<meta charset="utf8"></head><body>电刺激疗法：精索静脉曲张诱发疼痛的非手术疗法

<ol>
	<li>Bellastella, G., Carotenuto, R., Caiazzo, F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Varicocele:+An+endocrinological+perspective.">Varicocele: An endocrinological perspective.</a> Front Reprod Health. 4, 863695 (2022).</li><li>Bozhedomov, V. A., Lipatova, N. A., Rokhlikov, I. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Male+fertility+and+varicocoele:+Role+of+immune+factors.">Male fertility and varicocoele: Role of immune factors.</a> Andrology. 2 (1), 51-58 (2014).</li><li>Bonyadi, M. R., Madaen, S. K., Saghafi, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effects+of+varicocelectomy+on+anti-sperm+antibody+in+patients+with+varicocele.">Effects of varicocelectomy on anti-sperm antibody in patients with varicocele.</a> J Reprod Infertil. 14 (2), 73-78 (2013).</li><li>Finelli, R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=In+silico+sperm+proteome+analysis+to+investigate+DNA+repair+mechanisms+in+varicocele+patients.">In silico sperm proteome analysis to investigate DNA repair mechanisms in varicocele patients.</a> Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 12, 757592 (2021).</li><li>Garolla, A., Torino, M., Miola, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Twenty-four-hour+monitoring+of+scrotal+temperature+in+obese+men+and+men+with+a+varicocele+as+a+mirror+of+spermatogenic+function.">Twenty-four-hour monitoring of scrotal temperature in obese men and men with a varicocele as a mirror of spermatogenic function.</a> Hum Reprod. 30 (5), 1006-1013 (2015).</li><li>Gomaa, M. D., Motawaa, M. A., Al-Nashar, A. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Impact+of+subinguinal+varicocelectomy+on+serum+testosterone+to+estradiol+ratio+in+male+patients+with+infertility.">Impact of subinguinal varicocelectomy on serum testosterone to estradiol ratio in male patients with infertility.</a> Urology. 117, 70-77 (2018).</li><li>Goulis, D., Mintziori, G., Koliakos, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Inhibin+B+and+anti-M&#252;llerian+hormone+in+spermatic+vein+of+subfertile+men+with+varicocele.">Inhibin B and anti-M&#252;llerian hormone in spermatic vein of subfertile men with varicocele.</a> Reprod Sci. 18 (6), 551-555 (2011).</li><li>Jin, G., Liu, J., Qin, Q. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Increased+Level+of+C-kit+in+semen+of+infertile+patients+with+varicocele.">Increased Level of C-kit in semen of infertile patients with varicocele.</a> Urol J. 14 (2), 3023-3027 (2017).</li><li>Kadioglu, T. C., Aliyev, E., Celtik, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Microscopic+varicocelectomy+significantly+decreases+the+sperm+DNA+fragmentation+index+in+patients+with+infertility.">Microscopic varicocelectomy significantly decreases the sperm DNA fragmentation index in patients with infertility.</a> Biomed Res Int. 2014, 695713 (2014).</li><li>Lorenc, T., Krupniewski, L., Palczewski, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Warto&#347;&#263;+ultrasonografii+w+diagnostyce+&#380;ylak&#243;w+powr&#243;zka+nasiennego.">Warto&#347;&#263; ultrasonografii w diagnostyce &#380;ylak&#243;w powr&#243;zka nasiennego.</a> J Ultrasonography. 16 (67), 359-370 (2016).</li><li>Kummari, S., Das, S., Mahajan, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Role+of+high-resolution+ultrasonography+with+colour+and+duplex+doppler+in+the+evaluation+of+acute+scrotal+diseases.">Role of high-resolution ultrasonography with colour and duplex doppler in the evaluation of acute scrotal diseases.</a> Cureus. 15 (11), e49231 (2023).</li><li>Pogoreli&#263;, Z., Gaberc, T., Juki&#263;, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+effect+of+subcutaneous+and+intraperitoneal+instillation+of+local+anesthetics+on+postoperative+pain+after+laparoscopic+varicocelectomy:+A+randomized+controlled+trial.">The effect of subcutaneous and intraperitoneal instillation of local anesthetics on postoperative pain after laparoscopic varicocelectomy: A randomized controlled trial.</a> Children (Basel). 8 (11), 1051 (2021).</li><li>Kilin&#231;, F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Experimental+varicocele+induces+hypoxia-inducible+factor-1alpha,+vascular+endothelial+growth+factor+expression+and+angiogenesis+in+the+rat+testis.">Experimental varicocele induces hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha, vascular endothelial growth factor expression and angiogenesis in the rat testis.</a> J Urol. 172 (3), 1188-1191 (2004).</li><li>Krzy&#347;ciak, W., K&#243;zka, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Generation+of+reactive+oxygen+species+by+a+sufficient,+insufficient+and+varicose+vein+wall.">Generation of reactive oxygen species by a sufficient, insufficient and varicose vein wall.</a> Acta Biochim Pol. 58 (1), 89-94 (2011).</li><li>Tian, D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effect+of+varicocelectomy+on+serum+FSH+and+LH+levels+for+patients+with+varicocele:+a+systematic+review+and+meta-analysis.">Effect of varicocelectomy on serum FSH and LH levels for patients with varicocele: a systematic review and meta-analysis.</a> Indian J Surg. 80 (3), 233-238 (2018).</li><li>Paick, S., Choi, W. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Varicocele+and+testicular+pain:+A+Review.">Varicocele and testicular pain: A Review.</a> World J Mens Health. 37 (1), 4-11 (2019).</li></ol>

<table><tbody><tr><td>Low frequency neuromuscular therapy device</td><td>Foshan Shanshan Datang Medical Technology Company</td><td>BioStim pro</td><td>Detachable and portable therapeutic instruments</td></tr><tr><td>Medical infrared thermal imager</td><td>Foshan Shanshan Datang Medical Technology Company</td><td>PRISM 640A, PRISM 384A</td><td>Instrument for infrared thermal imaging scanning of the human body</td></tr><tr><td>Medical infrared thermal imaging system</td><td>Foshan Shanshan Datang Medical Technology Company</td><td>PRISM X 1.0.3</td><td>Medical infrared thermal imager supporting computer system</td></tr><tr><td>Surface electrodes for physical therapy</td><td>Foshan Shanshan Datang Medical Technology Company</td><td>JB50100, E6596, B50180</td><td>Electrode plate</td></tr></tbody></table>

transcutaneous neuromuscular electrical stimulation for treating varicocele-induced scrotal pain

<meta charset="utf8"></head><body>作者聚焦：通过神经肌肉电刺激推进精索静脉曲张治疗

经皮神经肌肉电刺激治疗精索静脉曲张诱发的阴囊疼痛

Varicocele is a prevalent vascular disorder affecting the male reproductive system, leading to scrotal pain and testicular dysfunction. Epidemiological ...

transcutaneous-neuromuscular-electrical-stimulation-for-treating

Universidad de Cartagena UDEC

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

Transcutaneous Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation for Treating Varicocele-Induced Scrotal Pain

662 次观看.  Northern Jiangsu People's Hospital of Jiangsu Province. 我们的研究是为了使用经皮神经肌肉电刺激治疗精索静脉曲张阴囊疼痛，并为治疗精索静脉曲张阴囊疼痛提供了新的替代选择。经皮神经肌肉电刺激已广泛用于治疗盆底相关疾病，并已有效治疗勃起和早泄等男性疾病。我们想探讨经皮神经肌肉刺激治疗阴囊精索静脉曲张疼痛的疗效。我们将经皮神经肌肉电刺激应用于更关键的应用，并寻找经皮...

视频: 作者聚焦：通过神经肌肉电刺激推进精索静脉曲张治疗

Programmed Electrical Stimulation in Mice

Genetically-modified mice have emerged as a preferable animal model to study the molecular mechanisms underlying conduction abnormalities, atrial and ventricular arrhythmias, and sudden cardiac death.1 Intracardiac pacing studies can be performed in mice using a 1.1F octapolar catheter inserted into the jugular vein, and advanced into the right atrium and ventricle. Here, we illustrate the steps involved in performing programmed electrical stimulation in mice. Surface ECG and intracardiac electrograms are recorded simultaneously in the atria, atrioventricular junction, and ventricular myocardium, whereas intracardiac pacing of the atrium is performed using an external stimulator. Thus, programmed electrical stimulation in mice provides unique opportunities to explore molecular mechanisms underlying conduction defects and cardiac arrhythmias.

Programmed electrical stimulation provides the ability to determine conduction properties of the heart, and the possibility to induce and terminate cardiac arrhythmias using various pacing protocols. Using a transvenous catheter, intracardiac electrogram recordings can be obtained in mice following programmed electrical stimulation protocols to identify arrhythmogenic substrates.

程控电刺激小鼠

Genetically-modified mice have emerged as a preferable animal model to study the molecular mechanisms underlying conduction abnormalities, atrial and ...

科研

医学

Utilizing Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation to Study the Human Neuromuscular System

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) has been in use for more than 20 years 1, and has grown exponentially in popularity over the past decade. While the use of TMS has expanded to the study of many systems and processes during this time, the original application and perhaps one of the most common uses of TMS involves studying the physiology, plasticity and function of the human neuromuscular system. Single pulse TMS applied to the motor cortex excites pyramidal neurons transsynaptically 2 (Figure 1) and results in a measurable electromyographic response that can be used to study and evaluate the integrity and excitability of the corticospinal tract in humans 3. Additionally, recent advances in magnetic stimulation now allows for partitioning of cortical versus spinal excitability 4,5. For example, paired-pulse TMS can be used to assess intracortical facilitatory and inhibitory properties by combining a conditioning stimulus and a test stimulus at different interstimulus intervals 3,4,6-8. In this video article we will demonstrate the methodological and technical aspects of these techniques. Specifically, we will demonstrate single-pulse and paired-pulse TMS techniques as applied to the flexor carpi radialis (FCR) muscle as well as the erector spinae (ES) musculature. Our laboratory studies the FCR muscle as it is of interest to our research on the effects of wrist-hand cast immobilization on reduced muscle performance6,9, and we study the ES muscles due to these muscles clinical relevance as it relates to low back pain8. With this stated, we should note that TMS has been used to study many muscles of the hand, arm and legs, and should iterate that our demonstrations in the FCR and ES muscle groups are only selected examples of TMS being used to study the human neuromuscular system.

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a non-invasive tool to gain insight on the physiology and function of the human nervous system. Here, we present our TMS techniques to study cortical excitability of the upper limb and lumbar musculature.

利用经颅磁刺激，以研究人类的神经肌肉系统

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) has been in use for more than 20 years 1, and has grown exponentially in popularity over the past decade.  While ...

A Murine Model of Muscle Training by Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation

Neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) is a common clinical modality that is widely used to restore1, maintain2 or enhance3-5 muscle functional capacity. Transcutaneous surface stimulation of skeletal muscle involves a current flow between a cathode and an anode, thereby inducing excitement of the motor unit and the surrounding muscle fibers. 
NMES is an attractive modality to evaluate skeletal muscle adaptive responses for several reasons. First, it provides a reproducible experimental model in which physiological adaptations, such as myofiber hypertophy and muscle strengthening6, angiogenesis7-9, growth factor secretion9-11, and muscle precursor cell activation12 are well documented. Such physiological responses may be carefully titrated using different parameters of stimulation (for Cochrane review, see 13). In addition, NMES recruits motor units non-selectively, and in a spatially fixed and temporally synchronous manner14, offering the advantage of exerting a treatment effect on all fibers, regardless of fiber type. Although there are specified contraindications to NMES in clinical populations, including peripheral venous disorders or malignancy, for example, NMES is safe and feasible, even for those who are ill and/or bedridden and for populations in which rigorous exercise may be challenging. 
Here, we demonstrate the protocol for adapting commercially available electrodes and performing a NMES protocol using a murine model. This animal model has the advantage of utilizing a clinically available device and providing instant feedback regarding positioning of the electrode to elicit the desired muscle contractile effect. For the purpose of this manuscript, we will describe the protocol for muscle stimulation of the anterior compartment muscles of a mouse hindlimb.

A murine model of neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES), a safe and inexpensive clinical modality, to the anterior compartment muscles is described. This model has the advantage of modifying a readily available clinical device for the purpose of eliciting targeted and specific muscle contractions in mice.

一个小鼠模型，通过神经肌肉电刺激肌肉训练

Neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) is a common clinical modality that is widely used to restore1, maintain2 or enhance3-5 muscle functional ...

Breathing-controlled Electrical Stimulation (BreEStim) for Management of Neuropathic Pain and Spasticity

Electrical stimulation (EStim) refers to the application of electrical current to muscles or nerves in order to achieve functional and therapeutic goals. It has been extensively used in various clinical settings. Based upon recent discoveries related to the systemic effects of voluntary breathing and intrinsic physiological interactions among systems during voluntary breathing, a new EStim protocol, Breathing-controlled Electrical Stimulation (BreEStim), has been developed to augment the effects of electrical stimulation. In BreEStim, a single-pulse electrical stimulus is triggered and delivered to the target area when the airflow rate of an isolated voluntary inspiration reaches the threshold. BreEStim integrates intrinsic physiological interactions that are activated during voluntary breathing and has demonstrated excellent clinical efficacy. Two representative applications of BreEStim are reported with detailed protocols: management of post-stroke finger flexor spasticity and neuropathic pain in spinal cord injury.

Breathing-controlled Electrical Stimulation BreEStim for Management of Neuropathic Pain and Spasticity

The purpose is to present a new method, breathing-control electrical stimulation (BreEStim) for management of neuropathic pain and spasticity.

呼吸控制电气的刺激（BreEStim）的神经性疼痛和痉挛的管理

Electrical stimulation (EStim) refers to the application of electrical current to muscles or nerves in order to achieve functional and therapeutic goals. ...

Clinical Assessment of Spatiotemporal Gait Parameters in Patients and Older Adults

Spatial and temporal characteristics of human walking are frequently evaluated to identify possible gait impairments, mainly in orthopedic and neurological patients1-4, but also in healthy older adults5,6. The quantitative gait analysis described in this protocol is performed with a recently-introduced photoelectric system (see&#160;Materials table) which has the potential to be used in the clinic because it is portable, easy to set up (no subject preparation is required before a test), and does not require maintenance and sensor calibration. The photoelectric system consists of series of high-density floor-based photoelectric cells with light-emitting and light-receiving diodes that are placed parallel to each other to create a corridor, and are oriented perpendicular to the line of progression7. The system simply detects interruptions in light signal, for instance due to the presence of feet within the recording area. Temporal gait parameters and 1D spatial coordinates of consecutive steps are subsequently calculated to provide common gait parameters such as step length, single limb support and walking velocity8, whose validity against a criterion instrument has recently been demonstrated7,9. The measurement procedures are very straightforward; a single patient can be tested in less than 5 min&#160;and a comprehensive report can be generated in less than 1&#160;min.

This protocol is used to evaluate spatial and temporal gait variables of neurological/orthopedic patients and older persons by means of a recently-introduced floor-based photocell system.

时空步态参数的患者和老年人的临床评估

Spatial and temporal characteristics of human walking are frequently evaluated to identify possible gait impairments, mainly in orthopedic and ...

Microvascular Doppler Assisted Microsurgical Denervation of the Spermatic Cord in Treating Chronic Orchialgia

Chronic orchialgia is a common disease in department of urology and andrology. The etiology is complex, and the treatment is difficult. In severe cases, orchiectomy is even necessary. In recent years, microsurgical denervation of the spermatic cord (MDSC) is a minimally invasive and effective surgical method for the treatment of chronic orchialgia. Its greatest advantage is to preserve the testis and epididymis, avoid the possible organ resection. The key of the operation is to dissect all the fibrous tissues in the spermatic cord, while protecting the arteries (especially the testicular arteries) and several lymphatic vessels. Combined with the use of microvascular doppler in the operation, when separating the structure of spermatic cord under the microscope, the testicular arteries can be objectively and accurately protected (pulse &#8220;whistle&#8221; sound can be heard when the microvascular doppler probes the arterial surface), while artery injury and venous missed ligation can be avoided. The postoperative blood supply of the testis is also maximumly safeguarded. At the same time, we can be more fearless to cut the cremaster muscle, fatty and connective tissues surrounding the spermatic cord blood vessels and vas deferens after the arteries and lymphatic vessels being accurately protected under the microscope, finally achieve the spermatic cord completely &#34;skeletonized&#34; (only the testicular arteries, lymphatic vessels and vas deferens remained after the surgery). Thus we can better ensure the clinical curative effect (denervation thoroughly), avoid serious complications (testicular atrophy), and achieve better surgical results.

<meta charset="utf8"></head><body>微血管多普勒辅助精索显微外科去神经支配治疗慢性睾丸痛

Here, we present a protocol to treat chronic orchialgia by microsurgical denervation of the spermatic cord. Combined with the use of a microvascular doppler, the procedures can be more easily implemented.

微血管多普勒辅助精索显微外科去神经支配治疗慢性睾丸痛

Chronic orchialgia is a common disease in department of urology and andrology. The etiology is complex, and the treatment is difficult. In severe cases, ...

Combination of High Ligation and Intraoperative Embolization using Polidocanol for Treatment of Varicoceles

Varicoceles are dilated veins within the pampiniform plexus and are relatively common in the general male population. The spermatic vein has many branches in the scrotal segment and then gradually merges into 1-2 trunks after passing through the internal inguinal ring. The key to a successful varicocelectomy is to ligate all the spermatic veins while protecting the testicular arteries and spermatic lymphatic vessels from damage. The small veins, including the branches of spermatic veins and collateral veins, are easily missed for ligation during conventional high ligation of varicocele, which has been suggested as a major cause of postoperative recurrence. Although microsurgery effectively reduces the risk of missing ligation of the spermatic veins during surgery, it has several shortcomings, such as long operation time and a steep learning curve. More importantly, this technique is difficult to carry out in primary hospitals due to the requirement of specialized equipment. Therefore, an attempt to modify the traditional high ligation aiming to reduce the postoperative recurrence rate has been carried out here. The protocol here combines traditional high ligation with intraoperative embolization to seal off the branches of the spermatic vein and collateral veins. We rapidly injected foamed sclerosant into the internal spermatic vein under direct observation after separation of the spermatic vein and then ligated all the veins. The foamed sclerosant through the varicose vein hampers endothelial cell growth, promotes the growth of thrombus and fibrosis, and ultimately forms fibrous streaks that permanently fill the venous. The results showed a more satisfactory effect on reducing the postoperative recurrence rate compared with traditional high ligation. Since this protocol is simple to carry out and has better results in reducing the recurrence rate, this can be an alternative surgical method for the treatment of varicocele, especially in primary hospitals.

<meta charset="utf8"></head><body>使用聚多卡醇的高位结扎和术中栓塞相结合治疗精索静脉曲张

To reduce the postoperative recurrence rate of varicocelectomy, we combined high ligation of varicocele with intraoperative embolization. We injected polidocanol from the spermatic vein during surgery to embolize the branches of the spermatic vein and collateral veins. This is an alternative surgical method for the treatment of varicocele.

使用聚多卡醇的高位结扎和术中栓塞相结合治疗精索静脉曲张

Varicoceles are dilated veins within the pampiniform plexus and are relatively common in the general male population. The spermatic vein has many branches ...

Grade III Varicocele Surgical Treatment using Spermatic Vein-Superficial Abdominal Vein Shunt

Microsurgical varicocelectomy is the most commonly used method for the treatment of varicocele (VC) in recent years. However, it is technically demanding with the risk of damaging the normal anatomical structure of the spermatic cord, such as the cremaster muscle, testicular artery, and vas deferens during the pampiniform plexus ligation. Also, traditional varicocelectomy hinders the drainage of the stagnant venous blood of the affected testicle, resulting in a persistent scrotal appearance of varicose veins and slower remission of swelling sensation in postoperative patients with grade III VC. Therefore, we developed a retroperitoneal varicocelectomy with a microscopical spermatic venous-superficial vein of the abdominal wall bypass procedure. The spermatic vein was transected and ligated proximally through the retroperitoneal space. Then, the distal spermatic vein was freed and passed through the internal ring; under the skin of the groin, a microscopic vascular anastomosis was performed to build the bypass of the distal spermatic vein and proximal inferior epigastric vein. The high ligation facilitates the protection of the normal anatomy of the spermatic cord, and the venous bypass allows rapid testicular blood drainage, which can effectively improve the degree of varicocele, testicular pain, and even spermatogenic function. In conclusion, the present protocol describes a promising way to reconstruct the spermatic return through high retroperitoneal ligation of the spermatic vein and anastomosis of the spermatic vein-inferior epigastric vein, which resulted in faster and more obvious improvement in symptoms and better prognosis of grade III VC.

Here, we present a protocol for grade III varicocele surgical treatment that aims to rebuild the venous drainage of the spermatic cord by a spermatic vein-superficial abdominal vein shunt performed under the microscope.

使用精索静脉-腹浅静脉分流术的 III 级精索静脉手术治疗

Microsurgical varicocelectomy is the most commonly used method for the treatment of varicocele (VC) in recent years. However, it is technically demanding ...

经皮神经肌肉电刺激治疗精索静脉曲张诱发的阴囊疼痛

副本

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程控电刺激小鼠

利用经颅磁刺激，以研究人类的神经肌肉系统

一个小鼠模型，通过神经肌肉电刺激肌肉训练

呼吸控制电气的刺激（BreEStim）的神经性疼痛和痉挛的管理

时空步态参数的患者和老年人的临床评估

微血管多普勒辅助精索显微外科去神经支配治疗慢性睾丸痛

微血管多普勒辅助精索显微外科去神经支配治疗慢性睾丸痛

使用聚多卡醇的高位结扎和术中栓塞相结合治疗精索静脉曲张

使用聚多卡醇的高位结扎和术中栓塞相结合治疗精索静脉曲张

使用精索静脉-腹浅静脉分流术的 III 级精索静脉手术治疗