This work was supported by NIH P20GM103643 to I. Meng.

1. Herstellung der Larven <ol><li> Um zu analysieren, eine gewünschte Larve zur Beförderung oder Wunschposition, wachsen Larven unter Standardbedingungen auf die gewünschte Alters mit Standard-fly Essen 11 bis 10 zu testen. </li><li> Machen Sie eine Sieb-Filter durch Strecken Siebdruck Nylon-Mesh über einen Trichter. Sichern Sie die Mesh an der Trichterhals mit Gummiband. Setzen Sie den Trichter in ein Becherglas. </li><li> Larven zur Analyse zu sammeln, Schaufel Spachtel-voller Lebensmittel, die Futtersuche Larven aus der Kulturflasche und wäscht mit RT Leitungswasser über die Mesh-Filter, das Sammeln einzelnen Larven direkt aus dem Netz mit einem Pinsel 10. </li></ol> 2. Herstellung von Teströhrchen <ol><li> Zur Vorbereitung auf die Teströhrchen stecken, vorsichtig kochen eine 4% Agar-Gel vermischen und in eine Petrischale bis zu einer Tiefe von 1,5 cm. Dadurch wird ein Stecker für jede Seite des Rohrs zu liefern, wenn Tier eingeschlossen ist. Die 4% ige Lösung ist ausreichend dicht, um Larven von p zu verhindernenetrating die Stecker. </li><li> Stellen Sie sicher, dass Schläuche sauber und klar vor dem Einsetzen der Larven sind. Wenn sie nicht sind, kann diese Bewegungen aufgezeichnet blockieren. </li><li> Um sicherzustellen, Larven genügend Feuchtigkeit für die Bewegung, bereiten Sie einen Squeeze-Flasche mit einer kleinen Menge an heißem Wasser. Kehren Sie die Flasche vorsichtig orientieren den Ausgang in Richtung einer Spüle und vorsichtig drücken, um Wasser aus dem Aufnahmeröhre zu vertreiben. </li><li> Legen Sie die Flasche Auslass in die Teströhrchen. Drücken Sie die Flasche um Wasserdampf in die Teströhrchen zu liefern, bis eine dünne Schicht von Kondenswasser an der Wand der Röhre erscheint. Video 1 zeigt eine Larve bewegen in einer Röhre mit einer geeigneten Menge an Feuchtigkeit. </li><li> Um die Larve in der Röhre abzudichten, entfernen die 1,5 cm dicke Agargel aus der Petrischale und legen über eine Netzoberfläche um den Luftstrom unter dem Agar zu ermöglichen, so dass ein Agar-Pfropfen in das Rohr eingeführt werden kann. Drücken eine Ende des Teströhrchen in das Gel zweimal zwei Steckern von Gel in ein Ende einzufügen. </li><li> Mit einem paintbeilen, legen Sie eine Larve in das Rohr etwa 1,5 Zoll tief und verschließen den Schlauch durch Drücken der Ende nächsten Larve in das Agar-Gel. Der resultierende Druck wird von dem gegenüberliegenden Ende herauszudrücken des zweiten Plugs Agargel und Abdichtung des Tieres, das innerhalb der Röhre. </li><li> Die Röhrchen in den MB5 Multi-Beam-Drosophila Activity Monitor (DAM) Gerät, und stellen Sie die Rohre Positionen, so dass die Tiere nicht über den Bereich der Sensoren bewegen. </li><li> Um dieses Teströhrchen müssen beim Transport nicht aus der Infrarot-Leserahmen des Geräts schieben zu gewährleisten, halten Sie das Rohr an Ort und Stelle durch die Befestigung einen Ring von Kitt um jedes Rohr, wo es in Kontakt mit dem Aufnahmegerät. </li></ol> 3. Mess Aktivität <ol><li> Datensatz-Aktivität in einem Inkubator zu ungenauen Ablesungen aufgrund Schatten, Leuchtstoffröhren oder Temperaturschwankungen in dem Labor auftreten kann. Siehe Figur 5 für eine vorgeschlagene Anordnung des Systems. </li><li> Stellen Sie einen Inkubator auf 20 ° C (siehe Abbildung 1). Um falsche Aufnahmen aufgrund von Störungen durch glühende Lichtquellen während der Aufnahme zu vermeiden, schalten Sie fluoreszierenden Inkubator Lichter und eine separate LED-Lichtquelle während der Aufnahme im Inkubator. Führen Sie eine Testversion ohne Tiere zu gewährleisten, dass Lichtverhältnisse nicht aberrant auslösen Sensoren. Es sollte keine aufgezeichneten Bewegungsdaten nach diesem Test. </li><li> Erlauben Larven an die 20 ° C-Inkubator Einstellungen für 5 min vor der Test beginnen akklimatisieren. </li><li> Um das DAM-System, um die gewünschte Aufzeichnungsintervalle (zB 1 min) eingestellt ist, sicherzustellen, DAM-System-Recording-Software heruntergeladen, um Rechner 12 und öffnen Sie die DAM-System-Datei, bevor Sie das Aufnahmekammer in die psiu Schnittstelle. </li><li> Um den gewünschten Aufnahmefrequenz, bei der Daten gespeichert werden, wählen Sie Einstellungen fest und klicken Sie dann auf über oder unter dem Leseintervall Möglichkeit, verschiedenen Zeitrahmen zu wählen, in der Datengespeichert werden. Wählen Sie beispielsweise das Lesen Intervallzeiten von 1 s bis 1 h. </li><li> In unterschiedlichem Parameter zur Aufzeichnung von Daten auszuwählen, wählen Sie Einstellungen und wählen Sie dann die entsprechenden Felder unter Ausgabedatentyp (zählt, bewegt, Positionen und zu wohnen, siehe Tabelle 1). Jeder Parameter bietet eine einzigartige Analyse der Larvenaktivität innerhalb der Röhre. </li><li> Um die Aufnahme zu starten, schließen Sie den Monitor an die Stromversorgung Schnittstelleneinheit (psiu) mit CAB6 Telefonkabel. Schließen Sie das psiu an eine Steckdose an. Ein grünes Licht zeigt an, geeignete Verbindung. </li><li> Schließen Sie das psiu durch ein Universal Serial Bus (USB) Kabel an einen Macintosh oder Windows-PC für die Datenaufzeichnung. Öffnen Sie das DAM SystemMB1v6x Programm auf dem Computer, um die Datenaufzeichnung automatisch gestartet. </li><li> Nachdem der gewünschte Abholzeit ist, wählen Sie Beenden, und beenden Sie jetzt auf der DAM-Aktivität-Bildschirm; Daten werden dann automatisch unter DAM-Systemdaten gespeichert werden. Nehmen Sie diese Datendatei (zB Monitor 1) und ziehen<html> in einen separaten Ordner. Dadurch werden die Rohdaten von der DAM-Software zu speichern, damit sie später verarbeitet werden kann. </li></ol> 4. Vorbereiten von Daten für Processing (DAM Filescan) <ol><li> Um die Rohdaten in einem verständlichen Format zu bearbeiten öffnen Sie das DAM Filescan-Anwendung und wählen Sie Select Input Data Ordner. Dann wählen Sie den Data-Ordner und die gewünschte Datei und wählen Sie die Scan-Option. Schließlich wählen Sie die bin Länge auf die gewünschte Leseperiode. Dadurch werden die Rohdaten in Parameter durch den Operator gesetzt zu organisieren und das Programm wird die in dem betreffenden Bereich gesammelten Daten zu melden. </li><li> Wählen Sie das Ausgabedatentyp, um die gewünschte Bewegung zu analysieren Einstellung (Monitor zählt, bewegt, wohnen). Unter dem Menü zusätzliche Messwerte, wählen Sie in Summe bin (das ist, wenn der Behälter Länge größer als das ausgewählte System Leseintervall). </li><li> Benennen Sie die Datei in geeigneter Weise und zu speichern. Die Datei wird in der gleichen Position wie der Ordner aus Schritt 3.9 gespeichert werden. </li></ol>_title &quot;&gt; 5. Zugriff auf Daten für die Analyse <ol><li> Um Durchschnitt bewegt, verarbeiten die Rohdaten aus Schritt 4 erzeugt, um eine Tabelle in einem Tabellenkalkulationsprogramm zu erzeugen, sammeln, öffnen Sie die Datei, die zuvor gespeichert wurde (Schritt 4.3), und wenn der Import-Wizard-Fenster Text erscheint, wählen Sie Finish zum Öffnen die Daten-Dateien in einem Tabellenformat. Hinweis: Je nach dem Datentyp analysiert, wird der Tabellen anders lesen. Typischerweise bewegt sich auf Monitor oder zählt die Zeitdauer der Studie werden numerisch erfasst werden zu messen, während jede individuelle Leserohr wird eine bestimmte Brief zu erhalten. Beim Anzeigen der Daten in der Tabelle, KZ Spalten die Steckplätze für Teströhrchen 1-16 repräsentieren jeweils. Die Zeilen die Datenpunkte gesammelt. </li><li> Wenn beispielsweise bewegt wurden für 20 min in 1 min-Intervallen gesammelt, der Mittelwert der 20 Zeilen, um eine durchschnittliche Anzahl von Bewegungen / Minute und andere Messungen zu berechnen. </li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>Tracey, W. D., Wilson, R. I., Laurent, G., Benzer, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=painless,+a+Drosophila.gene+essential+for+nociception.">painless, a Drosophila.gene essential for nociception.</a> Cell. 113, 261-273 (2003).</li><li>Ainsley, J. A., Kim, M. J., Wegman, L. J., Pettus, J. M., Johnson, W. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sensory+mechanisms+controlling+the+timing+of+larval+developmental+and+behavioral+transitions+require+the+Drosophila.DEG/ENaC+subunit.">Sensory mechanisms controlling the timing of larval developmental and behavioral transitions require the Drosophila.DEG/ENaC subunit.</a> Pickpocket1. Dev. Biol. 322 (1), 46-55 (2008).</li><li>Pandey, U. B., Nichols, C. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Human+disease+models+in+Drosophila.+melanogaster.and+the+role+of+the+fly+in+therapeutic+drug+discovery.">Human disease models in Drosophila. melanogaster.and the role of the fly in therapeutic drug discovery.</a> Pharmacol. Rev. 63 (2), 411-436 (2011).</li><li>Cattaert, D., Birman, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Blockade+of+the+central+generator+of+locomotor+rhythm+by+noncompetitive+NMDA+receptor+antagonists+in+Drosophila.larvae.">Blockade of the central generator of locomotor rhythm by noncompetitive NMDA receptor antagonists in Drosophila.larvae.</a> J. Neurobiol. 48 (1), 58-73 (2001).</li><li>Caldwell, J. C., Miller, M. M., Wing, S., Soll, D. R., Eberl, D. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dynamic+analysis+of+larval+locomotion+in+Drosophila.+hordotonal+organ+mutants.">Dynamic analysis of larval locomotion in Drosophila. hordotonal organ mutants.</a> PNAS. 100 (26), 16053-16058 (2003).</li><li>Nichols, C. D., Bechnel, J., Pandey, U. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Methods+to+assay+Drosophila+behavior.">Methods to assay Drosophila behavior.</a> J. Vis. Exp. (61), (2012).</li><li>Godoy-Herrera, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+development+and+genetics+of+digging+behavior+in+Drosophila.+arvae.">The development and genetics of digging behavior in Drosophila. arvae.</a> Heredity. 56, 33-41 (1986).</li><li>Sinadinos, C., Cowan, C. M., Wyttenbach, A., Mudher, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Increased+throughput+assays+of+locomotor+dysfunction+in+Drosophila.+larvae.">Increased throughput assays of locomotor dysfunction in Drosophila. larvae.</a> Journal of Neuroscience Methods. 203 (2), 325-334 (2012).</li><li>Homyk, T., Sheppard, D. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Behavioral+mutants+of+Drosophila+melanogaster.+I.+Isolation+and+mapping+of+mutations+which+decrease+flight+ability.">Behavioral mutants of Drosophila melanogaster. I. Isolation and mapping of mutations which decrease flight ability.</a> Genetics. 87 (1), 95-104 (1977).</li><li>Chattopadhyay, A., Gilstrap, A. V., Galko, M. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Local+and+global+methods+of+assessing+thermal+nociception+in+Drosophila.+larvae.">Local and global methods of assessing thermal nociception in Drosophila. larvae.</a> J. Vis. Exp. (63), e3837 (2012).</li><li>Model Organisms I: yeast, Drosophila and C. elegans. Science Education Database Available from: <a target="_blank" href="https://jove.unicartagenaproxy.elogim.com/science-education-database/3/essentials-of-biology-1-yeast-drosophila-and-c-elegans">https://jove.unicartagenaproxy.elogim.com/science-education-database/3/essentials-of-biology-1-yeast-drosophila-and-c-elegans</a> (2015)</li><li>Woods, J. K., Kowalski, S., Rogina, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Determination+of+the+spontaneous+locomotor+activity+in+Drosophila+melanogaster.">Determination of the spontaneous locomotor activity in Drosophila melanogaster.</a> J. Vis. Exp. (86), e51449 (2014).</li><li>Troncoso, B., Godoy-Herrera, R., Waldo, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+development+of+larval+movement+patterns+in+Drosophila).">The development of larval movement patterns in Drosophila).</a> Heredity. 58 (1), 321-329 (1987).</li><li>Helfrich, C., Engelmann, W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Circadian+rhythm+of+the+locomotor+activity+in+Drosophila.+melanogaster.and+its+mutants+&#8216;sine+oculis&#8217;+and+&#8216;small+optic+lobes.">Circadian rhythm of the locomotor activity in Drosophila. melanogaster.and its mutants &#8216;sine oculis&#8217; and &#8216;small optic lobes.</a> Physiological Entomology. 8 (3), 257-272 (1983).</li><li>Johnson, A. W., Carder, W. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Drosophila,+ociceptors+mediate+larval+aversion+to+dry+surface+environments+utilizing+both+the+painless+TRP+channel+and+the+DEG/ENaC+subunit,+PPK1.">Drosophila, ociceptors mediate larval aversion to dry surface environments utilizing both the painless TRP channel and the DEG/ENaC subunit, PPK1.</a> PLoS ONE. 7 (3), (2012).</li></ol>

The authors declare that they have no competing financial interests.

Aktivität von Drosophila-Larven wird von einer Vielzahl von Faktoren, einschließlich Genotyp 8, 13 Jahre alt und Umgebungstemperatur 2 beeinflusst. Obwohl leistungsfähige videographische Verfahren in der Lage, sehr detaillierte Analyse wurden von denen, die Fortbewegung 5 studieren entwickelt worden, kann diese Detailebene überflüssig für diejenigen, die grundlegenden Parameter der Aktivität zu bestimmen wollen. Das hier beschriebene Verfahren verwendet eine Vorrichtung, ...

The use of Drosophila as a genetic tool has transformed scientific knowledge of biological systems. Drosophila larvae have been used in a variety of studies including nociception1, development2 and as a model for the study of human disease genes3. Drosophila activity encompasses a range of behaviors that vary under different conditions including temperatures2, exposure to drugs4 and amongst different genotypes. Yet, despite the significant use of the larva as a model organism, a simple, standardized method to analyze larval activity has not been available. Presently, many larval locomotion studies employ sophisticated video analysis software5. While powerful, the complexity of such automated tools may discourage labs that are not already equipped to study locomotion from including analysis of informative activity parameters in their studies. In other current non-automated methods, such as the grid crawling analysis, motion is scored by a human observer, which introduces the possibility of subjectivity and limits throughput to one animal at a time6-7. A similar study used a 5-lane crawling assay, which measured the time it took larvae to travel a certain linear distance8. In such non-automated assays, displacement is measured but this does not account for non-linear travel between the start and end points. As discussed below, the method described here accounts for more of the actual larval movement, is objective, easy to operate, and offers robust throughput.
To easily study larval activity behavior without the compromise of accuracy, efficiency, or cost, this method employs the TriKinetics Drosophila Activity Monitor (DAM), a device often used to study adult activity. Using one device to study both adult and larval activity is cost-effective, and allows direct comparison of motion by animals at these two life stages. The system, featuring the manufacturer&#8217;s highest level of resolution, makes use of 17 infrared detection beams per assay tube, which record larval activity when sensor beams are broken within the 16 individual tubes. The system then automatically saves recorded information to a computer, making it available for manipulation with basic graphing software. The data obtained represents the beams that were broken by individual larvae (which can be converted into a rate), movement when a larva stays within a detector beam and the position of the animals within the assay chambers during a recording period (allowing one to calculate position preference). The system is efficient and relatively simple to operate, and brings highly reproducible basic activity analysis within the reach of any laboratory studying Drosophila larvae.
To demonstrate the power of this assay, data are presented that show its use to verify differences in activity resulting from varying ambient temperatures, as well as through the comparison of a mutant previously described as hypoactive (iav1)9 with a widely analyzed control (w1118).

<table><tbody><tr><td>Drosophila Activity Monitor, Multibeam, 16 tubes, including wires</td><td>TriKinetics Inc.&amp;nbsp;</td><td>MB5</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Power Supply Interface for Activity Monitor&amp;nbsp;</td><td>TriKinetics Inc.&amp;nbsp;</td><td>PSIU24</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Glass 80 x 5 mm tubes for Activity Monitor (100)</td><td>TriKinetics Inc.&amp;nbsp;</td><td>PGT 5x80</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>DAMsystemMB1v6x Data Acquisitions Software for Macintonsh OSX (Intel)</td><td>&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.trikinetics.com/&quot;&gt;www.trikinetics.com&lt;/a&gt;</td><td></td><td>free download</td></tr><tr><td>DAMFileScan 108x software for Macintosh</td><td>&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.trikinetics.com/&quot;&gt;www.trikinetics.com&lt;/a&gt;</td><td></td><td>free download</td></tr><tr><td>USB software (PSIUdrivers.zip).</td><td>&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.trikinetics.com/&quot;&gt;www.trikinetics.com&lt;/a&gt;</td><td></td><td>free download</td></tr><tr><td>DAMSystem Notes 308</td><td>&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.trikinetics.com/&quot;&gt;www.trikinetics.com&lt;/a&gt;</td><td></td><td>free download</td></tr><tr><td>Zeiss Stemi 2000C- Stereo Microscope</td><td>Spectra Services</td><td>SP-STEMI2000C-BS</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Carbon Dioxide</td><td>Maine Oxy</td><td></td><td>anaesthesia</td></tr><tr><td>Fly Pad</td><td>Genesee</td><td>59-114</td><td>surface for sorting anaesthetized flies</td></tr><tr><td>Small paint brush&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Winsor &amp;amp; Newton</td><td>#2 ROUND</td><td>or similar, used for sorting anaesthetized flies</td></tr><tr><td>Silk Screen Printing Mesh (160)</td><td>msj-gallery.com</td><td>SM160W63-3YD</td><td>pore sized used in this protocol was ~ 0.1 mm</td></tr><tr><td>Tegosept</td><td>Genesee</td><td>20-258</td><td>preservative</td></tr><tr><td>Ethanol (190proof)</td><td>Pharmco</td><td>111000190</td><td>used to dissolve Tegosept</td></tr><tr><td>6 oz Square Bottom Bottle (PP)</td><td>Genesee</td><td>32-130</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>&quot;Flugs&quot; for Plastic Fly bottles</td><td>Genesee</td><td>49-100</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Drosophila Vials, Wide (PS)</td><td>Genesee</td><td>32-117</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Flugs for wide plastic vials</td><td>Genesee</td><td>49-101</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Yellow Degerminated Corn Meal</td><td>Gold Medal</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Drosophila agar</td><td>LabScientific</td><td>FLY 8020</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Baker&#039;s Yeast - Red Star</td><td>King Arthur Flour</td><td>1270</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Granulated Sugar - Extra Fine</td><td>Domino</td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

measurement of larval activity in the drosophila activity monitor

Drosophila larvae are used in many behavioral studies, yet a simple device for measuring basic parameters of larval activity has not been available. This protocol repurposes an instrument often used to measure adult activity, the TriKinetics Drosophila activity monitor (MB5 Multi-Beam Activity Monitor) to study larval activity. The instrument can monitor the movements of animals in 16 individual 8 cm glass assay tubes, using 17 infrared detection beams per tube. Logging software automatically saves data to a computer, recording parameters such as number of moves, times sensors were triggered, and animals&#8217; positions within the tubes. The data can then be analyzed to represent overall locomotion and/or position preference as well as other measurements. All data are easily accessible and compatible with basic graphing and data manipulation software. This protocol will discuss how to use the apparatus, how to operate the software and how to run a larval activity assay from start to finish.

Abbildung 1 zeigt die Ergebnisse einer Untersuchung der Temperaturantwortsteuer dritten Larvenstadium, w 1118, mit der Überwachungsvorrichtung, um Unterschiede in Larvenfortbewegung bei sieben verschiedenen Temperaturen ermitteln. Larven wurden gewaschen und in der DAM-Aktivität Vorrichtung platziert, wie oben beschrieben, und in einem Inkubator auf die gewünschte Temperatur eingestellt war. Die Vorrichtung wurde dann auf die Umwelt für 5 Minuten akklimatisieren, bevor die Aufnahme beginn...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Measurement of Larval Activity in the Drosophila Activity Monitor at JoVE.com

Measurement of Larval Activity in the Drosophila Activity Monitor

This report describes a method for measuring Drosophila larval activity using the TriKinetics Drosophila Activity Monitor. The device employs infrared beams to detect movements of up to 16 individual animals. Data can be analyzed to represent motion parameters including rates and the positions of the animals within the assay chambers.

Die Messung der Aktivität in der Larven<em&gt; Drosophila</em&gt; Activity Monitor

Drosophila larvae are used in many behavioral studies, yet a simple device for measuring basic parameters of larval activity has not been available. This ...

measurement-of-larval-activity-in-the-drosophila-activity-monitor

Universidad de Cartagena UDEC

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

Measurement of Larval Activity in the Drosophila Activity Monitor

9.3K Aufrufe.  University of New England. This report describes a method for measuring Drosophila larval activity using the TriKinetics Drosophila Activity Monitor. The device employs infrared beams to detect movements of up to 16 individual animals. Data can be analyzed to represent motion parameters including rates and the positions of the animals within the assay chambers.

Serie: Measurement of Larval Activity in the Drosophila Activity Monitor

Assaying Locomotor Activity to Study Circadian Rhythms and Sleep Parameters in Drosophila

Most life forms exhibit daily rhythms in cellular, physiological and behavioral phenomena that are driven by endogenous circadian (&equiv;24 hr) pacemakers or clocks. Malfunctions in the human circadian system are associated with numerous diseases or disorders. Much progress towards our understanding of the mechanisms underlying circadian rhythms has emerged from genetic screens whereby an easily measured behavioral rhythm is used as a read-out of clock function. Studies using Drosophila have made seminal contributions to our understanding of the cellular and biochemical bases underlying circadian rhythms. The standard circadian behavioral read-out measured in Drosophila is locomotor activity. In general, the monitoring system involves specially designed devices that can measure the locomotor movement of Drosophila. These devices are housed in environmentally controlled incubators located in a darkroom and are based on using the interruption of a beam of infrared light to record the locomotor activity of individual flies contained inside small tubes. When measured over many days, Drosophila exhibit daily cycles of activity and inactivity, a behavioral rhythm that is governed by the animal's endogenous circadian system. The overall procedure has been simplified with the advent of commercially available locomotor activity monitoring devices and the development of software programs for data analysis. We use the system from Trikinetics Inc., which is the procedure described here and is currently the most popular system used worldwide. More recently, the same monitoring devices have been used to study sleep behavior in Drosophila. Because the daily wake-sleep cycles of many flies can be measured simultaneously and only 1 to 2 weeks worth of continuous locomotor activity data is usually sufficient, this system is ideal for large-scale screens to identify Drosophila manifesting altered circadian or sleep properties.

Assaying Locomotor Activity to Study Circadian Rhythms and Sleep Parameters in Drosophila

We describe procedures for recording daily locomotor activity rhythms of Drosophila and subsequent data analysis. Locomotor activity rhythms are a reliable behavioral output of animal circadian clocks and are used as the standard readout of clock function when studying circadian mutants or examining how the environment regulates the circadian system.

Assaying Bewegungsaktivität zu zirkadianen Rhythmen Study and Sleep Parameter in Drosophila</em

Most life forms exhibit daily rhythms in cellular, physiological and behavioral phenomena that are driven by endogenous circadian (&equiv;24 hr) ...

Forschung

Neurowissenschaften

Measuring Exercise Levels in Drosophila melanogaster Using the Rotating Exercise Quantification System (REQS)

Drosophila melanogaster is a new model organism for studies in exercise biology. To date, two main exercise systems, the Power Tower and the Treadwheel have been described. However, a method to measure the amount of additional animal activity induced through the exercise treatment has been lacking. The Rotating Exercise Quantification System (REQS) fills this need, providing a measure of animal activity for animals experiencing rotational exercise. This protocol details how to use the REQS to assess animal activity during rotational exercise and illustrates the type of data that can be generated. Here, we demonstrate how the REQS is used to measure sex- and strain-specific differences in exercise induced activity. The REQS can also be used to evaluate the impact of various other experimental parameters such as age, diet, or population size on exercise induced activity. In addition, it can be used to compare the efficacy of different exercise training protocols. Importantly, it provides an opportunity to standardize exercise treatments between strains, allowing the researcher to achieve equal amounts of activity between groups if needed. Thus, the REQS is a notable new resource for exercise biologists working with the Drosophila model system and complements existing exercise systems.

Measuring Exercise Levels in Drosophila melanogaster Using the Rotating Exercise Quantification System REQS

The Rotating Exercise Quantification System (REQS) can induce exercise in Drosophila melanogaster through rotation while simultaneously measuring the amount of activity performed by the animals. Here, we present a point-by-point protocol detailing how to measure activity levels of animals experiencing rotational exercise treatments using the REQS.

Übung Messhöhen in Drosophila Melanogaster mit der rotierenden Bewegung Quantifizierung System (Anforderung)

Drosophila melanogaster is a new model organism for studies in exercise biology. To date, two main exercise systems, the Power Tower and the Treadwheel ...

Genetik

A Computational Method to Quantify Fly Circadian Activity

In most animals and plants, circadian clocks orchestrate behavioral and molecular processes and synchronize them to the daily light-dark cycle. Fundamental mechanisms that underlie this temporal control are widely studied using the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster as a model organism. In flies, the clock is typically studied by analyzing multiday locomotor recording. Such a recording shows a complex bimodal pattern with two peaks of activity: a morning peak that happens around dawn, and an evening peak that happens around dusk. These two peaks together form a waveform that is very different from sinusoidal oscillations observed in clock genes, suggesting that mechanisms in addition to the clock have profound effects in producing the observed patterns in behavioral data. Here we provide instructions on using a recently developed computational method that mathematically describes temporal patterns in fly activity. The method fits activity data with a model waveform that consists of four exponential terms and nine independent parameters that fully describe the shape and size of the morning and evening peaks of activity. The extracted parameters can help elucidate the kinetic mechanisms of substrates that underlie the commonly observed bimodal activity patterns in fly locomotor rhythms.

A method to quantify the main temporal features seen in fly circadian locomotor rhythms is presented. The quantification is achieved by fitting fly activity with a multi-parametric model waveform. The model parameters describe the shape and size of the morning and evening peaks of daily activity.

Eine rechnerische Methode, Fly Circadian Activity zu quantifizieren

In most animals and plants, circadian clocks orchestrate behavioral and molecular processes and synchronize them to the daily light-dark cycle. ...

Verhalten

Quantitative Measurement of the Immune Response and Sleep in Drosophila

A complex interaction between the immune response and host behavior has been described in a wide range of species. Excess sleep, in particular, is known to occur as a response to infection in mammals 1 and has also recently been described in Drosophila melanogaster2. It is generally accepted that sleep is beneficial to the host during an infection and that it is important for the maintenance of a robust immune system3,4. However, experimental evidence that supports this hypothesis is limited4, and the function of excess sleep during an immune response remains unclear. We have used a multidisciplinary approach to address this complex problem, and have conducted studies in the simple genetic model system, the fruitfly Drosophila melanogaster. We use a standard assay for measuring locomotor behavior and sleep in flies, and demonstrate how this assay is used to measure behavior in flies infected with a pathogenic strain of bacteria. This assay is also useful for monitoring the duration of survival in individual flies during an infection. Additional measures of immune function include the ability of flies to clear an infection and the activation of NF&kappa;B, a key transcription factor that is central to the innate immune response in Drosophila. Both survival outcome and bacterial clearance during infection together are indicators of resistance and tolerance to infection. Resistance refers to the ability of flies to clear an infection, while tolerance is defined as the ability of the host to limit damage from an infection and thereby survive despite high levels of pathogen within the system5. Real-time monitoring of NF&kappa;B activity during infection provides insight into a molecular mechanism of survival during infection. The use of Drosophila in these straightforward assays facilitates the genetic and molecular analyses of sleep and the immune response and how these two complex systems are reciprocally influenced.

Quantitative Measurement of the Immune Response and Sleep in Drosophila

To understand a link between the immune response and behavior, we describe a method to measure locomotor behavior in Drosophila during bacterial infection as well as the ability of flies to mount an immune response by monitoring survival, bacterial load, and real-time activity of a key regulator of innate immunity, NF&kappa;B.

Quantitative Messung der Immunantwort und Sleep in<em&gt; Drosophila</em

A complex interaction between the immune response and  host behavior has been described in a wide range of species. Excess sleep, in  particular, is known ...

Immunologie und Infektion

High-Resolution Video Tracking of Locomotion in Adult Drosophila Melanogaster

Flies provide an important model for studying complex behavior due to the plethora of genetic tools available to researchers in this field. Studying locomotor behavior in Drosophila melanogaster relies on the ability to be able to quantify changes in motion during or in response to a given task. For this reason, a high-resolution video tracking system, such as the one we describe in this paper, is a valuable tool for measuring locomotion in real-time. Our protocol involves the use of an initial air pulse to break the flies momentum, followed by a thirty second filming period in a square chamber. A tracking program is then used to calculate the instantaneous speed of each fly within the chamber in 10 msec increments. Analysis software then compiles this data, and outputs a variety of parameters such as average speed, max speed, time spent in motion, acceleration, etc. This protocol will discuss proper feeding and management of flies for behavioral tasks, handling flies without anesthetization or immobilization, setting up a controlled environment, and running the assay from start to finish.

The study of complex locomotor behavior in Drosophila melanogaster is dependent upon the ability to quantify changes in a given fly's movement. This article demonstrates how to do this using a high-resolution tracking system.

Hochauflösendes Video Tracking von Locomotion in Adult Drosophila melanogaster

Flies provide an important model for studying complex behavior due to the plethora of genetic tools available to researchers in this field.  Studying ...

Biologie

Determination of the Spontaneous Locomotor Activity in Drosophila melanogaster

Drosophila melanogaster has been used as an excellent model organism to study environmental and genetic manipulations that affect behavior. One such behavior is spontaneous locomotor activity. Here we describe our protocol that utilizes Drosophila population monitors and a tracking system that allows continuous monitoring of the spontaneous locomotor activity of flies for several days at a time. This method is simple, reliable, and objective and can be used to examine the effects of aging, sex, changes in caloric content of food, addition of drugs, or genetic manipulations that mimic human diseases.

Determination of the Spontaneous Locomotor Activity in Drosophila melanogaster

Drosophila melanogaster are useful in studying genetic or environmental manipulations that affect behaviors such as spontaneous locomotor activity.&#160; Here we describe a protocol that utilizes monitors with infrared beams and data analysis software to quantify spontaneous locomotor activity.&#160;

Bestimmung der spontanen lokomotorischen Aktivität in<em&gt; Drosophila melanogaster</em

Drosophila melanogaster has been used as an excellent model organism to study environmental and genetic manipulations that affect behavior. One such ...

A Low-cost Method for Analyzing Seizure-like Activity and Movement in Drosophila

Video tracking systems have been used widely to analyze Drosophila melanogaster movement and detect various abnormalities in locomotive behavior. While these systems can provide a wealth of behavioral information, the cost and complexity of these systems can be prohibitive for many labs. We have developed a low-cost assay for measuring locomotive behavior and seizure movement in D. melanogaster. The system uses a web-cam to capture images that can be processed using a combination of inexpensive and free software to track the distance moved, the average velocity of movement and the duration of movement during a specified time-span. To demonstrate the utility of this system, we examined a group of D. melanogaster mutants, the Bang-sensitive (BS) paralytics, which are 3-10 times more susceptible to seizure-like activity (SLA) than wild type flies. Using this novel system, we were able to detect that the BS mutant bang senseless (bss) exhibits lower levels of exploratory locomotion in a novel environment than wild type flies. In addition, the system was used to identify that the drug metformin, which is commonly used to treat type II diabetes, reduces the intensity of SLA in the BS mutants.

A Low-cost Method for Analyzing Seizure-like Activity and Movement in Drosophila

Using a webcam and a combination of free and inexpensive software programs, locomotive patterns in Drosophila melanogaster can be analyzed to detect differences in the speed, distance, and time of various motor activities.

Ein Low-Cost-Methode für die Analyse von Beschlagnahme-ähnliche Aktivität und Bewegung in<em&gt; Drosophila</em

Video tracking systems have been used widely to analyze Drosophila melanogaster movement and detect various abnormalities in locomotive behavior. While ...

A Simple Technique to Assay Locomotor Activity in Drosophila

Drosophila melanogaster is an ideal model organism for studying various diseases due to its abundance of advanced genetic manipulation techniques and diverse behavioral features. Identifying behavioral deficiency in animal models is a crucial measure of disease severity, for example, in neurodegenerative diseases where patients often experience impairments in motor function. However, with the availability of various systems to track and assess motor deficits in fly models, such as drug-treated or transgenic individuals, an economical and user-friendly system for precise evaluation from multiple angles is still lacking. A method based on the AnimalTracker application programming interface (API) is developed here, which is compatible with the Fiji image processing program, to systematically evaluate the movement activities of both adult and larval individuals from recorded video, thus allowing for the analysis of their tracking behavior. This method requires only a high-definition camera and a computer peripheral hardware integration to record and analyze behavior, making it an affordable and effective approach for screening fly models with transgenic or environmental behavioral deficiencies. Examples of behavioral tests using pharmacologically treated flies are given to show how the techniques can detect behavioral changes in both adult flies and larvae in a highly repeatable manner.

A Simple Technique to Assay Locomotor Activity in Drosophila

The present protocol assesses the locomotor activity of Drosophila by tracking and analyzing the movement of flies in a hand-made arena using open-source software Fiji, compatible with plugins to segment pixels of each frame based on high-definition video recording to calculate parameters of speed, distance, etc.

Eine einfache Technik zur Bestimmung der lokomotorischen Aktivität in Drosophila

Drosophila melanogaster is an ideal model organism for studying various diseases due to its abundance of advanced genetic manipulation techniques and ...

<meta charset="utf8"></head><body>Messung der Wärmetoleranz bei Drosophila mit hohem Durchsatz mit DAM2-Systemen

Heat Tolerance Assays Using the Drosophila Activity Monitor System: A Guide to an Executable Application for Data Analysis

The study of heat tolerance in&#8239;Drosophila melanogaster has been of particular interest to researchers for decades, with a common approach to assessing heat tolerance being to monitor the time to knockdown (TKD) after exposure to an elevated temperature. Classically, flies are housed in individual vials and placed inside a heated water bath. TKD is then monitored manually by researchers. While very well-established, there remain problems of subjectivity and consistent application of a tangible definition of cessation of all movement, including muscular spasms, when implementing these manual assays. We have developed a high-throughput method for automating heat tolerance assays using the TriKinetics Drosophila Activity Monitors (DAM2). To accompany the DAM2 system, we have written a program and created an easy-use executable to automatically read the last time of movement from the activity data generated. This script then writes to a .csv file the time to heat paralysis (TKD) for each fly. Our data show that this automated DAM2 method is consistent and reliable. Meanwhile, activity profiles created from the activity count data are of interest. These activity profiles can be compiled and have the potential to expand heat tolerance assays to include the relatively unstudied behavioral components of heat tolerance. This protocol will describe in detail how to use the DAM2 system and the HoTDAM! software to estimate heat tolerance in D. melanogaster.

<meta charset="utf8"></head><body>Hitzetoleranz-Assays mit dem Drosophila Activity Monitor System: Ein Leitfaden für eine ausführbare Anwendung zur Datenanalyse

This report describes a method for measuring adult Drosophila melanogaster time to knockdown using a Drosophila Activity Monitor (DAM2) in response to an air conduction heat stressor within an incubator chamber. The DAM2 measures activity by recording individual fly movements as they cross an infrared beam. Data analysis is facilitated by a novel executable file created by the authors.

Die Messung der Aktivität in der Larven

Zusammenfassung

Weitere Videos entdecken

Kapitel in diesem Video

Assaying Bewegungsaktivität zu zirkadianen Rhythmen Study and Sleep Parameter in Drosophila

Übung Messhöhen in Drosophila Melanogaster mit der rotierenden Bewegung Quantifizierung System (Anforderung)

Eine rechnerische Methode, Fly Circadian Activity zu quantifizieren

Quantitative Messung der Immunantwort und Sleep in

Hochauflösendes Video Tracking von Locomotion in Adult Drosophila melanogaster

Bestimmung der spontanen lokomotorischen Aktivität in

Ein Low-Cost-Methode für die Analyse von Beschlagnahme-ähnliche Aktivität und Bewegung in

Eine einfache Technik zur Bestimmung der lokomotorischen Aktivität in Drosophila

Hitzetoleranz-Assays mit dem Drosophila Activity Monitor System: Ein Leitfaden für eine ausführbare Anwendung zur Datenanalyse

Hitzetoleranz-Assays mit dem Drosophila Activity Monitor System: Ein Leitfaden für eine ausführbare Anwendung zur Datenanalyse