We would like to thank Andrea Portbury and Davin Townley-Tilson for critical reading of the manuscript and the NIH (grant # R01HL061656) for funding support.

HINWEIS: Alle Experimente wurden von der Institutional Animal Care und Use Committee an der Universität von North Carolina in Chapel Hill genehmigt. 1. Verbrauch der Aortenklappe <ol><li> Mit einem zugelassenen Euthanasie Technik für die embryonalen Stadium von Interesse, einschläfern eine schwangere Maus mit Welpen an der gewünschten embryonalen Tag (E) der Entwicklung. </li><li> Verwenden 70% Ethanol, um den Bauch der Schwangeren zu sterilisieren. Heben Sie die Haut und Muskeln des Unterleibs oben und weg von den inneren Organen und sezieren unteren Bauchhöhle des Weibchens offen für den Zugang zum Uterushorn zu ermöglichen. </li><li> Um die Uterushorn abzurufen, halten Sie die Zervix mit einer Pinzette und sorgfältig geschnitten kaudal der Zange. Heben Sie die Uterushorn, Schneiden jede Bindegewebe, das Horn an Ort und Stelle hält, und füllen Sie die Entfernung, indem die Kreuzung der Uterushorn mit den Eileiter. </li><li> Legen Sie die seziert Uterushorn in eine Petrischale mit cold 0,1 M Tris-Puffer (pH 7,6) und spülen Sie nach Bedarf. Dann schneiden Sie die Uterushorn offen in Längsrichtung, um die embryonalen Säcke aus. </li><li> , Um den Embryo zu belichten, schnitt eine Fruchtblase an der Kreuzung von der Plazenta und des Embryos und schneiden Sie die Nabelgefässe, um den Embryo zu befreien. Legen Sie die seziert Embryo in einer zweiten Petrischale mit kaltem 0,1 M Tris-Puffer. Bringen Sie die ersten Petrischale mit den restlichen unzer Embryonen Eis, bis sich bereit für den nächsten Embryo. </li><li> Um Zugang Brustwand innerhalb des Embryos zu verbessern, den Embryo zu enthaupten. Wenn Genotypisierung notwendig ist, zu entfernen und speichern eine zusätzliche Gewebestück in ein Eppendorf-Röhrchen auf Eis gestellt. </li><li> Legen Sie den Embryo auf dem Rücken, und schneiden Sie die Brustwand vertikal entlang der Seite des Brustkorbs, in der Nähe einer Vordergliedmaße, und horizontal über der Membran, um das Herz zu visualisieren. Öffnen Sie dann die Brustwand, um das Herz freizulegen. </li><li> Mit einer Pinzette hoch entlang der großen Gefäße zu halten, heben Sie das Herz mit einer Pinzette und schneiden Sie die Gefäße unten. Dien, vor der Zange geschnitten, um das Herz zu befreien. Wenn die Lungengefäße bleiben ungeschnitten, kann die Lunge mit dem Herzen entfernt werden und sollte, bevor Sie fortfahren entfernt werden. </li><li> Schneiden und entfernen Sie die Lungenarterie über dem Niveau des Ventils; bei der hier beschriebenen Embryonalstadien, die Lungenarterie leicht opak, die in ihrer Unterscheidung von den Ventilbereich unterstützt. Kurz unterhalb der Pulmonalklappe, die Vermeidung der trabekulierte Myokard und sammeln, wie in Schritt 1.10 beschrieben, wenn diese Region ist auch von Interesse. Hier und im nächsten Schritt verwendet Kapillarwirkung, um überschüssiges Tris-Puffer von dem interessierenden Bereich vor dem Sammeln in Lysepuffer ziehen. </li><li> Die Aorta distal sorgfältig zu entfernen, um die Aortenklappe, gerade über dem Niveau des Ventils; wie die Lungenarterie, bleibt der Aorta bei diesen embryonalen Stadien leicht opake, Beihilfe in seiner Entfernung. Kurz unterhalb der Aortenklappe, wieder die Vermeidung der trabekulierte Myokard, und übertragen Sie dieVentil mit einer Pinzette in ein Eppendorf-Röhrchen mit 2 ul Lysepuffer (in der Material Tabelle beschrieben) mit Protease und Phosphatase-Inhibitoren auf Eis. </li><li> Wiederholen Sie die Schritte, bis 1,6-1,10 die Ventile aus allen Embryonen herausgeschnitten worden, sammeln jedes Ventil in einem separaten Eppendorf-Röhrchen. Wenn alle Embryonen haben den gleichen Genotyp, können alle Ventile in einem Eppendorf-Röhrchen gesammelt werden. </li><li> Wenn die Genotypisierung durchgeführt werden, um zu bestimmen, welche zu bündeln Ventile sollten sofort Proben in Lyse-Puffer bei -80 ° C bis zur weiteren Verwendung. Proben können dann nach Genotypisierung (Schritt 2.1.1) zusammengefasst werden. </li></ol> 2. Proteinextraktion <ol><li> Auftauen gesammelten Gewebe auf Eis und Zentrifugieren bei 13.100 × g für 1 Minute, um das Gewebe in Lysepuffer am Boden des Röhrchens zu sammeln. <ol><li> Wenn Embryonen wurden genotypisiert, mit einer Pipette vorsichtig sammeln und Pool-Lyse-Puffer, der die Ventilbereiche aus Embryonen mit ähnlichen Genotypen. Eine starke b gewährleistenund die Bündelung 3-4 Ventilbereiche von E13.5 Embryonen pro Probe wird empfohlen. </li><li> Wenn alle Embryonen wurden aus dem gleichen Genotyp und alle Ventilbereiche in Schritt 1.10 zusammen gesammelt, lysiert die gesamte Probe, wie in Schritt 2.2 beschrieben. </li></ol></li><li> Überprüfen Sie die Lautstärke des resultierenden Mischprobe und fügen Lyse-Puffer auf ein Gesamtvolumen von 40 ul; dann, und homogenisieren Proben unter Verwendung von 5 mm Edelstahlkugeln in Eppendorf-Röhrchen. Betreiben Sie das lyser für 2-4 min bei 50 Hz, nach den Anweisungen des Herstellers. Spin Röhrchen kurz (~ 13.100 × g für 1 min), und die Übertragung Proben in neue Röhrchen, so dass hinter dem unlöslichen Rückstand. </li><li> Vorbereitung und getrennte Proben für SDS-PAGE und Transfer zur anschließenden Western-Blot-Analyse nach einem Protokoll wie Eslami et al 9. Blotting für eine Ladekontrollprotein ist von wesentlicher Bedeutung für die Proteinquantifizierung. </li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>Wirrig, E. E., Hinton, R. B., Yutzey, K. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Differential+expression+of+cartilage+and+bone-related+proteins+in+pediatric+and+adult+diseased+aortic+valves.">Differential expression of cartilage and bone-related proteins in pediatric and adult diseased aortic valves.</a> J Mol Cell Cardiol. 50, 561-569 (2011).</li><li>Chakraborty, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Twist1+promotes+heart+valve+cell+proliferation+and+extracellular+matrix+gene+expression+during+development+in+vivo+and+is+expressed+in+human+diseased+aortic+valves.">Twist1 promotes heart valve cell proliferation and extracellular matrix gene expression during development in vivo and is expressed in human diseased aortic valves.</a> Dev Biol. 347, 167-179 (2010).</li><li>Lee, M. P., Yutzey, K. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Twist1+directly+regulates+genes+that+promote+cell+proliferation+and+migration+in+developing+heart+valves.">Twist1 directly regulates genes that promote cell proliferation and migration in developing heart valves.</a> PLoS One. 6 (e29758), (2011).</li><li>Peacock, J. D., Huk, D. J., Ediriweera, H. N., Lincoln, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sox9+transcriptionally+represses+Spp1+to+prevent+matrix+mineralization+in+maturing+heart+valves+and+chondrocytes.">Sox9 transcriptionally represses Spp1 to prevent matrix mineralization in maturing heart valves and chondrocytes.</a> PLoS One. 6 (e26769), (2011).</li><li>Chakraborty, S., Cheek, J., Sakthivel, B., Aronow, B. J., Yutzey, K. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Shared+gene+expression+profiles+in+developing+heart+valves+and+osteoblast+progenitor+cells.">Shared gene expression profiles in developing heart valves and osteoblast progenitor cells.</a> Physiol Genomics. 35, 75-85 (2008).</li><li>Vogel, C., Marcotte, E. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Insights+into+the+regulation+of+protein+abundance+from+proteomic+and+transcriptomic+analyses.">Insights into the regulation of protein abundance from proteomic and transcriptomic analyses.</a> Nat Rev Genet. 13, 227-232 (2012).</li><li>Meng, X., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Expression+of+functional+Toll-like+receptors+2+and+4+in+human+aortic+valve+interstitial+cells:+potential+roles+in+aortic+valve+inflammation+and+stenosis.">Expression of functional Toll-like receptors 2 and 4 in human aortic valve interstitial cells: potential roles in aortic valve inflammation and stenosis.</a> Am J Physiol Cell Physiol. 294, 29-35 (2008).</li><li>Dyer, L. A., Wu, Y., Moser, M., Patterson, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=BMPER-induced+BMP+signaling+promotes+coronary+artery+remodeling.">BMPER-induced BMP signaling promotes coronary artery remodeling.</a> Developmental Biology. 386, 385-394 (2014).</li><li>Eslami, A., Lujan, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Western+blotting:+sample+preparation+to+detection.">Western blotting: sample preparation to detection.</a> J Vis Exp. (44), (2010).</li><li>Garside, V. C., Chang, A. C., Karsan, A., Hoodless, P. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Co-ordinating+Notch,+BMP,+and+TGF-beta+signaling+during+heart+valve+development.">Co-ordinating Notch, BMP, and TGF-beta signaling during heart valve development.</a> Cell Mol Life Sci. 70, 2899-2917 (2013).</li><li>Jiang, X., Rowitch, D. H., Soriano, P., McMahon, A. P., Sucov, H. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fate+of+the+mammalian+cardiac+neural.">Fate of the mammalian cardiac neural.</a> Development. 127, 1607-1616 (2000).</li><li>Scherptong, R. W., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Morphogenesis+of+outflow+tract+rotation+during+cardiac+development:+the+pulmonary+push+concept.">Morphogenesis of outflow tract rotation during cardiac development: the pulmonary push concept.</a> Dev Dyn. 241, 1413-1422 (2012).</li><li>Mohler, E. R., Adam 3rd, L. P., McClelland, P., Graham, L., Hathaway, D. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Detection+of+osteopontin+in+calcified+human+aortic+valves.">Detection of osteopontin in calcified human aortic valves.</a> Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 17, 547-552 (1997).</li></ol>

The authors have nothing to disclose.

Die Fähigkeit, Proteinspiegel in der frühen embryonalen Maus quantifizieren und Küken Herzklappen Regionen bietet ein zusätzliches Werkzeug für das Verständnis der kritischen zellulären Signalereignisse für Ventil Entwicklung. Unsere hier beschriebenen Protokoll nicht wesentlich von Standardproteinisolierungsverfahren abweichen. Jedoch durch Änderung einiger Schlüsselschritte, haben wir erfolgreich erhalten phosphoryliert Proteine ​​aus extrem kleinen Probengrößen. Um dieses Ergebnis zu erreichen, sind d...

Die Möglichkeit zur Identifizierung und Quantifizierung Proteinexpressionsniveaus ist eine Standardtechnik für tier- und zellbasierten Experimenten. Doch trotz langjähriger Interesse an der frühen embryonalen Herzklappen Entwicklung, Bewertung Proteinexpression in diesem speziellen Gewebe während der Entwicklung ist derzeit sowohl in der Immunhistochemie Küken und Maus 1,2 begrenzt. Ein Teil der Schwierigkeit der Quantifizierung der Proteinexpression in den Entwicklungs Ventile aller Modellorganismen (beispielsweise Küken und Maus) ist die geringe Größe der Ventile, die die Menge an Protein, die erhalten werden können, begrenzt. So für quantitative Analysen, die Forscher der Regel verlassen sich auf die RNA-Extraktion und Amplifikation für die anschließende quantitative PCR oder Microarray-Analyse 2-5. Jedoch sind RNA-und Protein-Expressionsniveaus nicht vollständig korrelativen 6, so sich auf RNA-Expression nicht eine strenge aufgrund der zahlreichen Änderungen, die in einem gegebenen Signalisierungs auftretenWegs zu verschiedenen Zeiten während Entwicklungen. Basierend auf dieser Grenze in der gegenwärtig verfügbaren Methoden, das Ziel dieses Verfahrens war es, ein Protokoll für die zuverlässige, ausreichende Mengen des Proteins aus den Entwicklungs embryonalen Maus Herzklappenbereiche für die quantitative Analyse der Änderungen, die in verschiedenen Signalwegen, die in wichtig auftreten entwickeln Die Reifung des Gewebes. Embryonale Ventile sind bereits häufig von Mäusen für die RNA-Isolierung und anschließende Genexpressionsanalyse 2-5 seziert. Allerdings haben diese Studien mit Gen-Expression als ein Auslesen der Signalwegs-Aktivierung, die nicht den Nachweis erkennen posttranslationalen Proteinmodifikationen, die nachgeschalteten Signal beeinflussen können zulässt beschränkt. Mit Hilfe der RNA-Isolierung Techniken als Ausgangspunkt, begannen wir mit sezieren die Regionen von Interesse. Da unser Interesse wurde phosphoryliert Proteine, die indikativ Erkennen von Signal pat warenHWAY Aktivität während einer bestimmten Zeit Aortenklappe Entwicklung (E13.5-14.5), führten wir alle Sektionen in phosphatfreien Tris-Puffer und die Ventile in einem Tris-Lyse-Puffer mit Phosphatase und Protease-Inhibitoren gesammelt. In unserem speziellen Fall nur die Aortenklappe Regionen wurden gesammelt, aber der Pulmonalklappe Bereich leicht zur gleichen Zeit erhalten werden. Die Ventilbereiche wurden dann homogenisiert und in Kombination mit einem Probenpuffer, der derzeit verwendet wird, um die Proteinexpression in adulten Herzklappen 7 zu untersuchen. Durch die Verwendung von kleinen Probenmengen (beispielsweise 2 ul) und Vereinigen Ventilbereiche von Embryonen mit dem gleichen Genotyp, waren wir in der Lage, phosphorylierte und nicht-phosphorylierte Proteine ​​an embryonalen Tag 8 13,5 erfassen. Da die Ventilbereiche können eingefroren und in Lyse-Puffer gespeichert werden können, wenn Embryonen vor Pooling benötigt genotypisiert werden. Diese Technik erweitert den Satz von Tools, die für die Auswertung zur Verfügung stehen Zelle signaling Wege während der Entwicklung und eine quantitative Kompliment Immunhistochemie, die speziell für die Entwicklung von Herzklappen. Diese Technik sollte der Nutzen nicht nur für Entwicklungs Kardiologen, aber auch für alle Entwicklungsbiologen, die mit frühen Embryonen arbeiten, sind interessiert in Regionen, die begrenzte Gewebe enthalten sein.

<table><tbody><tr><td>Timed-pregnant mouse</td><td></td><td></td><td>To be dissected at the embryonic stage of interest</td></tr><tr><td>Stereoscopic microscope</td><td>Nikon</td><td>SMZ645</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>0.1 M Tris, pH 7.6</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Microscissors</td><td>Fine Science Tools</td><td>15003-08</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Fine forceps, #5</td><td>Fine Science Tools</td><td>11251-30</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Dissecting needle holders</td><td>Ted Pella Inc.</td><td>13560</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Dissecting needles</td><td>Ted Pella Inc.</td><td>13561-10</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Micropipette, 20 &amp;mu;l, with tips</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Lysis buffer</td><td></td><td></td><td>50 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.5, 150 mM NaCl, 5 mM EDTA, 1% Triton</td></tr><tr><td>PhosSTOP</td><td>Roche</td><td>4906845001</td><td>Add 1 tablet to 10 ml lysis buffer</td></tr><tr><td>TissueLyser LT</td><td>Qiagen</td><td>85600</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Stainless steel beads</td><td>Qiagen</td><td>69989</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Microcentrifuge</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

protein isolation from the developing embryonic mouse heart valve region

Western blot analysis is a commonly employed technique for detecting and quantifying protein levels. However, for small tissue samples, this analysis method may not be sufficiently sensitive to detect a protein of interest. To overcome these difficulties, we examined protocols for obtaining protein from adult human cardiac valves and modified these protocols for the developing early embryonic mouse counterparts. In brief, the mouse embryonic aortic valve regions, including the aortic valve and surrounding aortic wall, are collected in the minimal possible volume of a Tris-based lysis buffer with protease inhibitors. If required based on the breeding strategy, embryos are genotyped prior to pooling four embryonic aortic valve regions for homogenization. After homogenization, an SDS-based sample buffer is used to denature the sample for running on an SDS-PAGE gel and subsequent western blot analysis. Although the protein concentration remains too low to quantify using spectrophotometric protein quantification assays and have sample remaining for subsequent analyses, this technique can be used to successfully detect and semi-quantify phosphorylated proteins via western blot from pooled samples of four embryonic day 13.5 mouse aortic valve regions, each of which yields approximately 1 &#956;g of protein. This technique will be of benefit for studying cell signaling pathway activation and protein expression levels during early embryonic mouse valve development.

Mit dieser Präparationstechnik, waren wir in der Lage, im Einzel Aortenklappe Regionen aus E13.5 Embryonen erkennen phosphoryliert Smad 1,5,8 (pSmad). Wie in 1A gezeigt, ist das Protein von sogar einer einzigen Ventilbereich isoliert ausreicht, um eine schwache pSmad Band zu erfassen. Signalintensität nimmt proportional zur Anzahl der Ventilbereiche, die gebündelt sind. Wichtig ist, bleibt die pSmad / β-Actin-Verhältnis in den verschiedenen Stichprobengrößen (Abbildung 1c)</str...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Protein Isolation from the Developing Embryonic Mouse Heart Valve Region at JoVE.com

Protein Isolation from the Developing Embryonic Mouse Heart Valve Region

The analysis of protein expression in young embryonic mouse valves has been hampered by the limited tissue available. This manuscript provides a protocol for preparing protein from developing embryonic mouse valve regions for western blot analysis.

Proteinisolierung aus den Entwicklungs embryonalen Mäuseherzklappen Region

Western blot analysis is a commonly employed technique for detecting and quantifying protein levels. However, for small tissue samples, this analysis ...

protein-isolation-from-developing-embryonic-mouse-heart-valve

Universidad de Cartagena UDEC

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

9.3K Aufrufe.  University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. The analysis of protein expression in young embryonic mouse valves has been hampered by the limited tissue available. This manuscript provides a protocol for preparing protein from developing embryonic mouse valve regions for western blot analysis.

Serie: Protein Isolation from the Developing Embryonic Mouse Heart Valve Region

Induction of Endothelial Differentiation in Cardiac Progenitor Cells Under Low Serum Conditions

Cardiac progenitor cells (CPCs) may have therapeutic potential for cardiac regeneration after injury. In the adult mammalian heart, intrinsic CPCs are extremely scarce, but expanded CPCs could be useful for cell therapy. A prerequisite for their use is their ability to differentiate in a controlled manner into the various cardiac lineages using defined and efficient protocols. In addition, upon in vitro expansion, CPCs isolated from patients or preclinical disease models may offer fruitful research tools for the investigation of disease mechanisms.
Current studies use different markers to identify CPCs. However, not all of them are expressed in humans, which limits the translational impact of some preclinical studies. Differentiation protocols that are applicable irrespective of the isolation technique and marker expression will allow for the standardized expansion and priming of CPCs for cell therapy purpose. Here we describe that the priming of CPCs under a low fetal bovine serum (FBS) concentration and low cell density conditions facilitates the endothelial differentiation of CPCs. Using two different subpopulations of mouse and rat CPCs, we show that laminin is a more suitable substrate than fibronectin for this purpose under the following protocol: after culturing for 2 - 3 days in medium including supplements that maintain multipotency and with 3.5% FBS, CPCs are seeded on laminin at &#60;60% confluence and cultured in supplement-free medium with low concentrations of FBS (0.1%) for 20 - 24 hours before differentiation in endothelial differentiation medium. Because CPCs are a heterogeneous population, serum concentrations and incubation times may need to be adjusted depending on the properties of the respective CPC subpopulation. Considering this, the technique can be applied to other types of CPCs as well and provides a useful method to investigate the potential and mechanisms of differentiation and how they are affected by disease when using CPCs isolated from respective disease models.

This protocol describes an endothelial differentiation technique for cardiac progenitor cells. It particularly focuses on how serum concentration and cell-seeding density affect the endothelial differentiation potential.

Induktion der endothelialen Differenzierung in kardialen Vorläuferzellen unter niedrigen Serum-Bedingungen

Cardiac progenitor cells (CPCs) may have therapeutic potential for cardiac regeneration after injury. In the adult mammalian heart, intrinsic CPCs are ...

Forschung

Entwicklungsbiologie

Isolation and Culture of Avian Embryonic Valvular Progenitor Cells

Proper formation and function of embryonic heart valves is critical for developmental progression. The early embryonic heart is a U-shaped tube of endocardium surrounded by myocardium. The myocardium secretes cardiac jelly, a hyaluronan-rich gelatinous matrix, into the atrioventricular (AV) junction and outflow tract (OFT) lumen. At stage HH14 valvulogenesis begins when a subset of endocardial cells receive signals from the myocardium, undergo endocardial to mesenchymal transformation (EMT), and invade the cardiac jelly. At stage HH25 the valvular cushions are fully mesenchymalized, and it is this mesenchyme that eventually forms the valvular and septal apparatus of the heart. Understanding the mechanisms that initiate and modulate the process of EMT and cell differentiation are important because of their connection to serious congenital heart defects. In this study we present methods to isolate pre-EMT endocardial and post-EMT mesenchymal cells, which are the two different cell phenotypes of the prevalvular cushion. Pre-EMT endocardial cells can be cultured with or without the myocardium. Post-EMT AV cushion mesenchymal cells can be cultured inside mechanically constrained or stress-free collagen gels. These 3D in vitro models mimic key valvular morphogenic events and are useful for deconstructing the mechanisms of early and late stage valvulogenesis.

This article will provide a method for isolating and culturing quail or chicken HH14- valve endocardial cells and HH25 valve cushion mesenchymal cells.

Isolierung und Kultivierung von Avian Embryonale Valvular Progenitorzellen

Proper formation and function of embryonic heart valves is critical for developmental progression. The early embryonic heart is a U-shaped tube of ...

Biologie

Isolierung von Zellkernen aus kardialen Vorläuferzellen der Maus mit Einzelzellauflösung

Nuclei Isolation from Mouse Cardiac Progenitor Cells for Epigenome and Gene Expression Profiling at Single-Cell Resolution

The developing heart is a complex structure containing various progenitor cells controlled by complex regulatory mechanisms. The examination of the gene expression and chromatin state of individual cells allows the identification of the cell type and state. Single-cell sequencing approaches have revealed a number of important characteristics of cardiac progenitor cell heterogeneity. However, these methods are generally restricted to fresh tissue, which limits studies with diverse experimental conditions, as the fresh tissue must be processed at once in the same run to reduce the technical variability. Therefore, easy and flexible procedures to produce data from methods such as single-nucleus RNA sequencing (snRNA-seq) and the single-nucleus assay for transposase-accessible chromatin with high-throughput sequencing (snATAC-seq) are needed in this area. Here, we present a protocol to rapidly isolate nuclei for subsequent single-nuclei dual-omics (combined snRNA-seq and snATAC-seq). This method allows the isolation of nuclei from frozen samples of cardiac progenitor cells and can be combined with platforms that use microfluidic chambers.

Autor im Rampenlicht: Zellkernisolierung aus kardialen Vorläuferzellen der Maus für die Erstellung von Epigenom- und Genexpressionsprofilen mit Einzelzellauflösung  

Here, we present a protocol describing cell nuclei preparation. After microdissection and enzymatic dissociation of cardiac tissue into single cells, the progenitor cells were frozen, followed by isolation of pure viable cells, which were used for single-nucleus RNA sequencing and the single-nucleus assay for transposase-accessible chromatin with high-throughput sequencing analyses.

Zellkernisolierung aus kardialen Vorläuferzellen der Maus für die Erstellung von Epigenom- und Genexpressionsprofilen mit Einzelzellauflösung

The developing heart is a complex structure containing various progenitor cells controlled by complex regulatory mechanisms. The examination of the gene ...

Isolating Primary Melanocyte-like Cells from the Mouse Heart

We identified a novel population of melanocyte-like cells (also known as cardiac melanocytes) in the hearts of mice and humans that contribute to atrial arrhythmia triggers in mice. To investigate the electrical and biological properties of cardiac melanocytes we developed a procedure to isolate them from mouse hearts that we derived from those designed to isolate neonatal murine cardiomyocytes. In order to obtain healthier cardiac melanocytes suitable for more extensive patch clamp or biochemical studies, we developed a refined procedure for isolating and plating cardiac melanocytes based on those originally designed to isolate cutaneous melanocytes. The refined procedure is demonstrated in this review and produces larger numbers of healthy melanocyte-like cells that can be plated as a pure population or with cardiomyocytes.

In this protocol, we identified a novel population of melanocyte-like cells (also known as cardiac melanocytes) in the hearts of mice and humans that contribute to atrial arrhythmia triggers in mice.&#160;

Isolieren Primäre Melanozyten-ähnlichen Zellen aus der Maus Herz

We identified a novel population of melanocyte-like cells (also known as cardiac melanocytes) in the hearts of mice and humans that contribute to atrial ...

Isolation, Culture, and Functional Characterization of Adult Mouse Cardiomyoctyes

The use of primary cardiomyocytes (CMs) in culture has provided a powerful complement to murine models of heart disease in advancing our understanding of heart disease. In particular, the ability to study ion homeostasis, ion channel function, cellular excitability and excitation-contraction coupling and their alterations in diseased conditions and by disease-causing mutations have led to significant insights into cardiac diseases. Furthermore, the lack of an adequate immortalized cell line to mimic adult CMs, and the limitations of neonatal CMs (which lack many of the structural and functional biomechanics characteristic of adult CMs) in culture have hampered our understanding of the complex interplay between signaling pathways, ion channels and contractile properties in the adult heart strengthening the importance of studying adult isolated cardiomyocytes. Here, we present methods for the isolation, culture, manipulation of gene expression by adenoviral-expressed proteins, and subsequent functional analysis of cardiomyocytes from the adult mouse. The use of these techniques will help to develop mechanistic insight into signaling pathways that regulate cellular excitability, Ca2+ dynamics and contractility and provide a much more physiologically relevant characterization of cardiovascular disease.

Here we describe the isolation of adult mouse cardiomyoctyes using a Langendorff perfusion system. The resulting cells are Ca2+-tolerant, electrically quiescent and can be cultured and transfected with adeno- or lentiviruses to manipulate gene expression. Their functionality can also be analyzed using the MMSYS system and patch clamp techniques.

Isolierung, Kultur, und funktionelle Charakterisierung der erwachsenen Maus Cardiomyoctyes

The use of primary cardiomyocytes (CMs) in culture has provided a powerful complement to murine models of heart disease in advancing our understanding of ...

Isolation of Embryonic Ventricular Endothelial Cells

Cell culture has greatly enhanced our ability to assess individual populations of cells under myriad culture conditions. While immortalized cell lines offer significant advantages for their ease of use, these cell lines are unavailable for all potential cell types. By isolating primary cells from a specific region of interest, particularly from a transgenic mouse, more nuanced studies can be performed. The basic technique involves dissecting the organ or partial organ of interest (e.g. the heart or a specific region of the heart) and dissociating the organ to single cells. These cells are then incubated with magnetic beads conjugated to an antibody that recognizes the cell type of interest. The cells of interest can then be isolated with the use of a magnet, with a short trypsin incubation dissociating the cells from the beads. These isolated cells can then be cultured and analyzed as desired. This technique was originally designed for adult mouse organs but can be easily scaled down for use with embryonic organs, as demonstrated herein. Because our interest is in the developing coronary vasculature, we wanted to study this population of cells during specific embryonic stages. Thus, the original protocol had to be modified to be compatible with the small size of the embryonic ventricles and the low potential yield of endothelial cells at these developmental stages. Utilizing this scaled-down approach, we have assessed coronary plexus remodeling in transgenic embryonic ventricular endothelial cells.

Primary cell culture is a useful technique for analyzing specific populations of cells, particularly from transgenic mouse embryos at specific developmental stages. Herein, embryonic ventricles are dissected and dissociated, and antibody-conjugated beads recognize and separate out the endothelial cells for further analysis.

Isolierung von embryonalen ventrikuläre Endothelzellen

Cell culture has greatly enhanced our ability to assess individual populations of cells under myriad culture conditions. While immortalized cell lines ...

In Vitro Model of Coronary Angiogenesis

Here, we describe an in vitro culture assay to study coronary angiogenesis. Coronary vessels feed the heart muscle and are of clinical importance. Defects in these vessels represent severe health risks such as in atherosclerosis, which can lead to myocardial infarctions and heart failures in patients. Consequently, coronary artery disease is one of the leading causes of death worldwide. Despite its clinical importance, relatively little progress has been made on how to regenerate damaged coronary arteries. Nevertheless, recent progress has been made in understanding the cellular origin and differentiation pathways of coronary vessel development. The advent of tools and technologies that allow researchers to fluorescently label progenitor cells, follow their fate, and visualize progenies in vivo have been instrumental in understanding coronary vessel development. In vivo studies are valuable, but have limitations in terms of speed, accessibility, and flexibility in experimental design. Alternatively, accurate in vitro models of coronary angiogenesis can circumvent these limitations and allow researchers to interrogate important biological questions with speed and flexibility. The lack of appropriate in vitro model systems may have hindered the progress in understanding the cellular and molecular mechanisms of coronary vessel growth. Here, we describe an in vitro culture system to grow coronary vessels from the sinus venosus (SV) and endocardium (Endo), the two progenitor tissues from which many of the coronary vessels arise. We also confirmed that the cultures accurately recapitulate some of the known in vivo mechanisms. For instance, we show that the angiogenic sprouts in culture from SV downregulate COUP-TFII expression similar to what is observed in vivo. In addition, we show that VEGF-A, a well-known angiogenic factor in vivo, robustly stimulates angiogenesis from both the SV and Endo cultures. Collectively, we have devised an accurate in vitro culture model to study coronary angiogenesis.

In vitro models of coronary angiogenesis can be utilized for the discovery of the cellular and molecular mechanisms of coronary angiogenesis. In vitro explant cultures of sinus venosus and endocardium tissues show robust growth in response to VEGF-A and display a similar pattern of COUP-TFII expression as in vivo.

In Vitro Modell der koronaren Angiogenese

Here, we describe an in vitro culture assay to study coronary angiogenesis. Coronary vessels feed the heart muscle and are of clinical importance. Defects ...

Medizin

Isolation of Murine Valve Endothelial Cells

Normal valve structures consist of stratified layers of specialized extracellular matrix (ECM) interspersed with valve interstitial cells (VICs) and surrounded by a monolayer of valve endothelial cells (VECs). VECs play essential roles in establishing the valve structures during embryonic development, and are important for maintaining life-long valve integrity and function. In contrast to a continuous endothelium over the surface of healthy valve leaflets, VEC disruption is commonly observed in malfunctioning valves and is associated with pathological processes that promote valve disease and dysfunction. Despite the clinical relevance, focused studies determining the contribution of VECs to development and disease processes are limited. The isolation of VECs from animal models would allow for cell-specific experimentation. VECs have been isolated from large animal adult models but due to their small population size, fragileness, and lack of specific markers, no reports of VEC isolations in embryos or adult small animal models have been reported. Here we describe a novel method that allows for the direct isolation of VECs from mice at embryonic and adult stages. Utilizing the Tie2-GFP reporter model that labels all endothelial cells with Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP), we have been successful in isolating GFP-positive (and negative) cells from the semilunar and atrioventricular valve regions using fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS). Isolated GFP-positive VECs are enriched for endothelial markers, including CD31 and von Willebrand Factor (vWF), and retain endothelial cell expression when cultured; while, GFP-negative cells exhibit molecular profiles and cell shapes consistent with VIC phenotypes. The ability to isolate embryonic and adult murine VECs allows for previously unattainable molecular and functional studies to be carried out on a specific valve cell population, which will greatly improve our understanding of valve development and disease mechanisms.

The ability to isolate heart valve endothelial cells (VECs) is critical for understanding mechanisms of valve development, maintenance, and disease. Here we describe the isolation of VECs from embryonic and adult Tie2-GFP mice using FACS that will allow for studies determining the contribution of VECs in developmental and disease processes.

Isolierung von murinen Ventil Endothelzellen

Normal valve structures consist of stratified layers of specialized extracellular matrix (ECM) interspersed with valve interstitial cells (VICs) and ...

Proteinisolierung aus den Entwicklungs embryonalen Mäuseherzklappen Region

Zusammenfassung

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