Name: an inexpensive, scalable behavioral assay for measuring ethanol sedation sensitivity and rapid tolerance in drosophila
Uploaded: 2015-04-15T14:00:00.000+00:00
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Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about An Inexpensive, Scalable Behavioral Assay for Measuring Ethanol Sedation Sensitivity and Rapid Tolerance in Drosophila at JoVE.com

These studies were supported by grants from the National Institutes of Health, National Institute for Alcoholism and Alcohol Abuse to M.G. (P20AA017828, R01AA020634, P50 AA022537). The authors thank Jill Bettinger for helpful discussions and Jacqueline DeLoyht for technical assistance.

1. Tag vor dem Assay <ol><li> Sammeln Fliegen in frischen Lebensmitteln Fläschchen in Gruppen von 11 (gleichgeschlechtlichen) unter kurzen (1-5 min) CO 2. </li><li> Lassen Sie Fliegen auf O / N in der Lebensmittelfläschchen umwelt selbst kontrollierte Verkaufsflächen wiederherzustellen (in der Regel 25 ° C, 60% relative Feuchtigkeit, 12 h Hell / Dunkel-Zyklus). </li><li> Bereiten Ethanol-Lösung (en) durch Verdünnen reine (100%) in Ethanol gereinigt (≥18 MQ) Wasser auf eine Endkonzentration (n) für das geplante Experiment geeignet. Anschließend Lösung (en) auf RT O / N zurück. Hinweis: Die Verdünnung von Ethanol ist exotherm. </li></ol> 2. Tag der Assay <ol><li> Für jedes zu prüfende Ampulle von Fliegen, vorzubereiten (i) eine saubere, leere Konserven Fläschchen; dh Testfläschchen, (ii) ein neuer Celluloseacetat Stecker, (iii) ein Silicon-Stopfen und (iv) 1 ml Ethanollösung (siehe Tabelle 3). </li><li> Bereiten Testraum durch Einstellen der Temperatur auf 20-25 ° C und die relative Luftfeuchtigkeit um 55-65%. </li><li> Haben Sie eine andere Arbeitskraftvergeben Sie einen eindeutigen Code für jede Gruppe von Fläschchen und notieren Sie den Code für später. Zeigen codierten Röhrchen mit Fliegen im Testraum für ein paar Minuten akklimatisieren. </li><li> Beschriften Sie leere Testfläschchen bis hin zu Codes auf Fly Ampullen von 2,3 entsprechen. </li><li> Konstruieren Sie eine Hardcopy Testprotokoll in einer Tabellenkalkulation ähnlich Tabelle 1 Eingabe der Codes in Spalten (eine Spalte / Fläschchen). </li><li> Mit dem Testprotokoll als Leitfaden, ordnen codiert Essen Fläschchen mit Fliegen und leere Testfläschchen in entsprechende Felder in den Testraum. Hinweis: Eine sinnvolle maximale Anzahl der Fläschchen, um zu testen, ist 24 (dh, 6 Sätze von 4 Flaschen je). </li><li> Über fliegt aus der Nahrung in die Fläschchen abgestimmt / beschriftet leer Test Fläschchen und sofort legen Celluloseacetat Stecker in Testfläschchen bis Celluloseacetat Stecker sind 2 cm unterhalb der Flasche Tops. </li><li> Im Folgenden behandeln jede Zeile von vier Ampullen als Set zu gestaffelten 1-Minuten-Intervallen. </li><li> Für die Zeit 0 Beurteilung, fassen Jedes Fläschchen individuell with Daumen und Zeigefinger, und tippen Sie vorsichtig auf dem Tisch drei Mal, um Fliegen auf den Boden der Ampulle klopfen, warten Sie 30 Sekunden und dann zählen die Anzahl der Fliegen, die unbeweglich / tot sind. Notieren Sie sich die Anzahl der unbeweglich / tote Fliegen für jedes Fläschchen zum Zeitpunkt 0 min in dem gedruckten Testprotokoll. </li><li> Timer starten Zählen kontinuierlich zum Zeitpunkt 0 und beginnt sofort mit Zugabe von 1 ml Ethanol zu Celluloseacetat Stecker in die Fläschchen für die erste Zeile / Set von 4 Flaschen. Zugabe von 1 ml Ethanol zu der Celluloseacetat Topfen in die Fläschchen in 5 Sekunden-Intervallen in der Reihenfolge, wie sie getestet werden. Hinzufügen von Ethanol zu der Celluloseester-Stecker in einer kreisförmigen Bewegung, so daß das Ethanol gleichmäßig in der Celluloseacetat Topfen absorbiert. Wenn Ethanol wurde an alle 4 Testdurchstechflaschen in der Menge hinzugefügt wurde, legen Sie eine Silikonkappe in jedem Fläschchen, um sie zu versiegeln. </li><li> Zu Zeiten 1, 2, 3, 4 und 5 min, 1 ml Ethanol zu den zweiten, dritten, vierten, fünften und sechsten Sätze von 4 Flaschen sind. Weiter Einsetzen Silikonstopper nachZugabe von Ethanol zu jedem Satz von 4 Flaschen. </li><li> Zum Zeitpunkt 6 min, testen Sie den ersten Satz von 4 Durchstechflaschen durch Greifen einer Flasche mit Daumen und Zeigefinger, leichtes Klopfen auf den Tisch dreimal, um Fliegen auf den Boden der Ampulle klopfen, warten 30 Sekunden und dann Zählen und Aufzeichnen der Gesamtzahl der Fliegen, die sediert werden. Score fliegt wie betäubt, wenn sie (i) stehen auf dem Boden des Gefäßes, aber nicht zu Fuß oder (ii) liegen auf dem Rücken, mit oder ohne mit den Flügeln schlugen. </li><li> Fassen Sie das Fläschchen in der Höhe von 5 Sekunden-Intervallen mit dem Zeitplan in der Tabelle 2. </li><li> Zu Zeiten 7, 8, 9, 10 und 11 min, testen die zweiten, dritten, vierten, fünften und sechsten Sätze von Fläschchen, die jeweils wie für den ersten Satz durchgeführt. </li><li> Zum Zeitpunkt 12 min, Testen des ersten Satzes von 4 Flaschen wiederum wie in 2.12 beschrieben, und weiterhin die Prüfung der zweiten, dritten, vierten, fünften und sechsten Sätze von Röhrchen bei 13, 14, 15, 16 und 17 min, auf. </li><li> Weiter Testfliegen wie in 2.12 beschrieben, bis alle Fliegen sind sedated. </li><li> Geben Sie die Gesamtzahl der Fliegen in jeder Flasche in der Papiertestprotokoll. Zensieren unbeweglich / tote Fliegen zum Zeitpunkt 0 aus der Gesamtzahl der Fliegen. </li><li> Berechnen Sie die prozentuale aktive Fliegen an jedem Bewertungszeitpunkt und Plot-Daten als% aktive Fliegen (y-Achse) gegen die Zeit (x-Achse). Quantifizieren Ethanol Sedierung durch Interpolation Sedierung Zeit 50 Werte (ST50, Zeit zu 50% Sedierung) von Polynom dritter Ordnung oder S-förmigen Kurvenanpassungen oder Berechnung Fläche unter der Kurve. </li><li> Kompilieren von Daten aus decodiert Fläschchen und statistische Analysen durchführen (zB Einweg-ANOVA mit Bonferroni Mehrfachvergleichstest) gegebenenfalls für das experimentelle Design. </li></ol>

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The authors have nothing to disclose.

Einfache Tests, die reproduzierbar quantifizieren sinn Phänotypen sind von großem Wert für die Analyse des Verhaltens. Die hier beschriebenen Arbeiten werden mehrere praktische Aspekte eines Tests zur Messung von Ethanol Sedierung Empfindlichkeit und schnelle Toleranz in Drosophila. Obwohl nicht ein Schwerpunkt dieser Arbeit, sind Verhaltensanalysen durch die Erhaltung der Umwelt und genetischen Hintergrund Konstante für Probanden in einer Studie erleichtert. Ferner sollten Vergleiche typischerweise zwische...

Alkoholkonsum Störung (EUR) ist ein enormes Gesundheitsproblem weltweit (in 1 überprüft). Obwohl die Mechanismen, die der Entwicklung von AUD komplex sind, sind diese Erkrankungen einen wichtigen genetischen Komponente (zB 2). Die große Erblichkeit der AUD und der konservierten Verhaltensreaktionen auf auf viele Arten (in 3,4 prüft) haben starkes Interesse an der Verwendung von genetischen Modellorganismen, um die Beteiligung bestimmter Gene in Ethanol bezogene Verhaltensweisen gegenüber ein besseres Verständnis der molekularen Grundlagen der Untersuchung erzeugten Ethanol AUD. Die Fruchtfliege Drosophila melanogaster, hat als einer der führenden Modellorganismus für die Erforschung molekulargenetischen Mechanismen der Ethanol-Verhalten (in 3,4 prüft) entstanden. Studium der Fliegen haben Rollen für mehrere Signalwege in Verhaltensreaktionen auf Ethanol (in 5 mit Beiträgen) hervorgehoben. Interessanterweise, die Verhaltens respons beeinflussen einige der Gene und Signalwegees zu Ethanol in Fliegen auch in Nagetier Ethanolrelevante Verhaltensweisen und / oder menschlichen AUD (zB 6-14) in Verbindung gebracht. Die Erhaltung der Mechanismen, die Ethanolrelevante Verhaltensweisen zwischen den Arten, zusammen mit der Suite von genetischer Werkzeuge zur Verfügung, in der Drosophila-Modellsystem, unterstreichen den Nutzen der Fruchtfliege Modell zur Untersuchung der Genetik von Verhaltensreaktionen auf Ethanol. Empfindlichkeit 15,16 und der Toleranz (in 17 überprüft), um beim Menschen Ethanol wird zur Entwicklung von AUD verbunden. Beide Verhaltensreaktionen auf Ethanol in Fliegen über eine Vielzahl von Labortests (in 3,4 Bewertung) modelliert werden. Alle der Fliegen Assays den Autoren bekannt sind auf beiden zeitabhängigen Ethanol-induzierten Sedierung / Inkoordination oder zeitabhängigen Rückgewinnung aus Ethanol Sedierung basiert. In einem früheren Artikel aus unserer Gruppe über die Genetik der Ethanolsensitivität und rapid Toleranz in Drosophila, einem Verhaltenstest basierend auf Ethanoldampf-induzierten Sedierung von Fliegen wurde 18 verwendet. Testing in diesem Test wurde durch die Übertragung von Live-Erwachsenen initiiert fliegt ohne Betäubung, um Nahrung zu leeren Fläschchen, Trapping die Fliegen in den Fläschchen mit einer Celluloseacetat-Stecker, Zugabe von Ethanol zu der Spitze (dh nicht-fly-Seite) des Celluloseacetats Stecker, und Abdichten der Ampulle, die Fliegen, Celluloseacetat Stecker und Ethanol mit einem Silikonstopper (siehe schematische Abbildung S3 Referenz 18). Mehrere Fläschchen, die verschiedene Gruppen von Fliegen wurden parallel untersucht, der Durchsatz erhöht dieses Assays. Die Fläschchen wurden eine anonyme Code gegeben und Experimentatoren wurden Behandlungsgruppe geblendet, um unbeabsichtigte Verzerrungen bei der Beurteilung der Sedierung zu vermeiden. In einer Standard-Experiment fliegt in Ampullen wurden sanft mit 6-Minuten-Intervallen abgegriffen und nach einer 30 Sekunden Erholung, wurde die Anzahl der sediert Fliegen in jedem Fläschchen gezählt und converted, um die prozentuale aktive Fliegen. Fliegen absorbiert Ethanoldampf aus dem Celluloseacetat-Plug in einem zeitabhängig, was zu einem progressiven Anstieg der internen Ethanol 18 und Sedierung (siehe Referenz 18 und 1A und 1B in diesem Bericht). Sedierung in diesem Test wurde operativ wie Fliegen (i) stehen in der Abwesenheit von Walking oder (ii) auf dem Rücken liegend mit oder ohne mit den Flügeln schlugen definiert. Hier wird diese Ethanol Sedierung Assay im Detail beschrieben, wird eine weitere Betriebsoptimierung relevant Verwendung vorgesehen, und der Assay wird verwendet, um den Beitrag der Nahrungsergänzung Optionen auf fly Sedierung Empfindlichkeit ansprechen.

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an inexpensive, scalable behavioral assay for measuring ethanol sedation sensitivity and rapid tolerance in drosophila

Alkoholkonsum Störung (EUR) ist ein ernstes Gesundheitsproblem. Trotz einer großen erbliche Komponente auf AUD, wenige Gene wurden eindeutig in ihrer Ätiologie in Verbindung gebracht. Die Fruchtfliege Drosophila melanogaster, ist ein leistungsfähiges Modell für die Erforschung molekulargenetischen Mechanismen, die alkoholbedingte Verhaltensweisen und hält daher ein großes Versprechen für die Identifizierung und das Verständnis der Funktion von Genen, die AUD beeinflussen. Die Verwendung der Drosophila-Modell für diese Art von Untersuchungen hängt von der Verfügbarkeit von Assays, die zuverlässig Verhaltensreaktionen auf Ethanol zu messen. Dieser Bericht beschreibt eine für die Beurteilung Ethanol Empfindlichkeit und schnelle Toleranz in Fliegen-Assay. Ethanol Empfindlichkeit in diesem Test gemessen wird durch das Volumen und die Konzentration von Ethanol verwendet wird, eine Vielzahl von zuvor berichtet, genetische Manipulationen, und auch die Länge der Zeit beeinflusst die Fliegen ohne Nahrung unmittelbar vor der Prüfung untergebracht. Demgegenüber Ethanol sensitivity in diesem Test gemessen wird, nicht von der Kraft der Fliegen Handhabung, des Geschlechts der Fliegen, und Ergänzung des Wachstumsmediums mit Antibiotika oder lebende Hefe beeinflußt. Drei verschiedene Methoden zur Quantifizierung von Ethanol Empfindlichkeit beschrieben, die alle zu wesentlichen nicht unterscheidbar Ethanolsensitivität Ergebnisse. Durch die Skalierbarkeit dieses Tests, kombiniert mit seiner Gesamt Einfachheit zu Set-up und relativ niedrige Kosten, machen es für kleine und große genetische Analyse von Ethanolsensitivität und schnelle Toleranz in Drosophila geeignet.

Die Rohdaten dieser Ethanol Sedierung Assays ist die Zahl der Fliegen, die als Funktion der Ethanoldampf Einwirkzeit sediert. Rohdaten werden auf die prozentuale aktive Fliegen als eine Funktion der Zeit umgewandelt werden (Primärdaten, die 1A, B, D - F). Empfindlichkeit gegenüber Ethanol Sedierung von den primären Daten, wie Sedation Zeit 50 (ST50) quantifiziert werden, die Zeit für 50% der Fliegen erforderlich sedierten oder aea unter der Kurve (AUC) zu werden, durch Interpolation...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about An Inexpensive, Scalable Behavioral Assay for Measuring Ethanol Sedation Sensitivity and Rapid Tolerance in Drosophila at JoVE.com

An Inexpensive, Scalable Behavioral Assay for Measuring Ethanol Sedation Sensitivity and Rapid Tolerance in Drosophila

Straightforward assays for measuring ethanol sensitivity and rapid tolerance in Drosophila facilitate the use of this model organism for investigating these important ethanol-related behaviors. Here, a relatively simple, scalable assay for measuring ethanol sensitivity and rapid tolerance in flies is described.

Eine preiswerte, skalierbare Behavioral Assay zur Messung von Ethanol Sedierung Empfindlichkeit und Rapid Toleranz in<em&gt; Drosophila</em

Alcohol use disorder (AUD) is a serious health challenge. Despite a large hereditary component to AUD, few genes have been unambiguously implicated in ...

an-inexpensive-scalable-behavioral-assay-for-measuring-ethanol

Universidad de Cartagena UDEC

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

An Inexpensive, Scalable Behavioral Assay for Measuring Ethanol Sedation Sensitivity and Rapid Tolerance in Drosophila

10.2K Aufrufe.  Virginia Commonwealth University. Straightforward assays for measuring ethanol sensitivity and rapid tolerance in Drosophila facilitate the use of this model organism for investigating these important ethanol-related behaviors. Here, a relatively simple, scalable assay for measuring ethanol sensitivity and rapid tolerance in flies is described.

Serie: An Inexpensive, Scalable Behavioral Assay for Measuring Ethanol Sedation Sensitivity and Rapid Tolerance in Drosophila

Combining Behavioral Endocrinology and Experimental Economics: Testosterone and Social Decision Making

Behavioral endocrinological research in humans as well as in animals suggests that testosterone plays a key role in social interactions. Studies in rodents have shown a direct link between testosterone and aggressive behavior1 and folk wisdom adapts these findings to humans, suggesting that testosterone induces antisocial, egoistic or even aggressive behavior2. However, many researchers doubt a direct testosterone-aggression link in humans, arguing instead that testosterone is primarily involved in status-related behavior3,4. As a high status can also be achieved by aggressive and antisocial means it can be difficult to distinguish between anti-social and status seeking behavior.
We therefore set up an experimental environment, in which status can only be achieved by prosocial means. In a double-blind and placebo-controlled experiment, we administered a single sublingual dose of 0.5 mg of testosterone (with a hydroxypropyl-&beta;-cyclodextrin carrier) to 121 women and investigated their social interaction behavior in an economic bargaining paradigm. Real monetary incentives are at stake in this paradigm; every player A receives a certain amount of money and has to make an offer to another player B on how to share the money. If B accepts, she gets what was offered and player A keeps the rest. If B refuses the offer, nobody gets anything. A status seeking player A is expected to avoid being rejected by behaving in a prosocial way, i.e. by making higher offers.
The results show that if expectations about the hormone are controlled for, testosterone administration leads to a significant increase in fair bargaining offers compared to placebo. The role of expectations is reflected in the fact that subjects who report that they believe to have received testosterone make lower offers than those who say they believe that they were treated with a placebo. These findings suggest that the experimental economics approach is sensitive for detecting neurobiological effects as subtle as those achieved by administration of hormones. Moreover, the findings point towards the importance of both psychosocial as well as neuroendocrine factors in determining the influence of testosterone on human social behavior.

The procedure described in this protocol shows that testosterone administration and folk beliefs about testosterone may be associated with directly opposed social behaviors.

Die Kombination Behavioral Endokrinologie und Experimentelle Wirtschaftsforschung: Testosteron und Social Decision Making

Behavioral endocrinological research in humans as well as in animals suggests that testosterone plays a key role in social interactions. Studies in ...

Forschung

Neurowissenschaften

A Simple Way to Measure Ethanol Sensitivity in Flies

Low doses of ethanol cause flies to become hyperactive, while high doses are sedating. The sensitivity to ethanol-induced sedation of a given fly strain is correlated with that strain s ethanol preference, and therefore sedation is a highly relevant measure to study the genetics of alcohol responses and drinking. We demonstrate a simple way to expose flies to ethanol and measure its intoxicating effects. The assay we describe can determine acute sensitivity, as well as ethanol tolerance induced by repeat exposure. It does not require a technically involved setup, and can therefore be applied in any laboratory with basic fly culture tools.

A simple assay to measure the sedating effects of ethanol on Drosophila flies, based on the loss of righting reflex, is described.

Ein einfacher Weg zu Ethanol Empfindlichkeit in Flies Measure

Low doses of ethanol cause flies to become hyperactive, while high doses are sedating. The sensitivity to ethanol-induced sedation of a given fly strain ...

A General Method for Evaluating Incubation of Sucrose Craving in Rats

For someone on a food-restricted diet, food craving in response to food-paired cues may serve as a key behavioral transition point between abstinence and relapse to food taking 1. Food craving conceptualized in this way is akin to drug craving in response to drug-paired cues. A rich literature has been developed around understanding the behavioral and neurobiological determinants of drug craving; we and others have been focusing recently on translating techniques from basic addiction research to better understand addiction-like behaviors related to food 2-4.
As done in previous studies of drug craving, we examine sucrose craving behavior by utilizing a rat model of relapse. In this model, rats self-administer either drug or food in sessions over several days. In a session, lever responding delivers the reward along with a tone+light stimulus. Craving behavior is then operationally defined as responding in a subsequent session where the reward is not available. Rats will reliably respond for the tone+light stimulus, likely due to its acquired conditioned reinforcing properties 5. This behavior is sometimes referred to as sucrose seeking or cue reactivity. In the present discussion we will use the term "sucrose craving" to subsume both of these constructs.
In the past decade, we have focused on how the length of time following reward self-administration influences reward craving. Interestingly, rats increase responding for the reward-paired cue over the course of several weeks of a period of forced-abstinence. This "incubation of craving" is observed in rats that have self-administered either food or drugs of abuse 4,6. This time-dependent increase in craving we have identified in the animal model may have great potential relevance to human drug and food addiction behaviors.
Here we present a protocol for assessing incubation of sucrose craving in rats. Variants of the procedure will be indicated where craving is assessed as responding for a discrete sucrose-paired cue following extinction of lever pressing within the sucrose self-administration context (Extinction without cues) or as responding for sucrose-paired cues in a general extinction context (Extinction with cues).

Responding for food or drug-paired cues increases over the course of a period of abstinence and this may relate to an increased susceptibility to relapse behaviors. Here we detail a procedure for evaluating this "incubation of craving" in rats that have self-administered sucrose.

Eine allgemeine Methode zur Bewertung der Inkubation von Saccharose Craving in Ratten

For someone on a food-restricted diet, food craving in response to food-paired cues may serve as a key behavioral transition point between abstinence and ...

Recording and Analysis of Circadian Rhythms in Running-wheel Activity in Rodents

When rodents have free access to a running wheel in their home cage, voluntary use of this wheel will depend on the time of day1-5. Nocturnal rodents, including rats, hamsters, and mice, are active during the night and relatively inactive during the day. Many other behavioral and physiological measures also exhibit daily rhythms, but in rodents, running-wheel activity serves as a particularly reliable and convenient measure of the output of the master circadian clock, the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of the hypothalamus. In general, through a process called entrainment, the daily pattern of running-wheel activity will naturally align with the environmental light-dark cycle (LD cycle; e.g. 12 hr-light:12 hr-dark). However circadian rhythms are endogenously generated patterns in behavior that exhibit a ~24 hr period, and persist in constant darkness. Thus, in the absence of an LD cycle, the recording and analysis of running-wheel activity can be used to determine the subjective time-of-day. Because these rhythms are directed by the circadian clock the subjective time-of-day is referred to as the circadian time (CT). In contrast, when an LD cycle is present, the time-of-day that is determined by the environmental LD cycle is called the zeitgeber time (ZT).
Although circadian rhythms in running-wheel activity are typically linked to the SCN clock6-8, circadian oscillators in many other regions of the brain and body9-14 could also be involved in the regulation of daily activity rhythms. For instance, daily rhythms in food-anticipatory activity do not require the SCN15,16 and instead, are correlated with changes in the activity of extra-SCN oscillators17-20. Thus, running-wheel activity recordings can provide important behavioral information not only about the output of the master SCN clock, but also on the activity of extra-SCN oscillators. Below we describe the equipment and methods used to record, analyze and display circadian locomotor activity rhythms in laboratory rodents.

Circadian rhythms in voluntary wheel-running activity in mammals are tightly coupled to the molecular oscillations of a master clock in the brain. As such, these daily rhythms in behavior can be used to study the influence of genetic, pharmacological, and environmental factors on the functioning of this circadian clock.

Aufnahme und Analyse der zirkadianen Rhythmen in Laufen-Rad-Aktivität in Nagetiere

When rodents have free access to a running wheel in their home cage, voluntary use of this wheel will depend on the time of day1-5. Nocturnal rodents, ...

The FlyBar: Administering Alcohol to Flies

Fruit flies (Drosophila melanogaster) are an established model for both alcohol research and circadian biology. Recently, we showed that the circadian clock modulates alcohol sensitivity, but not the formation of tolerance. Here, we describe our protocol in detail. Alcohol is administered to the flies using the FlyBar. In this setup, saturated alcohol vapor is mixed with humidified air in set proportions, and administered to the flies in four tubes simultaneously. Flies are reared under standardized conditions in order to minimize variation between the replicates. Three-day old flies of different genotypes or treatments are used for the experiments, preferably by matching flies of two different time points (e.g., CT 5 and CT 17) making direct comparisons possible. During the experiment, flies are exposed for 1 hr&#160;to the pre-determined percentage of alcohol vapor and the number of flies that exhibit the Loss of Righting reflex (LoRR) or sedation are counted every 5 min. The data can be analyzed using three different statistical approaches. The first is to determine the time at which 50% of the flies have lost their righting reflex and use an Analysis of the Variance (ANOVA) to determine whether significant differences exist between time points. The second is to determine the percentage flies that show LoRR after a specified number of minutes, followed by an ANOVA analysis. The last method is to analyze the whole times series using multivariate statistics. The protocol can also be used for non-circadian experiments or comparisons between genotypes.

Drosophila has emerged as a significant model system for dissecting the cellular and molecular underpinnings of behavioral responses to alcohol. Here we present a protocol for the collection of alcohol sensitivity data in a circadian context that can be easily applied to other experiments and is well-suited for undergraduate research.

Paddelstange: Verwaltung Alkohol zu Flies

Fruit flies (Drosophila melanogaster) are an established model for both alcohol research and circadian biology. Recently, we showed that the circadian ...

High-Throughput Method for Measuring Alcohol Sedation Time of Individual Drosophila melanogaster

Drosophila melanogaster provides an excellent model to study the genetic underpinnings of alcohol sensitivity. In contrast to studies in human populations, the Drosophila model allows strict control over genetic background, and virtually unlimited numbers of individuals of the same genotype can be reared rapidly under well-controlled environmental conditions without regulatory restrictions and at relatively low cost. Flies exposed to ethanol undergo physiological and behavioral changes that resemble human alcohol intoxication, including loss of postural control, sedation, and development of tolerance. Here, we describe a simple, low-cost, high-throughput assay for assessing alcohol sedation sensitivity in large numbers of single flies. The assay is based on video recording of single flies introduced without anesthesia in 24-well cell culture plates in a set-up that enables synchronous initiation of alcohol exposure. The system enables a single person to collect individual ethanol sedation data on as many as 2,000 flies within an 8 h work period. The assay can, in principle, be extended to assess the effects of exposure to any volatile substance and applied to measure effects of acute toxicity of volatiles on other insects, including other fly species.

High-Throughput Method for Measuring Alcohol Sedation Time of Individual Drosophila melanogaster

Current methods to measure alcohol sensitivity in Drosophila are designed to test groups of flies. We present a simple, low-cost, high-throughput assay for assessing alcohol sedation sensitivity in large numbers of single flies. The method does not require specialized tools and can be performed in any laboratory using common materials.

Hochdurchsatzmethode zur Messung der Alkoholsedationszeit einzelner Drosophila melanogaster

Drosophila melanogaster provides an excellent model to study the genetic underpinnings of alcohol sensitivity. In contrast to studies in human ...

Verhalten

Flypub To Study Ethanol Induced Behavioral Disinhibition and Sensitization

Alcohol use disorder (AUD) remains a serious problem in our society. To develop effective interventions for addiction, it is important to understand the underlying neurobiological mechanisms, for which diverse experimental approaches and model systems are needed. The main ingredient of alcoholic beverages is ethanol, which causes adaptive changes in the central nervous system and behavior upon chronic intake. Behavioral sensitization (i.e., escalated responses) in particular represents a key adaptive change underlying addiction. Most ethanol-induced behavioral sensitization studies in animal models have been conducted on the locomotor activating effect of ethanol. A prominent effect of ethanol is behavioral disinhibition. Behavioral sensitization to the disinhibition effect of ethanol, however, is underrepresented. To address this issue, we developed the Flypub assay that allows measuring the escalated increase in disinhibited courtship activities upon recurring ethanol exposure in Drosophila melanogaster.&#160;Here, we report the step-by-step Flypub assay including assembly of ethanol exposure chambers, setup of the assay station, criteria for fly care and collection, ethanol delivery, quantification of disinhibited courtship activities, data processing and statistical analysis. Also provided are how to troubleshoot critical steps, overcome limitations and expand its utility to assess additional ethanol-induced behaviors. The Flypub assay in combination with powerful genetic tools in Drosophila melanogaster will facilitate the task of discovering the mechanism underlying ethanol-induced behavioral sensitization.

The Flypub assay measures the behaviors that the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster displays under the influence of ethanol. The assay can be readily mastered by experimenters at all levels and applied to various vaporized stimuli, facilitating substance abuse and addiction studies.

Flypub zur Untersuchung von Ethanol induzierte Verhaltenshemmung und Sensibilisierung

Alcohol use disorder (AUD) remains a serious problem in our society. To develop effective interventions for addiction, it is important to understand the ...

Straightforward Assay for Quantification of Social Avoidance in Drosophila melanogaster

Drosophila melanogaster is an emerging model to study different aspects of social interactions. For example, flies avoid areas previously occupied by stressed conspecifics due to an odorant released during stress known as the Drosophila stress odorant (dSO). Through the use of the T-maze apparatus, one can quantify the avoidance of the dSO by responder flies in a very affordable and robust assay. Conditions necessary to obtain a strong performance are presented here. A stressful experience is necessary for the flies to emit dSO, as well as enough emitter flies to cause a robust avoidance response to the presence of dSO. Genetic background, but not their group size, strongly altered the avoidance of the dSO by the responder flies. Canton-S and Elwood display a higher performance in avoiding the dSO than Oregon and Samarkand strains. This behavioral assay will allow identification of mechanisms underlying this social behavior, and the assessment of the influence of genes and environmental conditions on both emission and avoidance of the dSO. Such an assay can be included in batteries of simple diagnostic tests used to identify social deficiencies of mutants or environmental conditions of interest.

Straightforward Assay for Quantification of Social Avoidance in Drosophila melanogaster

Here, we present a protocol to quantify the avoidance of stressed individuals. This paradigm is powerful yet user-friendly and can be used to assess the influence of genes and environment on one kind of social interaction in Drosophila melanogaster.

Einfache Assay zur Quantifizierung von Sozialvermeidung in<em&gt; Drosophila melanogaster</em

Drosophila melanogaster is an emerging model to study different aspects of social interactions. For example, flies avoid areas previously occupied by ...

An Assay for Measuring the Effects of Ethanol on the Locomotion Speed of Caenorhabditis elegans

Alcohol use disorders are a significant public health concern, for which there are few effective treatment strategies. One difficulty that has delayed the development of more effective treatments is the relative lack of understanding of the molecular underpinnings of the effects of ethanol on behavior. The nematode, Caenorhabditis elegans (C.&#160;elegans), provides a useful model in which to generate and test hypotheses about the molecular effects of ethanol. Here, we describe an assay that has been developed and used to examine the roles of particular genes and environmental factors in behavioral responses to ethanol, in which locomotion is the behavioral output. Ethanol dose-dependently causes an acute depression of crawling on an agar surface. The effects are dynamic; animals exposed to a high concentration demonstrate an initial strong depression of crawling, referred to here as initial sensitivity, and then partially recover locomotion speed despite the continued presence of the drug. This ethanol-induced behavioral plasticity is referred to here as the development of acute functional tolerance. This assay has been used to demonstrate that these two phenotypes are distinct and genetically separable. The straightforward locomotion assay described here is suitable for examining the effects of both genetic and environmental manipulations on these acute behavioral responses to ethanol in C.&#160;elegans.

An Assay for Measuring the Effects of Ethanol on the Locomotion Speed of Caenorhabditis elegans

C. elegans is a useful model for studying the effects of ethanol on behavior. We present a behavioral assay that quantifies the effects of ethanol on the locomotion speed of crawling worms; both initial sensitivity and the development of acute functional tolerance to ethanol can be measured with this assay.

Ein Test zur Messung der Wirkung von Ethanol auf die Fortbewegungsgeschwindigkeit der<em&gt; Caenorhabditis elegans</em

Alcohol use disorders are a significant public health concern, for which there are few effective treatment strategies. One difficulty that has delayed the ...

A Simple Way to Measure Alterations in Reward-seeking Behavior Using Drosophila melanogaster

We describe a protocol for measuring ethanol self-administration in fruit flies (Drosophila melanogaster) as a proxy for changes in reward states. We demonstrate a simple way to tap into the fly reward system, modify experiences related to natural reward, and use voluntary ethanol consumption as a measure for changes in reward states. The approach serves as a relevant tool to study the neurons and genes that play a role in experience-mediated changes of internal state. The protocol is composed of two discrete parts: exposing the flies to rewarding and nonrewarding experiences, and assaying voluntary ethanol consumption as a measure of the motivation to obtain a drug reward. The two parts can be used independently to induce the modulation of experience as an initial step for further downstream assays or as an independent two-choice feeding assay, respectively. The protocol does not require a complicated setup and can therefore be applied in any laboratory with basic fly culture tools.

A Simple Way to Measure Alterations in Reward-seeking Behavior Using Drosophila melanogaster

We describe a protocol for inducing rewarding and nonrewarding experiences in fruit flies (Drosophila melanogaster) using voluntary ethanol consumption as a measure for changes in reward states.

Ein einfacher Weg zu messen Veränderungen in Reward-seeking Verhalten verwenden<em&gt; Drosophila melanogaster</em

We describe a protocol for measuring ethanol self-administration in fruit flies (Drosophila melanogaster) as a proxy for changes in reward states. We ...

Eine preiswerte, skalierbare Behavioral Assay zur Messung von Ethanol Sedierung Empfindlichkeit und Rapid Toleranz in

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