrichment by gene 5 protein (g5p) that specifically bind to structurally altered PrP forms10, and PK-treatment. The combination of these approaches isolates not only insoluble PrPSc and PrPC aggregates but also soluble PrPC oligomers from the normal human brain. Since the protocols described here have been used to isolate both PrPSc from infected brains and iPrPC from uninfected brains, they provide us with an opportunity to compare differences in physicochemical features, neurotoxicity, and infectivity between the two isoforms. Such a study will greatly improve our understanding of the infectious proteinaceous pathogens. The physiology and pathophysiology of iPrPC are unclear at present. Notably, in a newly-identified human prion disease termed variably protease-sensitive prionopathy, we found a new PrPSc that shares the immunoreactive behavior and fragmentation with iPrPC 11, 12. Moreover, we recently demonstrated that iPrPC is the main species that interacts with amyloid-&beta; protein in Alzheimer disease13. In the same study, these methods were used to isolate Abeta aggregates and oligomers in Alzheimer's disease13, suggesting their application to non-prion protein aggregates involved in other neurodegenerative disorders.

A new species of cellular prion protein (PrPC) has recently been identified in uninfected human brains using the methods described here. These methods can be used to isolate various PrP species, while some of them are also useful in isolating other misfolded protein aggregates from human brains.

Isolierung von löslicher und unlöslicher PrP Oligomere in das normale menschliche Gehirn

The central event in the pathogenesis of prion diseases involves a conversion of the host-encoded cellular prion protein PrPC into its pathogenic isoform ...

A Novel High-resolution In vivo Imaging Technique to Study the Dynamic Response of Intracranial Structures to Tumor Growth and Therapeutics

We have successfully integrated previously established Intracranial window (ICW) technology 1-4 with intravital 2-photon confocal microscopy to develop a novel platform that allows for direct long-term visualization of tissue structure changes intracranially. Imaging at a single cell resolution in a real-time fashion provides supplementary dynamic information beyond that provided by standard end-point histological analysis, which looks solely at 'snap-shot' cross sections of tissue.
Establishing this intravital imaging technique in fluorescent chimeric mice, we are able to image four fluorescent channels simultaneously. By incorporating fluorescently labeled cells, such as GFP+ bone marrow, it is possible to track the fate of these cells studying their long-term migration, integration and differentiation within tissue. Further integration of a secondary reporter cell, such as an mCherry glioma tumor line, allows for characterization of cell:cell interactions. Structural changes in the tissue microenvironment can be highlighted through the addition of intra-vital dyes and antibodies, for example CD31 tagged antibodies and Dextran molecules.
Moreover, we describe the combination of our ICW imaging model with a small animal micro-irradiator that provides stereotactic irradiation, creating a platform through which the dynamic tissue changes that occur following the administration of ionizing irradiation can be assessed.
Current limitations of our model include penetrance of the microscope, which is limited to a depth of up to 900 &mu;m from the sub cortical surface, limiting imaging to the dorsal axis of the brain. The presence of the skull bone makes the ICW a more challenging technical procedure, compared to the more established and utilized chamber models currently used to study mammary tissue and fat pads 5-7. In addition, the ICW provides many challenges when optimizing the imaging.

A Novel High-resolution In vivo Imaging Technique to Study the Dynamic Response of Intracranial Structures to Tumor Growth and Therapeutics

We describe a novel in vivo imaging technique that couples fluorescent chimeric mice with intracranial windows and high-resolution 2-photon microscopy. This imaging platform aids studies of dynamic changes in brain tissue and microvasculature, at a single-cell level, following pathological insults and is adaptable to assess intracranial drug delivery and distribution.

A Novel Hochauflösende<em&gt; In vivo</em&gt; Bildtechnik, um die Dynamik der intrakranielle Strukturen zu Tumorwachstum und Therapeutics Studieren

We have successfully integrated previously established Intracranial window (ICW) technology 1-4 with intravital 2-photon confocal microscopy to develop a ...

Lesion Explorer: A Video-guided, Standardized Protocol for Accurate and Reliable MRI-derived Volumetrics in Alzheimer's Disease and Normal Elderly

Obtaining in vivo human brain tissue volumetrics from MRI is often complicated by various technical and biological issues. These challenges are exacerbated when significant brain atrophy and age-related white matter changes (e.g. Leukoaraiosis) are present. Lesion Explorer (LE) is an accurate and reliable neuroimaging pipeline specifically developed to address such issues commonly observed on MRI of Alzheimer's disease and normal elderly. The pipeline is a complex set of semi-automatic procedures which has been previously validated in a series of internal and external reliability tests1,2. However, LE's accuracy and reliability is highly dependent on properly trained manual operators to execute commands, identify distinct anatomical landmarks, and manually edit/verify various computer-generated segmentation outputs.
LE can be divided into 3 main components, each requiring a set of commands and manual operations: 1) Brain-Sizer, 2) SABRE, and 3) Lesion-Seg. Brain-Sizer's manual operations involve editing of the automatic skull-stripped total intracranial vault (TIV) extraction mask, designation of ventricular cerebrospinal fluid (vCSF), and removal of subtentorial structures. The SABRE component requires checking of image alignment along the anterior and posterior commissure (ACPC) plane, and identification of several anatomical landmarks required for regional parcellation. Finally, the Lesion-Seg component involves manual checking of the automatic lesion segmentation of subcortical hyperintensities (SH) for false positive errors.
While on-site training of the LE pipeline is preferable, readily available visual teaching tools with interactive training images are a viable alternative. Developed to ensure a high degree of accuracy and reliability, the following is a step-by-step, video-guided, standardized protocol for LE's manual procedures.

Lesion Explorer (LE) is a semi-automatic, image-processing pipeline developed to obtain regional brain tissue and subcortical hyperintensity lesion volumetrics from structural MRI of Alzheimer's disease and normal elderly. To ensure a high level of accuracy and reliability, the following is a video-guided, standardized protocol for LE's manual procedures.

Läsion Explorer: Ein Video-geführt, standardisiertes Protokoll für genaue und zuverlässige MRI-abgeleiteten Volumetrics in der Alzheimer-Krankheit und Normale Ältere

Obtaining in vivo human brain tissue volumetrics from MRI is often complicated by various technical and biological issues. These challenges are ...

Excitotoxic Stimulation of Brain Microslices as an In vitro Model of Stroke

Examining molecular mechanisms involved in neuropathological conditions, such as ischemic stroke, can be difficult when using whole animal systems. As such, primary or &#39;neuronal-like&#39; cell culture systems are commonly utilized. While&#160;these systems are relatively easy to work with, and are useful model systems in which various functional outcomes (such as cell death) can be readily quantified, the examined outcomes and pathways in cultured immature neurons (such as excitotoxicity-mediated cell death pathways) are not necessarily the same as those observed in mature brain, or in intact tissue. Therefore, there is the need to develop models in which cellular mechanisms in mature neural tissue can be examined. We have developed an in vitro technique that can be used to investigate a variety of molecular pathways in intact nervous tissue. The technique described herein utilizes rat cortical tissue, but this technique can be adapted to use tissue from a variety of species (such as mouse, rabbit, guinea pig, and chicken) or brain regions (for example, hippocampus, striatum, etc.). Additionally, a variety of stimulations/treatments can be used (for example, excitotoxic, administration of inhibitors, etc.). In conclusion, the brain slice model described herein can be used to examine a variety of molecular mechanisms involved in excitotoxicity-mediated brain injury.

Excitotoxic Stimulation of Brain Microslices as an In vitro Model of Stroke

We have developed a brain slice model which can be used to examine molecular mechanisms involved in excitotoxicity-mediated brain injury.&#160;This technique generates viable mature brain tissue and reduces animal numbers required for experimentation, whilst keeping the neuronal circuitry, cellular interactions, and postsynaptic compartments partly intact.

Exzitotoxische Stimulation der Hirn Microslices als<em&gt; In-vitro-</em&gt; Modell der Stroke

Examining molecular mechanisms involved in neuropathological conditions, such as ischemic stroke, can be difficult when using whole animal systems. As ...

Controlling Parkinson's Disease With Adaptive Deep Brain Stimulation

Adaptive deep brain stimulation (aDBS) has the potential to improve the treatment of Parkinson&#39;s disease by optimizing stimulation in real time according to fluctuating disease and medication state. In the present realization of adaptive DBS we record and stimulate from the DBS electrodes implanted in the subthalamic nucleus of patients with Parkinson&#39;s disease in the early post-operative period. Local field potentials are analogue filtered between 3 and 47 Hz before being passed to a data acquisition unit where they are digitally filtered again around the patient specific beta peak, rectified and smoothed to give an online reading of the beta amplitude. A threshold for beta amplitude is set heuristically, which, if crossed, passes a trigger signal to the stimulator. The stimulator then ramps up stimulation to a pre-determined clinically effective voltage over 250 msec and continues to stimulate until the beta amplitude again falls down below threshold. Stimulation continues in this manner with brief episodes of ramped DBS during periods of heightened beta power.
Clinical efficacy is assessed after a minimum period of stabilization (5 min) through the unblinded and blinded video assessment of motor function using a selection of scores from the Unified Parkinson&#39;s Rating Scale (UPDRS). Recent work has demonstrated a reduction in power consumption with aDBS as well as an improvement in clinical scores compared to conventional DBS. Chronic aDBS could now be trialed in Parkinsonism.

Adaptive deep brain stimulation (aDBS) is effective for Parkinson&#8217;s disease, improving symptoms and reducing power consumption compared to conventional deep brain stimulation (cDBS). In aDBS we track a local field potential biomarker (beta oscillatory amplitude) in real time and use this to control the timing of stimulation.

Controlling Parkinson-Krankheit mit Adaptive Tiefe Hirnstimulation

Adaptive deep brain stimulation (aDBS) has the potential to improve the treatment of Parkinson&#39;s disease by optimizing stimulation in real time ...

A Multimodal Imaging- and Stimulation-based Method of Evaluating Connectivity-related Brain Excitability in Patients with Epilepsy

Resting-state functional connectivity MRI (rs-fcMRI) is a technique that identifies connectivity between different brain regions based on correlations over time in the blood-oxygenation level dependent signal. rs-fcMRI has been applied extensively to identify abnormalities in brain connectivity in different neurologic and psychiatric diseases. However, the relationship among rs-fcMRI connectivity abnormalities, brain electrophysiology and disease state is unknown, in part because the causal significance of alterations in functional connectivity in disease pathophysiology has not been established. Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) is a technique that uses electromagnetic induction to noninvasively produce focal changes in cortical activity. When combined with electroencephalography (EEG), TMS can be used to assess the brain's response to external perturbations. Here we provide a protocol for combining rs-fcMRI, TMS and EEG to assess the physiologic significance of alterations in functional connectivity in patients with neuropsychiatric disease. We provide representative results from a previously published study in which rs-fcMRI was used to identify regions with abnormal connectivity in patients with epilepsy due to a malformation of cortical development, periventricular nodular heterotopia (PNH). Stimulation in patients with epilepsy resulted in abnormal TMS-evoked EEG activity relative to stimulation of the same sites in matched healthy control patients, with an abnormal increase in the late component of the TMS-evoked potential, consistent with cortical hyperexcitability. This abnormality was specific to regions with abnormal resting-state functional connectivity. Electrical source analysis in a subject with previously recorded seizures demonstrated that the origin of the abnormal TMS-evoked activity co-localized with the seizure-onset zone, suggesting the presence of an epileptogenic circuit. These results demonstrate how rs-fcMRI, TMS and EEG can be utilized together to identify and understand the physiological significance of abnormal brain connectivity in human diseases.

Resting-state functional-connectivity MRI has identified abnormalities in patients with a wide range of neuropsychiatric disorders, including epilepsy due to malformations of cortical development. Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation in combination with EEG can demonstrate that patients with epilepsy have cortical hyperexcitability in regions with abnormal connectivity.

Ein Multimodal Imaging- und Stimulations-basierte Verfahren zur Bewertung der Connectivity-bezogenen Erregbarkeit des Gehirns bei Patienten mit Epilepsie

Resting-state functional connectivity MRI (rs-fcMRI) is a technique that identifies connectivity between different brain regions based on correlations ...

Continuous IV Infusion is the Choice Treatment Route for Arginine-vasopressin Receptor Blocker Conivaptan in Mice to Study Stroke-evoked Brain Edema

Stroke is one of the major causes of morbidity and mortality in the world. Stroke is complicated by brain edema and other pathophysiological events. Among the most important players in the development and evolution of stroke-evoked brain edema is the hormone arginine-vasopressin and its receptors, V1a and V2. Recently, the V1a and V2 receptor blocker conivaptan has been attracting attention as a potential drug to reduce brain edema after stroke. However, animal models which involve conivaptan applications in stroke research need to be modified based on feasible routes of administration. Here the outcomes of 48 hr continuous intravenous (IV) are compared with intraperitoneal (IP) conivaptan treatments after experimental stroke in mice. We developed a protocol in which middle cerebral artery occlusion was combined with catheter installation into the jugular vein for IV treatment of conivaptan (0.2 mg) or vehicle. Different cohorts of animals were treated with 0.2 mg bolus of conivaptan or vehicle IP daily. Experimental stroke-evoked brain edema was evaluated in mice after continuous IV and IP treatments. Comparison of the results revealed that the continuous IV administration of conivaptan alleviates post-ischemic brain edema in mice, unlike the IP administration of conivaptan. We conclude that our model can be used for future studies of conivaptan applications in the context of stroke and brain edema.

Our studies have revealed that the beneficial effects of conivaptan are dependent on the method of delivery after experimental stroke in mice. We have developed a research protocol for delivery of the receptor blocker via IV catheter on stroke-evoked brain edema formation in mice.

Kontinuierliche intravenöse Infusion ist die Wahl Behandlung Weg für Arginin-Vasopressin-Rezeptorblocker Conivaptan bei Mäusen Stroke-evozierte Hirnödem zu studieren

Stroke is one of the major causes of morbidity and mortality in the world. Stroke is complicated by brain edema and other pathophysiological events. Among ...

Symmetric Bihemispheric Postmortem Brain Cutting to Study Healthy and Pathological Brain Conditions in Humans

Neuropathologists, at times, feel intimidated by the amount of knowledge needed to generate definitive diagnoses for complex neuropsychiatric phenomena described in those patients for whom a brain autopsy has been requested. Although the advancements of biomedical sciences and neuroimaging have revolutionized the neuropsychiatric field, they have also generated the misleading idea that brain autopsies have only a confirmatory value. This false idea created a drastic reduction of autopsy rates and, consequently, a reduced possibility to perform more detailed and extensive neuropathological investigations, which are necessary to comprehend numerous normal and pathological aspects yet unknown of the human brain. The traditional inferential method of correlation between observed neuropsychiatric phenomena and corresponding localization/characterization of their possible neurohistological correlates continues to have an undeniable value. In the context of neuropsychiatric diseases, the traditional clinicopathological method is still the best possible methodology (and often the only available) to link unique neuropsychiatric features to their corresponding neuropathological substrates, since it relies specifically upon the direct physical assessment of brain tissues. The assessment of postmortem brains is based on brain cutting procedures that vary across different neuropathology centers. Brain cuttings are performed in a relatively extensive and systematic way based on the various clinical and academic contingencies present in each institution. A more anatomically inclusive and symmetric bi-hemispheric brain cutting methodology should at least be used for research purposes in human neuropathology to coherently investigate, in depth, normal and pathological conditions with the peculiarities of the human brain (i.e., hemispheric specialization and lateralization for specific functions). Such a method would provide a more comprehensive collection of neuropathologically well-characterized brains available for current and future biotechnological and neuroimaging techniques. We describe a symmetric bi-hemispheric brain cutting procedure for the investigation of hemispheric differences in human brain pathologies and for use with current as well as future biomolecular/neuroimaging techniques.

Organized brain cutting procedures are necessary to correlate specific neuropsychiatric phenomena with definitive neuropathologic diagnoses. Brain cuttings are performed differently based on various clinico-academic contingencies. This protocol describes a symmetric bihemispheric brain cutting procedure to investigate hemispheric differences in human brain pathologies and to maximize current and future biomolecular/neuroimaging techniques.

Symmetrische Bihemispheric Postmortem Gehirn Schneiden Gesund und krankhafte Gehirnbedingungen beim Menschen zu studieren

Neuropathologists, at times, feel intimidated by the amount of knowledge needed to generate definitive diagnoses for complex neuropsychiatric phenomena ...

Mit Saccadometry mit Deep Brain Stimulation Normale und Pathologische Funktion des Gehirns zu studieren

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