Name: key elements of photo attraction bioassay for insect studies or monitoring programs
Uploaded: 2018-07-26T12:30:00.000+00:00
Duration: 5 min 17 s
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Key Elements of Photo Attraction Bioassay for Insect Studies or Monitoring Programs at JoVE.com

1. 生物测定组件
<ol><li>
地面竞技场建筑
	<ol>
<li>使用2.54 厘米长的金属闪光材料条。将每个条弯曲成一个直径为15.24 厘米的半圆圈 (图 1)。</li>
		<li>连接每个半圆圈的两端, 并形成一个立体形状从四件。将锁紧螺母和 #10 机器螺钉连接到每个半圆的两端, 将其固定在一起。</li>
		<li>在每个半圆形0.79 厘米的中点钻一个洞, 从竞技场的底部。将5毫米的 LED 支架贴在每个半圆中间的钻孔上。</li>
		<li>为了减少反射, 在整个竞技场14喷涂哑光黑色喷漆覆盖金属闪烁。使用液体质地 (例如, Fluon), 以防止昆虫从竞技场爬出喷雾漆。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>
空中竞技场建设 注: 空中竞技场与地面竞技场有相似的大小和维度;然而, 使用聚丙烯材料 (图 2)。透明的塑料使所有光线都能通过。透明的塑料防止反射干扰实验。透明的塑料也使实验得以拍摄。<ol>
<li>螺纹的每个半圆的最远的点, 以允许收集容器螺丝到主要竞技场。立体形的形状将昆虫送回中部。没有外在的角落鼓励昆虫会众;然而, 为空中昆虫收集的杯子有所有内部角落和没有外在角落。</li>
		<li>对于空中竞技场的收集容器, 使用螺丝顶 polymethylpentene 容器 (125 毫升, 64 毫米外径, 74 毫米高度) 和钻底 (15 毫米直径)。</li>
		<li>每个容器的底部, 贴螺纹管 (15 毫米直径, 60 毫米长度)。</li>
		<li>将5毫米的 LED 支架连接到每个容器的盖子上。把每个收集笼盖在收集笼的大口上。</li>
		<li>在收集笼的另一侧的小孔中, 将螺纹管从舞台上固定下来。确保整个螺纹管端与竞技场内的墙壁齐平, 并与收集笼紧密配合。 注: 螺纹管由聚四氟乙烯制成。聚四氟乙烯发光的 LED 的颜色, 其收集笼举行。螺纹管是唯一的元素, 与昆虫在竞技场上发光, 由于在每个收集笼底部的灰色塑料物质。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>
电子制剂 注意: led 的各种颜色 (波长) 依赖于用于构造 LED 的化学物质, 因此可以使用多种颜色 (表 1)。<ol>
<li>对于所有的实验, 使用标准的5毫米 led 与正负引线。发光二极管的波长范围为 5 nm, 或者在波长范围内很大, 有 50 nm。</li>
		<li>将查看角度定义为可查看显示的最大锥角。这些被称为通孔 led。通过孔 led 需要通过 PCB 上的孔插槽、线束或焊接到负极和正端的导线。表面贴装 led 需要适当的 PCB 设计和焊料来结合。</li>
		<li>将可变电阻器纳入电子设备以控制 led 的功率摄取 (led 强度) (图 3)。使用光光谱仪来验证每个实验的发光二极管的强度 (W/米2) 和波长 (nm)。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
</ol>2. 竞技场准备
<ol><li>
在每次复制之前和之间, 小心地拆卸和清洁竞技场使用无嗅, nonabrasive 肥皂在温水去除任何气味或有害的引诱。使用低磨料水平的海绵, 以避免刮伤竞技场。
	<ol>
<li>彻底干燥竞技场, 并把它放到一边完成空气干燥准备下一次试验。这将防止水渍的发展。在竞技场上, 划痕和水斑会引起对这些点的折射。失真会在结果中产生错误。</li>
		<li>每当竞技场必须被处理, 佩带丁腈橡胶手套避免在竞技场的表面介绍人的气味。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>记录以下环境条件: 湿度、温度、气压、日期、开始/结束时间、外部光源以及舞台上的 LED 位置。记录这些值, 并监控它们从实验到实验的趋势。这确保了适当的均匀实验复制, 记录了复制前后的环境条件。</li>
	<li>
实验类型 注意: 此设置能够进行单一和竞争性的光测试。<ol>
<li>对于单一的光测试, 使用一个光发射在一个单一的立交桥, 而其余的三叶草叶子没有从他们的排放。</li>
		<li>在竞争实验中, 从四立体式的不同特征中, 发射出光。 注: 其他实验可以评估昆虫状态 (喂养, 饥饿, teneral, 交配, 血喂养等) 的重要性和生命史阶段。行为记录/分析软件可以用来记录和量化行为。对于夜间实验, 红外摄像机可以用来查看昆虫, 这将在红外记录中发光白色与黑暗竞技场形成对比。</li>
		<li>在每次复制后旋转 LED 位置, 以控制相对光源与任何环境偏好之间的光干涉的潜在影响。</li>
		<li>要计算不进入孔的昆虫的收集数量, 请使用红外线指示灯、红外线照相机和软件14。视频记录将显示甲虫访问每个 LED 的次数。除非昆虫从竞技场的中心向 led 移动, 而不是跟随一个 led 的边缘, 否则不计算集合。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>
竞技场设置
	<ol>
<li>设置一个基座与四相同的梅森罐子, 并放置在他们上面的黑色亚麻布。亚麻布是黑色的, 以防止光线反射出竞技场的底部。</li>
		<li>把竞技场的底板放在这个基座的顶部。把竞技场的每一块都组装在这个基板上。</li>
		<li>在基板的释放点周围集中放置立体空间。保持这个中心允许昆虫从实验中心出来, 给他们没有最初的偏好。</li>
		<li>将发光二极管 (led) 安装到四集合容器的 LED 支架中。</li>
		<li>设置电气设备控制灯。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
</ol>3. 开始生物鉴定
<ol><li>
将竞技场的清晰盖子放在与底板平行的竞技场上。如果昆虫通过底板释放, 竞技场盖子应该已经在竞技场上。这包含昆虫并且允许视觉评估或录影记录 (地面昆虫)。
	<ol>
<li>如果必要的物种 (空中昆虫), 暂时固定的昆虫, 以允许从他们的 (出现) 网箱提取和允许竞技场介绍。敲昆虫下来可以临时地被完成与二氧化碳或冷的温度 (<-20 °c 为蠓到-4.0 °c 为蚊子)。</li>
		<li>用一个吸引器, 从被击倒的昆虫提取欲望的性和计数昆虫。然后, 通过基板将昆虫引入竞技场。使用管道或其他吸虫工具进行昆虫提取。太多的处理或长时间的暴露会减少生存。</li>
		<li>在鼓掌前开始生物鉴定记录/评估, 以确认昆虫只响应光线, 而不表现出逃生应答。为避免逃逸反应, 在电子设备通电前, 为昆虫提供1小时的驯化时间。昆虫在进入新环境时, 会向特定波长的光方向转变。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
</ol>4. 结束和量化生物鉴定
注意: 每次实验复制的持续时间取决于昆虫的行为和反应时间, 一般使用更长的曝光时间, 更多的反应往往更有信息量。
<ol><li>记录环境条件。</li>
	<li>停止录制, 如红外线摄像机, 如果使用。</li>
	<li>在使用收集分庭的情况下: 每次复制后, 将立体平台放到一个冷藏库中, 以杀死昆虫进行量化。竞技场不应该留在冰箱里太长, 因为结冰的环境可能会导致塑料开裂。</li>
	<li>通过计算采集笼中的昆虫应答者或分析视频来量化昆虫行为。保持在立体平台上的昆虫被算作没有选择。例如,库蠓属被发现是最吸引紫外线光相比, 使没有选择7。</li>
</ol>

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照片吸引生物鉴定是一个重要的工具, 以确定最佳的吸引力的颜色 (s) 和最小化的选择, 这些颜色的野外试验。然而, 在优化特定昆虫的生物测定时, 必须考虑几个因素, 其中包括: 单光vs。竞争性光实验、亮度、最佳光谱范围、环境光干扰、昆虫状态和可能限制可能的反应的自然行为。
大多数昆虫都有一些趋光性, 这可能是一种先天的逃逸机制, 导致昆虫向光移动。这可以...

几乎所有的昆虫学监视都依赖于嗅觉或视觉引诱, 而且往往都是两者。挥发性嗅引诱可能分散在整个环境导致一个大的吸引力区域。然而, 视觉引诱可能有一个更有限的范围, 因为无脊椎动物复合眼分辨图像1,2,3。因此, 视觉引诱必须对感兴趣的昆虫进行优化, 以最大限度地吸引和利用目标昆虫的自然行为而设计的陷阱。
视觉吸引是基于从太阳或其他光源吸收或反射物体表面的波长;有机体看待这波长的吸收或折射作为颜色。昆虫视觉被发现包括蓝色, 绿色和紫外线 (紫外) 波长1。昆虫使用他们的视觉帮助寻找配偶, 食物和收容所4。昆虫可以视觉地定义对象大小, 颜色, 形状, 运动和对比5,6。夜间发生活动昆虫通常被吸引到不同的对比度和强度4, 而日间昆虫可以解决颜色和图像, 除了对比, 因为在白天更大的光子可用性。监测陷阱使用昆虫的视觉线索, 以他们的优势, 以优化吸引力和捕捉7。
最常见的评价照片吸引力的方法是观察昆虫运动对各种彩色形状, 如花卉8或对象 (如粘卡9,10)。使用殖民昆虫进行视觉生物鉴定可以帮助确定波长和/或强度的最佳范围, 从而减少田间试验的次数。视觉生物鉴定, 如 "双侧光隧道" 设计用于测试苍蝇11。两条双侧轻型隧道的问题是, 他们并没有考虑到没有收集的昆虫。大多数昆虫会被困在内部的角落和沿边缘的竞技场。同时, 只有两种颜色可以一次测试。其他化验包括 Steverding & Troscianko (2004)12的方法, 它将舌蝇的吸引力缩小到宽波段 (±50 nm) 的光色。发光二极管 (led) 已被纳入陷阱, 以改善昆虫的吸引力, 通过优化发射光波长1,13,14。利用昆虫的先天行为引诱昆虫, 优化这些陷阱或监测装置的视觉吸引力, 可以提高昆虫的采集效率。这样, 生物测定结果被用来优化现有的诱捕技术。"陆地节肢动物陷阱", 改善了行业标准圆顶型陷阱的红面粉甲虫监视 (美国专利号 US8276314B2)) 和 "改善光陷阱的方法和组合", 将发光二极管纳入空中昆虫陷阱 (美国专利号 US2009/0025275A1)。这两项专利使用 LED 技术, 优化使用生物鉴定结果, 以显著改善昆虫陷阱。
这项研究描述了一个照片吸引生物鉴定竞技场和方法, 允许调查人员评估昆虫对窄波长的反应, 作为一个竞争性或单一的吸引力的颜色。为夜间、日间、陆地和空中昆虫提供设备和实验性的修改。

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key elements of photo attraction bioassay for insect studies or monitoring programs

优化的视觉引诱将利用目标昆虫的先天行为 (正照片-出租车) 作为引诱昆虫进入人口控制或监测陷阱的手段, 从而提高昆虫的诱捕效率。发光二极管 (led) 已经创建了可定制的照明选项, 具有特定的波长 (颜色), 强度和带宽, 所有这些都可以定制的目标昆虫。照片吸引力行为生物鉴定可以使用 led 优化的吸引力颜色 (s) 的昆虫物种下到特定的生活历史阶段或行为 (交配, 喂养, 或寻求庇护)。研究人员必须确认现场的生物鉴定结果, 了解视觉引诱的有限吸引力距离。
立体式生物鉴定竞技场是一种灵活的方法来评估照片的吸引力, 同时也评估一系列的自然昆虫行为, 如逃生和喂养的反应。竞技场可用于地面或空中昆虫实验, 以及日间和夜间昆虫。数据收集技术与竞技场是录影, 计数接触与灯, 或者物理收集昆虫, 因为他们被吸引对光。该化验的目的是使无选择的昆虫和竞技场可以是单一 (非竞争性) 颜色或多种 (竞争性) 颜色。这种立体设计使有强烈 thigmotaxis 的昆虫返回到竞技场的中心, 在那里他们可以查看竞争性 LED 测试中的所有选项。这里介绍的立体平台被用于蚊子, 床臭虫, 粗麻布苍蝇, 房子苍蝇, 叮咬蠓, 红面粉甲虫和 psocids。生物鉴定是用来开发准确和有效的昆虫陷阱, 以指导开发和优化的昆虫陷阱, 用于监测害虫种群波动的病媒风险评估, 引进入侵物种, 并/或用于人口镇压。

陆地竞技场已经被用来改善红面粉甲虫14的害虫监测陷阱, 为粗麻布飞行15和叮咬蠓7的空中竞技场。虽然立体的竞技场是相似的, 每种昆虫的条件是不同的, 并容纳了评估夜间或日间昆虫, 可以爬行或飞行。更重要的是, 这些实验室研究转化为监测害虫种群变化、入侵物种引进、抑制人口和/或疾病媒介风险评估的现场应用...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Key Elements of Photo Attraction Bioassay for Insect Studies or Monitoring Programs at JoVE.com

Key Elements of Photo Attraction Bioassay for Insect Studies or Monitoring Programs

昆虫研究或监测项目照片吸引力生物测定的关键要素

光吸引生物鉴定竞技场是用来确定最佳的光色 (s), 以最大限度地吸引昆虫;然而生物鉴定和方法是具体的对目标昆虫行为和栖所。可定制的设备和修改解释为夜间或日间和陆地或空中昆虫。

Optimized visual attractants will increase insect trapping efficiency by using the target insect&#39;s innate behaviors (positive photo-taxis) as a means ...

key-elements-photo-attraction-bioassay-for-insect-studies-or

Universidad de Cartagena UDEC

Research

JoVE Journal

Behavior

7.6K 次观看.  Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture. 光吸引生物鉴定竞技场是用来确定最佳的光色 (s), 以最大限度地吸引昆虫;然而生物鉴定和方法是具体的对目标昆虫行为和栖所。可定制的设备和修改解释为夜间或日间和陆地或空中昆虫。

视频: Key Elements of Photo Attraction Bioassay for Insect Studies or Monitoring Programs

A Wind Tunnel for Odor Mediated Insect Behavioural Assays

Olfaction is the most important sensory mechanism by which many insects interact with their environment and a wind tunnel is an excellent tool to study insect chemical ecology. Insects can locate point sources in a three-dimensional environment through the sensory interaction and sophisticated behavior. The quantification of this behavior is a key element in the development of new tools for pest control and decision support. A wind tunnel with a suitable flight section with laminar air flow, visual cues for in-flight feedback and a variety of options for the application of odors can be used to measure complex behaviour which subsequently may allow the identification of attractive or repellent odors, insect flight characteristics, visual-odor interactions and interactions between attractants and odors lingering as background odors in the environment. A wind tunnel holds the advantage of studying the odor mediated behavioural repertoire of an insect in a laboratory setting. Behavioural measures in a controlled setting provide the link between the insect physiology and field application. A wind tunnel must be a flexible tool and should easily support the changes to setup and hardware to fit different research questions. The major disadvantage to the wind tunnel setup described here, is the clean odor background which necessitates special attention when developing a synthetic volatile blend for field application.

Here, we describe the construction and use of a wind tunnel for odor mediated behavioural assays with insects. The wind tunnel design facilitates the release of odor sources by several methods, with and without visual stimuli. Wind tunnel experiments are important methods to identify behaviorally active volatile chemicals.

气味介导的昆虫行为检测风洞

Olfaction is the most important sensory mechanism by which many insects interact with their environment and a wind tunnel is an excellent tool to study ...

科研

行为学

Low-Cost Automated Flight Intercept Trap for the Temporal Sub-Sampling of Flying Insects Attracted to Artificial Light at Night

Sampling methods are selected depending on the targeted species or the spatial and temporal requirements of the study. However, most methods for passive sampling of flying insects have a poor temporal resolution because it is time-consuming, costly and/or logistically difficult to perform. Effective sampling of flying insects attracted to artificial light at night (ALAN) requires sampling at user-defined time points (nighttime only) across well-replicated sites resulting in major time and labor-intensive survey effort or expensive automated technologies. Described here is a low-cost automated intercept trap that requires no specialist equipment or skills to construct and operate, making it a viable option for studies that require temporal sub-sampling across multiple sites. The trap can be used to address a wide range of other ecological questions that require a greater temporal and spatial scale than is feasible with previous trap technology.

To study the impacts of artificial light at night (ALAN) on nocturnal flying insects, sampling needs to be confined to nighttime. The protocol describes a low-cost automated flight intercept trap that allows researchers to sample at user-defined periods with increased replication.

一种低成本自动飞行拦截陷阱，用于夜间被人造光吸引的飞虫进行时间子采样

Sampling methods are selected depending on the targeted species or the spatial and temporal requirements of the study. However, most methods for passive ...

环境科学

Vertical T-maze Choice Assay for Arthropod Response to Odorants

Given the economic importance of insects and arachnids as pests of agricultural crops, urban environments or as vectors of plant and human diseases, various technologies are being developed as control tools. A subset of these tools focuses on modifying the behavior of arthropods by attraction or repulsion. Therefore, arthropods are often the focus of behavioral investigations. Various tools have been developed to measure arthropod behavior, including wind tunnels, flight mills, servospheres, and various types of olfactometers. The purpose of these tools is to measure insect or arachnid response to visual or more often olfactory cues. The vertical T-maze oflactometer described here measures choices performed by insects in response to attractants or repellents. It is a high throughput assay device that takes advantage of the positive phototaxis (attraction to light) and negative geotaxis (tendency to walk or fly upward) exhibited by many arthropods. The olfactometer consists of a 30 cm glass tube that is divided in half with a Teflon strip forming a T-maze. Each half serves as an arm of the olfactometer enabling the test subjects to make a choice between two potential odor fields in assays involving attractants. In assays involving repellents, lack of normal response to known attractants can also be measured as a third variable.

A vertical, T-maze olfactometer is described for assaying the behavioral response of arthropods. The olfactometer allows the experimenter to measure choices performed by test subjects when subjected to two potential odor fields. Both attraction to and repulsion from odorants can be measured with this device.

的垂直T-迷宫的选择含量，节肢动物响应加味剂

Given the economic importance of insects and arachnids as pests of agricultural crops, urban environments or as vectors of plant and human diseases, ...

神经科学

Bioassays for Monitoring Insecticide Resistance

Pest resistance to pesticides is an increasing problem because pesticides are an integral part of high-yielding production agriculture. When few products are labeled for an individual pest within a particular crop system, chemical control options are limited. Therefore, the same product(s) are used repeatedly and continual selection pressure is placed on the target pest. There are both financial and environmental costs associated with the development of resistant populations. The cost of pesticide resistance has been estimated at approximately $ 1.5 billion annually in the United States. This paper will describe protocols, currently used to monitor arthropod (specifically insects) populations for the development of resistance. The adult vial test is used to measure the toxicity to contact insecticides and a modification of this test is used for plant-systemic insecticides. In these bioassays, insects are exposed to technical grade insecticide and responses (mortality) recorded at a specific post-exposure interval. The mortality data are subjected to Log Dose probit analysis to generate estimates of a lethal concentration that provides mortality to 50% (LC50) of the target populations and a series of confidence limits (CL's) as estimates of data variability. When these data are collected for a range of insecticide-susceptible populations, the LC50 can be used as baseline data for future monitoring purposes. After populations have been exposed to products, the results can be compared to a previously determined LC50 using the same methodology.

This manuscript demonstrates and discusses techniques used to survey pesticide susceptibility and detect resistance to contact and systemic pesticides in arthropod pests.

生物测定对杀虫剂的抗药性监测

Pest resistance to pesticides is an increasing problem because pesticides are an integral part of high-yielding production agriculture. When few products ...

生物学

Electroantennographic Bioassay as a Screening Tool for Host Plant Volatiles

Plant volatiles play an important role in plant-insect interactions. Herbivorous insects use plant volatiles, known as kairomones, to locate their host plant.1,2 When a host plant is an important agronomic commodity feeding damage by insect pests can inflict serious economic losses to growers. Accordingly, kairomones can be used as attractants to lure or confuse these insects and, thus, offer an environmentally friendly alternative to pesticides for insect control.3 Unfortunately, plants can emit a vast number volatiles with varying compositions and ratios of emissions dependent upon the phenology of the commodity or the time of day. This makes identification of biologically active components or blends of volatile components an arduous process. To help identify the bioactive components of host plant volatile emissions we employ the laboratory-based screening bioassay electroantennography (EAG). EAG is an effective tool to evaluate and record electrophysiologically the olfactory responses of an insect via their antennal receptors. The EAG screening process can help reduce the number of volatiles tested to identify promising bioactive components. However, EAG bioassays only provide information about activation of receptors. It does not provide information about the type of insect behavior the compound elicits; which could be as an attractant, repellent or other type of behavioral response. Volatiles eliciting a significant response by EAG, relative to an appropriate positive control, are typically taken on to further testing of behavioral responses of the insect pest. The experimental design presented will detail the methodology employed to screen almond-based host plant volatiles4,5 by measurement of the electrophysiological antennal responses of an adult insect pest navel orangeworm (Amyelois transitella) to single components and simple blends of components via EAG bioassay. The method utilizes two excised antennae placed across a "fork" electrode holder. The protocol demonstrated here presents a rapid, high-throughput standardized method for screening volatiles. Each volatile is at a set, constant amount as to standardize the stimulus level and thus allow antennal responses to be indicative of the relative chemoreceptivity. The negative control helps eliminate the electrophysiological response to both residual solvent and mechanical force of the puff. The positive control (in this instance acetophenone) is a single compound that has elicited a consistent response from male and female navel orangeworm (NOW) moth. An additional semiochemical standard that provides consistent response and is used for bioassay studies with the male NOW moth is (Z,Z)-11,13-hexdecadienal, an aldehyde component from the female-produced sex pheromone.6-8

A method to rapidly screen host plant volatiles by measurement of the electrophysiological response of adult navel orangeworm (Amyelois transitella) antennae to single components and blends via electroantennographic analysis is demonstrated.

作为寄主植物挥发物的筛选工具electroantennographic生物活性

Plant volatiles play an important role in plant-insect interactions. Herbivorous insects use plant volatiles, known as kairomones, to locate their host ...

Protocols for Testing the Toxicity of Novel Insecticidal Chemistries to Mosquitoes

New classes of insecticides with novel modes of action are needed to control insecticide resistant populations of mosquitoes that transmit diseases such as Zika, dengue and malaria. Assays for rapid, high-throughput analyses of unformulated novel chemistries against mosquito larvae and adults are presented. We describe protocols for single point-dose and dose response assays to evaluate the toxicity of small molecule chemistries to the Aedes aegypti vector of Zika, dengue and yellow fever,&#160;the malaria vector, Anopheles gambiae and the northern house mosquito, Culex quinquefasciatus, on contact and via ingestion. As an example, we evaluated the toxicity of amitriptyline, a small molecule antagonist of G protein-coupled receptors, via larval, adult topical and adult blood-feeding assay. The protocols provide a starting point to investigate insecticide potential. Results are discussed in the context of additional experiments to explore product applications and mechanisms for delivery.

Protocols are described for assessing the toxicity of chemistries to immature and adult mosquitoes for development as new classes of larvicides, adulticides and endectocides. The protocols enable high-throughput testing of multiple chemistries at single-point dose and subsequent evaluation via dose response assay to determine toxicity on contact or via ingestion.

新型杀虫化学对蚊子毒性测试规程

New classes of insecticides with novel modes of action are needed to control insecticide resistant populations of mosquitoes that transmit diseases such ...

Light Spot-Based Assay for Analysis of Drosophila Larval Phototaxis

The larvae of Drosophila melanogaster show obvious light-avoiding behavior during the foraging stage. Drosophila larval phototaxis can be used as a model to study animal avoidance behavior. This protocol introduces a light-spot assay to investigate larval phototactic behavior. The experimental set-up includes two main parts: a visual stimulation system that generates the light spot, and an infrared light-based imaging system that records the process of larval light avoidance. This assay allows tracking of the behavior of larva before entering, during encountering, and after leaving the light spot. Details of larval movement including deceleration, pause, head casting, and turning can be captured and analyzed using this method.

Light Spot-Based Assay for Analysis of Drosophila Larval Phototaxis

This protocol introduces a light-spot assay to investigate Drosophila larval phototactic behavior. In this assay, a light spot is generated as light stimulation, and the process of larval light avoidance is recorded by an infrared light-based imaging system.

光斑分析分析果蝇拉瓦尔光轴

The larvae of Drosophila melanogaster show obvious light-avoiding behavior during the foraging stage. Drosophila larval phototaxis can be used as a model ...

Topical Application Bioassay to Quantify Insecticide Toxicity for Mosquitoes and Fruit Flies

The continued use of insecticides for public health and agriculture has led to widespread insecticide resistance and hampering of control methods. Insecticide resistance surveillance of mosquito populations is typically done through Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) bottle bioassays or World Health Organization (WHO) tube tests. However, these methods can result in a high degree of variability in mortality data due to variable insecticide contact with&#160;the insect, the relatively small numbers of organisms tested, extensive variation in mass between populations, and constantly changing environmental conditions, leading to variable outcomes. This paper presents the topical application bioassay, adapted as a high-throughput phenotypic bioassay for both mosquitoes and fruit flies, to test large numbers of insects along&#160;a range of insecticide concentrations.
This assay 1) ensures consistent treatment and insecticide contact with every organism, 2) produces highly specific dose-response curves that account for differences in average mass between strains and sexes (which is particularly important for field-collected organisms), and 3) allows for the calculation of statistically rigorous median lethal doses (LD50), which are necessary for resistance ratio comparisons-an alternative surveillance approach from diagnostic dose mortality, which is also used for larvicide resistance surveillance. This assay will be a complementary tool for accurately phenotyping mosquito populations and, as illustrated using fruit flies, is easily adaptable for use with other insects. We argue that this assay will help fill the gap between genotypic and phenotypic insecticide resistance in multiple insect species.

We describe the methodology and importance of the topical application bioassay to measure insecticide susceptibility in mosquitoes and fruit flies. The presented assay is high-throughput, utilizes insect mass-thus allowing for calculating a mass-relativized lethal dose instead of concentration-and likely has lower variability than other similar methods.

局部应用生物测定以量化蚊子和果蝇的杀虫剂毒性

The continued use of insecticides for public health and agriculture has led to widespread insecticide resistance and hampering of control methods. ...

通过饲喂测定评估植物化学对 Helicoverpa armigera 的影响

Developing a Feeding Assay System for Evaluating the Insecticidal Effect of Phytochemicals on Helicoverpa armigera

Helicoverpa armigera, a lepidopteran insect, is a polyphagous pest with a worldwide distribution. This herbivorous insect is a threat to plants and agricultural productivity. In response, plants produce several phytochemicals that negatively impact the insect's growth and survival. This protocol demonstrates an obligate feeding assay method to evaluate the effect of a phytochemical (quercetin) on insect growth, development, and survival. Under controlled conditions, the neonates were maintained until the second instar on a pre-defined artificial diet. These second-instar larvae were allowed to feed on a control and quercetin-containing artificial diet for 10 days. The insects' body weight, developmental stage, frass weight, and mortality were recorded on alternate days. The change in body weight, the difference in feeding pattern, and developmental phenotypes were evaluated throughout the assay time. The described obligatory feeding assay simulates a natural mode of ingestion and can be scaled up to a large number of insects. It permits one to analyze phytochemicals' effect on the growth dynamics, developmental transition, and overall fitness of H. armigera. Furthermore, this setup can also be utilized to evaluate alterations in nutritional parameters and digestive physiology processes. This article provides a detailed methodology for feeding assay systems, which may have applications in toxicological studies, insecticidal molecule screening, and understanding chemical effects in plant-insect interactions.

作者聚焦:害虫管理饲喂分析的发展和挑战 

This protocol describes the obligate feeding assay to evaluate the potentially toxic effect of a phytochemical on the lepidopteran insect larvae. This is a highly scalable insect bioassay, easy to optimize the sublethal and lethal dose, deterrent activity, and physiological effect. This could be used for screening eco-friendly insecticides.

开发一种用于评估植物化学物质对 Helicoverpa armigera 的杀虫作用的摄食试验系统

Helicoverpa armigera, a lepidopteran insect, is a polyphagous pest with a worldwide distribution. This herbivorous insect is a threat to plants and ...

昆虫研究或监测项目照片吸引力生物测定的关键要素

摘要

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气味介导的昆虫行为检测风洞

一种低成本自动飞行拦截陷阱，用于夜间被人造光吸引的飞虫进行时间子采样

的垂直T-迷宫的选择含量，节肢动物响应加味剂

生物测定对杀虫剂的抗药性监测

作为寄主植物挥发物的筛选工具electroantennographic生物活性

新型杀虫化学对蚊子毒性测试规程

光斑分析分析果蝇拉瓦尔光轴

局部应用生物测定以量化蚊子和果蝇的杀虫剂毒性

开发一种用于评估植物化学物质对 Helicoverpa armigera 的杀虫作用的摄食试验系统

开发一种用于评估植物化学物质对 Helicoverpa armigera 的杀虫作用的摄食试验系统