这一范式的发展得到了治疗性认知神经科学基金和本杰明和 Adith 米勒家族养老、老年痴呆症和自闭症研究的支持。

这里描述的所有方法都是由约翰霍普金斯大学的机构审查委员会批准的, 在那里进行了原始研究6 。
1.Creating 刺激
<ol><li>
创建一个初始列表的具体名词, 其中主要目标对将作出。
	<ol>
<li>从选定的语料库 (如 Subtlex19) 中, 选择大约500个具体名词, 并为每个单词获取感兴趣的变量 (例如,频率, 长度, 具体值, imageability,等)。 注: 其他主体, 如医学研究理事会 (MRC) 心理语言学数据库18或语料库的当代美国英语20, 也可以使用。Subtlex 在最初的研究中被使用, 因为这个数据库只是一个大的 Excel 文件, 因此很容易允许搜索刺激生成。其他主体具有不同的图形界面, 并且可能要求用户将特定的文本字符串输入到输入框中, 并检查所请求的兴趣变量。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>
在刺激之间进行潜在语义分析 (LSA) 建立语义关联
	<ol>
<li>选择 LSA 方法或工具。科罗拉多大学博尔德 (http://lsa.colorado.edu/) 提供了一个有用的在线工具。<ol>
<li>从主着陆点, 点击矩阵比较。</li>
			<li>输入要比较的单个单词, 用空行隔开。</li>
			<li>单击 "提交文本"。</li>
		</ol>
</li>
		<li>使用电子表格, 在每个单词之间创建一个 LSA 值的矩阵。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>
根据 LSA (图 1A) 将刺激分为相关和无关的条件。
	<ol>
<li>手动为 "相关" 条件选择200个具有高 LSA 值 (大约0.5 或更高) 的字对。</li>
		<li>手动选择低 LSA 值 (大约0.1 或更低) 的200个字对 "无关" 条件。 注意: 实验者可能需要手动检查单词对, 以确保语义关系对类别有意义。某些字对可能具有较高的 LSA 评级, 但语义关联可能不会立即明显的参与者。同样, 有些可能具有较低的 LSA 评级, 但可能在语义上与其他方面相关。</li>
		<li>创建相关的和不相关的对时, 请手动将单词与在文献中注意到的有关的频率、长度和任何其他变量匹配 (例如,关联7、8的方向) 或对具体研究的兴趣。在感兴趣的变量上尽可能地匹配单词 (例如,在1-2log10 频率单位内; 在1-2 个字母或音节以内)。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>
将刺激分为 word 和图片模式 (图 1A)。
	<ol>
<li>在电子表格中的刺激文件中, 添加另一列 "条件"。</li>
		<li>在 "条件" 列中, 将相关对的标签100和100的不相关对作为 "图片" 条件。将其他剩余的刺激标记为 "word" 条件。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>
获取图片刺激。 注: 图片刺激可以从联机源 (例如, Google 图像搜索) 或其他可供实验者使用的来源获得。<ol>
<li>选择2–3图片以表示每个单词。</li>
		<li>通过让一个或多个独立评分员 (例如,学生, 没有参与刺激开发的研究助理) 来执行初始的先导测试, 可以决定哪一张图片最能代表这个概念。<ol>
<li>使用照片查看器程序立即打开所有可能的图片文件, 然后大声朗读该单词, 并要求评分员选择最具代表性的图片。记录每个评分员对每个单词的回答。</li>
			<li>对于每个单词, 请确定大多数评分人选择最佳代表概念的图片, 并将此文件用作该词的刺激。如果不存在多数, 请选择不同的图片数组, 然后重复步骤1.5。</li>
		</ol>
</li>
		<li>使用 GIMP (或其他照片编辑程序的选择), 缩放图片都是相同的大小 (大约400像素或3–5英寸高度或宽度)。 注意: 图片的精确尺寸可能会因显示器的刺激大小而有所不同。刺激的水平和视觉角度应介于7和13°之间。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>
执行先导测试
	<ol>
<li>先导测试词和图片对通过问3–4独立评分员 (例如,学生, 研究助理谁没有参与刺激发展), 以评分每对相关或无关。<ol style="margin-left: 40px;">
<li>在电子质数 (或其他刺激方案的选择) 中进行实验, 在屏幕上同时显示两个单词, 无论是一个以上的还是并排的。通过按下按钮 (例如, 1 相关, 2 无关), 让参与者对相关或无关的单词进行速率测试。有关如何对此软件包中的实验进行编程的详细信息, 请参阅电子质数手册21 。 注: 先导测试可以在实验室进行实验测试, 或在任何运行刺激演示程序的计算机上进行。不需要特别的房间。</li>
			<li>重复试点测试 (与新的独立评分人谁没有看到的刺激), 直到一组单词和图片获得可靠的评级相关和无关。获取总共100个相关的单词对、100个不相关的单词对、100个相关的图片对和100个无关的图片对。 注意: 有人建议, 使用 N400 成分调查临床人群认知的调查者收集的每种试验类型的至少40个可用试验, 以得出一个可靠的效果22。预计在数据清理过程中某些试验将会丢失, 应增加范例中包含的试验数目。在以前的工作中, 使用此特定范式6, 每个试用类型的100个试验都足够多, 以确保对个人和组基础的强健 N400 效果。由于 N400 组件在单词和图片之间是相似的10, 因此建议在模式之间保持一致的试用类型的估计数目。</li>
			<li>为练习单元保留额外的8对 (4 个字, 4 张图片) (请参见步骤 2.2.1below)</li>
		</ol>
</li>
	</ol>
</li>
</ol>2. 任务规划
<ol><li>
创建刺激列表。
	<ol>
<li>从最后一组刺激, 排序刺激到8块。模式 (图片/单词) 应该被阻止 (每个4块)。</li>
		<li>在每个区块内, 确保相同数量的相关和无关的刺激。</li>
		<li>在每个块内手动伪随机显示列表, 这样在一行中不存在超过5个相关的或无关的刺激, 而彼此相邻的配对在语义上并不相关。避免试验, 如 "胡萝卜-花椰菜", "苹果梨", 立即在对方旁边。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>
使用电子质数或其他刺激演示软件选择任务。 注意: 此处描述的步骤特定于 E 素数和 NetStation, 如果使用另一种刺激演示软件或 EEG 采集软件, 则会有所不同。有关如何在该软件包中编程脑电图实验以及如何启用电子质数和 NetStation 之间的通信的更具体细节, 请参阅电子质数手册21和 NetStation 教程23的 e 素数扩展。<ol>
<li>为图片和单词块 (每个4对) 编写两个练习单元, 在实验测试开始之前进行。</li>
		<li>在练习单元开始时程序一个指令屏幕阅读: "你会看到一个接一个地出现在屏幕上的两个单词。请尽量坐在尽可能安静, 不要眨眼, 而这些话正在提出。在显示对后, 您将在屏幕上看到一个黑色十字。当你看到黑色十字时, 请注明这些单词是否相关。如果单词是相关的, 按按钮1。如果单词不相关, 按按钮2。按任意键启动练习单元。</li>
		<li>对于每个词的刺激, 双击 TextDisplay 图标的实验结构。单击左上方的 "属性" 图标。在 "字体" 选项卡下, 选择 "信使新字体大小 28"。在 "常规" 选项卡下, 选择 "ForeColor 为黑色" 和 "背景色为白色" 以在白色背景上显示黑色字体中的单词。 注意: 特定字号可能需要修改, 具体取决于用于演示的显示器的大小和分辨率。文字的水平视角应介于1和6°之间。</li>
		<li>对于每一个图片的刺激, 双击幻灯片图标的实验结构。单击左上方的 "属性" 图标。在 "常规" 选项卡下, 选择 "背景色为白色" 以在白色背景上显示图片。</li>
		<li>按此顺序对每个试验进行以下刺激: 一个红色的预试固定交叉 (400 毫秒);刺激 1 (1000 毫秒);interstimulus 间隔 (空白白屏; 300 毫秒);刺激 2 (1000 毫秒);空白屏幕 (400 毫秒);intertrial 间隔 (黑色固定交叉; 随机抖动1,000–1,400 毫秒之间的100毫秒间隔, 平均1200毫秒);请参见图 1B。要设置工期, 请双击实验结构中的 TextDisplay 或幻灯片图标, 然后点击窗口左上的 "属性" 按钮。在 "工期/输入" 选项卡下设置工期。 注: 空白屏幕在 intertrial 间隔之前包括在第二个刺激和黑色十字架之间提供视觉突破, 并为即将到来的语义关联判断提供微妙的提示。</li>
		<li>程序一个 TextDisplay 对象称为 "中断" 后, 每个区块完成说 "块的结束, 请休息"</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>
包括电子素数和 NetStation 之间的通信参数。有关如何包含此信息的特定说明, 请参见 NetStation 手册23的电子质数扩展。
	<ol>
<li>对于每个 "word1" 或 "word2" 文本显示对象, 请在实验结构中选择对象。在 "属性" 窗口下, 分别将标记设置为 "WRD1" 或 "WRD2"。</li>
		<li>对于每个 "picture1" 或 "picture2" 幻灯片对象, 分别将标记设置为 "PIC1" 或 "PIC2"。</li>
		<li>在 "未引用的电子对象" 下, 创建一个名为 "CellList" 的新列表。输入单元格数为: 1 = 图片相关;2 = 图片无关;3 = 词相关;4 = 词无关。在每个块的试验列表中, 包括一个名为 "CellNumber" 的列, 并根据条件和方式为每个试验输入相应的单元格编号。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
</ol>3. 脑电图检测
注: 此处描述的具体步骤为艾吉系统。如果使用其他系统, 则过程可能会有所不同。
<ol><li>
准备脑电图测试。
	<ol>
<li>混合2茶匙 (10 克) 氯化钾与1夸脱 (1 升) 水和1汤匙 (15 毫升) 的婴儿洗发水在一个明确的塑料桶, 以创建电解质溶液</li>
		<li>测量参与者头部的周长, 通过 inion 和 nasion, 确定适当的网径。根据参与者的头部周长选择合适的大小网。</li>
		<li>将电极浸入电解液中, 确保所有海绵完全浸没, 并让浸泡至少5分钟。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>
应用脑电图网。
	<ol>
<li>让参与者舒适地坐在椅子上, 面对实验者。向参加者解释, 你将把网现在, 然后将调整它和检查信号之前开始测试。</li>
		<li>在参与者的肩膀周围放置毛巾。指导参与者闭上眼睛, 然后将网络应用到参与者的头部。调整网, 收紧领带, 确保与参与者的头部保持舒适的配合。</li>
		<li>通过所有电极工作, 使其与头皮的座椅。使用与电极的清扫运动, 以移动头发。如有必要, Rewet 海绵使用吸管。</li>
		<li>一旦所有电极都已就位, 检查阻抗。重新拔插或 rewet 50 kiloohms 以上阻抗的任何电极 (kΩ)。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>
在脑电图记录过程中运行语义启动实验。
	<ol>
<li>一旦网络应用, 阻抗已经被检查, 参与者准备开始, 开始语义启动任务。</li>
		<li>在测试前重申对参与者的指导。通过按键盘或按钮盒上的按钮, 指示参与者判断单词或图片刺激是否相关或无关。为了避免电机工件混淆脑电图信号, 指示参与者等待作出反应, 直到第二个刺激消失在屏幕和黑色十字出现。</li>
		<li>至少运行一次练习单元, 以确保参与者了解任务。</li>
		<li>每隔2个街区, 在休息期间, rewet 电极和重新检查阻抗。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
</ol>4. 脑电图预处理
<ol><li>
打开 NetStation 工具。 注意: 此处描述的步骤特定于 NetStation 5 中的预处理。有关如何使用 NetStation 工具的详细信息, 请参阅 NetStation 5 用户手册24 。其他预处理包可能包括 EEGlab、ERPlab、FieldTrip 或实验者选择的其他软件。请注意, 预处理步骤的首选顺序可能在软件包之间有所不同。N400 效应的观察不应根据分析包的选择而不同。</li>
	<li>
筛选数据。
	<ol>
<li>在 "NetStation 工具" 窗口的底部, 通过在 "创建" 下拉菜单中选择 "筛选" 来创建新的筛选工具。适当地重命名该工具。</li>
		<li>将高通过滤器设置为0.1 赫兹 (Hz) 和低通滤波器为50赫兹。 注: 高通过滤器可以低于0.1 赫兹, 但不建议超过此截止, 以避免引入杂散效果25的风险。可使用低到30赫兹的高通滤波器。</li>
		<li>保存该工具, 然后将原始脑电图记录文件拖动到窗口左上的 "输入文件" 框中, 然后点击 "运行"。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>
将数据分割成试验。
	<ol>
<li>创建一个新的 "细分" 工具, 并适当地命名它。</li>
		<li>在 "要创建的类别" 下, 点击加号创建新类别并将其重命名为 "图片相关"。将 "代码" 图标拖动到 "基于条件创建类别" 框中, 并将其设置为 "代码为 PIC1", 以时间锁定方式显示刺激1。将 "键代码" 图标拖动到 "创建类别" 框中, 并将其设置为 "密钥代码 # 为 1"。<ol>
<li>若要只包含正确的测试, 请将另一个 "密钥代码" 图标拖到 "创建类别" 框中, 并将其设置为 "关键代码 eval 为 1"。</li>
		</ol>
</li>
		<li>在窗口的底部, 将线段长度设置为 "100 毫秒前扩展段和2300毫秒后"。 注: 段可能是时间锁定的开始的第一次或第二次刺激。如果锁定在第一个刺激, 段应该延长100毫秒之前到2300毫秒 (包括两种刺激 (每一个1000毫秒) 加上刺激间隔 (ISI) 时间的表示持续期 (三军情报局))。如果锁定在第二个刺激, 段应延长100毫秒之前, 1000 ms。</li>
		<li>通过点击 "克隆" 按钮克隆该类别, 并将其重命名为 "图片无关"。将代码设置为 PIC1 和密钥代码2。</li>
		<li>克隆该类别并将其重命名为 "相关单词"。将代码设置为 WRD1 和密钥代码3。</li>
		<li>克隆该类别并将其重命名为 "不相关的单词"。将代码设置为 WRD1 和密钥代码4。</li>
		<li>保存该工具, 然后将最新的预处理文件拖到窗口左上方的 "输入文件" 框中, 然后点击 "运行"。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>
执行工件检测。
	<ol>
<li>创建一个新的 "工件检测" 工具并正确命名它。</li>
		<li>在 "工件检测设置" 下, 点击窗口底部的加号添加新设置。在 "操作" 下的下拉菜单中选择 "坏通道"。保留所有默认设置 (最大分钟 > 200 毫伏 (µV);整个部分;移动平均80毫秒)。</li>
		<li>添加新设置并从 "操作" 下拉菜单中选择 "眼睛闪烁"。保留所有默认设置 (最大分钟 > 140 µV; 窗口大小 640 ms; 移动平均值80毫秒)。</li>
		<li>添加新设置并从 "操作" 下拉菜单中选择 "眼球移动"。保留所有默认设置 (最大分钟 > 55 µV; 窗口大小 640 ms; 移动平均值80毫秒)。</li>
		<li>保存该工具, 然后将最新的预处理文件拖到窗口左上方的 "输入文件" 框中, 然后点击 "运行"。</li>
		<li>在 NetStation 检查中打开生成的文件, 然后通过在右侧栏上的 "类别" 菜单下的箭头按钮来滚动每个试用版。分别击打绿色或红色圆圈, 将试验标记为好或坏。完成后, 关闭文件以保存结果。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>
执行错误的通道更换。
	<ol>
<li>创建新的 "坏通道更换" 工具并正确命名它。用户不需要为此工具设置任何参数, 因此请保存该工具, 然后将最新的预处理文件拖到窗口左上方的 "输入文件" 框中, 然后点击 "运行"。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>
对试验进行单学科平均的折叠。
	<ol>
<li>创建一个新的 "平均" 工具, 并适当地命名它。在 "平均设置" 下, 选择 "处理源文件: 一起" 和 "处理主题: 分别"。</li>
		<li>保存该工具, 然后将最新的预处理文件拖到窗口左上方的 "输入文件" 框中, 然后点击 "运行"。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>
引用数据到平均引用26。 注意: 这里使用平均引用, 因为艾吉提供密集阵列脑电图 (128 和256通道)。有人建议将平均参考用于稠密阵列记录系统26;其他语义启动 ERP 研究使用128通道或256通道网已使用平均参考6,27,28。其他参考选项包括右侧和左 mastoids、鼻子或耳垂29的平均值。没有最佳的参考电极选择, 实验者应该注意到参考电极的选择可能会影响到最终的 ERP 波形26,29。<ol>
<li>创建一个新的 "蒙太奇操作" 工具, 并正确命名它。</li>
		<li>从 "传感器布局列表蒙太奇" 下的下拉菜单中选择适当的网络。选择 "平均引用" 并确保选中 "排除来自引用的错误通道" 框。保存该工具, 然后将最新的预处理文件拖到窗口左上方的 "输入文件" 框中, 然后点击 "运行"。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>
使用线段的前100毫秒10执行基线更正, 28. 注意: 200 毫秒的基线周期也可以使用29。<ol>
<li>创建新的 "基线更正" 工具并正确命名它。</li>
		<li>在 "基线更正设置" 下, 选择 "从段的一部分选择基线", "选择与段时间有关的基线" = 0, "基线在时间零之前开始100毫秒, 是100毫秒"。</li>
		<li>保存该工具, 然后将最新的预处理文件拖到窗口左上方的 "输入文件" 框中, 然后点击 "运行"。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
</ol><img alt="Figure 1" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/57217/57217fig1.jpg">
图 1: 实验示例和时间轴.(A) 图片和单词刺激的示例。(B) 刺激演示的时间线。此数字已在 Coderre et 等的许可下重印。6<a href="/files/ftp_upload/57217/57217fig1large.jpg" target="_blank">请单击此处查看此图的较大版本.</a>

<ol>
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作者没有什么可透露的。

本文报道了在开发具有图像和文字刺激的语义启动 ERP 范式的关键步骤, 以探索具有 ASD 的个体的语义处理缺陷。主要步骤包括创建刺激, 规划任务, 并进行脑电图测试和分析。这个过程中最耗时的部分可能是刺激的产生, 因为这需要在刺激对、条件和模式之间仔细匹配, 例如长度、频率和语义关联。因此, 有必要进行大量的先导测试, 以确保最终的刺激方案是适当的。
尽管此处?...

认知心理学的研究人员长期以来一直对人们如何理解语言的含义感兴趣。语言处理包括从字母和单词识别、语义处理到句法分析等一系列提高复杂性的步骤。语义处理指的是获取刺激的含义, 无论是单词、图片还是声音。在初始词识别的早期步骤之后, 词的意义或语义的访问是语言处理的关键步骤。语义集成是指将刺激的意义与理解它们的关系相结合的过程, 对更高层次的语言处理 (如理解句子) 至关重要。句子中每个单词的含义不仅需要被访问, 而且每个单词的含义都需要整合起来, 形成对句子意义或 "主旨" 的连贯理解。
患有自闭症频谱紊乱 (ASD) 的个体在语言理解上往往有显著的缺陷1。有证据表明, 这些困难源于语义处理和集成方面的缺陷2,3,4。然而, 其他研究表明, 在非语言的材料 (例如,视觉或听觉) 模式下3,5,6 中, 有 ASD 的个人不显示语义处理缺陷..这些发现表明, ASD 的语义处理缺陷可能限于语言 (即,书面或口语) 模式。因此, 对比不同模式的方法可以洞察语义处理缺陷是特定于域的, 还是表示普遍的处理方式。本文的目的是描述在并发电生理记录中使用语义启动任务来比较不同模式之间语义处理的方法。
语义启动范式在研究语义处理如何影响低级词汇识别7、8方面有着悠久的历史。在传统的语义启动任务中, 会出现一个质数 (例如, cat), 后跟一个与语义相关的目标词 (例如,狗) 或与素数无关的 (如书)。这样的任务通常是在词法决策任务的上下文中完成的, 这样, 参与者就会被要求确定目标单词是否为真词。其他范式可能让参与者对目标词执行语义分类任务, 或者判断这两种刺激是否相关。不管具体的任务是什么, 数十年的证据都证明, 反应时间 (RTs) 比那些与之无关的词在语义上与素数相关的单词更快。
这种 "语义启动效应" 归因于理论帐户中的许多机制7,8。其中, 启动效应是由语义网络中的自动传播激活引起的, 从而使素数词的词义检索激活了其他语义相关词的含义, 包括目标词。这样就减少了目标词的语义激活所需的时间。第二种理论机制是预期, 即在看到素数时, 参与者产生预期的潜在目标集。然后可以更快地识别包含在该集合中的目标词。最后, 还有人假设了语义匹配后词法机制的存在, 这就确立了素数和目标词之间的语义关系的存在。无论作用的具体机制如何, 语义启动都是语义处理和集成的一个有用的指标。这种范式也不限于词汇刺激, 也可以用来调查非语言刺激的语义启动, 如图片9以及跨模式语义启动 (例如,单词和图片之间的)3。
语义启动效应在心理语言学文献中得到了很好的研究, 并对素数目标关系的类型、素数和目标表示的时间以及许多其他操作8进行了研究。这一效应的电生理相关性也有很好的特点10。脑电图 (eeg) 是一种通过测量头皮上的电活动变化来记录神经活动的方法。EEG 是语义启动范式的一种有用的方法论选择, 因为它具有很好的时间分辨能力 (按毫秒顺序, ms), 因此, 即使在没有行为效应或反应。
事件相关电位 (ERPs) 是对特定刺激或行为产生的脑电图的时间锁定变化。根据响应的时间和极性, ERP 的不同部分反映了认知处理的不同方面。N400 组件是一个已建立良好的语义处理和语义集成的标记11,12 (虽然有几个其他解释存在10,13)。当语义集成更容易 (例如, 当语义启动范式中的素数和目标与语义相关时) 相比, N400 振幅减少 (如两个词无关)。重要的是, 相关和无关条件之间的振幅差异 (即"N400 效果") 不是特定于语言的。在非语言模式中也观察到 N400 效果, 例如响应对语义相关和无关的图片或环境声音14,15,16,17。因此, N400 是一种有用的 ERP 组件, 用于当前范式, 因为它可以作为语义处理和集成能力的一种独立于模式的估计。
与 ASD 的个人显示减少或缺席的语义启动效果和 N400 效果响应的语言刺激2,3,4, 建议在语义处理方面的障碍。在响应视觉语义和音频语义刺激3、5、6、支持对语言刺激有选择性地损害语义处理的断言时, 发现了这样的影响。然而, 以前的大多数研究比较模式都采用了交叉模式启动, 这样, 主要目标对包含了词汇刺激。考虑到 ASD 的个人在语言刺激的语义处理方面有缺陷, 这种交叉模式的刺激可能会影响结果。要真正研究语言的语义处理是否有选择性地削弱了 ASD 的个体, 必须使用内模对词法和非词汇刺激。在最近的一项研究中, Coderre et 。6提供了对内模词和图片语义启动的第一个直接比较, 用于调查与 ASD 有关的成人 (18-68 岁) 的语义处理缺陷。与 ASD 和典型开发 (TD) 的参与者观看了对图片和文字, 并被要求判断刺激是否相关。在这个语义启动任务, 他们的大脑活动记录使用脑电图。通过比较组和模式之间的 N400 效果, 该范式提供了对 ASD 个体语义处理性质的洞察。
本文的目的是描述 Coderre et所采用的语义启动 ERP 方法。6. 虽然这一范式最初是为了研究成人与 ASD 的语义处理, 但对于任何希望探索词汇语义和视觉语义处理的神经相关性的实验者来说, 都可能是有用的, 无论是在 TD个人或特定临床人群。

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			<td height="126" style="height:126px;width:216px;">EEG system</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Electrical Geodesics, Inc. (EGI)</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Geodesic EEG system (GES) 400 system: Net Amps 400 amplifier, NetStation 5.3, 128-channel HydroCel Geodesic Sensor nets</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="84">
			<td height="84" style="height:84px;width:216px;">Potassium chloride</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Electrical Geodesics, Inc. (EGI)</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="105">
			<td height="105" style="height:105px;width:216px;">Plastic bucket</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Electrical Geodesics, Inc. (EGI)</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:167px;">EGI provides a plastic bucket for mixing electrolyte but any clean container can be used</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Baby shampoo</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Johnson&#39;s</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">GNU Image Manipulation Program (GIMP)</td>
			<td style="width:71px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
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a semantic priming event-related potential (erp) task to study lexico-semantic and visuo-semantic processing in autism spectrum disorder

自闭症患者 (ASD) 在理解语言的含义或语义处理方面具有典型的缺陷。然而, 一些证据表明, 非语言刺激的语义处理是完整的, 这表明语义缺陷可能是语言特有的。为了恰当地描述具有 ASD 的个人的语义处理缺陷, 需要对内模语言 (例如,书面词) 和非语言 (例如,图片) 进行比较。本文描述了在脑电图 (EEG) 数据并发记录过程中使用语义启动范式的方法。脑电图提供了一种动态测量的大脑活动, 这是非常适合描述微妙的差异, 在语义处理, 可能无法观察到的行为水平。语义启动范式提供了一个主要的图片或单词 (例如,狗), 后面跟着一个目标图片或与之相关的 (例如, cat) 或无关的 (例如,铅笔) 到素数的单词。因此, 这种范式可以用来评估不同模式下的语义处理, 并比较词汇的语义和视觉语义处理能力, 以及它们与 TD 个人之间的区别。讨论了在创造刺激、进行脑电图测试和分析脑电图数据方面所涉及的具体步骤。具有代表性的结果说明了与不相关的对相比, 与语义相关的素数目标对后, 事件相关电位 (ERP) 的 N400 分量如何减少。对条件、模式和组之间的 N400 的比较可以提供语义处理成功的估计, 从而可以用来描述患有 ASD 或其他临床人群的个体的语义缺陷。

如果刺激被适当地归类为相关的和不相关的条件, 则应该同时观察单词和图片刺激 (图 2) 的 N400 效果。与相关条件相比, 这在无关条件下可识别为较大的负振幅。对于 word 刺激, 该效果应发生在中央或中心壁头皮的 300–500 ms6,10。对于图片刺激, 效果可能略早或更正面分布9,<sup class="...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Semantic Priming Event-related Potential ERP Task to Study Lexico-semantic and Visuo-semantic Processing in Autism Spectrum Disorder at JoVE.com

A Semantic Priming Event-related Potential ERP Task to Study Lexico-semantic and Visuo-semantic Processing in Autism Spectrum Disorder

本文介绍了一个语义启动 ERP 任务, 利用内模对图片和文字, 以调查语义处理的个体自闭症频谱障碍 (ASD)。

语义启动事件相关电位 (ERP) 研究自闭症频谱障碍词汇语义和视觉语义处理

Individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) have characteristic deficits in understanding the meaning of language, or semantic processing. However, ...

a-semantic-priming-event-related-potential-erp-task-to-study-lexico

Universidad de Cartagena UDEC

Research

JoVE Journal

Behavior

A Semantic Priming Event-related Potential (ERP) Task to Study Lexico-semantic and Visuo-semantic Processing in Autism Spectrum Disorder

10.5K 次观看.  University of Vermont. 本文介绍了一个语义启动 ERP 任务, 利用内模对图片和文字, 以调查语义处理的个体自闭症频谱障碍 (ASD)。

视频: A Semantic Priming Event-related Potential ERP Task to Study Lexico-semantic and Visuo-semantic Processing in Autism Spectrum Disorder

The Crossmodal Congruency Task as a Means to Obtain an Objective Behavioral Measure in the Rubber Hand Illusion Paradigm

The rubber hand illusion (RHI) is a popular experimental paradigm. Participants view touch on an artificial rubber hand while the participants' own hidden hand is touched. If the viewed and felt touches are given at the same time then this is sufficient to induce the compelling experience that the rubber hand is one's own hand. The RHI can be used to investigate exactly how the brain constructs distinct body representations for one's own body. Such representations are crucial for successful interactions with the external world. To obtain a subjective measure of the RHI, researchers typically ask participants to rate statements such as "I felt as if the rubber hand were my hand". Here we demonstrate how the crossmodal congruency task can be used to obtain an objective behavioral measure within this paradigm.
The variant of the crossmodal congruency task we employ involves the presentation of tactile targets and visual distractors. Targets and distractors are spatially congruent (i.e. same finger) on some trials and incongruent (i.e. different finger) on others. The difference in performance between incongruent and congruent trials - the crossmodal congruency effect (CCE) - indexes multisensory interactions. Importantly, the CCE is modulated both by viewing a hand as well as the synchrony of viewed and felt touch which are both crucial factors for the RHI.
The use of the crossmodal congruency task within the RHI paradigm has several advantages. It is a simple behavioral measure which can be repeated many times and which can be obtained during the illusion while participants view the artificial hand. Furthermore, this measure is not susceptible to observer and experimenter biases. The combination of the RHI paradigm with the crossmodal congruency task allows in particular for the investigation of multisensory processes which are critical for modulations of body representations as in the RHI.

We demonstrate how an objective measure can be employed in the widely employed rubber hand illusion paradigm. This measure is obtained by modifying the well-established crossmodal congruency task. This task allows the investigation of multisensory processes which are critical for modulations of body representations as in the rubber hand illusion.

一致性的任务作为一种手段来获取目标行为的措施中的橡胶手错觉范式Crossmodal

The rubber hand illusion (RHI) is a popular experimental paradigm. Participants view touch on an artificial rubber hand while the participants' own hidden ...

科研

行为学

The 5-Choice Serial Reaction Time Task: A Task of Attention and Impulse Control for Rodents

This protocol describes the 5-choice serial reaction time task, which is an operant based task used to study attention and impulse control in rodents. Test day challenges, modifications to the standard task, can be used to systematically tax the neural systems controlling either attention or impulse control. Importantly, these challenges have consistent effects on behavior across laboratories in intact animals and can reveal either enhancements or deficits in cognitive function that are not apparent when rats are only tested on the standard task. The variety of behavioral measures that are collected can be used to determine if other factors (i.e., sedation, motivation deficits, locomotor impairments) are contributing to changes in performance. The versatility of the 5CSRTT is further enhanced because it is amenable to combination with pharmacological, molecular, and genetic techniques.

This protocol describes the 5-choice serial reaction time task, which is an operant based task used to study attention and impulse control in rodents. Test day challenges, which are modifications of the standard task, increase flexibility of the task and can be combined with other manipulations to more fully characterize behavior.

5选择序列反应时任务:注意的任务和脉冲控制鼠害

This protocol describes the 5-choice serial reaction time task, which is an operant based task used to study attention and impulse control in rodents. ...

Using the Threat Probability Task to Assess Anxiety and Fear During Uncertain and Certain Threat

Fear of certain threat and anxiety about uncertain threat are distinct emotions with unique behavioral, cognitive-attentional, and neuroanatomical components. Both anxiety and fear can be studied in the laboratory by measuring the potentiation of the startle reflex. The startle reflex is a defensive reflex that is potentiated when an organism is threatened and the need for defense is high. The startle reflex is assessed via electromyography (EMG) in the orbicularis oculi muscle elicited by brief, intense, bursts of acoustic white noise (i.e., &#8220;startle probes&#8221;). Startle potentiation is calculated as the increase in startle response magnitude during presentation of sets of visual threat cues that signal delivery of mild electric shock relative to sets of matched cues that signal the absence of shock (no-threat cues). In the Threat Probability Task, fear is measured via startle potentiation to high probability (100% cue-contingent shock; certain) threat cues whereas anxiety is measured via startle potentiation to low probability (20% cue-contingent shock; uncertain) threat cues. Measurement of startle potentiation during the Threat Probability Task provides an objective and easily implemented alternative to assessment of negative affect via self-report or other methods (e.g., neuroimaging) that may be inappropriate or impractical for some researchers. Startle potentiation has been studied rigorously in both animals (e.g., rodents, non-human primates) and humans which facilitates animal-to-human translational research. Startle potentiation during certain and uncertain threat provides an objective measure of negative affective and distinct emotional states (fear, anxiety) to use in research on psychopathology, substance use/abuse and broadly in affective science. As such, it has been used extensively by clinical scientists interested in psychopathology etiology and by affective scientists interested in individual differences in emotion.

Potentiation of the startle reflex is measured via electromyography of the orbicularis oculi muscle during low (uncertain) and high (certain) probability electric shock threat in the Threat Probability Task. This provides an objective measure of distinct negative emotional states (fear/anxiety) for research on psychopathology, substance use/abuse, and broad affective science.

使用威胁概率任务，以评估焦虑和恐惧在不确定性和一定的威胁

Fear of certain threat and anxiety about uncertain threat are distinct emotions with unique behavioral, cognitive-attentional, and neuroanatomical ...

Measuring Neural and Behavioral Activity During Ongoing Computerized Social Interactions: An Examination of Event-Related Brain Potentials

Social exclusion is a complex social phenomenon with powerful negative consequences. Given the impact of social exclusion on mental and emotional health, an understanding of how perceptions of social exclusion develop over the course of a social interaction is important for advancing treatments aimed at lessening the harmful costs of being excluded. To date, most scientific examinations of social exclusion have looked at exclusion after a social interaction has been completed. While this has been very helpful in developing an understanding of what happens to a person following exclusion, it has not helped to clarify the moment-to-moment dynamics of the process of social exclusion. Accordingly, the current protocol was developed to obtain an improved understanding of social exclusion by examining the patterns of event-related brain activation that are present during social interactions. This protocol allows greater precision and sensitivity in detailing the social processes that lead people to feel as though they have been excluded from a social interaction. Importantly, the current protocol can be adapted to include research projects that vary the nature of exclusionary social interactions by altering how frequently participants are included, how long the periods of exclusion will last in each interaction, and when exclusion will take place during the social interactions. Further, the current protocol can be used to examine variables and constructs beyond those related to social exclusion. This capability to address a variety of applications across psychology by obtaining both neural and behavioral data during ongoing social interactions suggests the present protocol could be at the core of a developing area of scientific inquiry related to social interactions.

Research on social exclusion has grown tremendously in recent years. As the field expands, it is imperative to develop sophisticated methodologies allowing for the simultaneous measurement of neural and behavioral outcomes during social exclusion. This protocol utilizes event-related brain potentials to record ongoing neural activity during computerized social interactions.

测量神经和行为活动期间持续计算机化的社会互动:对事件相关电位的考察

Social exclusion is a complex social phenomenon with powerful negative consequences. Given the impact of social exclusion on mental and emotional health, ...

Investigating the Effects of Antipsychotics and Schizotypy on the N400 Using Event-Related Potentials and Semantic Categorization

Within the field of cognitive neuroscience, functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is a popular method of visualizing brain function. This is in part because of its excellent spatial resolution, which allows researchers to identify brain areas associated with specific cognitive processes. However, in the quest to localize brain functions, it is relevant to note that many cognitive, sensory, and motor processes have temporal distinctions that are imperative to capture, an aspect that is left unfulfilled by fMRI&#8217;s suboptimal temporal resolution. To better understand cognitive processes, it is thus advantageous to utilize event-related potential (ERP) recording as a method of gathering information about the brain. Some of its advantages include its fantastic temporal resolution, which gives researchers the ability to follow the activity of the brain down to the millisecond. It also directly indexes both excitatory and inhibitory post-synaptic potentials by which most brain computations are performed. This sits in contrast to fMRI, which captures an index of metabolic activity. Further, the non-invasive ERP method does not require a contrast condition: raw ERPs can be examined for just one experimental condition, a distinction from fMRI where control conditions must be subtracted from the experimental condition, leading to uncertainty in associating observations with experimental or contrast conditions. While it is limited by its poor spatial and subcortical activity resolution, ERP recordings&#8217; utility, relative cost-effectiveness, and associated advantages offer strong rationale for its use in cognitive neuroscience to track rapid temporal changes in neural activity. In an effort to foster increase in its use as a research imaging method, and to ensure proper and accurate data collection, the present article will outline &#8211; in the framework of a paradigm using semantic categorization to examine the effects of antipsychotics and schizotypy on the N400 &#8211; the procedure and key aspects associated with ERP data acquisition.

Using event-related EEG potentials (ERPs), we investigate the effects of antipsychotic medications on abnormal semantic brain activations in healthy individuals with schizotypal traits. We use ERPs to track distinct changes in brain activity, shedding insight into the cognitive processes associated with semantic categorization.

使用事件相关电位和语义分类调查抗精神病药和Schizotypy在N400的影响

Within the field of cognitive neuroscience, functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is a popular method of visualizing brain function. This is in ...

Infant Auditory Processing and Event-related Brain Oscillations

Rapid auditory processing and acoustic change detection abilities play a critical role in allowing human infants to efficiently process the fine spectral and temporal changes that are characteristic of human language. These abilities lay the foundation for effective language acquisition; allowing infants to hone in on the sounds of their native language. Invasive procedures in animals and scalp-recorded potentials from human adults suggest that simultaneous, rhythmic activity (oscillations) between and within brain regions are fundamental to sensory development; determining the resolution with which incoming stimuli are parsed. At this time, little is known about oscillatory dynamics in human infant development. However, animal neurophysiology and adult EEG data provide the basis for a strong hypothesis that rapid auditory processing in infants is mediated by oscillatory synchrony in discrete frequency bands. In order to investigate this, 128-channel, high-density EEG responses of 4-month old infants to frequency change in tone pairs, presented in two rate conditions (Rapid: 70 msec ISI and Control: 300 msec ISI) were examined. To determine the frequency band and magnitude of activity, auditory evoked response averages were first co-registered with age-appropriate brain templates. Next, the principal components of the response were identified and localized using a two-dipole model of brain activity. Single-trial analysis of oscillatory power showed a robust index of frequency change processing in bursts of Theta band (3 - 8 Hz) activity in both right and left auditory cortices, with left activation more prominent in the Rapid condition. These methods have produced data that are not only some of the first reported evoked oscillations analyses in infants, but are also, importantly, the product of a well-established method of recording and analyzing clean, meticulously collected, infant EEG and ERPs. In this article, we describe our method for infant EEG net application, recording, dynamic brain response analysis, and representative results.

High-density electroencephalography (dEEG) is being used increasingly to study brain development and plasticity in the early years of life. Here we present an application of sophisticated analysis techniques that builds on traditional EEG recording to understand the oscillatory dynamics of rapid auditory processing in the infant brain.

婴儿听觉处理和事件相关的脑振荡

Rapid auditory processing and acoustic change detection abilities play a critical role in allowing human infants to efficiently process the fine spectral ...

Testing Sensory and Multisensory Function in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder

In addition to impairments in social communication and the presence of restricted interests and repetitive behaviors, deficits in sensory processing are now recognized as a core symptom in autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Our ability to perceive and interact with the external world is rooted in sensory processing. For example, listening to a conversation entails processing the auditory cues coming from the speaker (speech content, prosody, syntax) as well as the associated visual information (facial expressions, gestures). Collectively, the &#8220;integration&#8221; of these multisensory (i.e., combined audiovisual) pieces of information results in better comprehension. Such multisensory integration has been shown to be strongly dependent upon the temporal relationship of the paired stimuli. Thus, stimuli that occur in close temporal proximity are highly likely to result in behavioral and perceptual benefits &#8211; gains believed to be reflective of the perceptual system&#39;s judgment of the likelihood that these two stimuli came from the same source. Changes in this temporal integration are expected to strongly alter perceptual processes, and are likely to diminish the ability to accurately perceive and interact with our world. Here, a battery of tasks designed to characterize various aspects of sensory and multisensory temporal processing in children with ASD is described. In addition to its utility in autism, this battery has great potential for characterizing changes in sensory function in other clinical populations, as well as being used to examine changes in these processes across the lifespan.

We describe how to implement a battery of behavioral tasks to examine the processing and integration of sensory stimuli in children with ASD. The goal is to characterize individual differences in temporal processing of simple auditory and visual stimuli and relate these to higher order perceptual skills like speech perception.

测试儿童的感官和多感官功能自闭症谱系障碍

In addition to impairments in social communication and the presence of restricted interests and repetitive behaviors, deficits in sensory processing are ...

Event-related Potentials During Target-response Tasks to Study Cognitive Processes of Upper Limb Use in Children with Unilateral Cerebral Palsy

Unilateral Cerebral Palsy (CP) is a neurodevelopmental disorder that is a very common cause of disability in childhood. It is characterized by unilateral motor impairments that are frequently dominated in the upper limb. In addition to a reduced movement capacity of the affected upper limb, several children with unilateral CP show a reduced awareness of the remaining movement capacity of that limb. This phenomenon of disregarding the preserved capacity of the affected upper limb is regularly referred to as Developmental Disregard (DD). Different theories have been postulated to explain DD, each suggesting slightly different guidelines for therapy. Still, cognitive processes that might additionally contribute to DD in children with unilateral CP have never been directly studied. The current protocol was developed to study cognitive aspects involved in upper limb control in children with unilateral CP with and without DD. This was done by recording event-related potentials (ERPs) extracted from the ongoing EEG during target-response tasks asking for a hand-movement response. ERPs consist of several components, each of them associated with a well-defined cognitive process (e.g., the N1 with early attention processes, the N2 with cognitive control and the P3 with cognitive load and mental effort). Due to its excellent temporal resolution, the ERP technique enables to study several covert cognitive processes preceding overt motor responses and thus allows insight into the cognitive processes that might contribute to the phenomenon of DD. Using this protocol adds a new level of explanation to existing behavioral studies and opens new avenues to the broader implementation of research on cognitive aspects of developmental movement restrictions in children.

Several children with unilateral Cerebral Palsy seem to disregard the preserved capacity of their affected upper limb. This Developmental Disregard is extensively described in the literature but the involved cognitive processes have not been studied. To study underlying cognitive factors of upper limb control, an event-related potential protocol was developed.

事件相关电位在目标响应的任务，研究的上肢使用在儿童认知过程单侧脑性麻痹

Unilateral Cerebral Palsy (CP) is a neurodevelopmental disorder that is a very common cause of disability in childhood. It is characterized by unilateral ...

Use of a Psychophysiological Script-driven Imagery Experiment to Study Trauma-related Dissociation in Borderline Personality Disorder

This protocol offers a detailed description of a psychophysiological experiment using script-driven trauma-related imagery and standardized clinical instruments within a comparative design assessing physiological and psychopathological features of individuals with BPD. This method aims at studying the psychological and physiological effects of trauma-related dissociation. Since the psychodiagnostic classification of trauma-related disorders relies on the observation of evolutionarily determined responses to life-threat, an integrated assessment paradigm for the study of reactions to traumatic memories proposes a very appropriate methodological approach.
The employed script-driven imagery paradigm uses individual recall instructions to activate trauma-related memory networks and prompt associated emotional and physiological responses. These responses are measured by means of self-rating scales and physiological assessments. During the individual recall, participants are asked to vividly imagine traumatic and everyday experiences and other situations triggered by short personalized verbal scripts they authored beforehand together with the experimenters. A wide range of affective reactions and different physiological parameters can be measured. We used this paradigm to investigate dissociative states in BPD and to find physiological and affective correlates of dissociative states. Some of the participants were having severe traumatic antecedents.
To investigate different reaction patterns within the same diagnostic group, participants with different levels of traumatic histories, symptom severities, and co-morbidities should be included. By using short verbal scripts, the level of stress induced to participants is held as low as possible without affecting the validity of the object of investigation.

We present a protocol of personalized script-driven trauma-related imagery and clinical assessments within a comparison design for investigating peritraumatic dissociation (PD), psychophysiological reactions, i.e. heart rate (HR) and skin conductance (SC), and psychological features of often severely traumatized individuals with borderline personality disorder (BPD).

用心理生理学脚本驱动的图像实验研究边缘人格障碍的创伤相关离解

This protocol offers a detailed description of a psychophysiological experiment using script-driven trauma-related imagery and standardized clinical ...

Using the Visual World Paradigm to Study Sentence Comprehension in Mandarin-Speaking Children with Autism

Sentence comprehension relies on the ability to rapidly integrate different types of linguistic and non-linguistic information. However, there is currently a paucity of research exploring how preschool children with autism understand sentences using different types of cues. The mechanisms underlying sentence comprehension remains largely unclear. The present study presents a protocol to examine the sentence comprehension abilities of preschool children with autism. More specifically, a visual world paradigm of eye-tracking is used to explore the moment-to-moment sentence comprehension in the children. The paradigm has multiple advantages. First, it is sensitive to the time course of sentence comprehension and thus can provide rich information about how sentence comprehension unfolds over time. Second, it requires minimal task and communication demands, so it is ideal for testing children with autism. To further minimize the computational burden of children, the present study measures eye movements that arise as automatic responses to linguistic input rather than measuring eye movements that accompany conscious responses to spoken instructions.

We present a protocol to examine the use of morphological cues during real-time sentence comprehension by children with autism.