我要感谢 Wilson Biochar 的 Kelpie Wilson、犹他州土地管理局、美国农业部林务局、犹他州林业、消防和州土地部、犹他州公共土地倡议拨款计划、犹他州立大学推广拨款计划、俄勒冈州伯恩斯的布兰登·巴伦、犹他州洛根的 ANR 制造和美国生物炭倡议。

1. 到现场的运输
<ol><li>使用小型挖掘机（带拇指）和链条或 4 x 4 叉车将 BB12 装载到拖车上进行运输，利用叉袋。 注意:所有对小型挖掘机的进一步引用都假定它有一个可操作的拇指和铲斗。</li>
	<li>用棘轮带将窑炉固定在拖车上，每个棘轮带的断裂强度超过 1,361 公斤（3,000 磅）。有关示例，请参见 图 4 。</li>
	<li>使用小型挖掘机或叉车卸下窑炉，或将其绑在树/车辆上并开走，让它掉在地上。到达现场后，使用皮卡车和皮带将窑炉拖到地面上。</li>
</ol>2.现场准备
<ol><li>将 BB12 放置在相对平坦的表面上（坡度 < 10%），非常靠近木头堆，确保狗门排水板位于下坡侧（如果在斜坡上）。 注意: 在操作过程中保持狗门排水板关闭。</li>
	<li>选择原料，可以是任何木本物种。使用小而干燥的材料来使窑炉运转，尤其是在使用湿原料时。</li>
	<li>收集并堆放足够量的原料来给窑炉进料。将所有原料切割成比窑炉最大尺寸短的长度，以便于安装。</li>
</ol>3. 减少危害
<ol><li>点火前，请咨询当地消防和空气质量部门，以确保火灾危险不会太高而无法点火，并且空气质量法规不会影响燃烧计划。请务必在点火前向当地消防部门通报计划。</li>
	<li>在点火之前，在窑炉周围建造一条火线（1英尺宽的痕迹刮到矿物土壤），以防止火势蔓延。在点燃窑炉之前，确保有一根带电的软管连接到足够的供水，具体取决于当前的火灾危险，用于火灾控制。</li>
</ol>4.装料和照明窑炉
<ol><li>使用小型挖掘机将原料随机装载到窑炉中;添加原料的大小/顺序无关紧要。有关装载的窑炉的图像，请参见 图 5 。</li>
	<li>在窑顶上堆放一层较小直径的燃料（原料），以帮助快速点火。</li>
	<li>装载后，先用滴灌火炬、丙烷火炬或其他点火装置点燃窑炉，先点燃窑炉顶部。有关窑炉照明和窑炉操作的图像，请参见 图 6 。</li>
</ol>5. 照料窑
<ol><li>让窑炉燃烧，并在火势允许时添加燃料;预计材料添加到窑炉后会产生短时间的烟雾。观察一下，当可燃物通过热/烟柱上升时，火焰帽将很快重新形成并继续消耗可燃物。像篝火一样照料窑炉;一次添加过多的燃料会窒息火势，但太少会导致火熄灭。有关火焰帽的图像，请参见 图 7 。</li>
	<li>监测窑炉和周围的植被是否有逃逸的火花或余烬，这些火花或余烬可能导致不必要的点火。</li>
	<li>继续以这种方式照料/装载窑炉，直到窑炉装满/原料耗尽/轮班结束。</li>
</ol>6.淬火
<ol><li>当窑炉装满或几乎装满煤，燃烧的燃烧让位于阴燃或发光燃烧时，淬火以停止燃烧并保存煤。 图 8 显示了准备淬火的窑炉。</li>
	<li>使用直径为 3.8 厘米（1.5 英寸）的软管和水泵（在租赁商店通常称为容积泵或垃圾泵）从水源或水车上使用大约 300 加仑的水来淬火窑炉。淹死煤炭;继续加水，直到煤在积水中，然后使用小型挖掘机搅拌以消除干燥热点和继续燃烧。 图 9 演示了使用软管进行淬火。</li>
	<li>窑炉完全淬火后，打开狗门排出水，这将使窑炉更轻，以便倾倒生物炭。</li>
</ol>7. 小费
<ol><li>窑炉完全淬火并排干后，将内容物倾倒在窑附近的地面上。</li>
	<li>首先准备该区域，使用机器在煤炭所在的空间周围建造一条火线，并从该空间刮掉任何燃料，包括草、木棍、刷子和原木。</li>
	<li>使用机器和链条/带子将窑炉拉向机器。 图 10 显示了小型挖掘机倾倒的窑炉。</li>
	<li>监控小型挖掘机的动臂/液压软管/配件的热暴露情况;偶尔将手背先放在这些部位附近，然后放在这些部位上，以确保它们不会太热而无法触摸;如果是这样，请让它们立即冷却。</li>
</ol>8. 冷拖曳
<ol><li>在离开现场之前，通过用手移动生产的全部生物炭来确保火熄灭。确保触感完全凉爽才能灭火。 注意: BB12 带有可用于安全目的的盖子;如果发生紧急情况，例如逃逸的火灾或受伤，可以将盖子放在窑上，以防止火花/余烬离开窑炉，并且可以安全疏散该区域。该过程可能随时停止。在火灾危险性通常较低的高湿度场所，可能不需要盖子。</li>
</ol>

运营大型生物炭窑并实施最佳实践

<ol>
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作者没有利益冲突需要声明。

通常，现场生产的部分生物炭由研讨会参与者收集在桶或袋子中，并应用于人们的花园或农业项目。生物炭是易碎的，可以分解成小块，以便更容易地融入土壤中，方法是用车辆驶过它，踩在下面有坚硬的表面，或者用小型挖掘机的铲斗将其捣碎。这种材料也可以称为木炭，已被收集用于户外木炭烹饪，可能提供当地采购的材料来增加膳食的烹饪特色。
将Big Box火焰帽生物炭窑与其他生物炭生产方法12进行比较，移动式炭化机每天可处理63,502公斤（70吨），而Big Box窑每天可处理12,500公斤。移动式炭化机的成本远高于大箱式窑炉，起价为 500,000 美元，而制造大箱式窑的成本不到 10,000 美元。虽然单个大箱式窑炉只能处理移动式炭化机的20%的材料，但它的成本仅为移动式炭化机购买价格的2%。
另一个例子是，加热的螺旋窑每天可以处理多达 5,443 公斤的生物质，这远低于大箱窑每天 12,500 公斤的产能。此外，材料预处理（碎裂）的成本可能超过实际热解材料的成本。此外，加热螺旋钻等精炼机器不能容忍林业作业中常见的污染原料;一铲土可以关闭一个螺旋窑，而一个大箱窑可以承受几铲土，而不会对操作产生重大影响。最后，螺旋窑的成本很容易达到大箱窑的 10 倍。
建造的第一座大箱式窑被称为 BB16，因为它长 4.9 米（16 英尺），宽 2.4 米（8 英尺），是单壁结构。它最初高 1.8 米（6 英尺），重近 1,360 公斤（3,000 磅），这需要一台更大的挖掘机、一名合格的操作员和一辆低矮的拖车，这导致了调度方面的挑战。这种方法尺寸过大，无法处理典型的犹他州燃料负荷，而且在 1.8 米（6 英尺）高处，很难点燃或看到窑内发生的事情。为了解决这些问题，为了更好地将这种方法扩展到犹他州的燃料负荷，并使普通森林管理者更容易获得，高度降低到 1.2 米（4 英尺）高。这使得它更容易被看到和点燃。它还将其降至 1,043 公斤（2,300 磅），这使得使用更可用的皮卡车和拖车进行运输，以及使用不需要任何经验的小型挖掘机移动和操作变得易于管理，并且可以从大多数设备租赁店租用。
UBRG建造的第二个窑炉是双壁结构，可以更好地保护窑炉附近的操作人员和设备，并允许在窑内更均匀地加热13。这种修改的一部分是从 12 号钢到 14 号钢，后者更薄、更轻。UBRG已经在这些窑炉中进行了数十次燃烧，虽然它们确实在斑点上有点弯曲，但它们还没有显示出任何明显的与热有关的金属疲劳迹象。当然，可能会发生额外的学习，并且有足够的空间继续创新。
双壁 BB12 是最受关注的设计，也许是山间西部最容易获得/最实用的燃料。较大的窑炉将更适合使用更多/更大的燃料，例如美国西北部。这种方法已被证明可以在 4.9 米（16 英尺长）的窑炉中得到验证。迄今为止，犹他州、科罗拉多州、蒙大拿州、德克萨斯州和纽约州的其他各方已经建造了大箱式窑炉。
窑炉可以运行以最大限度地提高生物炭产量或最大限度地减少危险燃料，或介于两者之间。如果减少危险燃料是主要目标，那么窑炉可以随机装载，只有在窑炉装满煤时才能淬火。如果周围的火灾危险性较低，例如当地面被几厘米的积雪覆盖时，可以在下班前的傍晚将窑炉堆放高高的燃料，然后燃烧一整夜;因此，在受控空间内消耗燃料。如果生物炭生产是主要目标，则可以将原料分类为相似尺寸的原料，并在窑炉中装载类似尺寸的类材料，并经常淬火以保存煤炭。通常，它是这些相反目标的混合体，窑炉在这两个极端之间运行。除非目标是具有特定特性的生物炭，否则原料的种类就不那么重要了。
从这些窑炉中排出的烟雾量有限;这个想法是，当可燃物通过热柱上升时，火焰帽会消耗它们。2019 年和 2020 年，犹他州烟雾管理系统协调员保罗·科里根 （Paul Corrigan） 将他的排放测试设备带到了犹他州北部洛根和犹他州南部摩押附近的 Big Box 生物炭窑演示。在这两种情况下，设备都没有记录到窑炉的排放增加，因为火焰帽在可燃物通过热柱上升时会消耗它们。2023 年 4 月，美国农业部林务局消防实验室的排放测试小组对犹他州图埃勒的窑炉进行了排放测试;这些结果尚不可用。
照料窑炉的工人将需要消防手动工具，如铲子、耙子、Pulaskis 和链锯。最佳做法包括让所有在场的人佩戴安全装备，如皮手套、护目镜、防火服或至少是天然纤维服;必须避免穿合成服装。安全帽和皮靴、长袖和裤子有助于保护操作员。
应急通信;应急计划:除了紧急情况的可能性和围绕紧急情况的通信需求外，还必须考虑操作的位置（通常是远程的）。了解本地手机接收效果最佳的位置至关重要;强烈建议使用卫星电话或紧急定位信标，例如 Garmin InReach.重要的是不要独自工作。
如果发生余烬/点火，必须将盖子放在窑上，以防止进一步的火花从窑中逸出。必须使用机械在现场火场周围快速挖掘火线，并且必须将燃烧的燃料与未燃烧的燃料分开。必须使用水源来灭火。如果无法立即灭火，请拨打 911。
来自大箱窑的生物炭已由加利福尼亚州沃森维尔的控制实验室使用国际生物炭倡议 （IBI） 认证计划的实验室测试进行表征，结果显示 85% 的有机碳和 8% 的灰分;这些是中等质量生物炭的特征。合作者正在尝试在底部添加滚落杯垫，类似于大型垃圾箱，以及一扇门，该门是端墙之一，以帮助去除成品生物炭。这些功能在极端高温暴露后是否仍然可操作还有待观察。

危险燃料是整个西部荒地的一个主要问题 1.由于消防管理人员在控制天气方面无能为力，因此控制燃料是他们的最佳选择2.这种方法的目标是提供一种新的、可扩展的工具，用于减少废木材，同时以经济和实用的方式生产生物炭。传统上，林务员从伐木和减少燃料项目中堆放和燃烧材料，但在过去几十年中，空气质量限制和更长的火灾季节使露天堆燃烧变得更加困难3.此外，露天焚烧已被证明会因过热而对土壤造成潜在的长期损害4.所有这些挑战都提供了 UBRG 开发这种用于生物炭生产的技术的原因。UBRG 旨在提供一种低成本、高可及性的方法来减少危险燃料，从而产生有价值的产品5.这种将燃料转化为原料并试图从低价值木材中获取价值的方法充满了挑战。这种方法保留了一部分碳，否则会因燃烧或腐烂而流失，并将其加工成耐用的形式，在土壤中的半衰期接近 1,000 年6;这比大多数土壤有机质的停留时间长 10-1,000 倍7.
大箱窑的设计过程始于对起源于日本的技术的其他衍生品的审查。2011年，井上等8 报道了日本Moki公司生产的"无烟木炭窑M50"生产的生物炭的碳化效率和质量。生物炭是在这些小型锥形窑炉中生产的，在干质量的基础上，转化效率在13%至19.5%之间。作者发现，在约600°C的温度下，炭的固定碳和碳含量值等于用蒸馏法制成的木炭的值。
大盒子形状最初是由凯尔皮·威尔逊（Kelpie Wilson）在北达科他州林务局（North Dakota Forest Service）关于碳化防护林树木移除的可行性研究中提出的。威尔逊建议使用改装的钢制垃圾箱作为火焰帽窑，以处理更大尺寸的材料。大箱式窑炉设计包括对概念的几项改进，有助于提高耐用性、可用性和移动性，如下所述。威尔逊的数字包括为此目的重新利用垃圾箱和油箱等容器的建议;然而，重新利用的材料通常已经涂漆或镀锌，可能会使研讨会参与者暴露在空气中的有害化学物质中。
大箱窑的排放尚未报告，但Cornelissen等人9 对几种不同类型的Kon-Tiki窑（深锥窑）进行了排放测试，发现排放量通常低于生物质原料露天燃烧的排放量。他们还测试了为多环芳烃（PAH）生产的生物炭，发现PAH水平远低于挪威土壤的最大可容忍风险（MTR）水平。对俄勒冈窑（一种浅金字塔形窑）的生命周期分析表明，火焰帽窑的木内操作是负碳的，导致土壤中大气碳的净封存10。
Big Box 方法的一个局限性是湿原料。虽然在干旱气候和干燥原料中，这些窑炉中每天两批大直径材料是合理的预期，但在湿度和燃料湿度较高的地方，每天一批是更合理的预期。干原料的生产率更高;湿原料会限制窑炉的生产率。潮湿的天气里潮湿的原料效果不佳。直径小于 10 厘米的湿原料比大直径湿原料的热解更彻底。干燥的材料很容易在潮湿和/或下雪的天气中热解。大箱形窑已经成功地热解了直径超过 0.76 米（30 英寸）的窑长干原木，并将分支直径缩小到小于 1 厘米。
大多数空气质量监管机构将窑炉操作视为露天焚烧，在犹他州，仅提前三天获得许可，这使得规划变得困难，尤其是在我们社区周围大气逆温很常见的冬季。进行生物炭燃烧的成本远高于简单地燃烧桩，这是这种方法的另一个局限性。该技术是第一个公开发表的低技术含量的生物炭生产方法，其规模放弃了昂贵的原料预处理，例如热解前的研磨和切屑。这种方法对于大多数木质碎片很有用，这些木质碎片除了切割成可管理的块尺寸外，还没有被切碎或加工。这种方法不适用于小块尺寸的原料或将形成垫子或球状物料的原料，例如草、玉米秸秆和稻壳。
窑炉设计 BB12 是一个双壁窑，长 3.7 米（12 英尺）、宽 1.8 米（6 英尺）、高 1.2 米（4 英尺），由 14 号钢制成。大小和形状可以变化。计划可在 UBRG 网站11 上找到。除顶部外，不允许空气进入窑内;这对于开发火焰帽至关重要，当可燃物通过热柱上升时，火焰帽会消耗大部分可燃物。窑炉内角的详细信息见 图1 。例外情况是排水口，称为狗门，如 图 2 所示，因为它的大小与普通狗门相似。它有一个带手柄的滑动金属片，因此可以在操作窑炉时将其向下推关闭，并在准备倾倒窑炉时将其抬起（注意:热）。
两壁被分开以提供气隙12 ，并且顶部是开放的，底部不是完全密封的，除了窑炉的内部。有关气隙和墙壁顶部的详细信息，请参见 图 3 。避免密封空间，以避免在热膨胀和由此产生的收缩过程中出现问题。单壁窑在减少危险燃料和生产生物炭方面仍然有效，但双壁窑允许设备和操作员在较少的热暴露下靠近。如果生物炭生产是最重要的目标，那么双壁窑可能更有效。如果减少危险燃料是主要目标，而生物炭是次要目标，那么单壁窑可能就足够了。

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Big Box biochar kiln</td>
			<td>ANR Fabrication</td>
			<td>BB12</td>
			<td>Phone: 435-753-0310</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Chainsaw</td>
			<td>Ace Hardware</td>
			<td>#7000565</td>
			<td>Or similar</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Drip torch</td>
			<td>Forestry Suppliers</td>
			<td>7.58182E+11</td>
			<td>Fill with: 30% gasoline, 70% diesel (or propane torch)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Garmin InReach</td>
			<td>Best Buy</td>
			<td>6499326</td>
			<td>Or similar</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Honda self priming water pump</td>
			<td>Northern Tool</td>
			<td>Item#&#160;109418</td>
			<td>Or similar</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>lighter / matches</td>
			<td>Amazon</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Log chains</td>
			<td>Tractor Supply Co.</td>
			<td>SKU: 358788199</td>
			<td>Or similar; for moving/lifting kiln</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Mini-excavator with thumb</td>
			<td>Local rental company</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Must have a bucket with thumb</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pulaski</td>
			<td>Grainger</td>
			<td>485C27</td>
			<td>Or similar</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Rachet straps</td>
			<td>US Cargo Control</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>3,000 lbs strength per</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Rags / cardboard</td>
			<td>Grainger</td>
			<td>9JZ92</td>
			<td>To protect straps from abrasion while transporting kiln</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Rake</td>
			<td>Grainger</td>
			<td>1WG30</td>
			<td>Or similar</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Shovel</td>
			<td>Grainger</td>
			<td>12N166</td>
			<td>Or similar</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Truck / trailer</td>
			<td>Own/rent locally</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>For transporting kiln</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Water discharge hoses</td>
			<td>Grainger</td>
			<td>45DT92</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Water: 300 gallons per quench</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Plus more for fire control</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Personal Protective Equipment</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Chainsaw chaps</td>
			<td>Global industrial</td>
			<td>T9FB2019133</td>
			<td>Or similar</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ear protection</td>
			<td>Global industrial</td>
			<td>T9F708377</td>
			<td>Or similar</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Eye protection</td>
			<td>Global industrial</td>
			<td>T9F708119CLAF</td>
			<td>Or similar</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fire pants</td>
			<td>Grainger</td>
			<td>12R487</td>
			<td>Or similar</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fire shirt</td>
			<td>Grainger</td>
			<td>39EM96</td>
			<td>Or similar</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hard hat</td>
			<td>Global industrial</td>
			<td>T9FB2278977</td>
			<td>Or similar</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Leather gloves</td>
			<td>Global industrial</td>
			<td>&#160;T9FB1145414</td>
			<td>Or similar</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Smokejumper fire boots</td>
			<td>Whites Boots</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Or similar</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

big box biochar kiln operation and best practices

大箱式生物炭窑是露天燃烧的替代方案，允许在简单的金属箱中生产木内生物炭，没有移动部件。这种方法基于木炭制造商几个世纪以来使用的技术，但采用现代机械化方法。小型挖掘机或其他机械用于装载、照料和清空窑炉。本文将概述大箱生物炭窑的最佳实践，包括设计、运输、放置、装载、照明、淬火和倾倒程序，供初学者开发自己的大箱生物炭窑程序。 
生物炭生产需要低氧燃烧环境，大箱式窑炉使用火焰帽（有时称为火焰幕）方法来燃烧烟雾产生的材料。这些窑炉的设计是为了使用足够额定的拖车轻松转移到现场。小型挖掘机或其他机械用于装载、照料和清空窑炉。作者不知道有一种更方便的方法让人们在农场、牧场或后院封存持久的碳。本文概述了 Big Box 生物炭窑的最佳实践，包括设计、运输、放置、装载、照明、淬火和倾倒程序，供初学者开发自己的 Big Box 生物炭窑程序。

从10月到3月，大箱窑将各种类型的原料热解成生物炭（表1）。燃料越干燥、越清洁，窑炉的生产率就越高。燃料的直径不太重要，窑炉对直径超过 76 厘米的全长原木进行了热解;然而，如果生物炭生产是该项目最重要的方面，那么有必要注意，用更一致的原料填充窑炉可能会产生最高的生物炭产量。窑炉的运行方式可以最大限度地提高生物炭的产量，也可以以最大化危险燃料消耗的方式运行，或者可以将它们的运行方式集中在这些有点相反的目标之间的连续体上的任何一点上。
盖子又重又尖，不能单独处理。 图 11 显示了两个人移动的盖子。最好有2-3人照看窑炉;一个人操作机器，另一个人留意逃逸的现场火灾，用电锯切割任何太长而无法进入窑炉的材料，捡起可能从窑中掉出来的小块燃烧材料。
窑底的滑橇允许它被拖曳很短的距离。窑炉可以在土路和地面上拖行至少四分之一英里。 图 12 显示了被拖曳的窑炉。当原料堆的最后一部分放入窑中时，与其完成批次并淬火部分满窑，不如在运行时使用皮卡车和皮带在堆之间拖曳窑更有效。窑底附近有孔眼，用于连接带子或链条以进行拖拽。然后，一旦到达新堆，操作员就可以按照指示继续装载窑炉。
通常会有一些原木没有完全热解成生物炭，可以添加到下一次窑炉燃烧中，或者可以作为粗木质碎片散布在森林中，这具有生态优势或可用于Hügelkultur应用（木材被堆积并掩埋以形成凸起的花园床）。 图 13 显示了未完全热解的原木，有时称为骨骼。
<img alt="Figure 1" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/65362/65362fig01.jpg"> 图1:空窑内。 空窑内;注意没有气隙。 <a href="https://jove.unicartagenaproxy.elogim.com/files/ftp_upload/65362/65362fig01large.jpg" target="_blank">请点击这里查看此图的较大版本.</a>
<img alt="Figure 2" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/65362/65362fig02.jpg"> 图 2:打开狗门。 淬火完成后，狗门部分打开，水从窑中流出。 <a href="https://jove.unicartagenaproxy.elogim.com/files/ftp_upload/65362/65362fig02large.jpg" target="_blank">请点击这里查看此图的较大版本.</a>
<img alt="Figure 3" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/65362/65362fig03.jpg"> 图 3:墙壁之间的间隙。 窑壁之间的间隙，显示没有密封的空腔。 <a href="https://jove.unicartagenaproxy.elogim.com/files/ftp_upload/65362/65362fig03large.jpg" target="_blank">请点击这里查看此图的较大版本.</a>
<img alt="Figure 4" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/65362/65362fig04.jpg"> 图4:窑炉固定运输。 捆扎带和拖车用于安全运输窑炉。 <a href="https://jove.unicartagenaproxy.elogim.com/files/ftp_upload/65362/65362fig04large.jpg" target="_blank">请点击这里查看此图的较大版本.</a>
<img alt="Figure 5" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/65362/65362fig05.jpg"> 图 5:装载窑炉。 窑炉正在装载俄罗斯橄榄木，展示了装载方法和窑内缺乏组织。装载轻质原料的窑炉示例。 <a href="https://jove.unicartagenaproxy.elogim.com/files/ftp_upload/65362/65362fig05large.jpg" target="_blank">请点击这里查看此图的较大版本.</a>
<img alt="Figure 6" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/65362/65362fig06.jpg"> 图6:照明窑。 操作员正在使用滴灌火炬对装载的窑炉进行顶照。装载重物的窑炉示例。 <a href="https://jove.unicartagenaproxy.elogim.com/files/ftp_upload/65362/65362fig06large.jpg" target="_blank">请点击这里查看此图的较大版本.</a>
<img alt="Figure 7" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/65362/65362fig07.jpg"> 图 7:火焰帽。 窑顶形成火焰帽，窑中冒出的烟雾很少;干净的风景，背景是风景。 <a href="https://jove.unicartagenaproxy.elogim.com/files/ftp_upload/65362/65362fig07large.jpg" target="_blank">请点击这里查看此图的较大版本.</a>
<img alt="Figure 8" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/65362/65362fig08.jpg"> 图 8:准备淬火。 一个几乎满满的窑炉，从燃烧燃烧转变为炽热燃烧;淬火开始的点。 <a href="https://jove.unicartagenaproxy.elogim.com/files/ftp_upload/65362/65362fig08large.jpg" target="_blank">请点击这里查看此图的较大版本.</a>
<img alt="Figure 9" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/65362/65362fig09.jpg"> 图 9:淬火。 消防水带用于将大约 1,100 升水放在窑中的煤上，以停止燃烧并保存炭。 <a href="https://jove.unicartagenaproxy.elogim.com/files/ftp_upload/65362/65362fig09large.jpg" target="_blank">请点击这里查看此图的较大版本.</a>
<img alt="Figure 10" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/65362/65362fig10.jpg"> 图 10:小费。 小型挖掘机用于倾倒 BB16 Big Box 生物炭窑以清空炭并开始另一批。请注意，第二个窑炉在后台运行;一台机器可以同时操作多个窑炉。 <a href="https://jove.unicartagenaproxy.elogim.com/files/ftp_upload/65362/65362fig10large.jpg" target="_blank">请点击这里查看此图的较大版本.</a>
<img alt="Figure 11" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/65362/65362fig11.jpg"> 图 11:盖子。 两名戴着厚重皮手套的操作员一起在窑上盖上盖子。 <a href="https://jove.unicartagenaproxy.elogim.com/files/ftp_upload/65362/65362fig11large.jpg" target="_blank">请点击这里查看此图的较大版本.</a>
<img alt="Figure 12" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/65362/65362fig12.jpg"> 图 12:拖曳。 带子用于将（仍在燃烧的）窑从底部孔眼连接到皮卡车上，并将土路上的毒品连接到下一堆原料。 <a href="https://jove.unicartagenaproxy.elogim.com/files/ftp_upload/65362/65362fig12large.jpg" target="_blank">请点击这里查看此图的较大版本.</a>
<img alt="Figure 13" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/65362/65362fig13.jpg"> 图 13:骨骼。 在开始新一批之前，将前一批未完全热解的材料（称为骨头）添加到窑中。 <a href="https://jove.unicartagenaproxy.elogim.com/files/ftp_upload/65362/65362fig13large.jpg" target="_blank">请点击这里查看此图的较大版本.</a>
<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always"><tbody><tr><td>大箱式窑炉</td>
			<td colspan="2">热解</td>
			<td>生物炭</td>
		</tr><tr><td>11月，Uinta-Wasatch-Cache国家森林的Logan Ranger区</td>
			<td>22,000 千克</td>
			<td>杜松</td>
			<td>14立方米</td>
		</tr><tr><td>一月的犹他州摩押</td>
			<td>1,200 千克</td>
			<td>俄罗斯橄榄原料</td>
			<td>8立方米</td>
		</tr><tr><td>11 月，Uinta-Wsatch-Cache 国家森林的 Mill Hollow</td>
			<td>25,000 千克</td>
			<td>大直径恩格尔曼云杉和亚高山冷杉</td>
			<td>16立方米</td>
		</tr><tr><td>10月，蒙大拿州狄龙附近</td>
			<td>10,000 公斤</td>
			<td>花旗松原料</td>
			<td>10立方米</td>
		</tr><tr><td>犹他州松谷牧场，三月</td>
			<td>24,000 千克</td>
			<td>颤杨、亚高山冷杉、恩格尔曼云杉原料</td>
			<td>14立方米</td>
		</tr></tbody></table>表1:大箱窑对各种原料的热解。

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Big Box Biochar Kiln Operation and Best Practices at JoVE.com

安装用于生物炭生产的大箱生物炭窑

犹他州生物质资源集团 （UBRG） 以一种创新的方法扩大了简单的生物炭窑，使用金属箱（称为大箱窑）减少危险燃料和生产生物炭，允许在木材内生产生物炭。 本文概述了 Big Box 生物炭窑的操作和最佳实践。

大箱生物炭窑操作和最佳实践

Big Box biochar kilns are an alternative to open pile burning that allows for in-woods biochar production in a simple metal box with no moving parts. This ...

首先将 BB12 装载到拖车上进行运输，使用小型挖掘机和链条或使用叉袋的 4 x 4 叉车。接下来，借助棘轮带，每个棘轮带的断裂强度超过 1， 361 公斤，将窑炉固定在拖车上。继续卸载窑炉，使用小型挖掘机或叉车，或将其绑在树上或车辆上并开走，让窑掉到地上。在现场，使用皮卡车和皮带将窑炉拖到滑橇上。接下来，将 BB12 放在靠近木桩的平坦表面上，如果放置在斜坡上，请确保狗门排水板朝下。选择任何木本物种的原料，并使用小而干燥的材料来启动窑炉，特别是在使用湿原料时。收集足量的原料并将其切割成比最大窑尺寸短的长度，以便于安装。然后，在窑炉周围建造一条火线，确保火势无法逃逸。考虑到当前的火灾危险，在启动窑炉之前，请确保手头有充足水源的带电软管以进行火灾控制。

big-box-biochar-kiln-operation-and-best-practices

Universidad de Cartagena UDEC

Research

JoVE Journal

Environment

Big Box Biochar Kiln Operation and Best Practices

2.3K 次观看.  Utah State University. 首先将 BB12 装载到拖车上进行运输，使用小型挖掘机和链条或使用叉袋的 4 x 4 叉车。接下来，借助棘轮带，每个棘轮带的断裂强度超过 1， 361 公斤，将窑炉固定在拖车上。继续卸载窑炉，使用小型挖掘机或叉车，或将其绑在树上或车辆上并开走，让窑掉到地上。在现场，使用皮卡车和皮带将窑炉拖到滑橇上。接下来，将 BB12 放在靠近木桩的平坦表面上，如果放置在斜?...

视频: 安装用于生物炭生产的大箱生物炭窑

Design and Operation of a Continuous 13C and 15N Labeling Chamber for Uniform or Differential, Metabolic and Structural, Plant Isotope Labeling

Tracing rare stable isotopes from plant material through the ecosystem provides the most sensitive information about ecosystem processes; from CO2 fluxes and soil organic matter formation to small-scale stable-isotope biomarker probing. Coupling multiple stable isotopes such as 13C with 15N, 18O or&#160;2H has the potential to reveal even more information about complex stoichiometric relationships during biogeochemical transformations. Isotope labeled plant material has been used in various studies of litter decomposition and soil organic matter formation1-4. From these and other studies, however, it has become apparent that structural components of plant material behave differently than metabolic components (i.e. leachable low molecular weight compounds) in terms of microbial utilization and long-term carbon storage5-7. The ability to study structural and metabolic components separately provides a powerful new tool for advancing the forefront of ecosystem biogeochemical studies. Here we describe a method for producing 13C and 15N labeled plant material that is either uniformly labeled throughout the plant or differentially labeled in structural and metabolic plant components.
Here, we present the construction and operation of a continuous 13C and 15N labeling chamber that can be modified to meet various research needs. Uniformly labeled plant material is produced by continuous labeling from seedling to harvest, while differential labeling is achieved by removing the growing plants from the chamber weeks prior to harvest. Representative results from growing Andropogon gerardii Kaw demonstrate the system&#39;s ability to efficiently label plant material at the targeted levels. Through this method we have produced plant material with a 4.4 atom%13C and 6.7 atom%15N uniform plant label, or material that is differentially labeled by up to 1.29 atom%13C and 0.56 atom%15N in its metabolic and structural components (hot water extractable and hot water residual components, respectively). Challenges lie in maintaining proper temperature, humidity, CO2 concentration,&#160;and light levels in an airtight 13C-CO2 atmosphere for successful plant production. This chamber description represents a useful research tool to effectively produce uniformly or differentially multi-isotope labeled plant material for use in experiments on ecosystem biogeochemical cycling.

Design and Operation of a Continuous 13C and 15N Labeling Chamber for Uniform or Differential, Metabolic and Structural, Plant Isotope Labeling

This method explains how to build and operate a continuous 13C and 15N isotope labeling chamber for uniform or differential plant tissue labeling. Representative results from metabolic and structural labeling of Andropogon gerardii are discussed.

设计一个连续和操作<sup&gt; 13</sup&gt; C和<sup&gt; 15</sup&gt;Ñ贴标商会统一或差分，代谢和结构，植物同位素标记

Tracing rare stable isotopes from plant material through the ecosystem provides the most sensitive information about ecosystem processes; from CO2 fluxes ...

科研

环境科学

Integrated Field Lysimetry and Porewater Sampling for Evaluation of Chemical Mobility in Soils and Established Vegetation

Potentially toxic chemicals are routinely applied to land to meet growing demands on waste management and food production, but the fate of these chemicals is often not well understood. Here we demonstrate an integrated field lysimetry and porewater sampling method for evaluating the mobility of chemicals applied to soils and established vegetation. Lysimeters, open columns made of metal or plastic, are driven into bareground or vegetated soils. Porewater samplers, which are commercially available and use vacuum to collect percolating soil water, are installed at predetermined depths within the lysimeters. At prearranged times following chemical application to experimental plots, porewater is collected, and lysimeters, containing soil and vegetation, are exhumed. By analyzing chemical concentrations in the lysimeter soil, vegetation, and porewater, downward leaching rates, soil retention capacities, and plant uptake for the chemical of interest may be quantified. Because field lysimetry and porewater sampling are conducted under natural environmental conditions and with minimal soil disturbance, derived results project real-case scenarios and provide valuable information for chemical management. As chemicals are increasingly applied to land worldwide, the described techniques may be utilized to determine whether applied chemicals pose adverse effects to human health or the environment.

Field lysimetry and porewater sampling allow researchers to evaluate the fate of chemicals applied to soils and established vegetation. The goal of this protocol is to demonstrate how to install required instrumentation and collect samples for chemical analysis during integrated field lysimetry and porewater sampling experiments.

综合外地Lysimetry和孔隙水采样的化学活动性土壤的评价和植被成立

Potentially toxic chemicals are routinely applied to land to meet growing demands on waste management and food production, but the fate of these chemicals ...

Clean Sampling and Analysis of River and Estuarine Waters for Trace Metal Studies

Most of the trace metal concentrations in ambient waters obtained a few decades ago have been considered unreliable owing to the lack of contamination control. Developments of some techniques aiming to reduce trace metal contamination in the last couple of decades have resulted in concentrations reported now being orders of magnitude lower than those in the past. These low concentrations often necessitate preconcentration of water samples prior to instrumental analysis of samples. Since contamination can appear in all phases of trace metal analyses, including sample collection (and during preparation of sampling containers), storage and handling, pretreatments, and instrumental analysis, specific care needs to be taken in order to reduce contamination levels at all steps. The effort to develop and utilize "clean techniques" in trace metal studies allows scientists to investigate trace metal distributions and chemical and biological behavior in greater details. This advancement also provides the required accuracy and precision of trace metal data allowing for environmental conditions to be related to trace metal concentrations in aquatic environments.
This protocol that is presented here details needed materials for sample preparation, sample collection, sample pretreatment including preconcentration, and instrumental analysis. By reducing contamination throughout all phases mentioned above for trace metal analysis, much lower detection limits and thus accuracy can be achieved. The effectiveness of "clean techniques" is further demonstrated using low field blanks and good recoveries for standard reference material. The data quality that can be obtained thus enables the assessment of trace metal distributions and their relationships to environmental parameters.

Special care using "clean techniques" is required to properly collect and process water samples for trace metal studies in aquatic environments. A protocol for sampling, processing, and analytical procedures with the aim of obtaining reliable environmental monitoring data and results with high sensitivity for detailed trace metal studies is presented.

清洁取样和痕量金属研究河和河口水域分析

Most of the trace metal concentrations in ambient waters obtained a few decades ago have been considered unreliable owing to the lack of contamination ...

Operation of a 25 KWth Calcium Looping Pilot-plant with High Oxygen Concentrations in the Calciner

Calcium looping (CaL) is a post-combustion CO2 capture technology that is suitable for retrofitting existing power plants. The CaL process uses limestone as a cheap and readily available CO2 sorbent. While the technology has been widely studied, there are a few available options that could be applied to make it more economically viable. One of these is to increase the oxygen concentration in the calciner to reduce or eliminate the amount of recycled gas (CO2, H2O and impurities); therefore, decreasing or removing the energy necessary to heat the recycled gas stream. Moreover, there is a resulting increase in the energy input due to the change in the combustion intensity; this energy is used to enable the endothermic calcination reaction to occur in the absence of recycled flue gases. This paper presents the operation and first results of a CaL pilot plant with 100% oxygen combustion of natural gas in the calciner. The gas coming into the carbonator was a simulated flue gas from a coal-fired power plant or cement industry. Several limestone particle size distributions are also tested to further explore the effect of this parameter on the overall performance of this operating mode. The configuration of the reactor system, the operating procedures, and the results are described in detail in this paper. The reactor showed good hydrodynamic stability and stable CO2 capture, with capture efficiencies of up to 70% with a gas mixture simulating the flue gas of a coal-fired power plant.

Operation of a 25 KWth Calcium Looping Pilot-plant with High Oxygen Concentrations in the Calciner

This manuscript describes a procedure for operating a calcium looping pilot-plant for post-combustion carbon capture with high oxygen concentrations in the calciner in order to reduce or eliminate the flue gas recycle.

在煅烧炉中使用高氧浓度的 25 KWth钙循环试验装置的操作

Calcium looping (CaL) is a post-combustion CO2 capture technology that is suitable for retrofitting existing power plants. The CaL process uses limestone ...

RGB and Spectral Root Imaging for Plant Phenotyping and Physiological Research: Experimental Setup and Imaging Protocols

Better understanding of plant root dynamics is essential to improve resource use efficiency of agricultural systems and increase the resistance of crop cultivars against environmental stresses. An experimental protocol is presented for RGB and hyperspectral imaging of root systems. The approach uses rhizoboxes where plants grow in natural soil over a longer time to observe fully developed root systems. Experimental settings are exemplified for assessing rhizobox plants under water stress and studying the role of roots. An RGB imaging setup is described for cheap and quick quantification of root development over time. Hyperspectral imaging improves root segmentation from the soil background compared to RGB color based thresholding. The particular strength of hyperspectral imaging is the acquisition of chemometric information on the root-soil system for functional understanding. This is demonstrated with high resolution water content mapping. Spectral imaging however is more complex in image acquisition, processing and analysis compared to the RGB approach. A combination of both methods can optimize a comprehensive assessment of the root system. Application examples integrating root and aboveground traits are given for the context of plant phenotyping and plant physiological research. Further improvement of root imaging can be obtained by optimizing RGB image quality with better illumination using different light sources and by extension of image analysis methods to infer on root zone properties from spectral data.

An experimental protocol is presented for assessment of soil grown plant root systems with RGB and hyperspectral imaging. Combination of RGB image time series with chemometric information from hyperspectral scans optimizes insights into plant root dynamics.

RGB 和光谱根成像植物表型和生理研究: 实验装置和成像协议

Better understanding of plant root dynamics is essential to improve resource use efficiency of agricultural systems and increase the resistance of crop ...

Isolation and Analysis of Microbial Communities in Soil, Rhizosphere, and Roots in Perennial Grass Experiments

Plant and soil microbiome studies are becoming increasingly important for understanding the roles microorganisms play in agricultural productivity. The purpose of this manuscript is to provide detail on how to rapidly sample soil, rhizosphere, and endosphere of replicated field trials and analyze changes that may occur in the microbial communities due to sample type, treatment, and plant genotype. The experiment used to demonstrate these methods consists of replicated field plots containing two, pure, warm-season grasses (Panicum virgatum and Andropogon gerardii) and a low-diversity grass mixture (A. gerardii, Sorghastrum nutans, and Bouteloua curtipendula). Briefly, plants are excavated, a variety of roots are cut and placed in phosphate buffer, and then shaken to collect the rhizosphere. Roots are brought to the laboratory on ice and surface sterilized with bleach and ethanol (EtOH). The rhizosphere is filtered and concentrated by centrifugation. Excavated soil from around the root ball is placed into plastic bags and brought to the lab where a small amount of soil is taken for DNA extractions. DNA is extracted from roots, soil, and rhizosphere and then amplified with primers for the V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene. Amplicons are sequenced, then analyzed with open access bioinformatics tools. These methods allow researchers to test how the microbial community diversity and composition varies due to sample type, treatment, and plant genotype. Using these methods along with statistical models, the representative results demonstrate there are significant differences in microbial communities of roots, rhizosphere, and soil. Methods presented here provide a complete set of steps for how to collect field samples, isolate, extract, quantify, amplify, and sequence DNA, and analyze microbial community diversity and composition in replicated field trials.

Excavation of plant roots from the field as well as processing of samples into endosphere, rhizosphere, and soil are described in detail, including DNA extraction and data analysis methods. This paper is designed to enable other laboratories to use these techniques for the study of soil, endosphere, and rhizosphere microbiomes.

多年生草试验中土壤、根际和根系微生物群落的分离与分析

Plant and soil microbiome studies are becoming increasingly important for understanding the roles microorganisms play in agricultural productivity. The ...

Generating Homo- and Heterografts Between Watermelon and Bottle Gourd for the Study of Cold-responsive MicroRNAs

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are endogenous small non-coding RNAs of about 20 - 24 nt, known to play important roles in plant development and adaptation. There is an accumulating evidence showing that the expressions of certain miRNAs are altered when grafting, an agricultural practice commonly used by farmers to improve crop tolerance to biotic and abiotic stresses. Bottle gourd is an inherently climate-resilient crop compared to many other major cucurbits, including watermelon, rendering it one of the most widely used rootstocks for the latter. The recent advancement of high-throughput sequencing technologies has provided great opportunities to investigate cold-responsive miRNAs and their contributions to heterograft advantages; yet, adequate experimental procedures are a prerequisite for this purpose. Here, we present a detailed protocol for efficiently generating homo- and heterografts between the cold-susceptible watermelon and the cold-tolerant bottle gourd, in addition to methods of tissue sampling, data generation, and data analysis. The presented methods are also useful for other plant-grafting systems, to interrogate miRNA regulations under various environmental stresses, such as heat, drought, and salinity.

Here we present a detailed protocol for efficiently making homo- and heterografts between watermelon and bottle gourd, in addition to methods of tissue sampling, data generation, and data analysis, for the investigation of cold-responsive microRNAs.

西瓜与瓶装葫芦之间的同源和异种移植在冷反应微 rna 研究中的应用

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are endogenous small non-coding RNAs of about 20 - 24 nt, known to play important roles in plant development and adaptation. There is ...

Reproducible dsRNA Microinjection and Oviposition Bioassay in Mosquitoes and House Flies

Synthetic dsRNAs, used to induce RNA interference, may have dose dependent phenotypic effects. These effects are difficult to define if the dsRNAs are delivered using a non-quantitative method. Accurate delivery of known quantities of nucleic acids or other chemicals is critical to measure the efficacy of the compound being tested and to allow reliable comparison between compounds.
Here we provide a reproducible, quantitative microinjection protocol that ensures accurate delivery of specific doses of dsRNA, reducing the mortality typically induced by injection injury. These modifications include the addition of Rhodamine B, a graduated injection needle, and an improved recovery method borrowed from Isoe and Collins. This method allows calculation of dose responses and facilitates comparisons between compounds. Versions of this method have been successfully used on three genera of mosquitoes as well as house flies to assess the reduction in fecundity resulting from gene silencing of ribosomal RNA transcripts.
This protocol provides strategies to reduce several challenges of small insect microinjection. Together, mechanical delivery of dsRNAs accompanied by visual verification, identification of effective locations for delivery, and inclusion of a post-injection recovery period ensure accurate dosing and low injury mortality. This protocol also describes an oviposition bioassay for uniform determination of effects on fecundity.

This protocol describes a microinjection methodology that we have standardized and used for several years to deliver specific quantities of nucleic acids directly to the hemolymph of mosquitoes and house flies. This protocol results in minimal injection mortality and allows dose correlated measurements of fecundity.

可重复的 dsrna 微注射和蚊子和家蝇的奥维恩生物测定

Synthetic dsRNAs, used to induce RNA interference, may have dose dependent phenotypic effects. These effects are difficult to define if the dsRNAs are ...

Colletotrichum fioriniae Development in Water and Chloroform-based Blueberry and Cranberry Floral Extracts

To accurately monitor the phenology of the bloom period and the temporal dynamics of floral chemical cues on fungal fruit rotting pathogens, floral extraction methods and coverslip bioassays were developed utilizing Colletotrichum fioriniae. In blueberry and cranberry, this pathogen is optimally controlled by applying fungicides during the bloom period because of the role flowers play in the initial stages of infection. The protocol detailed here describes how floral extracts (FE) were obtained using water-, chloroform-, and field rainwater-based methods for later use in corresponding glass coverslip bioassays. Each FE served to provide a different set of information: response of C. fioriniae to mobilized floral chemical cues in water (water-based), pathogen response to flower and fruit surface waxes (chloroform-based), and field-based monitoring of collected floral rainwater, moving in vitro observations to an agricultural setting. The FE is broadly described as either water- or chloroform-based, with an appropriate bioassay described to compensate for the inherent differences between these two materials. Rainwater that had run off flowers was collected in unique devices for each crop, alluding to the flexibility and application of this approach for other crop systems. The bioassays are quick, inexpensive, simple, and provide the ability to generate spatiotemporal and site-specific information about the presence of stimulatory floral compounds from various sources. This information will ultimately better inform disease management strategies, as FE decrease the time needed for infection to occur, thus providing insight into changing risks for pathogen infection over the growing season.

Colletotrichum fioriniae Development in Water and Chloroform-based Blueberry and Cranberry Floral Extracts

Here, bioassays designed to monitor the development of a fungal pathogen, Colletotrichum fioriniae, in the presence of blueberry or cranberry floral extracts on glass coverslips are described. Water-, chloroform-, and field rainwater- based floral extraction techniques are detailed as well as insight into how this information can be applied.

Fioriniae水和氯蓝莓和越橘花提取物的研究进展

To accurately monitor the phenology of the bloom period and the temporal dynamics of floral chemical cues on fungal fruit rotting pathogens, floral ...

Manufacturing Simple and Inexpensive Soil Surface Temperature and Gravimetric Water Content Sensors

Quantifying temperature and moisture at the soil surface is essential for understanding how soil surface biota respond to changes in the environment. However, at the soil surface these variables are highly dynamic and standard sensors do not explicitly measure temperature or moisture in the upper few millimeters of the soil profile. This paper describes methods for manufacturing simple, inexpensive sensors that simultaneously measure the temperature and moisture of the upper 5 mm of the soil surface. In addition to sensor construction, steps for quality control, as well as for calibration for various substrates, are explained. The sensors incorporate a Type E thermocouple to measure temperature and assess soil moisture by measuring the resistance between two gold-plated metal probes at the end of the sensor at a depth of 5 mm. The methods presented here can be altered to customize probes for different depths or substrates. These sensors have been effective in a variety of environments and have endured months of heavy rains in tropical forests as well as intense solar radiation in deserts of the southwestern U.S. Results demonstrate the effectiveness of these sensors for evaluating warming, drying, and freezing of the soil surface in a global change experiment.

Accurately measuring temperature and water content of the upper 5 mm of the soil surface can improve our understanding of environmental controls on biological, chemical, and physical processes. Here we describe a protocol for manufacturing, calibrating, and conducting measurements with soil surface temperature and moisture sensors.

制造简单、廉价的土壤表面温度和重力含水量传感器

Quantifying temperature and moisture at the soil surface is essential for understanding how soil surface biota respond to changes in the environment. ...

大箱生物炭窑操作和最佳实践

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设计一个连续和操作