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Chapter 9
Personality refers to enduring traits and behavior patterns that shape how individuals think, feel, and act, influencing their interactions and identity. ...
The psychodynamic perspective is a psychological approach that emphasizes the influence of the unconscious mind on behavior. Originating from Sigmund ...
Sigmund Freud, an Austrian neurologist, developed the psychoanalytic theory based on several key assumptions. Psychic determinism is the belief that ...
Freud's structure of self is often compared to an iceberg, with the small visible part representing the conscious mind and the much larger submerged ...
The oral stage is the first stage of psychosexual development in humans, as proposed by Sigmund Freud. This stage spans from birth to approximately 12 to ...
After the oral stage, children enter Freud's anal stage, which occurs between 18 months and three years of age. During this stage, children derive ...
The third stage of psychosexual development proposed by Freud is known as the phallic stage, occurring between the ages of three and six. During this ...
The latency period follows the phallic stage of psychosexual development proposed by Freud and occurs between the ages of 6 and 12. Freud believed that no ...
The genital stage is the fifth and final stage in Freud's psychosexual development theory, typically beginning around age 12 or at puberty. It marks a ...
Karen Horney, a feminist personality theorist, believed that every individual holds the potential for self-realization. She argued that jealousy, ...
Carl Jung developed analytical theory, which aims to balance conscious and unconscious thoughts and experiences within an individual's personality. ...
Alfred Adler founded individual psychology, emphasizing that individuals are driven by goals and purposes rather than pleasure, with the pursuit of ...
Behaviorists argue that personality is shaped primarily by reinforcements and consequences in the environment. Similarly, radical behaviorists identify ...
Social cognitive perspectives on personality highlight conscious awareness, beliefs, expectations, and goals. These perspectives integrate principles of ...
Julian Rotter introduced the concept of locus of control, which refers to an individual's belief about their control over life events and outcomes. ...
Rogers pioneered the humanistic approach to psychology, emphasizing a person's capacity for personal growth and innate ability to control their lives, ...
Abraham Maslow pioneered the humanistic approach to personality and developed a hierarchy of needs to explain motivation. Maslow suggests that humans ...
Gordon Allport's trait theory emphasizes that personality can be described based on traits, which are relatively stable characteristics that lead ...
Raymond Cattell, a pioneer in trait theory, emphasized that traits don't exist as simply present or absent; instead, they are expressed on a continuum ...
Hans and Sybil Eysenck emphasized innate temperaments and biological influences on personality, identifying extroversion or introversion and neuroticism ...
The Five-factor model of personality describes personality as a set of five broad traits — openness, conscientiousness, extroversion, agreeableness, ...
Subjective well-being refers to how individuals evaluate their positive affect in relation to negative affect and their evaluation of life in general. It ...
Traits are general patterns of thinking, feeling, or behaving that reflect a person's average tendencies across all situations. For example, someone ...
Cross-cultural research extensively focuses on a key personality dimension: individualism versus collectivism. In individualist cultures, such as the ...
Self-report inventories are objective tests used to assess personality and often feature multiple-choice questions or numbered scales. The Minnesota ...
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