Name: continuous hydrologic and water quality monitoring of vernal ponds
Uploaded: 2017-11-13T15:00:00.000+00:00
Duration: 6 min 37 s
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Continuous Hydrologic and Water Quality Monitoring of Vernal Ponds at JoVE.com

作者想感谢宾夕法尼亚州立大学物理工厂的资金支持这项研究。此外, 我们要感谢 Drs. 伊丽莎白 w ·博耶, 大卫. 米勒和 Langkilde 在宾夕法尼亚州立大学的合作支持这个项目。

1. 进行春季池塘形态学调查 <ol> <li> 选择指定为基准的位置, 并将其标记为小型调查或标记标志. 
	注意: 位置应该是一个更高的海拔比池塘和有视线从所有地点横跨池塘. </li>
	<li> 将基准值指定为参照仰角; 确切的数字并不重要, 它只是提供了一个参照, 可以对所有其他高程进行比较. </li>
	<li> 使用卷尺和标记标志, 使样位于池塘区域的3米间隔处, 导致 3 m x 3 m 网格 (请参见 图 1 中的示例). </li>
	用自动电平测量水平标尺上的高度, <li> 确定池塘底部 (即 , 地面) 沿每条横断面的海拔3米。确保型材延伸至池塘两侧的最高海拔. </li>
	<li> 在每个样条的末尾, 对基准进行后, 并记录海拔. </li>
	<li> 确定测量误差为基准和 #39 的分配高程之间的差异 ( 即 , 在步骤1.2 中分配的参考值) 和从剖面线上最远位置测量的高程. </li>
	<li> 计算配置文件的关闭允许的错误 (ae) 为 ae = K (2 * M ) 0.5 , 其中 K 是介于0.001 和1之间的常量, 而 M 是基准和最遥远位置之间的距离 (以英里为间隔)配置文件. 
	注意: K 的值取决于调查所需的准确性, 在这种情况下, 可以采用 0.1 10 . </li>
	<li> 将步骤1.6 中计算的测量误差与步骤1.7 中计算的 AE 进行比较。如果测量误差大于 AE, 则对该样条重做配置文件调配 (步骤1.3 和 1.4)。如果测量误差小于 AE, 那么该断面的剖面调配就完成了, 对下一条横断面进行剖面调配. </li>
	<li> 重复步骤1.4 到 1.8, 以在另一个方向的池塘中的3米间隔进行轮廓调配, 以创建已知海拔的网格 (请参见图 1 ) 中的配置文件样的示例. </li>
	<li> 为池塘开发一个阶段存储曲线一旦海拔 (关于基准) 是已知的横跨 3 m x 3 m 网格勘测横跨池塘. 
	注: 可以使用较大的间隔时间, 但在确定水位与池塘容积之间的关系时, 可能会增加误差. </li>
</ol> 2。确定春季池塘和 #39; s 阶段存储曲线 注意: 每个春季池塘将有一个独特的关系, 水位和水量在池塘。这种关系称为阶段存储曲线. 
<ol> <li> 使用1节中收集的高程数据, 确定池塘中最高和最低的海拔. </li>
	<li> 确定最高和最低海拔之间的差异, 并选择要绘制等高线的间隔; 建议使用0.1 到 0.2 m 的等高线间隔 11 . </li>
	<li> 计算每个轮廓的曲面区域 ( i )。这可以通过手工使用 planimeter 或电子使用地理信息软件 (GIS) 来完成. </li>
	<li> 使用平均端区域方法计算每个轮廓间隔之间的音量 ( V i ): 
	<img alt="Equation 1" src="/files/ftp_upload/56466/56466eq1.jpg"/> 其中 E 是等高线高程 . </li>
	<li> 计算春季池塘的总卷 ( V P ), 将其作为每个等高线间隔之间的体积总和: 
	<img alt="Equation 2" src="/files/ftp_upload/56466/56466eq2.jpg"/> 注意: 这里的 H 是池的最大深度。 表 1 中给出了一个示例. </li>
	<li> 通过将池塘的累计容积绘制为深度函数来确定池塘的阶段存储关系。
	<ol> <li> 在安装水位传感器后, 使用水位作为 #34; 阶段和 #34; 估计池塘里的水量或储存量. 
		注意: 阶段存储曲线的示例如 图 2 所示。如果水位传感器安装在春季池塘的最低点以上, 则需要一个偏移量将测量水位转换为阶段存储曲线 (将步骤3.3 中的偏移量添加到水位传感器记录的水位中, 以确定 st年龄). </li>
	</ol> </li> </ol> 3。安装监视站 注意: 这项研究的感兴趣参数传感器包括压力传感器 (测量水位和温度)、溶解氧浓度、oxidation-reduction电位、电导率、pH 值和翻斗雨量计。pH 探头、溶解氧传感器和 oxidation-reduction 探头必须在实验室中根据传感器和 #39 的用户手册进行校准。在这里, 一个中央记录 (编程以15分钟的间隔记录数据) 被选中, 所有的传感器都在部署过程中连接在一起。一个可行的替代方案是, 每个传感器都是自主的, 不需要一个中央记录, 因为每个传感器都将记录自己的数据. 
<ol> <li> 将每个传感器 (除雨量计) 附加到煤渣块或木桩上 ( 图 3 )。使用软管夹或拉链连接, 以确保传感器保持接近底部的春季池塘 (或深度的兴趣)。
	<ol> <li> 附加溶解氧传感器, 使其处于一个角度 (按制造商的指示), 以允许氧气漫过膜。安装压力传感器直立, 因为它将测量的压力是它上面的水柱, 并且水位应该以垂直的方式记录. </li>
	</ol> </li> <li> 将装入的传感器安装在位于池塘中心的位置, 在研究期间不太可能变干. </li>
	<li> 使用标尺或测量设备确定传感器和池中最低点之间的垂直距离。记录此距离用于开发步骤2.6 中所述的阶段存储曲线 ( 即 , 在将压力传感器测量的深度与池中的总水深进行关联时, 可能需要偏移量). </li>
	<li> 当它们可以被淹没在水中时, 传感器导线易受老鼠或其他动物的影响, 当水位较低时, 它们可能会咀嚼它们, 以防这种使用 apolyvinyl 氯管保护传感器电线 (可选, 但建议)。通过 PVC 管道 (3 米长, 6.35 厘米直径) 运行传感器导线到春季池塘的边缘, 如 图 4 所示. 
	注意: 对于临时安装 (例如 , 几个星期到几个月), PVC 管道可能被认为是不必要的. </li>
	<li> 设置三脚架并将其插入到每个行程中, 将其安装到地面上腿部. 
	注: 一些高大的三脚架可能有避雷针, 也需要安装。
	<ol> <li> 将三脚架放在靠近春季池塘边缘的位置, 以确保即使池塘里充满了水, 它也可以访问. </li>
	</ol> </li> <li> 将记录和电池 (12 V) 的机箱盒连接到三脚架上, 将太阳能电池板上方的空间放在三脚架上方, 使其安装在机箱上方 ( 图 4 ) 上. </li>
	<li> 将 10 W 太阳能电池板连接到三脚架的顶部, 并将其朝向太阳。如果需要, 可以使用太阳能角度计算器 12 来确定安装面板的最佳角度. </li>
	<li> 如果有空间, 请将雨量计附加到三脚架上。否则, 将其附加到靠近池塘边缘和三脚架的木桩或金属杆 ( 图 4 )。确保 (如果可能的话) 雨量计有树木覆盖, 大约代表池塘的树盖 (如果有的话). </li>
	<li> 将所有传感器和太阳能电池板线通过盒子底部的孔带入机箱中. </li>
	<li> 将所有传感器连接到记录和 #39 的接线板, 按照传感器和 #39; 指示或记录和 #39 的接线图。请参见 图 5A 中的示例. </li>
	<li> 将太阳能电池板线连接至12V 电池以充电电池 ( 图 5B ). 
	注: 选择一个也有电压调节器 (推荐) 的电池, 以确保电池不会收到太多的太阳能电池板的电力. </li>
	<li> 将电池连接到记录上的电源输入面板 ( 图 5B ), 以便为记录和传感器提供电源. </li>
	<li> 将干燥剂包放入机箱中, 以减少记录的湿气损坏的可能性. </li>
	<li> 推荐的但可选: 使用串行电缆 ( 图 5B ) 将现场便携式计算机与记录通信软件连接到记录, 以确保传感器网络工作正常. </li>
	<li> 关闭机箱框, 并将粘土放置在机箱底部的孔周围, 在该框中, 电线进入, 使昆虫和水远离盒子。如果设备有安全问题, 请用挂锁将机箱盒固定. </li>
</ol>

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作者没有什么可透露的。

关于现有方法的意义
虽然对溪流的监测具有美国地质调查局制定的行之有效的方法, 但没有这样广泛的监测程序来了解春季池塘的动态。本议定书旨在为如何开始在春季池塘站进行水文和水质监测研究提供指导, 目的是了解在某一特定地点随着时间的推移, 物理和化学因素可能发生的变化。
技术的局限
如所述...

春季池塘是暂时的, 浅的湿地, 通常包含从秋季到春季的水, 并经常在夏季干燥。春季池塘的淹没期, 一般称为 hydroperiod, 主要受降水和蒸散的控制1。
春季池塘也可称为春季池, 短暂池塘, 临时池塘, 季节性池塘, 和地理位置偏僻的湿地2。在美国东北部, 春季池塘最常见的特点是它们为两栖动物提供的关键栖息地, 在早期生命阶段 (即、蝌蚪) 和蜕变过程中作为繁殖的依据和提供支持。在加利福尼亚州, 春季池塘的特点是独特的植被和濒危植物物种, 它们支持2。
由于土地利用和气候变化, 这些栖息地受到越来越大的威胁, 而两栖动物种群在全球范围的下降主要是由于人类活动3,4。由于污染引起的水质问题也被认为是最近两栖动物在全球范围内下降的原因5。此外, 最近的研究表明, 栖息在人类废水中的春季池塘中的青蛙的性特性增加了6。因此, 有必要对自然和受影响的春季池塘进行更深入的监测, 以便更好地了解全球两栖动物下降的贡献者。
需要测量和监测的春季池塘的物理参数包括池塘形态和水位。形态学是池塘的几何形状, 是通过进行调查来确定池塘海拔的变化而开发的。然后利用测量数据建立一个阶段存储曲线, 使池塘的体积能够根据水位测量来估计。由于春季池塘的水位受到降水的严重影响, 应在高时间分辨率下进行测量, 以便最好地理解短 (即, 按分钟到小时的顺序) 和长期波动 (即,按数月至数年的顺序) 在水位。
已知影响春季池塘功能的水质参数包括温度、pH 值、电导率、溶解氧水平和 oxidation-reduction 电位。这些参数都可以通过相对便宜的技术和传感器网络原位进行测量。一些水质量参数的利益, 如一些营养物种 (即, 总凯氏氮) 和其他污染物 (即, 新出现的污染物) 需要收集样品, 并带到实验室进行处理和分析.
影响春季池塘的能力的关键参数, 作为适当的栖息地繁殖两栖动物和早期发育阶段的蝌蚪包括水位, pH 值和溶解氧浓度。与位于相对原始景观中的春季池塘相比, 由于人为的影响, 在春季池塘中记录了电导率高、pH 值、溶解氧浓度降低和高营养浓度。活动2,7。减少或厌氧条件可能发生在这些生境, 特别是那些受到人为活动的影响。这可能导致微生物群落的转变, 改变池塘内的养分循环, 并可能减少内分泌干扰物和其他污染物的降解8,9。
本文的目的是为如何建立一个监测站, 以监测一个春季池塘水量和质量的信息。这种方法可以应用到任何一个春季池塘, 但需要访问的网站 (即, 该网站必须在公共财产或拥有土地所有者许可安装设备)。

<table><tbody><tr><td>CR1000</td><td>Campbell Scientific</td><td>16130-23</td><td>Measurement and Control Datalogger</td></tr><tr><td>ENC12/14-SC-MM</td><td>Campbell Scientific</td><td>30707-88</td><td>Weatherproof Enclosure Box (12&quot; x 14&quot;)</td></tr><tr><td>CS451-L</td><td>Campbell Scientific</td><td>28790-82</td><td>Pressure Transducer</td></tr><tr><td>CM305-PS</td><td>Campbell Scientific</td><td>20570-3</td><td>47&quot; Mounting Pole (Tripod)</td></tr><tr><td>TE525-L</td><td>Texas Electronics</td><td>7085-111</td><td>Tipping Bucket Rain Gauage (0.01 inch)</td></tr><tr><td>CS511-L</td><td>Campbell Scientific</td><td>26995-41</td><td>Dissolved Oxygen Sensor</td></tr><tr><td>SP10</td><td>Campbell Scientific</td><td>5278</td><td>10 W Solar Panel</td></tr><tr><td>PS150-SW</td><td>Campbell Scientific</td><td>29293-1</td><td>12 V Power Supply with Voltage Regulator &amp;amp; 7 Ah Rechargeable Battery</td></tr><tr><td>CSIM11-ORP</td><td>Wedgewood Analytical</td><td>22120-72</td><td>Oxidation-reduction potential probe</td></tr><tr><td>CSIM11-L</td><td>Wedgewood Analytical</td><td>22119-151</td><td>pH probe</td></tr><tr><td>CS547A-L</td><td>Campbell Scientific</td><td>16725-229</td><td>Water conductivity probe</td></tr><tr><td>A547</td><td>Campbell Scientific</td><td>12323</td><td>CS547(A) Conductivity Interface</td></tr><tr><td>CST/berger SAL &#039;N&#039; Series Automatic Level Package</td><td>CST/berger</td><td>55-SLVP32D</td><td>Automatic Survey Level, Tripod, and 8&#039; survey rod</td></tr></tbody></table>

continuous hydrologic and water quality monitoring of vernal ponds

春季池塘, 也称为春季池, 提供关键的生态系统服务和栖息地的各种威胁和濒危物种。然而, 他们是容易被了解和理解的风景的易受伤害的部分。土地使用和管理的做法, 以及气候变化被认为是对全球两栖动物下降的贡献。然而, 需要更多的研究来了解这些影响的程度。在这里, 我们提出的方法来描述一个春季池塘的形态学和详细的监测站, 可用于收集水的数量和质量数据在一个春季池塘的 hydroperiod。我们提供的方法, 如何进行野外调查, 以表征的形态学和发展阶段存储曲线的春季池塘。此外, 我们提供的方法, 以监测的水位, 温度, pH 值, oxidation-reduction 电位, 溶解氧, 和电导率的水在一个春季池塘, 以及监测降雨数据。这些信息可用于更好地量化春季池塘提供的生态系统服务以及人类活动对它们提供这些服务的能力的影响。

春季池塘可以表现出广泛的形态, 从凸到直坡到凹的轮廓范围。在宾夕法尼亚州中部的一个春季池塘的形态学示例显示在图 1中, 以及该池的阶段存储曲线的结果 (图 2,表 1)。最大池塘深度不是表面积的一个强的指示, 因为 hydroperiod 有仅一个微弱的相关与池塘形态学12。因此, 了解降水、蒸散和地下?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Continuous Hydrologic and Water Quality Monitoring of Vernal Ponds at JoVE.com

Continuous Hydrologic and Water Quality Monitoring of Vernal Ponds

春季池塘连续水文水质监测

了解春季池塘提供的生态系统服务和过程以及人为活动对它们提供这些服务的能力的影响, 需要进行密集的水文监测。该抽样协议使用了原位监测设备, 目的是了解人为活动对水位和质量的影响。

Vernal ponds, also referred to as vernal pools, provide critical ecosystem services and habitat for a variety of threatened and endangered species. ...

continuous-hydrologic-and-water-quality-monitoring-of-vernal-ponds

Universidad de Cartagena UDEC

Research

JoVE Journal

Environment

9.2K 次观看.  Pennsylvania State University. 了解春季池塘提供的生态系统服务和过程以及人为活动对它们提供这些服务的能力的影响, 需要进行密集的水文监测。该抽样协议使用了原位监测设备, 目的是了解人为活动对水位和质量的影响。

视频: Continuous Hydrologic and Water Quality Monitoring of Vernal Ponds

Integrated Field Lysimetry and Porewater Sampling for Evaluation of Chemical Mobility in Soils and Established Vegetation

Potentially toxic chemicals are routinely applied to land to meet growing demands on waste management and food production, but the fate of these chemicals is often not well understood. Here we demonstrate an integrated field lysimetry and porewater sampling method for evaluating the mobility of chemicals applied to soils and established vegetation. Lysimeters, open columns made of metal or plastic, are driven into bareground or vegetated soils. Porewater samplers, which are commercially available and use vacuum to collect percolating soil water, are installed at predetermined depths within the lysimeters. At prearranged times following chemical application to experimental plots, porewater is collected, and lysimeters, containing soil and vegetation, are exhumed. By analyzing chemical concentrations in the lysimeter soil, vegetation, and porewater, downward leaching rates, soil retention capacities, and plant uptake for the chemical of interest may be quantified. Because field lysimetry and porewater sampling are conducted under natural environmental conditions and with minimal soil disturbance, derived results project real-case scenarios and provide valuable information for chemical management. As chemicals are increasingly applied to land worldwide, the described techniques may be utilized to determine whether applied chemicals pose adverse effects to human health or the environment.

Field lysimetry and porewater sampling allow researchers to evaluate the fate of chemicals applied to soils and established vegetation. The goal of this protocol is to demonstrate how to install required instrumentation and collect samples for chemical analysis during integrated field lysimetry and porewater sampling experiments.

综合外地Lysimetry和孔隙水采样的化学活动性土壤的评价和植被成立

Potentially toxic chemicals are routinely applied to land to meet growing demands on waste management and food production, but the fate of these chemicals ...

科研

环境科学

Watershed Planning within a Quantitative Scenario Analysis Framework

There is a critical need for tools and methodologies capable of managing aquatic systems within heavily impacted watersheds. Current efforts often fall short as a result of an inability to quantify and predict complex cumulative effects of current and future land use scenarios at relevant spatial scales. The goal of this manuscript is to provide methods for conducting a targeted watershed assessment that enables resource managers to produce landscape-based cumulative effects models for use within a scenario analysis management framework. Sites are first selected for inclusion within the watershed assessment by identifying sites that fall along independent gradients and combinations of known stressors. Field and laboratory techniques are then used to obtain data on the physical, chemical, and biological effects of multiple land use activities. Multiple linear regression analysis is then used to produce landscape-based cumulative effects models for predicting aquatic conditions. Lastly, methods for incorporating cumulative effects models within a scenario analysis framework for guiding management and regulatory decisions (e.g., permitting and mitigation) within actively developing watersheds are discussed and demonstrated for 2 sub-watersheds within the mountaintop mining region of central Appalachia. The watershed assessment and management approach provided herein enables resource managers to facilitate economic and development activity while protecting aquatic resources and producing opportunity for net ecological benefits through targeted remediation.

There is a critical need for tools and methodologies capable of managing aquatic systems in the face of uncertain future conditions. We provide methods for conducting a targeted watershed assessment that enables resource managers to produce landscape-based cumulative effects models for use within a scenario analysis management framework.

定量的情景分析框架内流域规划

There is a critical need for tools and methodologies capable of managing aquatic systems within heavily impacted watersheds. Current efforts often fall ...

Vegetated Treatment Systems for Removing Contaminants Associated with Surface Water Toxicity in Agriculture and Urban Runoff

Urban stormwater and agriculture irrigation runoff contain a complex mixture of contaminants that are often toxic to adjacent receiving waters. Runoff may be treated with simple systems designed to promote sorption of contaminants to vegetation and soils and promote infiltration. Two example systems are described: a bioswale treatment system for urban stormwater treatment, and a vegetated drainage ditch for treating agriculture irrigation runoff. Both have similar attributes that reduce contaminant loading in runoff: vegetation that results in sorption of the contaminants to the soil and plant surfaces, and water infiltration. These systems may also include the integration of granulated activated carbon as a polishing step to remove residual contaminants. Implementation of these systems in agriculture and urban watersheds requires system monitoring to verify treatment efficacy. This includes chemical monitoring for specific contaminants responsible for toxicity. The current paper emphasizes monitoring of current use pesticides since these are responsible for surface water toxicity to aquatic invertebrates.

This article summarizes the design attributes and the effectiveness of treatment systems that treat urban stormwater and agriculture irrigation runoff to remove pesticides and other contaminants associated with aquatic toxicity.

用于去除与农业和城市径流中地表水毒性有关的污染物的植被处理系统

Urban stormwater and agriculture irrigation runoff contain a complex mixture of contaminants that are often toxic to adjacent receiving waters. Runoff may ...

Continuous Instream Monitoring of Nutrients and Sediment in Agricultural Watersheds

Pollutant concentrations and loads in watersheds vary considerably with time and space. Accurate and timely information on the magnitude of pollutants in water resources is a prerequisite for understanding the drivers of the pollutant loads and for making informed water resource management decisions. The commonly used &#34;grab sampling&#34; method provides the concentrations of pollutants at the time of sampling (i.e., a snapshot concentration) and may under- or overpredict the pollutant concentrations and loads. Continuous monitoring of nutrients and sediment has recently received more attention due to advances in computing, sensing technology, and storage devices. This protocol demonstrates the use of sensors, sondes, and instrumentation to continuously monitor in situ nitrate, ammonium, turbidity, pH, conductivity, temperature, and dissolved oxygen (DO) and to calculate the loads from two streams (ditches) in two agricultural watersheds. With the proper calibration, maintenance, and operation of sensors and sondes, good water quality data can be obtained by overcoming challenging conditions such as fouling and debris buildup. The method can also be used in watersheds of various sizes and characterized by agricultural, forested, and/or urban land.

With the advancement of technology and the rise in end-user expectations, the need and use of higher temporal resolution data for pollutant load estimation has increased. This protocol describes a method for continuous in situ water quality monitoring to obtain higher temporal resolution data for informed water resource management decisions.

农业流域营养盐和泥沙的连续河道监测

Pollutant concentrations and loads in watersheds vary considerably with time and space. Accurate and timely information on the magnitude of pollutants in ...

Capturing Flow-weighted Water and Suspended Particulates from Agricultural Canals During Drainage Events

The purpose of this study is to describe the methods used to capture flow-weighted water and suspended particulates from farm canals during drainage discharge events. Farm canals can be enriched by nutrients such as phosphorus (P) that are susceptible to transport. Phosphorus in the form of suspended particulates can significantly contribute to the overall P loads in drainage water. A settling tank experiment was conducted to capture suspended particulates during discrete drainage events. Farm canal discharge water was collected in a series of two 200 L settling tanks over the entire duration of the drainage event, so as to represent a composite subsample of the water being discharged. Imhoff settling cones are ultimately used to settle out the suspended particulates. This is achieved by siphoning water from the settling tanks via the cones. The particulates are then collected for physico-chemical analyses.

Nutrients present in particulate form can contribute significantly to the overall loads in agricultural drainage waters. This study describes a novel method to capture flow-weighted water and suspended particulates from farm canal drainage over the entire duration of the drainage event.

在排水过程中捕获农用运河中的流动加权水和悬浮颗粒

The purpose of this study is to describe the methods used to capture flow-weighted water and suspended particulates from farm canals during drainage ...

Bioindication Testing of Stream Environment Suitability for Young Freshwater Pearl Mussels Using In Situ Exposure Methods

Knowledge of habitat suitability for freshwater mussels is an important step in the conservation of this endangered species group. We describe a protocol for performing in situ juvenile exposure tests within oligotrophic river catchments over one-month and three-month periods. Two methods (in both modifications) are presented to evaluate the juvenile growth and survival rate. The methods and modifications differ in value for the locality bioindication and each has its benefits as well as limitations. The sandy cage method works with a large set of individuals, but only some of the individuals are measured and the results are evaluated in bulk. In the mesh cage method, the individuals are kept and measured separately, but a low individual number is evaluated. The open water exposure modification is relatively easy to apply; it shows the juvenile growth potential of sites and can also be effective for water toxicity testing. The within-bed exposure modification needs a high workload but is closer to the conditions of a natural juvenile environment and it is better for reporting the real suitability of localities. On the other hand, more replications are needed in this modification due to its high-hyporheic environment variability.

Bioindication Testing of Stream Environment Suitability for Young Freshwater Pearl Mussels Using In Situ Exposure Methods

In situ bioindications enable determination of the suitability of an environment for endangered mussel species. We describe two methods based on the juvenile exposure of freshwater pearl mussels in cages to oligotrophic river habitats. Both methods are implemented in variants for open water and hyporheic water environments.

用原位曝光法测定淡水珍珠贻贝 Bioindication 的流环境适宜性

Knowledge of habitat suitability for freshwater mussels is an important step in the conservation of this endangered species group. We describe a protocol ...

Measuring Phosphorus Release in Laboratory Microcosms for Water Quality Assessment

Phosphorus (P) is a critical limiting nutrient in agroecosystems requiring careful management to reduce transport risk to aquatic environments. Routine laboratory measures of P bioavailability are based on chemical extractions performed on dried samples under oxidizing conditions. While useful, these tests are limited with respect to characterizing P release under prolonged water saturation. Labile orthophosphate bound to oxidized iron and other metals can rapidly desorb to solution in reducing environments, increasing P mobilization risk to surface runoff and groundwater. To better quantify P desorption potential and mobility during extended saturation, a laboratory microcosm method was developed based on repeated sampling of porewater and overlying floodwater over time. The method is useful for quantifying P release potential from soils and sediments varying in physicochemical properties and can improve site-specific P mitigation efforts by better characterizing P release risk in hydrologically active areas. Advantages of the method include its ability to simulate in situ dynamics, simplicity, low cost, and flexibility.

Accurate quantification of phosphorus (P) desorption potential in saturated soils and sediments is important for P modeling and transport mitigation efforts. To better account for in situ soil-water redox dynamics and P mobilization under prolonged saturation, a simple approach was developed based on repeated sampling of laboratory microcosms.

测量实验室微量微生物中的磷释放,用于水质评估

Phosphorus (P) is a critical limiting nutrient in agroecosystems requiring careful management to reduce transport risk to aquatic environments. Routine ...

In Situ Soil Moisture Sensors in Undisturbed Soils

Soil moisture directly affects operational hydrology, food security, ecosystem services, and the climate system. However, the adoption of soil moisture data has been slow due to inconsistent data collection, poor standardization, and typically short record duration. Soil moisture, or quantitatively volumetric soil water content (SWC), is measured using buried, in situ sensors that infer SWC from an electromagnetic response. This signal can vary considerably with local site conditions such as clay content and mineralogy, soil salinity or bulk electrical conductivity, and soil temperature; each of these can have varying impacts depending on the sensor technology.
Furthermore, poor soil contact and sensor degradation can affect the quality of these readings over time. Unlike more traditional environmental sensors, there are no accepted standards, maintenance practices, or quality controls for SWC data. As such, SWC is a challenging measurement for many environmental monitoring networks to implement. Here, we attempt to establish a community-based standard of practice for in situ SWC sensors so that future research and applications have consistent guidance on site selection, sensor installation, data interpretation, and long-term maintenance of monitoring stations.
The videography focuses on a multi-agency consensus of best-practices and recommendations for the installation of in situ SWC sensors. This paper presents an overview of this protocol along with the various steps essential for high-quality and long-term SWC data collection. This protocol will be of use to scientists and engineers hoping to deploy a single station or an entire network.

In Situ Soil Moisture Sensors in Undisturbed Soils

The determination of soil water content is a critical mission requirement for many state and federal agencies. This protocol synthesizes multi-agency efforts to measure soil water content using buried in situ sensors.

原位 未受干扰土壤中的土壤湿度传感器

Soil moisture directly affects operational hydrology, food security, ecosystem services, and the climate system. However, the adoption of soil moisture ...

Concentration of Virus Particles from Environmental Water and Wastewater Samples Using Skimmed Milk Flocculation and Ultrafiltration

Water and wastewater-based epidemiology have emerged as alternative methods to monitor and predict the course of outbreaks in communities.&#160;The recovery of microbial fractions, including viruses, bacteria, and microeukaryotes from wastewater and environmental water samples&#160;is one of the challenging steps in these approaches. In this study, we focused on the recovery efficiency of sequential ultrafiltration and skimmed milk flocculation (SMF) methods using Armored RNA as a test virus, which is also used as a control by some other studies. Prefiltration with 0.45 &#181;m and 0.2 &#181;m membrane disc filters were applied to eliminate solid particles before ultrafiltration to prevent the clogging of ultrafiltration devices. Test samples, processed with the sequential ultrafiltration method, were centrifuged at two different speeds. An increased speed resulted in lower recovery and positivity rates of Armored RNA.&#160;On the other hand, SMF resulted in relatively consistent recovery and positivity rates of Armored RNA. Additional tests conducted with environmental water samples demonstrated the utility of SMF to concentrate other microbial fractions. The partitioning of viruses into solid particles might have an impact on the overall recovery rates, considering the prefiltration step applied before the ultrafiltration of wastewater samples. SMF with prefiltration performed better when applied to environmental water samples&#160;due to lower solid concentrations in the samples and thus lower partitioning rates to solids. In the present study, the idea of using a sequential ultrafiltration method arose from the necessity to decrease the final volume of the viral concentrates during the COVID-19 pandemic, when the supply of the commonly used ultrafiltration devices was limited, and there was a need for the development of alternative viral concentration methods.

Virus concentration from environmental water and wastewater samples is a challenging task, carried out primarily for the identification and quantification of viruses. While several virus concentration methods have been developed and tested, we demonstrate here the effectiveness of ultrafiltration and skimmed milk flocculation for RNA viruses with different sample types.

使用脱脂牛奶絮凝和超滤法浓缩环境水和废水样品中的病毒颗粒

Water and wastewater-based epidemiology have emerged as alternative methods to monitor and predict the course of outbreaks in communities.&#160;The ...

Parameterizing V-notch Weir Equations for Flow Monitoring in a Drainage Control Structure

Accurate estimation of drainage discharge (flow rate or water volume per unit time) is essential for calculating nutrient loads delivered to surface water and assessing the performance of edge-of-field conservation practices. Determining drainage flow rates requires monitoring the head in a drainage control structure and applying an appropriate equation for the weir installed in the structure. Previous studies that developed calibrated equations for weirs in control structures have produced different equations (i.e., different weir flow equation coefficients) for the same type of weir and control structure size. This study describes procedures for setting up experimental water flow rate and head measurements within a drainage control structure and developing a weir equation for flows contained within a V-notch weir. Additionally, the procedure for obtaining a weir equation for overtopping flows -- when the water level exceeds the top of the V-notch weir -- is outlined. This process involves using the weir equation developed in the laboratory for a V-notch weir and an online tool, the &#34;Weir Flow Equation Coefficients Calculator&#34;, developed by the authors. The online tool can also generate weir flow equation coefficients for both V-notch-contained and overtopping flows across various sizes of Agri Drain water control structures, even when users lack site-specific flow rate vs. head relationship.

This protocol describes methods for obtaining weir flow equation coefficients for a V-notch weir within a drainage control structure using (1) a laboratory calibration procedure and (2) an online tool, the "Weir Flow Equation Coefficients Calculator", developed by the authors. These methods apply to flows contained within the V-notch and overtopping flows.

参数化 V 型缺口堰方程，用于排水控制结构中的流量监测

Accurate estimation of drainage discharge (flow rate or water volume per unit time) is essential for calculating nutrient loads delivered to surface water ...

春季池塘连续水文水质监测

摘要

探索更多视频

此视频中的章节

综合外地Lysimetry和孔隙水采样的化学活动性土壤的评价和植被成立

定量的情景分析框架内流域规划

用于去除与农业和城市径流中地表水毒性有关的污染物的植被处理系统

农业流域营养盐和泥沙的连续河道监测

在排水过程中捕获农用运河中的流动加权水和悬浮颗粒

用原位曝光法测定淡水珍珠贻贝 Bioindication 的流环境适宜性

测量实验室微量微生物中的磷释放,用于水质评估

原位未受干扰土壤中的土壤湿度传感器

使用脱脂牛奶絮凝和超滤法浓缩环境水和废水样品中的病毒颗粒

参数化 V 型缺口堰方程，用于排水控制结构中的流量监测

春季池塘连续水文水质监测

摘要

探索更多视频

此视频中的章节

综合外地Lysimetry和孔隙水采样的化学活动性土壤的评价和植被成立

定量的情景分析框架内流域规划

用于去除与农业和城市径流中地表水毒性有关的污染物的植被处理系统

农业流域营养盐和泥沙的连续河道监测

在排水过程中捕获农用运河中的流动加权水和悬浮颗粒

用原位曝光法测定淡水珍珠贻贝 Bioindication 的流环境适宜性

测量实验室微量微生物中的磷释放,用于水质评估

原位 未受干扰土壤中的土壤湿度传感器

使用脱脂牛奶絮凝和超滤法浓缩环境水和废水样品中的病毒颗粒

参数化 V 型缺口堰方程，用于排水控制结构中的流量监测

原位未受干扰土壤中的土壤湿度传感器