作者希望通过管理科学学术联盟 NNSA (DE-NA0001989 和 DE-NA0002919) 在进行这项研究时承认美国能源部的财政支持。最后, 作者要感谢洛斯阿拉莫斯国家实验室的合作, 以支持目前和今后的调查工作。

1. 样品和靶材准备
注: 在下面的协议中, 我们将详细说明准备样品和目标材料所需的步骤, 稍后将在反向几何法板撞击实验中使用。在这个设置, 一个传单板 (也样品), 在一个穿甲弹的前面举行, 将通过一个单一的阶段气体枪发射, 并作出冲击的固定目标板放置在气体枪的目标室。下面的协议中描述了一个典型的传单和目标板组件, 如图 1所示。
<ol><li>a 节99.999% 商业纯度多晶铝棒成圆盘后, 将用作传单板 (样品)。 注: 这可以通过使用低速锯, 以防止高温和残余应力在工件。</li>
	<li>将车床上的样品盘转到直径76毫米, 厚度为5.6 毫米。</li>
	<li>在样品盘上钻三均布孔5毫米直径为62毫米直径的粗圆形, 稍后将用于将样品固定在穿甲弹上。</li>
	<li>研磨两侧的样品板, 以达到平整度和平行公差的近10µm 直径的样品。<ol>
<li>使用具有相对粗粒度 (10-20 µm) 的商用研磨机在样品板表面上进行粗圈。 注意: 可以在这个步骤中添加一个重量, 直到重叠曲面达到均匀的灰色, 表示磁盘直径的均匀性。</li>
		<li>用乙醇清洗研磨样品, 去除残余颗粒, 矿物油。然后, 用1µm 金刚石膏在抛光布上抛光样品板的两面。</li>
		<li>在绿色单色光源16下, 通过与感兴趣表面接触的光学平面观察光带, 检查样品的平整度。 注意: 平整度可以通过观察样品表面的光带的曲率来量化, 或者通过计算直径的带数, 如图 2所示。<ol>
<li>移动到下一步, 如果在样本直径上看到3个光带或更少, 表明平坦度约为2µm. 否则, 重复步骤 1.4.1-1.4.3, 直到3光带或更好的实现。</li>
		</ol>
</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>重复步骤 1.1-1.3, 以制造目标板块。a 节将沉淀硬化 (高强度) 合金棒 (材料表) 放入圆盘中, 然后将其加工成直径为25毫米, 厚度为7毫米。最后, 研磨两边平到大约10µm。<ol>
<li>将目标板上的两个表面都用15µm 氧化铝粉在矿物油上, 直到表面达到甚至暗淡的灰色外观。 注: 金刚石浆料的等效粒径可用于获得更快的去除率和更好的表面沉思。此外, 还可以使用权重。</li>
		<li>重复步骤1.4.2。</li>
		<li>通过重复步骤1.4.3 检查目标板的平整度。如果观察到1波段或更好, 则继续下一步。否则, 重复步骤 1.4.1 1.4.3 直到1光波段或更好的实现。如果需要全息光栅, 请继续步骤 1.5.4, 否则跳到步骤1.6。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>利用步骤 1.1-1.3 中描述的类似过程来制造铝环。<ol>
<li>一节铝管的内外直径为41毫米和32毫米, 分别成环, 然后面对两侧厚度为7毫米。</li>
		<li>钻六3毫米直径槽均布在34.5 毫米直径螺栓圈子。这些将在稍后的房子六电压偏置铜引脚, 这将使倾斜测量将在冲击。</li>
		<li>使用步骤1.4 中详细的步骤, 研磨、圈、清洁和抛光铝环的两面。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>在平坦的固定钻机上使用两部分环氧树脂混合物将平板目标板粘在铝环上, 如图 3所示。允许环氧树脂在室温下过夜。 注: 这两部分是固定在一个平坦的钢阶段使用三螺丝, 这是轻轻地手收紧, 使施加的压力, 目标和环防止环氧树脂泄漏向外。<ol>
<li>使用丙酮从径向槽或板材表面除去任何遗留的粘合剂。</li>
		<li>将目标板/铝环组件插入 POM 环中。 注: POM 磁盘稍后将安装到一个具有旋转自由度的目标持有者, 这将使测试材料在枪管内的对准。</li>
		<li>将六径向插槽的位置标记为 POM 环的内部步骤, 并在标记的位置钻取六个穿过厚度的孔。</li>
		<li>第6节从 15 AWG 漆包线的线轴上的铜销, 长度为50毫米, 并从其中两个中取下漆包线层。按对称模式将针脚按在插槽中: 两个接地销放置在圆的相对位置。将引脚通过插槽, 并留下大约2毫米凸出向外从环的表面。 注: 引脚用于测量倾斜角度并提供触发信号。</li>
		<li>将铜销的弯曲端固定在 POM 环的后表面, 使用超快的环氧树脂。</li>
		<li>使用低粘度的两个部分环氧树脂混合物密封的缝隙之间的铝环和内壁的 POM 环。允许环氧树脂在室温下过夜。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>卸下从铝环表面凸出的多余的2毫米铜销。第一节用旋转工具将多余的针脚, 然后用湿300砂砂纸将剩余的沙子放到表面, 直到针脚几乎冲向铝环的表面。<ol>
<li>通过重复步骤 1.4. 1-1. 4.3, 对整个程序集进行清理和抛光。确保整个研磨组件在 2-3 光带内平整。</li>
		<li>在 pom 环的后表面焊接六铜销的两端, 并将 pom 环安装到目标持有者身上, 使用四6.35 毫米直径 pom 针脚。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
</ol>2. 自定义耐热穿甲弹的组装
<ol><li>收集耐热穿甲弹的组件组件, 如图 4所示。</li>
	<li>在铝盖的底部附加一个吊环, 并在瓶盖的凹槽上固定密封 O 形环和聚四氟乙烯键。 注: 钥匙和 O 形环是用来防止在飞行过程中, 在枪筒中的穿甲弹的倾斜和旋转。<ol>
<li>将热偶导线通过盖子底部的孔, 并将热偶导线固定在连接器上。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>将瓶盖粘附到后端, 并将全烧成硅酸铝熔岩管的前端的铝管用两部分快速设置环氧树脂。</li>
	<li>在76.2 毫米直径 H13 工具-钢合金试样持有者的孔中拉热耦合探头。</li>
	<li>采用高温水泥或等效高温胶粘剂, 将 H13 试样夹持到熔岩管的前端。</li>
	<li>将高温水泥涂在25毫米直径和3毫米厚的熔岩盘上, 坐在 H13 支架的内穿透厚度 19 mm 直径同心孔的顶部。允许高温水泥在室温下过夜。</li>
	<li>使用三氧化铝螺钉将样品固定在 H13 样品架上, 并确保样品的平整度不会因使用1.4.3 中描述的协议而改变。</li>
</ol>3. 气体枪内测试材料的装配
<ol><li>用异丙醇清洗样品的前表面和靶面, 然后使用胶带将第一面镜子固定在每个表面。</li>
	<li>螺钉拧紧一个3轴运动舞台上的一个挤压杆上方的枪管内的撞击室, 并附上棱镜持有人携带一个精密的光学棱镜到舞台上。</li>
	<li>拉一根绳子穿过枪管, 并通过铝帽上的吊环把绳子连接到穿甲弹上。</li>
	<li>将穿甲弹放入枪管中, 样品朝向撞击室, 并将目标保持器组件置于所面向样品的靶腔内。</li>
	<li>通过调整四 POM 定位销对齐目标位置, 直到目标上的第一面镜像与示例上的第一面镜像对齐。<ol>
<li>使用扩散灯泡和反射镜对样品和目标板之间的平行度进行粗对齐。调整舞台, 直到一个单一的连续反射图像的灯泡可以看到从所有的表面上对齐棱镜。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>使用自动准直器24实现精细对准。<ol>
<li>调整舞台, 直到从棱镜的后表面反射的图像与样品上的第一面镜反射的图像对齐。</li>
		<li>通过在目标保持架上转动定位螺钉来调整目标组件, 直到从棱镜的后表面反射的十字图像与目标上的第一面镜面反射的图像对齐。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>从示例和目标中移除第一面镜像。还可以从撞击室中取下反射镜、棱镜、棱镜架和调整阶段。</li>
	<li>用绳子把穿甲弹拉到气枪的臀端, 然后从帽上取下绳子。</li>
	<li>在穿甲弹和加热器头之间保持2.5 毫米的距离, 相应地调整螺钉的长度, 防止穿甲弹的背部运动朝向臀位。</li>
	<li>将热偶连接到温度诊断监视器。 注: 温度监控端上的热偶导线通过真空管在馈内。</li>
</ol>4. 激光诊断的排列和对准
<ol><li>将两个螺纹锚放在调焦探头支架背面的孔中。拧紧两个螺钉通过锚, 直到他们到达 POM, 使自由改变入射光束的角度。<ol>
<li>在调焦探头架的底部钻一个穿过厚度的孔, 并将其固定在螺纹圆柱磁铁上。</li>
		<li>将光纤调焦探头通过铝管, 并将探头粘附到铝管上, 在探头头和铝管尖端周围应用超快环氧。尽量将探头头向前推入管内, 但一定要使探头透镜远离环氧树脂。等待, 直到额外的快速设置环氧树脂硬化。</li>
		<li>将光学调焦连接到全光纤 NDI/TDI 干涉仪31, 并将调焦组件放在目标支架上, 瞄准目标的后表面。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>打开激光, 在这种情况下, 2W 铒光纤耦合激光器, 0.2-0.4 W 功率。接下来, 使用调焦组件上的螺钉调整调焦探头的位置, 直到达到适当的光耦合, 并优化获得的信号。</li>
	<li>调整可变比耦合器, 以匹配参考和多普勒移动光的强度, 直到在示波器显示的信号优化。 注: 如果需要横向运动诊断, 请参阅步骤 4.5-4.6。</li>
	<li>将两个螺纹锚放在 POM 调焦支架背面的孔中, 然后拧紧两个螺钉, 直到它们接触 pom。<ol>
<li>在调焦探头架的底部钻一个穿过厚度的孔, 并将其固定在螺纹圆柱磁铁上。</li>
		<li>将光纤准直探头通过铝管拉出, 并将探头和铝管的尖端环氧贴在铝管上。尽量将探头头向前推入管内, 但一定要使探头透镜远离环氧树脂。等待, 直到额外的快速设置环氧树脂硬化。</li>
		<li>在4.4 重复上述步骤, 使两个组件, 并把它们放在撞击室。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>调整接收光纤准直器的位置和角度, 用磁铁和两个螺钉对 POM 持有人, 直到功率监视器测量的一阶衍射光束的强度得到优化。</li>
	<li>断开电源显示器并将两个接收准直器连接到全光纤 TDI 干涉仪31。</li>
</ol>5. 高温反几何法/压力-剪切板冲击试验的执行
<ol><li>通过拧紧撞击室入口处的四个夹具来保证主法兰的安全, 然后使用螺栓固定在辅助法兰上的聚酯薄膜关闭腔室。</li>
	<li>将密封压力提高到207帕, 然后通过拧紧法兰中的螺钉关闭在臀端的气枪。</li>
	<li>打开臀端真空泵, 然后打开目标室端真空泵。</li>
	<li>确保不存在的穿甲弹的运动, 由前部和背部之间的压力差, 由穿甲弹。等待, 直到房间被疏散到压力小于 100 mTorr。</li>
	<li>打开基于激光振幅的穿甲弹冲击速度测量系统。</li>
	<li>将加热器移至标记位置, 然后打开加热器。将加热器的温度提高100摄氏度, 直到达到所需的样品温度。</li>
	<li>将点火转储室加压至1103帕, 并根据所选的撞击速度将所需的荷载室达到所期望的水平。另外, 把穿甲弹捕手固定在撞击室里。</li>
	<li>关闭加热器, 并立即将加热器向上移动到加热器-好的。记录在样品表面用穿甲弹热电偶测量的温度诊断显示器上显示的温度。</li>
	<li>一旦密封压力降到零, 立即打开密封阀, 释放点火转储室。</li>
</ol>

<ol>
	<li>Davies, R. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+critical+study+of+the+Hopkinson+pressure+bar.">A critical study of the Hopkinson pressure bar.</a> Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Mathematical and Physical Sciences. 240, 375-457 (1948).</li><li>Kolsky, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+investigation+of+the+mechanical+properties+of+materials+at+very+high+rates+of+loading.">An investigation of the mechanical properties of materials at very high rates of loading.</a> Proceedings of the Physical Society. Section B. 62, 676 (1949).</li><li>Gilat, A., Cheng, C. -. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Torsional+split+Hopkinson+bar+tests+at+strain+rates+above+104s&#8722;+1.">Torsional split Hopkinson bar tests at strain rates above 104s&#8722; 1.</a> Experimental Mechanics. 40, 54-59 (2000).</li><li>Harding, J., Wood, E., Campbell, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Tensile+testing+of+materials+at+impact+rates+of+strain.">Tensile testing of materials at impact rates of strain.</a> Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science. 2, 88-96 (1960).</li><li>Clifton, R. J., Klopp, R. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pressure-shear+plate+impact+testing.">Pressure-shear plate impact testing.</a> Metals handbook. 8, 230-239 (1985).</li><li>Zuanetti, B., Wang, T., Prakash, V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mechanical+Response+of+99.999%+Purity+Aluminum+Under+Dynamic+Uniaxial+Strain+and+Near+Melting+Temperatures.">Mechanical Response of 99.999% Purity Aluminum Under Dynamic Uniaxial Strain and Near Melting Temperatures.</a> International Journal of Impact Engineering. 113, 180-190 (2017).</li><li>Wang, T., Zuanetti, B., Prakash, V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Shock+Response+of+Commercial+Purity+Polycrystalline+Magnesium+Under+Uniaxial+Strain+at+Elevated+Temperatures.">Shock Response of Commercial Purity Polycrystalline Magnesium Under Uniaxial Strain at Elevated Temperatures.</a> Journal of Dynamic Behavior of Materials. 3, 497-509 (2017).</li><li>Dike, S., Wang, T., Zuanetti, B., Prakash, V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dynamic+Uniaxial+Compression+of+HSLA-65+Steel+at+Elevated+Temperatures.">Dynamic Uniaxial Compression of HSLA-65 Steel at Elevated Temperatures.</a> Journal of Dynamic Behavior of Materials. 3, 510-525 (2017).</li><li>Okada, M., Liou, N. -. S., Prakash, V., Miyoshi, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Tribology+of+high+speed+metal-on-metal+sliding+at+near-melt+and+fully-melt+interfacial+temperatures.">Tribology of high speed metal-on-metal sliding at near-melt and fully-melt interfacial temperatures.</a> Wear. 249, 672-686 (2001).</li><li>Prakash, V., Clifton, R. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Fracture Mechanics: Twenty Second Symposium (vol. 1). , (1992).</li><li>Prakash, V., Mehta, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Uniaxial+Compression+and+Combined+Compression-and-Shear+Response+of+Amorphous+Polycarbonate+at+High+Loading+Rates.">Uniaxial Compression and Combined Compression-and-Shear Response of Amorphous Polycarbonate at High Loading Rates.</a> Polymer Engineering and Science. 52, 1217-1231 (2012).</li><li>Lee, Y., Prakash, V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dynamic+fracture+toughness+versus+crack-tip+speed+relationship+at+lower+than+room+temperature+for+high+strength+4340VAR+structural+steels.">Dynamic fracture toughness versus crack-tip speed relationship at lower than room temperature for high strength 4340VAR structural steels.</a> Journal of the Mechanics and Physics of Solids. 46, 1943-1967 (1998).</li><li>Lee, Y., Prakash, V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dynamic+brittle+fracture+of+high+strength+structural+steels+under+conditions+of+plane+strain.">Dynamic brittle fracture of high strength structural steels under conditions of plane strain.</a> International Journal of Solids and Structures. 36, 3293-3337 (1999).</li><li>Yuan, F., Prakash, V., Lewandowski, J. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Shear+yield+and+flow+behavior+of+a+Zirconium-based+bulk+metallic+glass.">Shear yield and flow behavior of a Zirconium-based bulk metallic glass.</a> Mechanics of Materials. 42, 248-255 (2010).</li><li>Shazly, M., Prakash, V., Draper, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mechanical+behavior+of+Gamma-Met+PX+under+uniaxial+loading+at+elevated+temperatures+and+high+strain+rates.">Mechanical behavior of Gamma-Met PX under uniaxial loading at elevated temperatures and high strain rates.</a> International Journal of Solids and Structures. 41, 6485-6503 (2004).</li><li>Klopp, R., Clifton, R., Shawki, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pressure-shear+impact+and+the+dynamic+viscoplastic+response+of+metals.">Pressure-shear impact and the dynamic viscoplastic response of metals.</a> Mechanics of Materials. 4, 375-385 (1985).</li><li>Arvidsson, T. E., Gupta, Y., Duvall, G. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Precursor+decay+in+1060+aluminum.">Precursor decay in 1060 aluminum.</a> Journal of Applied Physics. 46, 4474-4478 (1975).</li><li>Gilat, A., Clifton, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pressure-shear+waves+in+6061-T6+aluminum+and+alpha-titanium.">Pressure-shear waves in 6061-T6 aluminum and alpha-titanium.</a> Journal of the Mechanics and Physics of Solids. 33, 263-284 (1985).</li><li>Barker, L., Hollenbach, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Shock+wave+study+of+the+&#945;&#8644;&#949;+phase+transition+in+iron.">Shock wave study of the &#945;&#8644;&#949; phase transition in iron.</a> Journal of Applied Physics. 45, 4872-4887 (1974).</li><li>Shazly, M., Prakash, V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Shock+response+of+a+gamma+titanium+aluminide.">Shock response of a gamma titanium aluminide.</a> Journal of Applied Physics. 104, 083513 (2008).</li><li>Yuan, F., Prakash, V., Lewandowski, J. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Spall+strength+and+Hugoniot+elastic+limit+of+a+Zirconium-based+bulk+metallic+glass+under+planar+shock+compression.">Spall strength and Hugoniot elastic limit of a Zirconium-based bulk metallic glass under planar shock compression.</a> Journal of Materials Research. 22, 402-411 (2007).</li><li>Yuan, F. P., Prakash, V., Lewandowski, J. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Spall+strength+of+a+zirconium-based+bulk+metallic+glass+under+shock-induced+compress+ion-and-shear+loading.">Spall strength of a zirconium-based bulk metallic glass under shock-induced compress ion-and-shear loading.</a> Mechanics of Materials. 41, 886-897 (2009).</li><li>Prakash, V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+pressure-shear+plate+impact+experiment+for+investigating+transient+friction.">A pressure-shear plate impact experiment for investigating transient friction.</a> Experimental Mechanics. 35, 329-336 (1995).</li><li>Kumar, P., Clifton, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Optical+alignment+of+impact+faces+for+plate+impact+experiments.">Optical alignment of impact faces for plate impact experiments.</a> Journal of Applied Physics. 48, 1366-1367 (1977).</li><li>Prakash, V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Time-resolved+friction+with+applications+to+high+speed+machining:+experimental+observations.">Time-resolved friction with applications to high speed machining: experimental observations.</a> Tribology Transactions. 41, 189-198 (1998).</li><li>Frutschy, K., Clifton, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=High-temperature+pressure-shear+plate+impact+experiments+using+pure+tungsten+carbide+impactors.">High-temperature pressure-shear plate impact experiments using pure tungsten carbide impactors.</a> Experimental mechanics. 38, 116-125 (1998).</li><li>Frutschy, K., Clifton, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=High-temperature+pressure-shear+plate+impact+experiments+on+OFHC+copper.">High-temperature pressure-shear plate impact experiments on OFHC copper.</a> Journal of the Mechanics and Physics of Solids. 46, 1723-1744 (1998).</li><li>Zaretsky, E., Kanel, G. I. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effect+of+temperature,+strain,+and+strain+rate+on+the+flow+stress+of+aluminum+under+shock-wave+compression.">Effect of temperature, strain, and strain rate on the flow stress of aluminum under shock-wave compression.</a> Journal of Applied Physics. 112, 073504 (2012).</li><li>Grunschel, S. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Pressure-shear plate impact experiments on high-purity aluminum at temperatures approaching melt. , (2009).</li><li>Zuanetti, B., Wang, T., Prakash, V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+Novel+Approach+for+Plate+Impact+Experiments+to+Determine+the+Dynamic+Behavior+of+Materials+Under+Extreme+Conditions.">A Novel Approach for Plate Impact Experiments to Determine the Dynamic Behavior of Materials Under Extreme Conditions.</a> Journal of Dynamic Behavior of Materials. 3, 64-75 (2017).</li><li>Zuanetti, B., Wang, T., Prakash, V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+compact+fiber+optics-based+heterodyne+combined+normal+and+transverse+displacement+interferometer.">A compact fiber optics-based heterodyne combined normal and transverse displacement interferometer.</a> Review of Scientific Instruments. 88, 033108 (2017).</li><li>Zuanetti, B., Wang, T., Prakash, V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mechanical+response+of+99.999%+purity+aluminum+under+dynamic+uniaxial+strain+and+near+melting+temperatures.">Mechanical response of 99.999% purity aluminum under dynamic uniaxial strain and near melting temperatures.</a> International Journal of Impact Engineering. 113, 180-190 (2018).</li><li>Duffy, T. S., Ahrens, T. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Compressional+sound+velocity,+equation+of+state,+and+constitutive+response+of+shock-compressed+magnesium+oxide.">Compressional sound velocity, equation of state, and constitutive response of shock-compressed magnesium oxide.</a> Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth. 100, 529-542 (1995).</li><li>Tan, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Hugoniot+and+sound+velocity+measurements+of+bismuth+in+the+range+of+11-70+GPa.">Hugoniot and sound velocity measurements of bismuth in the range of 11-70 GPa.</a> Journal of Applied Physics. 113, 093509 (2013).</li></ol>

作者没有什么可透露的。

上述方法和协议详细说明了在高温下正确执行反向几何正常板撞击实验的程序。在这种方法中, 我们对火炮枪管进行自定义修改, 在现有气体枪的高压 (臀) 端的情况下, 西预备队大学, 以房子的电阻式加热器线圈轴向和旋转自由度。电阻式加热器线圈系统, 使薄铝试样, 持有在加热器的前端, 耐高温弹, 加热到接近熔化温度 (超过640°c), 在射击之前。利用加热器壳体适应与耐热弹托结合, 进行了高温板?...

在工程应用中, 材料受多种条件的限制, 其性质可以是静态的或动态的, 再加上高度的变形和温度, 从房间到靠近熔点的位置不等。在这些热力学极端之下材料行为可能剧烈地变化;因此, 近一个世纪以来, 在受控加载机制1、2、3的情况下, 开发了几个实验, 旨在探讨材料行为的动力响应和/或其他特性。,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14. 对于负载在低到中间应变率 (10-6-100 /秒) 的金属, 采用伺服液压或精密螺杆万能试验机研究了各种加载方式下的材料反应, 并变形水平。但是, 随着应用应变率的增加超过了中间应变率 (i., > 102/秒), 其他实验技术就成为必要的, 以探测机械反应。例如, 在 103/秒的装货率高达 5 x 104/秒的全尺寸或小型化的拆分-霍普金森压力杆, 使此类测量可以做8,15。
传统上, 轻型气体枪和/或爆炸驱动的板块撞击实验已经被用来研究动态不适应性和其他现象, 如散裂, 或相变发生的非常高的应变率 (105-107/秒)16,17,18,19,20,21,22, 或组合的高压和动态负载。通常情况下, 板块撞击实验涉及发射一个飞行板, 最初在气枪的臀端, 然后沿着枪管的长度向下移动, 并与精心对准的固定靶板碰撞撞击室。由于撞击, 在飞行物/目标界面上产生了正常和/或联合的压力和剪切应力, 它通过板块的空间尺寸作为纵向和/或组合纵向和横向应力波。这些波在靶板后表面的到达会影响目标板的瞬时自由表面粒子速度, 这通常通过干涉技术进行监测。为了允许对测量的粒子速度和时间历史的解释, 有必要在撞击14,23产生与撞击表面平行的平面波。为确保前者, 撞击必须发生在小于一毫弧度12、24的顺序上, 其平面度的撞击面比两个千分尺5、25更佳。
板块撞击实验已经适应了包括加热元素, 使调查的材料行为延伸到热力学极端26,27,28,29。这些适应通常包括增加一个感应线圈, 或一个电阻加热器元件的目标端的气枪;虽然这些适应已经证明在实验上是可行的, 但这种方法内在地导致了特殊的实验挑战, 需要仔细考虑。其中一些实验性的并发症包括在加热目标 (样品) 板时, 目标保持器组件和/或校准夹具的不同成分的热膨胀, 这需要实时校准调整,通常采用带有连续反馈的遥控对准工具, 以保持样品和目标板之间的关键并行公差。在压力-剪切板冲击试验方案中, 加热试样需要用耐高温金属光栅代替传统的高分子光栅, 以监测在自由表面的横向粒子速度。靶板。此外, 加热的样品可以增加限制的冲击速度, 可以在某些实验方案, 如在高应变率联合压力和剪切板冲击配置, 在那里可能需要特殊的考虑为了防止对实验结果的明确解释, 利用可能是温度依赖性的前后靶板的声学阻抗计算。最后, 对于需要具有光学窗口的目标板的其他实验方案, 试样、粘结层和/或涂层之间的公差在高温下变得越来越难维持19。
为纾缓上述实验挑战, 我们已对位于西储大学 (CWRU)7、30、31、32 的现有单级气枪进行自订改装..这些修改使在耐热弹托的前端举行的薄金属试样被加热到超过1000年°c 的温度, 在射击之前, 这允许高温正常和/或联合压力-剪切板冲击实验是进行。与用于高温板撞击研究的大多数常规方法相比, 这种方法已被证明可以缓解上述几个实验难题。例如, 这种方法已经被利用来实现小于一毫弧度的倾斜角, 而不需要进行远倾角调整30, 或者在实验期间监测倾斜变化的额外光学元件。其次, 由于目标板在环境温度下保持不变, 这种方法不需要特殊的耐高温全息光栅来测量斜撞击实验中的横向粒子速度;此外, 可以利用更高的冲击速度, 而不会产生目标板的风险, 从而降低实验结果解释的复杂性。添加时, 这种方法可用于执行高温逆向几何正常板撞击实验, 为选择样品材料提供了我们的关系。这些可以通过阻抗匹配技术获得, 或者另外, 从样品的后表面对稀疏风扇进行分析, 在卸载33、34 期间对试样冲击速度的变化进行相关信息..在高温联合压力-剪切板冲击构型中, 这种方法使薄膜的动态不适应性能够被广泛的温度和塑性变形范围所研究, 应变率可达 107/秒, 取决于薄试样的厚度16,27,29。
我们将介绍执行上述典型的高温板撞击实验所需的协议。接下来将有一节专门介绍使用现有技术获得的代表性结果。最后, 对结果的讨论将在结论之前提出。

<table><tbody><tr><td>99.999% commercial purity polycrystalline aluminum</td><td>Goodfellow</td><td>AL007970</td><td>Material for flyer plate (sample)</td></tr><tr><td>H13 tool steel</td><td>Fabrication Center of CWRU</td><td>N/A</td><td>Material for the sample holder</td></tr><tr><td>Solution treat &amp;amp; age Inconel 718 alloy</td><td>High Temp Metals</td><td>N/A</td><td>(1.005/1.015)&quot; Dia x 24&quot;, Material for target plate</td></tr><tr><td>Photoresist S1805</td><td>MicroChem</td><td>N/A</td><td>Material of the photoresist for holographic grating</td></tr><tr><td>Developer CD-26</td><td>MicroChem</td><td>N/A</td><td>Developer to the photoresist for holographic grating</td></tr><tr><td>Aluminum 6063 tube</td><td>McMaster-Carr</td><td>4568T19</td><td>Material for the ring in target assembly</td></tr><tr><td>Black Delrin (R) Acetal Resin Rod (4-1/2&quot; Dia.)</td><td>McMaster-Carr</td><td>8576K81</td><td>Material for the Delrin holder in target assembly</td></tr><tr><td>White Delrin (R) Acetal Resin Rod (1/4&quot; Dia.)</td><td>McMaster-Carr</td><td>8572K51</td><td>Material for the Delrin pins in target assembly</td></tr><tr><td>Aluminum 6061 tube</td><td>McMaster-Carr</td><td>9056K24</td><td>Material for the body in projectile assembly</td></tr><tr><td>Aluminum 6061 rod</td><td>McMaster-Carr</td><td>8974K88</td><td>Material for the cap in projectile assembly</td></tr><tr><td>Teflon sheet</td><td>McMaster-Carr</td><td>8711K98</td><td>Material for the key</td></tr><tr><td>LAVA-FF - Alumina Silicate disc</td><td>Technical Products</td><td>CWR-033116-1</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>LAVA-FF - Alumina Silicate tube</td><td>Technical Products</td><td>ALR11515</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Alumina Pan Slotted Head Bolt</td><td>Ceramco</td><td>A83200PANSLT0.500</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>409 N70 Buna-N O-ring</td><td>The O-ring Store</td><td>B70409</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Loctite Hysol 9412 adhesive</td><td>Loctite</td><td>83107</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>High Temperature Cements</td><td>OMEGA Engineering</td><td>OB-300</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Extra fast-set epoxy</td><td>Ellsworth</td><td>4001</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Mylar sheet</td><td>McMaster-Carr</td><td>8567K94</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

conducting elevated temperature normal and combined pressure-shear plate impact experiments via a breech-end sabot heater system

提出了一种在1000摄氏度的试验温度下进行常规和/或联合压力-剪切板冲击实验的新方法。该方法使高温板撞击实验旨在探索材料在热力学极值下的动态行为, 同时减轻在进行类似实验时面临的几个特殊实验挑战。采用传统的板材冲击法。在西储大学的情况下, 对单级气枪的臀端进行自适应改装;这些改装包括由 SAE 4340 钢制成的精密加工延伸件, 它的战略设计是配合现有的枪管, 同时提供高公差匹配孔和键槽。延伸件包含一个垂直圆筒加热器-好, 安置加热器汇编。电阻线圈加热器头, 能够达到1200摄氏度的温度, 连接到一个垂直的阀杆, 具有轴向/旋转自由度;这使得在耐热的穿甲弹的前端举行的薄金属试样被均匀地加热到所需的试验温度。通过加热飞行板 (在这种情况下, 样品) 在枪筒的臀端, 而不是在目标端, 可以避免几个关键的实验挑战。这些指标包括: 1) 由于目标支架组件的几个成分的热膨胀, 在加热过程中靶板的对准发生了严重的变化;2) 由于诊断元素 (i.、聚合物全息光栅和光学探针) 太靠近加热目标组件而产生的挑战;3) 在具有光学窗口的目标板上出现的挑战, 在高温下, 试样、粘结层和窗口之间的关键公差变得越来越难以维持;4) 在组合压剪板撞击实验中, 需要用耐高温衍射光栅测量目标自由表面的横向粒子速度;5) 由于热软化和可能产生的边界目标板, 对测量的自由表面速度与时间剖面的明确解释所需的冲击速度施加限制。通过利用上述的适应性, 我们提出了一系列的反几何法平板撞击实验的结果, 对商业纯铝在一系列的样品温度。这些实验表明, 在受冲击状态下, 颗粒速度减小, 这表明材料软化 (后屈服流应力降低) 随试样温度的增加。

在进行目前的实验时, 82.5 毫米口径, 6 米长, 单级气炮在 CWRU 能够加速0.8 公斤弹丸以加速至700米/秒。图 5显示了 CWRU 上改装的气枪设施的照片。在射击之前, 定制设计的穿甲弹是存放在加热器扩展件, 如图 6所示。该延伸件携带一个垂直加热器-良好的使电阻线圈加热器进出的路径的穿甲弹。这种加热器线圈, 使所持的传单板在前?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Conducting Elevated Temperature Normal and Combined Pressure-Shear Plate Impact Experiments Via a Breech-end Sabot Heater System at JoVE.com

Conducting Elevated Temperature Normal and Combined Pressure-Shear Plate Impact Experiments Via a Breech-end Sabot Heater System

在这里, 我们提出了一个新的方法来进行高温反向正常板冲击, 并结合压力和剪切板冲击的详细协议。该方法包括使用臀端电阻线圈加热器, 以加热在耐热的穿甲弹的前端举行的样品, 以达到预期的温度。

采用臀端穿甲弹加热系统进行高温常压联合压力-剪切板冲击试验

A novel approach for conducting normal and/or combined pressure-shear plate impact experiments at test temperatures up to 1000 &#176;C is presented. The ...

conducting-elevated-temperature-normal-combined-pressure-shear-plate

Research

JoVE Journal

Engineering

8.5K 次观看.  Case Western Reserve University. 在这里, 我们提出了一个新的方法来进行高温反向正常板冲击, 并结合压力和剪切板冲击的详细协议。该方法包括使用臀端电阻线圈加热器, 以加热在耐热的穿甲弹的前端举行的样品, 以达到预期的温度。

视频: Conducting Elevated Temperature Normal and Combined Pressure-Shear Plate Impact Experiments Via a Breech-end Sabot Heater System

A Method for Studying the Temperature Dependence of Dynamic Fracture and Fragmentation

The dynamic fracture of a body is a late-stage phenomenon typically studied under simplified conditions, in which a sample is deformed under uniform stress and strain rate. This can be produced by evenly loading the inner surface of a cylinder. Due to the axial symmetry, as the cylinder expands the wall is placed into a tensile hoop stress that is uniform around the circumference. While there are various techniques to generate this expansion such as explosives, electromagnetic drive, and existing gas gun techniques they are all limited in the fact that the sample cylinder must be at room temperature. We present a new method using a gas gun that facilitates experiments on cylinders from 150 K to 800 K with a consistent, repeatable loading. These highly diagnosed experiments are used to examine the effect of temperature on the fracture mechanisms responsible for failure, and their resulting influence on fragmentation statistics. The experimental geometry employs a steel ogive located inside the target cylinder, with the tip located about halfway in. A single stage light gas gun is then used to launch a polycarbonate projectile into the cylinder at 1,000 m/sec-1. The projectile impacts and flows around the rigid ogive, driving the sample cylinder from the inside. The use of a non-deforming ogive insert allows us to install temperature control hardware inside the rear of the cylinder. Liquid nitrogen (LN2) is used for cooling and a resistive high current load for heating. Multiple channels of upshifted photon Doppler velocimetry (PDV) track the expansion velocity along the cylinder enabling direct comparison to computer simulations, while High speed imaging is used to measure the strain to failure. The recovered cylinder fragments are also subject to optical and electron microscopy to ascertain the failure mechanism.

Fracture and fragmentation are late stage phenomena in dynamic loading scenarios and are typically studied using explosives. We present a technique for driving expansion using a gas gun which uniquely enables control of both loading rate and sample temperature.

为研究动态断裂及破碎的温度敏感性的方法

The dynamic fracture of a body is a late-stage phenomenon typically studied under simplified conditions, in which a sample is deformed under uniform ...

科研

工程学

Blast Quantification Using Hopkinson Pressure Bars

Near-field blast load measurement presents an issue to many sensor types as they must endure very aggressive environments and be able to measure pressures up to many hundreds of megapascals. In this respect the simplicity of the Hopkinson pressure bar has a major advantage in that while the measurement end of the Hopkinson bar can endure and be exposed to harsh conditions, the strain gauge mounted to the bar can be affixed some distance away. This allows protective housings to be utilized which protect the strain gauge but do not interfere with the measurement acquisition. The use of an array of pressure bars allows the pressure-time histories at discrete known points to be measured. This article also describes the interpolation routine used to derive pressure-time histories at un-instrumented locations on the plane of interest. Currently the technique has been used to measure loading from high explosives in free air and buried shallowly in various soils.

This protocol details the use of Hopkinson pressure bars to measure reflected blast loading from near-field explosive events. It is capable of interpolating a pressure-time history at any point on a reflective boundary and as such can be used to fully characterize the spatial and temporal variations in loading produced.

高炉利用定量霍普金森杆

Near-field blast load measurement presents an issue to many sensor types as they must endure very aggressive environments and be able to measure pressures ...

High-pressure, High-temperature Deformation Experiment Using the New Generation Griggs-type Apparatus

In order to address geological processes at great depths, rock deformation should ideally be tested at high pressure (&#62; 0.5 GPa) and high temperature (&#62; 300 &#176;C). However, because of the low stress resolution of current solid-pressure-medium apparatuses, high-resolution measurements are today restricted to low-pressure deformation experiments in the gas-pressure-medium apparatus. A new generation of solid-medium piston-cylinder (&#34;Griggs-type&#34;) apparatus is here described. Able to perform high-pressure deformation experiments up to 5 GPa and designed to adapt an internal load cell, such a new apparatus offers the potential to establish a technological basis for high-pressure rheology. This paper provides video-based detailed documentation of the procedure (using the &#34;conventional&#34; solid-salt assembly) to perform high-pressure, high-temperature experiments with the newly designed Griggs-type apparatus. A representative result of a Carrara marble sample deformed at 700 &#176;C, 1.5 GPa and 10-5 s-1 with the new press is also given. The related stress-time curve illustrates all steps of a Griggs-type experiment, from increasing pressure and temperature to sample quenching when deformation is stopped. Together with future developments, the critical steps and limitations of the Griggs apparatus are then discussed.

Rock deformation needs to be quantified at high pressure. A description of the procedure to perform deformation experiments in a newly designed solid-medium Griggs-type apparatus is here given. This provides technological basis for future rheological studies at pressures up to 5 GPa.

新一代格雷型装置高压高温变形试验

In order to address geological processes at great depths, rock deformation should ideally be tested at high pressure (&#62; 0.5 GPa) and high temperature ...

环境科学

Wind Tunnel Experiments to Study Chaparral Crown Fires

The present protocol presents a laboratory technique designed to study chaparral crown fire ignition and spread. Experiments were conducted in a low velocity fire wind tunnel where two distinct layers of fuel were constructed to represent surface and crown fuels in chaparral. Chamise, a common chaparral shrub, comprised the live crown layer. The dead fuel surface layer was constructed with excelsior (shredded wood). We developed a methodology to measure mass loss, temperature, and flame height for both fuel layers. Thermocouples placed in each layer estimated temperature. A video camera captured the visible flame. Post-processing of digital imagery yielded flame characteristics including height and flame tilt. A custom crown mass loss instrument developed in-house measured the evolution of the mass of the crown layer during the burn. Mass loss and temperature trends obtained using the technique matched theory and other empirical studies. In this study, we present detailed experimental procedures and information about the instrumentation used. The representative results for the fuel mass loss rate and temperature filed within the fuel bed are also included and discussed.

This protocol describes wind tunnel experiments designed to study the transition of a fire from the ground to the canopy of chaparral shrubs.

查帕拉尔树冠火灾风洞实验研究

The present protocol presents a laboratory technique designed to study chaparral crown fire ignition and spread. Experiments were conducted in a low ...

Experimental Procedure for Laboratory Studies of In Situ Burning : Flammability and Burning Efficiency of Crude Oil

A new method for the simultaneous study of the flammability and burning efficiency of fresh and weathered crude oil through two experimental laboratory setups is presented. The experiments are easily repeatable compared to operational scale experiments (pool diameter &#8805;2 m), while still featuring quite realistic in situ burning conditions of crude oil on water. Experimental conditions include a flowing water sub-layer that cools the oil slick and an external heat flux (up to 50 kW/m2) that simulates the higher heat feedback to the fuel surface in operational scale crude oil pool fires. These conditions enable a controlled laboratory study of the burning efficiency of crude oil pool fires that are equivalent to operational scale experiments. The method also provides quantitative data on the requirements for igniting crude oils in terms of the critical heat flux, ignition delay time as a function of the incident heat flux, the surface temperature upon ignition, and the thermal inertia. This type of data can be used to determine the required strength and duration of an ignition source to ignite a certain type of fresh or weathered crude oil. The main limitation of the method is that the cooling effect of the flowing water sub-layer on the burning crude oil as a function of the external heat flux has not been fully quantified. Experimental results clearly showed that the flowing water sub-layer does improve how representative this setup is of in situ burning conditions, but to what extent this representation is accurate is currently uncertain. The method nevertheless features the most realistic in situ burning laboratory conditions currently available for simultaneously studying the flammability and burning efficiency of crude oil on water.

Experimental Procedure for Laboratory Studies of In Situ Burning : Flammability and Burning Efficiency of Crude Oil

Here, we present a protocol to simultaneously study the flammability and burning efficiency of fresh and weathered crude oil under conditions that simulate in situ burning operations on the sea.

原位燃烧试验方法: 原油可燃性和燃烧效率

A new method for the simultaneous study of the flammability and burning efficiency of fresh and weathered crude oil through two experimental laboratory ...

Uncoupling Coriolis Force and Rotating Buoyancy Effects on Full-Field Heat Transfer Properties of a Rotating Channel

An experimental method for exploring the heat transfer characteristics of an axially rotating channel is proposed. The governing flow parameters that characterize the transport phenomena in a rotating channel are identified via the parametric analysis of the momentum and energy equations referring to a rotating frame of reference. Based on these dimensionless flow equations, an experimental strategy that links the design of the test module, the experimental program and the data analysis is formulated with the attempt to reveal the isolated Coriolis-force and buoyancy effects on heat transfer performances. The effects of Coriolis force and rotating buoyancy are illustrated using the selective results measured from rotating channels with various geometries. While the Coriolis-force and rotating-buoyancy impacts share several common features among the various rotating channels, the unique heat transfer signatures are found in association with the flow direction, the channel shape and the arrangement of heat transfer enhancement devices. Regardless of the flow configurations of the rotating channels, the presented experimental method enables the development of physically consistent heat transfer correlations that permit the evaluation of isolated and interdependent Coriolis-force and rotating-buoyancy effects on the heat transfer properties of rotating channels.

Here, we present an experimental method for decoupling the interdependent Coriolis-force and rotating-buoyancy effects on full-field heat transfer distributions of a rotating channel.

解耦科里奥利力和旋转浮力对旋转通道全场传热性能的影响

An experimental method for exploring the heat transfer characteristics of an axially rotating channel is proposed. The governing flow parameters that ...

Laboratory Scale Slow Cook-Off Testing of Rocket Propellants: The Combustion Rate Analysis of a Slowly Heated Propellant (CRASH-P) Test

Solid rocket propellants are widely used for propulsion applications by military and space agencies. Although highly effective, they can be dangerous to personnel and equipment under certain conditions, with slow heating in confined conditions being a particular danger. This paper describes a more affordable laboratory test that is easier to set up and was developed for screening rocket propellant ingredients. Rocket propellants are cast into sample holders that have been designed to have the same confinement as standard rocket motors (propellant volume to total volume in the container) and ensure that the propellant is not easily vented. Reaction violence is quantified by the time it takes to reach 90% of the maximum pressure after autoignition, which is analogous to blast overpressure gauges used to measure violence in a full-scale test. A positive correlation was observed between the speed and pressure produced from the reaction and the power produced by the rocket propellant during the reaction.

Laboratory Scale Slow Cook-Off Testing of Rocket Propellants: The Combustion Rate Analysis of a Slowly Heated Propellant CRASH-P Test

We present a protocol for a laboratory-scale slow cook-off test for solid rocket propellants called the Combustion Rate Analysis of a Slowly Heated Propellant (CRASH-P) test. Confined rocket propellants are slowly heated until autoignition, and both the cook-off temperature and the violence of reaction are measured with dynamic pressure sensors.

火箭推进剂的实验室规模慢煮测试:缓慢加热推进剂（CRASH-P）测试的燃烧速率分析

Solid rocket propellants are widely used for propulsion applications by military and space agencies. Although highly effective, they can be dangerous to ...

Evaluating Primary Blast Effects In Vitro

Exposure to blast events can cause severe trauma to vital organs such as the lungs, ears, and brain. Understanding the mechanisms behind such blast-induced injuries is of great importance considering the recent trend towards the use of explosives in modern warfare and terrorist-related incidents. To fully understand blast-induced injury, we must first be able to replicate such blast events in a controlled environment using a reproducible method. In this technique using shock tube equipment, shock waves at a range of pressures can be propagated over live cells grown in 2D, and markers of cell viability can be immediately analyzed using a redox indicator assay and the fluorescent imaging of live and dead cells. This method demonstrated that increasing the peak blast overpressure to 127 kPa can stimulate a significant drop in cell viability when compared to untreated controls. Test samples are not limited to adherent cells, but can include cell suspensions,&#160;whole-body and tissue samples, through minor modifications to the shock tube setup. Replicating the exact conditions that tissues and cells experience when exposed to a genuine blast event is difficult. Techniques such as the one presented in this article can help to define damage thresholds and identify the transcriptional and epigenetic changes within cells that arise from shock wave exposure.

Evaluating Primary Blast Effects In Vitro

Understanding how cells are modulated by exposure to shock waves can help identify the mechanisms behind injuries triggered from blast events. This protocol uses custom-built shock tube equipment to apply shock waves at a range of pressures to cell monolayers and to identify the subsequent effects on cell viability.

评估主要爆炸效果体外

Exposure to blast events can cause severe trauma to vital organs such as the lungs, ears, and brain. Understanding the mechanisms behind such ...

生物工程

<meta charset="utf8"></head><body>一种研究 RMU 温升问题的综合方法

Comparative Study of Simulation of Temperature Rise in Ring Main Unit

The Ring Main Unit (RMU) is a critical device in power distribution systems used for connecting and distributing electricity. However, due to its compact internal structure and high current load, heat dissipation issues are particularly prominent. To address this problem, this study innovatively proposes a simplified RMU model, employing finite element simulation methods to accurately solve for the ohmic losses of conductors under actual operating conditions and obtain ohmic loss data for various components. This is the first in-depth investigation of the RMU's temperature rise problem using such a comprehensive approach. Subsequently, the temperature field was solved using two different temperature field analysis modules, with a detailed comparison and analysis of the simulation results to identify similarities, differences, and trends in temperature distribution. The results indicate that the temperature field solution model, which considers convective heat transfer, is more accurate and aligns with actual operating conditions. This research provides an innovative approach and practical solutions for the design and optimization of RMUs. Future research can further explore multiphysics coupling analysis methods to address structural design and mandatory validation issues for high and ultra-high voltage RMUs and other electrical equipment, thereby providing important insights for engineering design.

<meta charset="utf8"></head><body>作者聚焦：环网柜设备温升的仿真与分析

This paper addresses the temperature rise problem of the ring main unit by establishing a simplified model and conducting a comparative analysis in two temperature field-solving modules.

环网柜温升模拟的比较研究

The Ring Main Unit (RMU) is a critical device in power distribution systems used for connecting and distributing electricity. However, due to its compact ...

采用臀端穿甲弹加热系统进行高温常压联合压力-剪切板冲击试验

摘要

探索更多视频

此视频中的章节

为研究动态断裂及破碎的温度敏感性的方法

高炉利用定量霍普金森杆

新一代格雷型装置高压高温变形试验

查帕拉尔树冠火灾风洞实验研究

原位燃烧试验方法: 原油可燃性和燃烧效率

解耦科里奥利力和旋转浮力对旋转通道全场传热性能的影响

火箭推进剂的实验室规模慢煮测试:缓慢加热推进剂（CRASH-P）测试的燃烧速率分析

评估主要爆炸效果体外

环网柜温升模拟的比较研究

环网柜温升模拟的比较研究