<meta charset="utf8"></head><body>一种研究 RMU 温升问题的综合方法

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<table><tbody><tr><td>Air</td><td>/</td><td>/</td><td>Conventional gases</td></tr><tr><td>Aluminum</td><td>/</td><td>/</td><td>Alloy Materials</td></tr><tr><td>Copper</td><td>/</td><td>/</td><td>Alloy Materials</td></tr><tr><td>Icepak</td><td>ANSYS company</td><td>ANSYS 2021R1</td><td>A CFD thermal simulation software</td></tr><tr><td>PC hosting</td><td>/</td><td>12th Generation Intel(R) Core(TM) i5-13500F CPU</td><td>Host computer equipment</td></tr><tr><td>SolidWorks</td><td>Subsidiary of Dassault Systemes</td><td>SolidWorks2021</td><td>An engineering software drawing tool</td></tr><tr><td>Steady-state thermal</td><td>ANSYS company</td><td>ANSYS 2021R1</td><td>A thermal simulation solution tool</td></tr></tbody></table>

comparative study of simulation of temperature rise in ring main unit

<meta charset="utf8"></head><body>作者聚焦：环网柜设备温升的仿真与分析

环网柜温升模拟的比较研究

The Ring Main Unit (RMU) is a critical device in power distribution systems used for connecting and distributing electricity. However, due to its compact ...

comparative-study-of-simulation-of-temperature-rise-in-ring-main-unit

Universidad de Cartagena UDEC

Research

Education

JoVE Core

JoVE Journal

Civil Engineering

Engineering

Unit 1

Comparative Study of Simulation of Temperature Rise in Ring Main Unit

Finite Control Volume Analysis

SCIENTISTS IN ACTION

1.6K 次观看.  Wenzhou University. 我们的研究涉及 Ring Main Unit 设备温升的模拟和分析。通过比较两个温度分析，模块，我们得出了不同场景下 Ring Main Unit 的温升。Aspect 更适合牛群转移，而那个夏天的研究更适合牛群分布。目前将有限元方法与实际实验相结合的方法，更全面地推导出了温升。最大的挑战是使仿真结果与实验兼容并减少误差。目前，仿真误差主要是通过多次解决...

视频: 作者聚焦：环网柜设备温升的仿真与分析

Experimental Methods for Investigation of Shape Memory Based Elastocaloric Cooling Processes and Model Validation

Shape Memory Alloys (SMA) using elastocaloric cooling processes have the potential to be an environmentally friendly alternative to the conventional vapor compression based cooling process. Nickel-Titanium (Ni-Ti) based alloy systems, especially, show large elastocaloric effects. Furthermore, exhibit large latent heats which is a necessary material property for the development of an efficient solid-state based cooling process. A scientific test rig has been designed to investigate these processes and the elastocaloric effects in SMAs. The realized test rig enables independent control of an SMA&#39;s mechanical loading and unloading cycles, as well as conductive heat transfer between SMA cooling elements and a heat source/sink. The test rig is equipped with a comprehensive monitoring system capable of synchronized measurements of mechanical and thermal parameters. In addition to determining the process-dependent mechanical work, the system also enables measurement of thermal caloric aspects of the elastocaloric cooling effect through use of a high-performance infrared camera. This combination is of particular interest, because it allows illustrations of localization and rate effects &#8212; both important for efficient heat transfer from the medium to be cooled.
The work presented describes an experimental method to identify elastocaloric material properties in different materials and sample geometries. Furthermore, the test rig is used to investigate different cooling process variations. The introduced analysis methods enable a differentiated consideration of material, process and related boundary condition influences on the process efficiency. The comparison of the experimental data with the simulation results (of a thermomechanically coupled finite element model) allows for better understanding of the underlying physics of the elastocaloric effect. In addition, the experimental results, as well as the findings based on the simulation results, are used to improve the material properties.

Experimental methods for investigation of solid state cooling processes and characterization of elastocaloric material properties of Shape Memory Alloys (SMA) are presented. A custom-built test rig has been designed for controlling and comprehensive monitoring of elastocaloric cooling processes. Furthermore, it provides a validation platform for thermomechanically coupled modeling approaches.

基于形状记忆调查Elastocaloric冷却过程和模型验证实验方法

Shape Memory Alloys (SMA) using elastocaloric cooling processes have the potential to be an environmentally friendly alternative to the conventional vapor ...

科研

工程学

Uncoupling Coriolis Force and Rotating Buoyancy Effects on Full-Field Heat Transfer Properties of a Rotating Channel

An experimental method for exploring the heat transfer characteristics of an axially rotating channel is proposed. The governing flow parameters that characterize the transport phenomena in a rotating channel are identified via the parametric analysis of the momentum and energy equations referring to a rotating frame of reference. Based on these dimensionless flow equations, an experimental strategy that links the design of the test module, the experimental program and the data analysis is formulated with the attempt to reveal the isolated Coriolis-force and buoyancy effects on heat transfer performances. The effects of Coriolis force and rotating buoyancy are illustrated using the selective results measured from rotating channels with various geometries. While the Coriolis-force and rotating-buoyancy impacts share several common features among the various rotating channels, the unique heat transfer signatures are found in association with the flow direction, the channel shape and the arrangement of heat transfer enhancement devices. Regardless of the flow configurations of the rotating channels, the presented experimental method enables the development of physically consistent heat transfer correlations that permit the evaluation of isolated and interdependent Coriolis-force and rotating-buoyancy effects on the heat transfer properties of rotating channels.

Here, we present an experimental method for decoupling the interdependent Coriolis-force and rotating-buoyancy effects on full-field heat transfer distributions of a rotating channel.

解耦科里奥利力和旋转浮力对旋转通道全场传热性能的影响

An experimental method for exploring the heat transfer characteristics of an axially rotating channel is proposed. The governing flow parameters that ...

Simulating Temperature in a Soil Incubation Experiment

The study of warming impact on soils requires a realistic and accurate representation of temperature. In laboratory incubation studies, a widely adopted method has been to render constant temperatures in multiple chambers, and via comparisons of soil responses between low- and high-temperature chambers, to derive the warming impact on soil changes. However, this commonly used method failed to imitate both the magnitude and amplitude of actual temperatures as observed in field conditions, thus potentially undermining the validity of such studies. With sophisticated environmental chambers becoming increasingly available, it is imperative to examine alternative methods of temperature control for soil incubation research. This protocol will introduce a state-of-the-art environmental chamber and demonstrate both conventional and new methods of temperature control to improve the experimental design of soil incubation. The protocol mainly comprises four steps: temperature monitoring and programming, soil collection, laboratory incubation, and warming effect comparison. One example will be presented to demonstrate different methods of temperature control and the resultant contrasting warming scenarios; that is, a constant temperature design referred to as stepwise warming (SW) and simulated in situ temperature design as gradual warming (GW), as well as their effects on soil respiration, microbial biomass, and extracellular enzyme activities. In addition, we present a strategy to diversify temperature change scenarios to meet specific climate change research needs (e.g., extreme heat). The temperature control protocol and the recommended well-tailored and diversified temperature change scenarios will assist researchers in establishing reliable and realistic soil incubation experiments in the laboratory.

Laboratory soil warming experiments usually employ two or more constant temperatures in multiple chambers. By presenting a sophisticated environmental chamber, we provide an accurate temperature control method to imitate the magnitude and amplitude of in situ soil temperature and improve the experimental design of soil incubation studies.

模拟土壤孵育实验中的温度

The study of warming impact on soils requires a realistic and accurate representation of temperature. In laboratory incubation studies, a widely adopted ...

环境科学

A Rapid Method for Modeling a Variable Cycle Engine

The variable cycle engines (VCE) that combine the advantages of turbofan and turbojet engines, are widely considered to be the next generation aircraft engines. However, developing VCE requires high costs. Thus, it is essential to build a mathematical model when developing an aircraft engine, which may avoid a large number of real tests and reduce the cost dramatically. Modeling is also crucial in control law development. In this article, based on a graphical simulation environment, a rapid method for modeling a double bypass variable cycle engine using object-oriented modeling technology and modular hierarchical architecture is described. Firstly, the mathematical model of each component is built based on the thermodynamic calculation. Then, a hierarchical engine model is built via the combination of each component mathematical model and the N-R solver module. Finally, the static and dynamic simulations are carried out in the model and the simulation results prove the effectiveness of the modeling method. The VCE model built through this method has the advantages of clear structure and real-time observation.

Here, we present a protocol to build a component-level mathematical model for a variable cycle engine.

可变循环引擎建模的快速方法

The variable cycle engines (VCE) that combine the advantages of turbofan and turbojet engines, are widely considered to be the next generation aircraft ...

A Modeling and Simulation Method for Preliminary Design of an Electro-Variable Displacement Pump

Electro-hydrostatic actuators (EHAs) have been considerably researched in academia, and their applications in various industrial fields are expanding. The variable-speed EHA has now taken priority over the variable-displacement EHA, but its driving motor and associated electronics encounter issues when applied in high-power applications: low-dynamics, high thermal dissipation, high price, etc. Therefore, a variable-displacement EHA equipped with an electro-variable displacement pump (EVDP) has been considered. The EVDP itself is a mechatronic system that integrates a piston pump, a ball screw, a gearbox, and a permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM). Consequently, the EVDP needs to be investigated to ensure its system-level performance when applied in an EHA. In addition to the previous research on the technical parameters of the EVDP, a dedicated design method is necessary for further reducing the cost of using the EVDP and exploring its performance potential. Here, a simulation based EVDP preliminary design method is selected for designing a 37 kW EVDP. Firstly, a previously proposed multidisciplinary model of the EVDP is extended by improving the parameter generation, including the EVDP life, reliability, control models, etc. Secondly, the proposed model is partially verified using a downsized prototype. Thirdly, the EVDP is simulated at a system level, supported by the proposed model. The EVDP performance is evaluated according to the specified design requirements. The temperature, bandwidth and accuracy, reliability and lifetime, etc., are all predicted for the EVDP. The simulation results demonstrate the EVDP's applicability in variable-displacement EHA. The proposed modeling and simulation method can be used to evaluate diverse EVDP performance and respond to general design requirements. The method can also support the resolution of the preliminary design challenges in terms of limited information and robustness. Therefore, the proposed method is appropriate for the realization of the simulation-based EVDP preliminary design method.

A simulation model specifically supporting the preliminary design of an electro-variable displacement pump (EVDP) is developed and partially verified by experiments. The control performance, life, reliability, etc., can all be evaluated using the proposed model, which covers the main performance requirements under the EVDP preliminary design task.

一种电动变量泵初步设计的建模与仿真方法

Electro-hydrostatic actuators (EHAs) have been considerably researched in academia, and their applications in various industrial fields are expanding. The ...

Experimental Investigation of the Hierarchical Control in DC Microgrids Using a Real-time Simulator

The rise of renewable energy sources has underscored the significance of microgrids, particularly DC variants, which are well-suited for integrating photovoltaic panels, battery storage systems, and other DC load solutions. This paper presents the development and experimentation of a DC microgrid with hierarchical control implemented in OPAL RT-Lab, a simulator. The microgrid includes distributed energy resources (DERs) interconnected via power converters, a DC bus, and DC loads. The primary control employs a droop control mechanism and double-loop Proportional-Integral (PI) control to regulate voltage and current, ensuring stable operation and proportional power sharing. The secondary control utilizes a consensus-based strategy to coordinate DERs to restore the bus voltage and ensure accurate power sharing, enhancing system reliability and efficiency. The experimental setup detailed in this paper includes circuit modeling, hardware implementation, and control strategies. The hardware platform's circuitry and controller parameters are specified, and the results can be observed through oscilloscope measurements. Two sets of experiments demonstrating the secondary control response with and without delay are conducted to validate the effectiveness of the control strategy. The outcomes confirm the successful implementation of hierarchical control in the microgrid. This study underscores the significance of a comprehensive experimental platform for advancing microgrid technology, providing valuable insights for future research and development.

This article presents a DC microgrid with hierarchical control implemented in a simulator, OPAL RT-Lab. It details the circuit modeling, primary and secondary control strategies, and experimental validation. The results demonstrate effective control performance, highlighting the importance of a robust experimental platform for microgrid research and development.

使用实时仿真器对直流微电网中的分层控制进行实验研究

The rise of renewable energy sources has underscored the significance of microgrids, particularly DC variants, which are well-suited for integrating ...

Temperature-Controlled Assembly and Characterization of a Droplet Interface Bilayer

The droplet interface bilayer (DIB) method for assembling lipid bilayers (i.e., DIBs) between lipid-coated aqueous droplets in oil offers key benefits versus other methods: DIBs are stable and often long-lasting, bilayer area can be reversibly tuned, leaflet asymmetry is readily controlled via droplet compositions, and tissue-like networks of bilayers can be obtained by adjoining many droplets. Forming DIBs requires spontaneous assembly of lipids into high density lipid monolayers at the surfaces of the droplets. While this occurs readily at room temperature for common synthetic lipids, a sufficient monolayer or stable bilayer fails to form at similar conditions for lipids with melting points above room temperature, including some cellular lipid extracts. This behavior has likely limited the compositions&#8212;and perhaps the biological relevance&#8212;of DIBs in model membrane studies. To address this problem, an experimental protocol is presented to carefully heat the oil reservoir hosting DIB droplets and characterize the effects of temperature on the lipid membrane. Specifically, this protocol shows how to use a thermally conductive aluminum fixture and resistive heating elements controlled by a feedback loop to prescribe elevated temperatures, which improves monolayer assembly and bilayer formation for a wider set of lipid types. Structural characteristics of the membrane, as well as the thermotropic phase transitions of the lipids comprising the bilayer, are quantified by measuring the changes in electrical capacitance of the DIB. Together, this procedure can aid in evaluating biophysical phenomena in model membranes over various temperatures, including determining an effective melting temperature (TM) for multi-component lipid mixtures. This capability will thus allow for closer replication of natural phase transitions in model membranes and encourage the formation and use of model membranes from a wider swath of membrane constituents, including those that better capture the heterogeneity of their cellular counterparts.

This protocol details the use of a feedback temperature-controlled heating system to promote lipid monolayer assembly and droplet interface bilayer formation for lipids with elevated melting temperatures, and capacitance measurements to characterize temperature-driven changes in the membrane.

温度控制组件和液滴接口比莱耶的特征

The droplet interface bilayer (DIB) method for assembling lipid bilayers (i.e., DIBs) between lipid-coated aqueous droplets in oil offers key benefits ...

生物工程

Experimental Multiscale Methodology for Predicting Material Fouling Resistance

The buildup of fouling deposits in energy systems degrades their ability to transfer heat, reducing efficiency and causing operational issues such as localized corrosion. Each application presents its own challenges. In nuclear power generation, the buildup of CRUD (Chalk River Unidentified Deposits) induces unique, negative effects ranging from reduced heat transfer, to axial power shifting, to CRUD-induced localized corrosion (CILC), the last of which can cause sudden fuel failure. Knowledge of why CRUD forms and how to prevent its adhesion to nuclear fuel rods represents a major step towards eliminating it. This paper demonstrates a methodology to ascertain which materials may resist CRUD adhesion, thereby preventing its initiation and growth. It presents experiments targeted at multiple length scales: pool boiling (macroscale), which simulates CRUD initiation processes in a nuclear reactor, and atomic force microscope (AFM) force spectroscopy (microscale), which yields quantitative measurements of the adhesion between CRUD constituents and candidate CRUD-resistant materials. Early data from both sets of experiments show some correlation, suggesting that AFM force spectroscopy (AFM-FS) may be used to pre-screen materials for fouling resistance. So far, it appears that CRUD constituents adhere well to oxides, while carbides show both greatly reduced adhesion and no adherent CRUD in pool boiling experiments. The relationship between the AFM-FS measurements and the growth of CRUD in the pool boiling experiments may provide insight into the possible factors affecting fouling in nuclear reactors, eventually leading to its elimination.

Fouling, or corrosion product deposition, plagues numerous fields of energy production. At its core is adhesion between dissimilar materials. Understanding and controlling adhesion could reduce or eliminate fouling. This paper demonstrates pool boiling experiments (macroscale) and atomic force microscope force-spectroscopy measurements (microscale), which when in agreement, indicate fouling-resistance.

The buildup of fouling deposits in energy systems degrades their ability to transfer heat, reducing efficiency and causing operational issues such as ...

生物学

Establishing A Mouse Model for Respiratory Tract Extreme Low-temperature Air Inhalation

Currently, constructing a mouse model for cold environmental stimulation employs cold-heat plates and wearable cooling devices. These methods can partially fulfill the requirements for studying the responses and regulatory effects of mouse skin or neural circuits to cold stimulation. Numerous clinical studies have substantiated the correlation between exposure to low-temperature environments and the development of various diseases. Recently, there has been a growing emphasis on the continuous exchange of information between organs and tissues, providing a novel perspective on addressing longstanding issues within the human body. However, existing installations are unable to construct a model for mice inhaling cold air. 
Although placing mice in a cold environment seems attractive, it has considerable limitations. While mice inhale cold air, their skin is also being stimulated by the cold environment, making it unclear whether resulting pathological changes are due to lung stimulation through the interaction of distant organs or due to the skin receptors and neural signal transmission. This creates considerable confusion in related research. This scheme presents a new approach for constructing a mouse model for extreme cold air inhalation stimulation. This device allows mice to inhale extremely low-temperature gases while their bodies remain at a normal temperature. It maximizes the simulation of the stimulating effects of extreme ambient temperatures on mice and meets the research needs for studying the relationship between extreme environmental temperatures and related diseases.

Cold environmental stimulation has been implicated in the development of various chronic diseases. Therefore, establishing animal models for preclinical research is crucial. This system addresses this need by offering a device that creates a stimulus model, meeting the requirements for basic research on pathogenic mechanisms.

Currently, constructing a mouse model for cold environmental stimulation employs cold-heat plates and wearable cooling devices. These methods can ...

神经科学

Testing the Heat Transfer Efficiency of a Finned-tube Heat Exchanger

Source: Michael G. Benton and Kerry M. Dooley, Department of Chemical Engineering, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA
Heat exchangers transfer heat from one fluid to another fluid. Multiple classes of heat exchangers exist to fill different needs. Some of the most common types are shell and tube exchangers and plate exchangers1. Shell and tube heat exchangers use a system of tubes through which fluid flows1. One set of tubes contains the liquid to be cooled or heated, while the second set contains the liquid that will either absorb heat or transmit it1. Plate heat exchangers use a similar concept, in which plates are closely joined together with a small gap between each for liquid to flow1. The fluid flowing between the plates alternates between hot and cold so that heat will move into or out of the necessary streams1. These exchangers have large surface areas, so they are usually more efficient1.
The goal for this experiment is to test the heat transfer efficiency of a finned-tube heat exchanger (Figure 1) and compare it to the theoretical efficiency of a heat exchanger without fins. The experimental data will be measured for three different flow rates of monoethylene glycol (MEG). Two different water flow rates for each MEG flow rate will be used. Using the Wilson plot method the heat transfer coefficients will be determined from the experimental data. Additionally, the Reynold&#39;s number and the amount of heat transferred will be compared for flow with and without the fins to evaluate heat transfer efficiency.
<img alt="Figure 1" src="/files/ftp_upload/10437/10437fig1.jpg" /> 
Figure 1: Finned-tube Heat Exchanger. 1) MEG outlet temperature 2) water inlet temperature 3) MEG inlet temperature 4) water outlet temperature 5) water meter 6) MEG accumulation sight glass/cylinder.

Heat Transfer Efficiency Test of a Finned-tube Heat Exchanger

测试芬管热交换器的传热效率

Source: Michael G. Benton and Kerry M. Dooley, Department of Chemical Engineering, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA
Heat exchangers transfer ...