Teil I: Die Strukturierung der Elektroden <ol><li> Saubere und dehydrierte ITO beschichtete Glasträger wurden mit positiven Fotolack beschichteten </li><li> Die Oberfläche wurde bei 100 ° C gebacken, um Lösungsmittel aus dem Lack entfernen </li><li> Nach dem Backen wurde die Oberfläche mit UV-Licht durch eine Photomaske mit dem Canon Mask Aligner ausgesetzt </li><li> Die belichteten Bereiche wurden in einer Entwicklerlösung entfernt </li><li> Die Oberfläche war hart gebacken, um alle verbleibenden Entwickler Lösung zu entfernen </li><li> Die ITO Regionen, die nicht durch Fotolack Strukturierung geschützt wurden entfernt in einem sauren Ätzmittel geätzt </li><li> Verbleibende Photoresist wurde im Ultraschallbad in Aceton auf die ITO-Elektroden Form entfernt </li></ol> Teil II: Oberflächenmodifizierung <ol><li> Geändert Elektroden sind in einer Plasmakammer gereinigt und modifiziert mit 2% PEG Silan in Toluol. Die Inkubation wird für 2 Stunden durchgeführt, gefolgt von 2 Stunden backen. </li></ol> Hinweis: Dieser Vorgang erfolgt in einem Handschuh-Tasche mit Stickstoff gefüllt, um Anwesenheit von Feuchtigkeit zu vermeiden durchgeführt, wie PEG Silan reaktiv gegenüber ist. Teil III: Elektrochemie <ol><li> Stahldrähte sind Elektroden angebracht. </li><li> Die PEG Silan modifizierte Elektroden sind in einer elektrochemischen Zelle in der Lage, elektrochemischen Experimente durchzuführen. </li><li> PEG Silan aus miteinander verbundenen Regionen abgezogen wird mit einem Drei-Elektroden-System in PBS. </li></ol> Teil IV: Cell Musterung <ol><li> Fibroblasten sind mit dem vor kurzem ausgezogen Substraten inkubiert. Nach Inkubation dieser Zellen, die PEG Silan beraubt Regionen messen, aber die Zellen sonst nirgends binden an der Oberfläche. </li><li> Gemusterte Zellen werden in frischem Medium inkubiert und visualisiert mit Hilfe eines Mikroskops. </li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>Lee, J. Y., Jones, C., Zern, M. A., Revzin, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Analysis+of+Local+Tissue-Specific+Gene+Expression+in+Cellular+Micropatterns.">Analysis of Local Tissue-Specific Gene Expression in Cellular Micropatterns.</a> Analytical Chemistry. 78, 8305-8312 (2006).</li></ol>

In diesem Video haben wir die Zelle Musterung auf optisch transparenten Indium-Zinn-Oxid-Elektroden nachgewiesen. Nach Herstellung der ITO-Elektroden mittels Photolithographie, wurden sie mit einem Zell-resistive Monoschicht von PEG Silan modifiziert. Diese Monoschicht wurde desorbiert mit Elektrochemie Wechsel der Oberfläche von Zellen-resistive, Zell-Kleber. Strukturierung von 3T3 Maus-Fibroblasten hat in seinem Video gezeigt worden. Wir haben auch Strukturierung Hepatozyten, primären Zellen und Sternzellen mit der gleichen Technik. Dar...

<table><tbody><tr><td>Indium Tin Oxide</td><td>Other</td><td>Delta Technologies</td><td>CB 40IN</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>PEG silane</td><td>Reagent</td><td>Gelest Inc.</td><td>SIM6492.66</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Hydrochloric Acid</td><td>Reagent</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>320331</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Nitric Acid</td><td>Reagent</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>258121</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Ethanol</td><td>Reagent</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>459836</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Acetone</td><td>Reagent</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>650501</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Toluene</td><td>Reagent</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>34866</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Media</td><td>Reagent</td><td>Invitrogen</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Collagen</td><td>Reagent</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>C3867</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>3T3 murine Fibroblasts</td><td>Cell Line</td><td>ATCC</td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

patterning cells on optically transparent indium tin oxide electrodes

Die Fähigkeit, präzise räumliche und zeitliche Kontrolle über Zell-Oberflächen-Wechselwirkungen Übung ist eine wichtige Voraussetzung für die Montage von mehrzelligen Konstrukte, die als in-vitro-Mimetika von nativen Geweben. In dieser Studie wurden Photolithographie und Nassätzen Techniken verwendet, um einzeln adressierbare Indium-Zinn-Oxid (ITO)-Elektroden auf Glassubstraten zu fertigen. Die Glassubstrate mit ITO-Mikroelektroden wurden mit Poly (ethylenglycol) (PEG) Silan, damit sie Protein-und Zell-resistive geändert. Präsenz von isolierenden PEG-Moleküle auf der Elektrodenoberfläche wurde durch Cyclovoltammetrie beschäftigt Kaliumferricyanid als Redox-Reporter-Molekül nachgewiesen. Wichtig ist, dass die Anwendung der reduktiven Potential Desorption der PEG-Schicht verursacht, was zu einer Regeneration des leitenden Elektrode Oberfläche und das Aussehen der typischen Ferricyanid Redoxpeaks. Die Anwendung der reduktiven Potential entsprach auch der ITO-Elektrode Eigenschaften Umschalten von Zell-Non-Klebstoff auf Zell-Kleber. Elektrochemisches Abtragen von PEG-Silan-Schicht aus ITO-Mikroelektroden für die Zelladhäsion erlaubt, in einem räumlich definierten Weise erfolgen, mit zellulären Mustern entsprechenden eng an die Elektrode Muster. Mikrostrukturierung von mehreren Zelltypen wurde auf diesen Substraten demonstriert. In Zukunft wird die Kontrolle der biointerfacial Eigenschaften durch diese Methode leisten kann, um zelluläre Mikroumgebung durch die Anordnung von drei oder mehr Zelltypen Ingenieur in eine präzise geometrische Konfiguration auf einem optisch transparenten Substrat.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Patterning Cells on Optically Transparent Indium Tin Oxide Electrodes at JoVE.com

Patterning Cells on Optically Transparent Indium Tin Oxide Electrodes

Non-Fouling-PEG Silan-Monoschicht wurde von einzeln adressierbaren ITO-Elektroden auf Glas durch Anlegen einer reduktiven Potential desorbiert. Elektrochemisches Abtragen von PEG-Silan-Schicht aus ITO-Mikroelektroden für die Zelladhäsion erlaubt, in einem räumlich definierten Weise erfolgen, mit zellulären Mustern entsprechenden eng an die Elektrode Muster.

Patterning Cells auf optisch transparenten Indium-Zinn-Oxid-Elektroden

The ability to exercise precise spatial and temporal control over cell-surface interactions is an important prerequisite to the assembly of multi-cellular ...

patterning-cells-on-optically-transparent-indium-tin-oxide-electrodes

Universidad de Cartagena UDEC

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

11.8K Aufrufe.  University of California, Davis. Non-Fouling-PEG Silan-Monoschicht wurde von einzeln adressierbaren ITO-Elektroden auf Glas durch Anlegen einer reduktiven Potential desorbiert. Elektrochemisches Abtragen von PEG-Silan-Schicht aus ITO-Mikroelektroden für die Zelladhäsion erlaubt, in einem räumlich definierten Weise erfolgen, mit zellulären Mustern entsprechenden eng an die Elektrode Muster.

Serie: Patterning Cells on Optically Transparent Indium Tin Oxide Electrodes

Ambient Method for the Production of an Ionically Gated Carbon Nanotube Common Cathode in Tandem Organic Solar Cells

A method of fabricating organic photovoltaic (OPV) tandems that requires no vacuum processing is presented. These devices are comprised of two solution-processed polymeric cells connected in parallel by a transparent carbon nanotubes (CNT) interlayer. This structure includes improvements in fabrication techniques for tandem OPV devices. First the need for ambient-processed cathodes is considered. The CNT anode in the tandem device is tuned via ionic gating to become a common cathode. Ionic gating employs electric double layer charging to lower the work function of the CNT electrode. Secondly, the difficulty of sequentially stacking tandem layers by solution-processing is addressed. The devices are fabricated via solution and dry-lamination in ambient conditions with parallel processing steps. The method of fabricating the individual polymeric cells, the steps needed to laminate them together with a common CNT cathode, and then provide some representative results are described. These results demonstrate ionic gating of the CNT electrode to create a common cathode and addition of current and efficiency as a result of the lamination procedure.

A method of fabricating, in ambient conditions, organic photovoltaic tandem devices in a parallel configuration is presented. These devices feature an air-processed, semi-transparent, carbon nanotube common cathode.

Ambient Verfahren zur Herstellung eines ionisch Gated Carbon Nanotube Gemeinsame Kathode in Tandem Organische Solarzellen

A method of fabricating organic photovoltaic (OPV) tandems that requires no vacuum processing is presented. These devices are comprised of two ...

Forschung

Ingenieurwesen

Patterning via Optical Saturable Transitions - Fabrication and Characterization

This protocol describes the fabrication and characterization of nanostructures using a novel nanolithographic technique called Patterning via Optical Saturable Transitions (POST). In this technique the chemical properties of organic photochromic molecules that undergo single-photon reactions are exploited, enabling rapid top-down nanopatterning over large areas at low light intensities, thereby, allowing for the circumvention of the far-field diffraction barrier.4 Simple, cost-effective, high throughput and resolution alternatives to nanopatterning are being explored, such as, two-photon polymerization5,6, beam pen lithography (BPL)7, scanning electron beam lithography (SEBL), and focused ion beam (FIB) patterning. However, multi-photon approaches require high light intensities, which limit their potential for high throughput and offer low image contrast. Although, electron and ion beam lithographic processes offer increased resolution, the serial nature of the process is limited to slow writing speeds, which also prevents patterning of features over large areas. Beam-pen lithography is an approach towards parallel near-field optical lithography. However, the gap between the source of the beam and the surface of the photoresist needs to be controlled extremely precisely for good pattern uniformity and this is very challenging to accomplish for large arrays of beams. Patterning via Optical Saturable Transitions (POST) is an alternative optical nanopatterning technique for patterning sub-wavelength features1-3. Since this technique uses single photons instead of electrons, it is extremely fast and does not require high light intensities1-3, opening the door to massive parallelization.

We report that the diffraction limit of conventional optical lithography can be overcome by exploiting the transitions of organic photochromic derivatives induced by their photoisomerization at low light intensities.1-3 This paper outlines our fabrication technique and two locking mechanisms, namely: dissolution of one photoisomer and electrochemical oxidation.

Strukturierung via Optical Saturable Transitions - Herstellung und Charakterisierung

This protocol describes the fabrication and characterization of nanostructures using a novel nanolithographic technique called Patterning via Optical ...

Fabrication of Fully Solution Processed Inorganic Nanocrystal Photovoltaic Devices

We demonstrate a method for the preparation of fully solution processed inorganic solar cells from a spin and spray coating deposition of nanocrystal inks. For the photoactive absorber layer, colloidal CdTe and CdSe nanocrystals (3-5 nm) are synthesized using an inert hot injection technique and cleaned with precipitations to remove excess starting reagents. Similarly, gold nanocrystals (3-5 nm) are synthesized under ambient conditions and dissolved in organic solvents. In addition, precursor solutions for transparent conductive indium tin oxide (ITO) films are prepared from solutions of indium and tin salts paired with a reactive oxidizer. Layer-by-layer, these solutions are deposited onto a glass substrate following annealing (200-400 &#176;C) to build the nanocrystal solar cell (glass/ITO/CdSe/CdTe/Au). Pre-annealing ligand exchange is required for CdSe and CdTe nanocrystals where films are dipped in NH4Cl:methanol to replace long-chain native ligands with small inorganic Cl- anions. NH4Cl(s) was found to act as a catalyst for the sintering reaction (as a non-toxic alternative to the conventional CdCl2(s) treatment) leading to grain growth (136&#177;39 nm) during heating. The thickness and roughness of the prepared films are characterized with SEM and optical profilometry. FTIR is used to determine the degree of ligand exchange prior to sintering, and XRD is used to verify the crystallinity and phase of each material. UV/Vis spectra show high visible light transmission through the ITO layer and a red shift in the absorbance of the cadmium chalcogenide nanocrystals after thermal annealing. Current-voltage curves of completed devices are measured under simulated one sun illumination. Small differences in deposition techniques and reagents employed during ligand exchange have been shown to have a profound influence on the device properties. Here, we examine the effects of chemical (sintering and ligand exchange agents) and physical treatments (solution concentration, spray-pressure, annealing time and annealing temperature) on photovoltaic device performance.

This protocol describes the synthesis and solution deposition of inorganic nanocrystals layer by layer to produce thin film electronics on non-conductive surfaces. Solvent-stabilized inks can produce complete photovoltaic devices on glass substrates via spin and spray coating following post-deposition ligand exchange and sintering.

Die Herstellung von Voll Lösung verarbeitet Anorganische Nanokristalline Photovoltaik-Anlagen

We demonstrate a method for the preparation of fully solution processed inorganic solar cells from a spin and spray coating deposition of nanocrystal ...

A High Performance Impedance-based Platform for Evaporation Rate Detection

This paper describes the method of a novel impedance-based platform for the detection of the evaporation rate. The model compound hyaluronic acid was employed here for demonstration purposes. Multiple evaporation tests on the model compound as a humectant with various concentrations in solutions were conducted for comparison purposes. A conventional weight loss approach is known as the most straightforward, but time-consuming, measurement technique for evaporation rate detection. Yet, a clear disadvantage is that a large volume of sample is required and multiple sample tests cannot be conducted at the same time. For the first time in literature, an electrical impedance sensing chip is successfully applied to a real-time evaporation investigation in a time sharing, continuous and automatic manner. Moreover, as little as 0.5 ml of test samples is required in this impedance-based apparatus, and a large impedance variation is demonstrated among various dilute solutions. The proposed high-sensitivity and fast-response impedance sensing system is found to outperform a conventional weight loss approach in terms of evaporation rate detection.

This paper presents an impedance-based apparatus for evaporation rate detection of solutions. It offers clear advantages over a conventional weight loss approach: a fast response, high-sensitivity detection, a small sample requirement, multiple sample measurements, and easy disassembly for cleaning and reuse purposes.

Ein Hochleistungs-Impedanz-basierte Plattform für die Verdampfungsrate Erkennung

This paper describes the method of a novel impedance-based platform for the detection of the evaporation rate. The model compound hyaluronic acid was ...

Cell Patterning on Photolithographically Defined 
Parylene-C: SiO2 Substrates

Cell patterning platforms support broad research goals, such as construction of predefined in vitro neuronal networks and the exploration of certain central aspects of cellular physiology. To easily combine cell patterning with Multi-Electrode Arrays (MEAs) and silicon-based &#8216;lab on a chip&#8217; technologies, a microfabrication-compatible protocol is required. We describe a method that utilizes deposition of the polymer parylene-C on SiO2&#160;wafers. Photolithography enables accurate and reliable patterning of parylene-C at micron-level resolution. Subsequent activation by immersion in fetal bovine serum (or another specific activation solution) results in a substrate in which cultured cells adhere to, or are repulsed by, parylene or SiO2 regions respectively. This technique has allowed patterning of a broad range of cell types (including primary murine hippocampal cells, HEK 293 cell line, human neuron-like teratocarcinoma cell line, primary murine cerebellar granule cells, and primary human glioma-derived stem-like cells). Interestingly, however, the platform is not universal; reflecting the importance of cell-specific adhesion molecules. This cell patterning process is cost effective, reliable, and importantly can be incorporated into standard microfabrication (chip manufacturing) protocols, paving the way for integration of microelectronic technology.

Cell Patterning on Photolithographically Defined 
Parylene-C: SiO2 Substrates

This protocol describes a microfabrication-compatible method for cell patterning on SiO2. A predefined parylene-C design is photolithographically printed on SiO2 wafers. Following incubation with serum (or other activation solution) cells adhere specifically to (and grow according to the conformity of) underlying parylene-C, whilst being repulsed by SiO2 regions.

Musterbildung auf Photolithographische Definierte Parylene-C: SiO<sub&gt; 2</sub&gt; Substrate

Cell patterning platforms support broad research goals, such as construction of predefined in vitro neuronal networks and the exploration of certain ...

Biotechnik

Preparation of Janus Particles and Alternating Current Electrokinetic Measurements with a Rapidly Fabricated Indium Tin Oxide Electrode Array

This article provides a simple method to prepare partially or fully coated metallic particles and to perform the rapid fabrication of electrode arrays, which can facilitate electrical experiments in microfluidic devices. Janus particles are asymmetric particles that contain two different surface properties on their two sides. To prepare Janus particles, a monolayer of silica particles is prepared by a drying process. Gold (Au) is deposited on one side of each particle using a sputtering device. The fully coated metallic particles are completed after the second coating process. To analyze the electrical surface properties of Janus particles, alternating current (AC) electrokinetic measurements, such as dielectrophoresis (DEP) and electrorotation (EROT)- which require specifically designed electrode arrays in the experimental device- are performed. However, traditional methods to fabricate electrode arrays, such as the photolithographic technique, require a series of complicated procedures. Here, we introduce a flexible method to fabricate a designed electrode array. An indium tin oxide (ITO) glass is patterned by a fiber laser marking machine (1,064 nm, 20 W, 90 to 120 ns pulse-width, and 20 to 80 kHz pulse repetition frequency) to create a four-phase electrode array. To generate the four-phase electric field, the electrodes are connected to a 2-channel function generator and to two invertors. The phase shift between the adjacent electrodes is set at either 90&#176; (for EROT) or 180&#176; (for DEP). Representative results of AC electrokinetic measurements with a four-phase ITO electrode array are presented.

In this article, a simple method to prepare partially or fully coated metallic particles and to perform AC electrokinetic property measurements with a rapidly fabricated indium tin oxide (ITO) electrode array is demonstrated.

Herstellung von Janus-Partikeln und Wechselstrom-Elektrokinetischen Messungen mit einem schnell gefertigten Indium-Zinn-Oxid-Elektroden-Array

This article provides a simple method to prepare partially or fully coated metallic particles and to perform the rapid fabrication of electrode arrays, ...

Production and Characterization of Vacuum Deposited Organic Light Emitting Diodes

A method for producing simple and efficient thermally-activated delayed fluorescence organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) based on guest-host or exciplex donor-acceptor emitters is presented. With a step-by-step procedure, readers will be able to repeat and produce OLED devices based on simple organic emitters. A patterning procedure allowing the creation of personalized indium tin oxide (ITO) shape is shown. This is followed by the evaporation of all layers, encapsulation and characterization of each individual device. The end goal is to present a procedure that will give the opportunity to repeat the information presented in cited publication but also using different compounds and structures in order to prepare efficient OLEDs.

A protocol for the production of simple structured organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) is presented.

Herstellung und Charakterisierung des Vakuums hinterlegt organische Leuchtdioden

A method for producing simple and efficient thermally-activated delayed fluorescence organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) based on guest-host or exciplex ...

Antifouling Self-assembled Monolayers on Microelectrodes for Patterning Biomolecules

We present a procedure for forming a poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) trimethoxysilane self-assembled monolayer (SAM) on a silicon substrate with gold microelectrodes. The PEG-SAM is formed in a single assembly step and prevents biofouling on silicon and gold surfaces. The SAM is used to coat microelectrodes patterned with standard, positive-tone lithography. Using the microtubule as an example, we apply a DC voltage to induce electrophoretic migration to the SAM-coated electrode in a reversible manner. A flow chamber is used for imaging the electrophoretic migration and microtubule patterning in situ using epifluorescence microscopy. This method is generally applicable to biomolecule patterning, as it employs electrophoresis to immobilize target molecules and thus does not require specific molecular interactions. Further, it avoids problems encountered when attempting to pattern the SAM molecules directly using lithographic techniques. The compatibility with electron beam lithography allows this method to be used to pattern biomolecules at the nanoscale.

We present a procedure for forming a poly(ethylene glycol) self-assembled monolayer (PEG-SAM) on a silicon substrate with gold microelectrodes. The PEG-SAM is formed in a single step and prevents biofouling on silicon and gold surfaces. Electrophoresis is then used for patterning biomolecules down to the nanoscale.

Antifouling Selbstorganisierte Monoschichten auf Mikroelektroden für die Strukturierung von Biomolekülen

We present a procedure for forming a poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) trimethoxysilane self-assembled monolayer (SAM) on a silicon substrate with gold ...

Biologie

Photopatterning Proteins and Cells in Aqueous Environment Using TiO2 Photocatalysis

Organic contaminants adsorbed on the surface of titanium dioxide (TiO2) can be decomposed by photocatalysis under ultraviolet (UV) light. Here we describe a novel protocol employing the TiO2 photocatalysis to locally alter cell affinity of the substrate surface. For this experiment, a thin TiO2 film was sputter-coated on a glass coverslip, and the TiO2 surface was subsequently modified with an organosilane monolayer derived from octadecyltrichlorosilane (OTS), which inhibits cell adhesion. The sample was immersed in a cell culture medium, and focused UV light was irradiated to an octagonal region. When a neuronal cell line PC12 cells were plated on the sample, cells adhered only on the UV-irradiated area. We further show that this surface modification can also be performed in situ, i.e., even when cells are growing on the substrate. Proper modification of the surface required an extracellular matrix protein collagen to be present in the medium at the time of UV irradiation. The technique presented here can potentially be employed in patterning multiple cell types for constructing coculture systems or to arbitrarily manipulate cells under culture.

Photopatterning Proteins and Cells in Aqueous Environment Using TiO2 Photocatalysis

We describe a protocol for modifying cell affinity of a scaffold surface in aqueous environment. The method takes advantage of titanium dioxide photocatalysis to decompose organic film in the photo-irradiated region. We show that it can be used to create microdomains of scaffolding proteins, both ex situ and in situ.

Photostrukturierungs Proteinen und Zellen in wässriger Umgebung Mit TiO<sub&gt; 2</sub&gt; Photokatalyse

Organic contaminants adsorbed on the surface of titanium dioxide (TiO2) can be decomposed by photocatalysis under ultraviolet (UV) light. Here we describe ...

An Electrochemical Cholesteric Liquid Crystalline Device for Quick and Low-Voltage Color Modulation

We demonstrate a method for fabricating a prototype reflective display device that contains cholesteric liquid crystal (LC) as an active component. The cholesteric LC is composed of a nematic LC 4&#39;-pentyloxy-4-cyanobiphenyl (5OCB), redox-responsive chiral dopant (FcD), and a supporting electrolyte 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium trifluoromethanesulfonate (EMIm-OTf). The most important component is FcD. This molecule changes its helical twisting power (HTP) value in response to redox reactions. Therefore, in situ electrochemical redox reactions in the LC mixture allow for the device to change its reflection color in response to electrical stimuli. The LC mixture was introduced, by a capillary action, into a sandwich-type ITO glass cell comprising two glass slides with patterned indium tin oxide (ITO) electrodes, one of which was coated with poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)-co-poly(ethylene glycol) doped with perchlorate (PEDOT+). Upon application of +1.5 V, the reflection color of the device changed from blue (467 nm) to green (485 nm) in 0.4 s. Subsequent application of 0 V made the device recover the original blue color in 2.7 s. This device is characterized by its fastest electrical response and lowest operating voltage among any previously reported cholesteric LC device. This device could pave the way for the development of next generation reflective displays with low energy consumption rates.

A protocol for the fabrication of a reflective cholesteric liquid crystalline display device containing a redox-responsive chiral dopant allowing quick and low-voltage operation is presented.

Eine elektrochemische cholesterischen flüssig kristallinen Gerät für schnelle und Niedervolt-Farbe Modulation

We demonstrate a method for fabricating a prototype reflective display device that contains cholesteric liquid crystal (LC) as an active component. The ...

Patterning Cells auf optisch transparenten Indium-Zinn-Oxid-Elektroden

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