一，解冻的细胞 TN5细胞的冷冻瓶，并在37℃水浴解冻。 25厘米2训练班烧瓶中加入5毫升昆虫快递培养基（Invitrogen公司的产品目录号10486）。注意表达五年没有谷氨酰胺;需要添加100X谷氨酰胺笔链球菌单独或谷氨酰胺1 LT媒体10毫升。添加到TN5细胞，并在29 ° C培养箱中孵育30分钟。然后，吸用DMSO中轻轻互不干扰烧瓶底部的细胞。添加新鲜培养基5毫升。 二。成长壮大的细胞监控细胞的每一天。当烧瓶中近70％融合，敲打两边的容量瓶中，使悬浮液中的细胞和转移细胞175厘米2烧瓶中加入21毫升昆虫表达介质和细胞培养5毫升。每个T175烧瓶中应该有大约25 - 30ML作为最终体积中等。拆分融合瓶（约1万个/毫升浓度）1 / 4或1 / 5需要。不要让细胞过度生长。计数的一些段落，你有分裂细胞。不要增长，通过30号，因为它可能会导致老化的细胞产生的细胞裂解。当您达到所需的量，在1万/毫升的浓度感染的细胞。 我一般长大到2至2.5升，通常达七十175厘米约2瓶和。 25日至30毫升/容量瓶中，5个1公升的锥形瓶，约。在每个烧瓶400毫升至500毫升 注意：您既可以增加细胞中的T - 175插头密封瓶或康宁锥形瓶中。在锥形烧瓶中生长的细胞是更快，更容易。 三。滴定终点稀释法病毒<ol><li>板3000-5000平底快递五个SFM培养基200ul 96孔板，每孔细胞。让细胞在27℃，至少30分钟解决。 </li><li>杆状病毒股票连续稀释。人应该这样做一行96 ü底板的1 / 10稀释，每孔250ul。快运五SFM培养基稀释。 </li><li>使用多道移液器，转让的不同稀释度的固定金额（通常为20 UL）的细胞。 </li><li>文化在27 ° C为7天。为了避免从边缘行的蒸发，包装封口膜板边缘。 </li><li>经过7天中，检查的板块，并确定给出了50％的感染病毒稀释 - 感染这种病毒的浓度的一半井）。然后使用一个公式来计算的滴度，这是PFU / ml的（PFU斑形成单位）表示。其计算公式为最杆状病毒手册。 </li></ol>四。感染的细胞知道确切的病毒滴度，这是非常重要。添加所需的病毒数量。对于病毒备料的细胞被感染的多重感染（MOI），不超过1（1pfu 1High五单元）提高惯性导致病毒突变的生产。对于蛋白质的生产，通常金额MO1 5-10。 例如： mCD1d杆状病毒滴度= 1X108 PFU / ml的新增教学语言= 1（放大病毒）= 20 × 10 ^ 6细胞/烧瓶/ 1X10 ^ 8 PFU / ml的= 200 UL /烧瓶 MOI = 5至10（蛋白生产）= 1ml到2毫升对于20 × 10 ^ 6细胞/烧瓶感染后第4天，在受感染的细胞。他们应该分离，漂浮，肿胀，形成香肠。 五，恢复上清液从感染的烧瓶中，并转移到250毫升蓝帽猎鹰纺纱瓶。他们可高压灭菌和重用。均匀填充瓶子，并在Sorvall GSA转子离心细胞200rpm，20分钟后，4 ° C收集上清液，并进行进一步纯化。 六。纯化重组mCD1d <ol><li>透析和150mm的磷酸钠缓冲液的浓度（pH值7.4） </li><li>经Ni - NTA琼脂糖层析，洗脱蛋白mCD1d + B2M与150mm的钠磷酸盐200毫米Immidazole </li><li>使用20mm的三盐酸PH8缓冲区Immidazole摆脱运行脱盐柱</li><li>运行使用阴离子交换层析MonoQ列，以消除剩余的污染物。 </li><li>集中1mg/ml的使用YM 30选矿厂（Millipore公司） </li><li>比拉酶biotynlation的mCD1d根据制造商的协议（亲和力） </li><li> S200列，用磷酸盐缓冲液（PBS），pH7.4的（体积排阻Chromatograpy）免费素被淘汰。平均2至3 biotynlated蛋白质MGS可以得到2升上清</li><li> A - Galcer CD1d四聚体的生产。 </li></ol>为了加载一个Galcer CD1d分子，可溶性biotynlated CD1d - B2M是3倍摩尔A - Galcer超过0.5％吐温-20的PBS，O.9％氯化钠溶解，室温孵育过夜。四聚体的生成混合A - Galcer加载CD1d单体在室温为4小时4倍摩尔超过PE - 共轭链霉亲和孵化。储存在48 ° C。

<ol>
	<li>Benlagha, K., Weiss, A., Beavis, A., Teyton, L., Bendelac, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=In+vivo+identification+of+glycolipipd+antigen-specific+T+cells+using+fluorecent+CD1d+tetramers.">In vivo identification of glycolipipd antigen-specific T cells using fluorecent CD1d tetramers.</a> J. Exp. Med. 191, 1895-1903 (2000).</li><li>Kinjo, Y., Wu, D., Kim, G., Xing, G. W., Poles, M. A., Ho, D. D., Tsuji, M., Kawahara, K., Wong, C. H., Kronenberg, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Recognition+of+bacterial+glycosphingolipids+by+natural+killer+T+cells.">Recognition of bacterial glycosphingolipids by natural killer T cells.</a> Nature. 434, 520-525 (2005).</li><li>Naidenko, O. V., Maher, J. K., Ernst, W. A., Sakai, T., Modlin, R. L., Kronenberg, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Binding+and+antigen+presentation+of+ceramide-containing+glycolipids+by+soluble+mouse+and+human+CD1d+molecules.">Binding and antigen presentation of ceramide-containing glycolipids by soluble mouse and human CD1d molecules.</a> J. Exp. Med. 190, 1069-1080 (1999).</li><li>Porcelli, S. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+CD1+family:+A+third+lineage+of+antigen-+presenting+molecules.">The CD1 family: A third lineage of antigen- presenting molecules.</a> Adv. Immunol. 59, 1-98 (1995).</li><li>Sidobre, S., Kronemberg, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=CD1+tetramers:+A+powerful+tool+for+the+analysis+of+glycolipid-reactive+T+cells.">CD1 tetramers: A powerful tool for the analysis of glycolipid-reactive T cells.</a> J. Immunol. 169, 1340-1348 (2002).</li></ol>

在此过程中，它是如何启动，成长，感染昆虫细胞，以及如何滴度使用这些细胞的杆状病毒。在此过程中最重要的方面是细胞的维护和知道确切的杆状病毒滴度。一旦你已经产生了CD1的四聚体，它们可以被用来作为糖脂反应性T细胞的功能强大的分析工具。杆状病毒系统也广泛用于生产重组蛋白，包括MHC II类四聚体，所以此过程有一个更广泛的适用性。

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		<div>
		<table border="1">
		<thead>
		<tr>
		<th>Material Name</th>
		<th>Type</th>
		<th>Company</th>
		<th>Catalogue Number</th>
		<th>Comment</th>
		</tr>
		</thead>
		<tbody>
		
<tr>
<td>Express Five SFM</td>
<td> Serum Free Medium</td>
<td>Invitrogen</td>
<td>10486025</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>High Five TM</td>
<td> Insect Cells</td>
<td>Invitrogen</td>
<td>B855-02</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Glutamine Pen strep</td>
<td>Antibiotics</td>
<td>Invitrogen</td>
<td>10378-016</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>25cm2 TC Flask</td>
<td> Plastic</td>
<td>Fisher</td>
<td>10-126-28</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>175 cm2 TC Flask</td>
<td> Plug seal flask</td>
<td>Fisher</td>
<td>10-126-8</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Erlenmeyer Flask</td>
<td> Cell Culture Flask</td>
<td>Fisher</td>
<td>07 200 672</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>YM 30 Concenterator</td>
<td>30,000 MWCO</td>
<td>Millipore</td>
<td>UFC 903096</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>FPLC equipment</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>GE Healthcare</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>BrA Enzyme and Buffer</td>
<td> Biotinylation Kit</td>
<td>Avidity</td>
<td>BIRA500</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Ni-NTA Agarose Column</td>
<td>His Tag Protein Purification Column</td>
<td>GE Healthcare</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Desalting column</td>
<td> To get Rod of Salt from Protein</td>
<td>GE Healthcare</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>MonoQ Column</td>
<td>Anion Exchange Chromatgraphy</td>
<td>GE Healthcare</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>S200 Column</td>
<td> Size Exclusion Chromatography</td>
<td>GE Healthcare</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>alpha-Galcer</td>
<td> Glycolipid</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>PE- Streptavidin</td>
<td> For conjugating Protein</td>
<td>Molecular Probe</td>
<td> S-866</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>		</tbody>
		</table>
		</div>

a method for production of recombinant mcd1d protein in insect cells.

CD1的蛋白质构成的抗原提呈分子的第三类。他们是细胞表面的糖蛋白，约50 kDa的糖基化，非共价与β2-微球蛋白重链表达。他们结合血脂，而不是肽。虽然它们的结构确认的CD1蛋白MHC I类和II类抗原呈现分子的相似性，mCD1d槽比较窄，深，高疏水性和它有两项具有约束力的口袋，而不是为经典所描述的几个浅口袋MHC编码的抗原提呈分子。根据其氨基酸序列，这样一个hydrobphobic槽提供了一个理想的环境脂质抗原结合。 自然杀伤T（NKT）细胞使用他们的TCR识别势必会或CD1d糖脂。已参与对保护自身免疫性疾病和传染病和肿瘤排斥反应的T细胞CD1所提出的血脂。因此，辨别能力，净化，并跟踪CD1反应NKT细胞的反应是非常重要的。 α-半乳糖神经酰胺（A - Galcer）与CD1d四聚体的生成NKT细胞生物学的重要见解。从其他CD1的分子构造的四聚体也已产生，这些新的试剂，极大地扩大了监测脂质为基础的疫苗的反应的潜在使用，并在自身免疫性疾病和其他的诊断的脂质反应性T细胞的功能的知识，治疗。

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Method For Production of Recombinant mCD1d Protein in Insect Cells. at JoVE.com

A Method For Production of Recombinant mCD1d Protein in Insect Cells.

一个方法，准备昆虫细胞和感染杆状病毒重组mCD1d mCD1d四聚体的proteinand生产的目的。

重组昆虫细胞中的mCD1d的蛋白质的生产方法。

CD1 proteins constitute a third class of antigen-presenting molecules. They are cell surface glycoproteins, expressed as approximately 50-kDa glycosylated ...

a-method-for-production-of-recombinant-mcd1d-protein-in-insect-cells

Universidad de Cartagena UDEC

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

10.7K 次观看.  La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology. 一个方法，准备昆虫细胞和感染杆状病毒重组mCD1d mCD1d四聚体的proteinand生产的目的。

视频: A Method For Production of Recombinant mCD1d Protein in Insect Cells.

Pyrosequencing: A Simple Method for Accurate Genotyping

Pharmacogenetic research benefits first-hand from the abundance of information provided by the completion of the Human Genome Project. With such a tremendous amount of data available comes an explosion of genotyping methods. Pyrosequencing(R) is one of the most thorough yet simple methods to date used to analyze polymorphisms. It also has the ability to identify tri-allelic, indels, short-repeat polymorphisms, along with determining allele percentages for methylation or pooled sample assessment. In addition, there is a standardized control sequence that provides internal quality control. This method has led to rapid and efficient single-nucleotide polymorphism evaluation including many clinically relevant polymorphisms. The technique and methodology of Pyrosequencing is explained.


Pyrosequencing(R) is one of the most thorough yet simple methods to date used to analyze polymorphisms. This method has led to rapid and efficient single-nucleotide polymorphism evaluation including many clinically relevant polymorphisms. The technique and methodology of Pyrosequencing is explained.

焦磷酸测序：一个准确的基因分型的简单方法

Pharmacogenetic research benefits first-hand from the abundance of information provided by the completion of the Human Genome Project. With such a ...

科研

生物学

A Protocol for Phage Display and Affinity Selection Using Recombinant Protein Baits

Using recombinant phage as a scaffold to present various protein portions encoded by a directionally cloned cDNA library to immobilized bait molecules is an efficient means to discover interactions. The technique has largely been used to discover protein-protein interactions but the bait molecule to be challenged need not be restricted to proteins. The protocol presented here has been optimized to allow a modest number of baits to be screened in replicates to maximize the identification of independent clones presenting the same protein. This permits greater confidence that interacting proteins identified are legitimate interactors of the bait molecule. Monitoring the phage titer after each affinity selection round provides information on how the affinity selection is progressing as well as on the efficacy of negative controls. One means of titering the phage, and how and what to prepare in advance to allow this process to progress as efficiently as possible, is presented. Attributes of amplicons retrieved following isolation of independent plaque are highlighted that can be used to ascertain how well the affinity selection has progressed. Trouble shooting techniques to minimize false positives or to bypass persistently recovered phage are explained. Means of reducing viral contamination flare up are discussed.

Phage display is a powerful technique to capture proteins or protein moieties that interact with an immobilized molecule of interest. Once a decision of the type of phage cDNA library to create and screen has been made, the protocol described here permits efficient affinity selection leading to identification of interactors.

一个协议，用于噬菌体展示和亲和选择以重组蛋白诱饵

Using  recombinant phage as a scaffold to present various protein portions encoded by  a directionally cloned cDNA library to immobilized bait molecules ...

Optimization and Utilization of Agrobacterium-mediated Transient Protein Production in Nicotiana

Agrobacterium-mediated transient protein production in plants is a promising approach to produce vaccine antigens and therapeutic proteins within a short period of time. However, this technology is only just beginning to be applied to large-scale production as many technological obstacles to scale up are now being overcome. Here, we demonstrate a simple and reproducible method for industrial-scale transient protein production based on vacuum infiltration of Nicotiana plants with Agrobacteria carrying launch vectors. Optimization of Agrobacterium cultivation in AB medium allows direct dilution of the bacterial culture in Milli-Q water, simplifying the infiltration process. Among three tested species of Nicotiana, N. excelsiana (N. benthamiana &#215; N. excelsior) was selected as the most promising host due to the ease of infiltration, high level of reporter protein production, and about two-fold higher biomass production under controlled environmental conditions. Induction of Agrobacterium harboring pBID4-GFP (Tobacco mosaic virus-based) using chemicals such as acetosyringone and monosaccharide had no effect on the protein production level. Infiltrating plant under 50 to 100 mbar for 30 or 60 sec resulted in about 95% infiltration of plant leaf tissues. Infiltration with Agrobacterium laboratory strain GV3101 showed the highest protein production compared to Agrobacteria laboratory strains LBA4404 and C58C1 and wild-type Agrobacteria strains at6, at10, at77 and A4. Co-expression of a viral RNA silencing suppressor, p23 or p19, in N. benthamiana resulted in earlier accumulation and increased production (15-25%) of target protein (influenza virus hemagglutinin).

Optimization and Utilization of Agrobacterium-mediated Transient Protein Production in Nicotiana

Transient protein production in Nicotiana plants based on vacuum infiltration with Agrobacteria carrying launch vectors (Tobacco mosaic virus-based) is a rapid and economic approach to produce vaccine antigens and therapeutic proteins. We simplified the procedure and improved target accumulation by optimizing conditions of bacteria cultivation, selecting host species, and co-introducing RNA silencing suppressors.

优化和利用<em&gt;农杆菌</em&gt;介导的瞬态蛋白生产中<em&gt;烟草</em

Agrobacterium-mediated transient protein production in plants is a promising approach to produce vaccine antigens and therapeutic proteins within a short ...

Efficient Production and Purification of Recombinant Murine Kindlin-3 from Insect Cells for Biophysical Studies

Kindlins are essential coactivators, with talin, of the cell surface receptors&#160;integrins and also participate in integrin outside-in signalling, and the control of gene transcription in the cell nucleus. The kindlins are ~75 kDa multidomain proteins and bind to an NPxY motif and upstream T/S cluster of the integrin &#946;-subunit cytoplasmic tail. The hematopoietically-important kindlin isoform, kindlin-3, is critical for platelet aggregation during thrombus formation, leukocyte rolling in response to infection and inflammation and osteoclast podocyte formation in bone resorption. Kindlin-3&#39;s role in these processes has resulted in extensive cellular and physiological studies. However, there is a need for an efficient method of acquiring high quality milligram quantities of the protein for further studies. We have developed a protocol, here described, for the efficient expression and purification of recombinant murine kindlin-3 by use of a baculovirus-driven expression system in Sf9 cells yielding sufficient amounts of high purity full-length protein to allow its biophysical characterization. The same approach could be taken in the study of the other mammalian kindlin isoforms.

Kindlins are fundamental to cell adhesion through integrins but studies of them have been hampered by the difficulty encountered in expressing them recombinantly in bacterial hosts. We describe here methods for their efficient production in baculovirus-infected insect cells.

高效的生产和纯化重组小鼠Kindlin-3从昆虫细胞生物物理研究

Kindlins are essential coactivators, with talin, of the cell surface receptors&#160;integrins and also participate in integrin outside-in signalling, and ...

Investigating Protein-protein Interactions in Live Cells Using Bioluminescence Resonance Energy Transfer

Assays based on Bioluminescence Resonance Energy Transfer (BRET) provide a sensitive and reliable means to monitor protein-protein interactions in live cells. BRET is the non-radiative transfer of energy from a 'donor' luciferase enzyme to an 'acceptor' fluorescent protein. In the most common configuration of this assay, the donor is Renilla reniformis luciferase and the acceptor is Yellow Fluorescent Protein (YFP). Because the efficiency of energy transfer is strongly distance-dependent, observation of the BRET phenomenon requires that the donor and acceptor be in close proximity. To test for an interaction between two proteins of interest in cultured mammalian cells, one protein is expressed as a fusion with luciferase and the second as a fusion with YFP. An interaction between the two proteins of interest may bring the donor and acceptor sufficiently close for energy transfer to occur. Compared to other techniques for investigating protein-protein interactions, the BRET assay is sensitive, requires little hands-on time and few reagents, and is able to detect interactions which are weak, transient, or dependent on the biochemical environment found within a live cell. It is therefore an ideal approach for confirming putative interactions suggested by yeast two-hybrid or mass spectrometry proteomics studies, and in addition it is well-suited for mapping interacting regions, assessing the effect of post-translational modifications on protein-protein interactions, and evaluating the impact of mutations identified in patient DNA.

Interactions between proteins are fundamental to all cellular processes. Using Bioluminescence Resonance Energy Transfer, the interaction between a pair of proteins can be monitored in live cells and in real time. Furthermore, the effects of potentially pathogenic mutations can be assessed.

研究蛋白质 - 蛋白质相互作用活细胞使用生物发光共振能量转移

Assays based on Bioluminescence Resonance Energy Transfer (BRET) provide a sensitive and reliable means to monitor protein-protein interactions in live ...

Recombinant Protein Expression for Structural Biology in HEK 293F Suspension Cells: A Novel and Accessible Approach

The expression and purification of large amounts of recombinant protein complexes is an essential requirement for structural biology studies. For over two decades, prokaryotic expression systems such as E. coli have dominated the scientific literature over costly and less efficient eukaryotic cell lines. Despite the clear advantage in terms of yields and costs of expressing recombinant proteins in bacteria, the absence of specific co-factors, chaperones and post-translational modifications may cause loss of function, mis-folding and can disrupt protein-protein interactions of certain eukaryotic multi-subunit complexes, surface receptors and secreted proteins. The use of mammalian cell expression systems can address these drawbacks since they provide a eukaryotic expression environment. However, low protein yields and high costs of such methods have until recently limited their use for structural biology. Here we describe a simple and accessible method for expressing and purifying milligram quantities of protein by performing transient transfections of suspension grown HEK (Human Embryonic Kidney) 293F cells.

The expression of recombinant proteins by mammalian systems is becoming an attractive method for producing protein complexes for structural biology. Here we present a simple yet highly efficient expression system using suspension grown mammalian cells to purify protein complexes for structural studies.

重组蛋白表达的结构生物学在HEK 293F悬浮细胞:一种新的和可访问方法

The expression and purification of large amounts of recombinant protein complexes is an essential requirement for structural biology studies. For over two ...

Green Fluorescent Protein-based Expression Screening of Membrane Proteins in Escherichia coli

The production of recombinant membrane proteins for structural and functional studies remains technically challenging due to low levels of expression and the inherent instability of many membrane proteins once solubilized in detergents. A protocol is described that combines ligation independent cloning of membrane proteins as GFP fusions with expression in Escherichia coli detected by GFP fluorescence. This enables the construction and expression screening of multiple membrane protein/variants to identify candidates suitable for further investment of time and effort. The GFP reporter is used in a primary screen of expression by visualizing GFP fluorescence following SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). Membrane proteins that show both a high expression level with minimum degradation as indicated by the absence of free GFP, are selected for a secondary screen. These constructs are scaled and a total membrane fraction prepared and solubilized in four different detergents. Following ultracentrifugation to remove detergent-insoluble material, lysates are analyzed by fluorescence detection size exclusion chromatography (FSEC). Monitoring the size exclusion profile by GFP fluorescence provides information about the mono-dispersity and integrity of the membrane proteins in different detergents. Protein: detergent combinations that elute with a symmetrical peak with little or no free GFP and minimum aggregation are candidates for subsequent purification. Using the above methodology, the heterologous expression in E. coli of SED (shape, elongation, division, and sporulation) proteins from 47 different species of bacteria was analyzed. These proteins typically have ten transmembrane domains and are essential for cell division. The results show that the production of the SEDs orthologues in E. coli was highly variable with respect to the expression levels and integrity of the GFP fusion proteins. The experiment identified a subset for further investigation.

Green Fluorescent Protein-based Expression Screening of Membrane Proteins in Escherichia coli

A streamlined approach to screening for the expression of recombinant membrane proteins in Escherichia coli based on fusion to green fluorescent protein is presented.

膜蛋白的绿色荧光蛋白为基础的表达筛选<em&gt;大肠杆菌</em

The production of recombinant membrane proteins for structural and functional studies remains technically challenging due to low levels of expression and ...

A Comparative Analysis of Recombinant Protein Expression in Different Biofactories: Bacteria, Insect Cells and Plant Systems

Plant-based systems are considered a valuable platform for the production of recombinant proteins as a result of their well-documented potential for the flexible, low-cost production of high-quality, bioactive products.
In this study, we compared the expression of a target human recombinant protein in traditional fermenter-based cell cultures (bacterial and insect) with plant-based expression systems, both transient and stable.
For each platform, we described the set-up, optimization and length of the production process, the final product quality and the yields and we evaluated provisional production costs, specific for the selected target recombinant protein.
Overall, our results indicate that bacteria are unsuitable for the production of the target protein due to its accumulation within insoluble inclusion bodies. On the other hand, plant-based systems are versatile platforms that allow the production of the selected protein at lower-costs than Baculovirus/insect cell system. In particular, stable transgenic lines displayed the highest-yield of the final product and transient expressing plants the fastest process development. However, not all recombinant proteins may benefit from plant-based systems but the best production platform should be determined empirically with a case-by-case approach, as described here.

In this study the expression of a target human recombinant protein in different production platforms was compared. We focused on traditional fermenter-based cultures and on plants, describing the set-up of each system and highlighting, on the basis of the reported results, the inherent limits and advantages for each platform.

细菌，昆虫细胞和植物系统:重组蛋白表达在不同的生物工厂的比较分析

Plant-based systems are considered a valuable platform for the production of recombinant proteins as a result of their well-documented potential for the ...

Nephrotoxin Microinjection in Zebrafish to Model Acute Kidney Injury

The kidneys are susceptible to harm from exposure to chemicals they filter from the bloodstream. This can lead to organ injury associated with a rapid decline in renal function and development of the clinical syndrome known as acute kidney injury (AKI). Pharmacological agents used to treat medical circumstances ranging from bacterial infection to cancer, when administered individually or in combination with other drugs, can initiate AKI. Zebrafish are a useful animal model to study the chemical effects on renal function in vivo, as they form an embryonic kidney comprised of nephron functional units that are conserved with higher vertebrates, including humans. Further, zebrafish can be utilized to perform genetic and chemical screens, which provide opportunities to elucidate the cellular and molecular facets of AKI and develop therapeutic strategies such as the identification of nephroprotective molecules. Here, we demonstrate how microinjection into the zebrafish embryo can be utilized as a paradigm for nephrotoxin studies.

Renal injuries incurred from nephrotoxins, which include drugs ranging from antibiotics to chemotherapeutics, can result in complex disorders whose pathogenesis remains incompletely understood. This protocol demonstrates how zebrafish can be used for disease modeling of these conditions, which can be applied to the identification of renoprotective measures.

肾毒素显微注射斑马鱼到模型急性肾损伤

The kidneys are susceptible to harm from exposure to chemicals they filter from the bloodstream. This can lead to organ injury associated with a rapid ...

A Graphical User Interface for Software-assisted Tracking of Protein Concentration in Dynamic Cellular Protrusions

Filopodia are dynamic, finger-like cellular protrusions associated with migration and cell-cell communication. In order to better understand the complex signaling mechanisms underlying filopodial initiation, elongation and subsequent stabilization or retraction, it is crucial to determine the spatio-temporal protein activity in these dynamic structures. To analyze protein function in filopodia, we recently developed a semi-automated tracking algorithm that adapts to filopodial shape-changes, thus allowing parallel analysis of protrusion dynamics and relative protein concentration along the whole filopodial length. Here, we present a detailed step-by-step protocol for optimized cell handling, image acquisition and software analysis. We further provide instructions for the use of optional features during image analysis and data representation, as well as troubleshooting guidelines for all critical steps along the way. Finally, we also include a comparison of the described image analysis software with other programs available for filopodia quantification. Together, the presented protocol provides a framework for accurate analysis of protein dynamics in filopodial protrusions using image analysis software.

We present a software solution for semi-automated tracking of relative protein concentration along the length of dynamic cellular protrusions.

软件辅助跟踪动态细胞突变中蛋白质浓度的图形用户界面

Filopodia are dynamic, finger-like cellular protrusions associated with migration and cell-cell communication. In order to better understand the complex ...

重组昆虫细胞中的mCD1d的蛋白质的生产方法。

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