The proliferative phase typically occurs after menstruation and lasts between 6 to 13 days in a standard 28-day cycle. This phase involves the reconstruction of the endometrium, guided by estrogen produced by the developing ovarian follicle.
Notably, the stratum basale, the basal layer of the endometrium, including the basal parts of the uterine glands, remains unaffected by menstruation. Stem cells in this layer undergo mitosis, regenerating the stratum functionalis and thickening the endometrium.
During this phase, the endometrium becomes denser as short, straight endometrial glands develop. Along with the coiling and lengthening arterioles, these glands penetrate the stratum functionalis, enhancing vascularization within the endometrium. As a result, the endometrium regains its velvety texture, doubling its thickness to approximately 4–10 mm.
The proliferative phase culminates in ovulation, triggered by a surge in luteinizing hormone released by the anterior pituitary gland. This phase sets the stage for potential fertilization and pregnancy.
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