作者要感谢公司获取其单焦点和多焦点人工晶状体。这项工作得到了橡树岭科学与教育研究所（ORISE）和医疗器械研究金计划（MDFP）的支持，他们的贡献也得到了赞赏。此外，作者还要感谢宋代在实验室的贡献。

SLSP测量平台准备注意:所有对准步骤都需要精确和耐心，以确保在测量光散射时进行准确的定量。 图1中提供的SLSP设置概述。这里，插图（ 图1a ）显示了SLSP设置的基本概念。此外， 图1b和1c有助于定义讨论中引用的各种角度。具体来说，在图1b和1c中定义了以下三个角度:˚R（传感器旋转角度），˚S（传感器测量角）和˚I（入射角）。 <ol><li> SLSP对齐（图2）。 <ol><li>使用10×无穷远校正物镜将窄线宽激光源（这里为543nm中心波长）聚焦到单模输送光纤中。 注意:测试ligh以确保流明输出稳定或测量难以量化。通过观察通过光纤的光来确定聚焦光束，这不会实现100％的效率，但是应该足够使得光可以最终被传感器检测到。 </li><li>通过将单模光纤与10X无限校正物镜集成，使光纤位于物镜的焦点上来对准光源。输出光应该导致均匀的高斯光束分布。 </li><li>在光源前面放置一个光圈孔，以调整高斯光束的直径。 注意:将光圈孔径设置为代表人眼（ 例如直径为1-6 mm）。由于光散射型投诉通常与夜间驾驶有关，所以可以优选代表扩张虹膜的虹膜孔直径。 </li><li>通过附加一个光电传感器来构造一个测角光度计对于具有线性平移（x，y和z方向）功能的电动/可编程360°旋转平台，使用可伸缩臂（带后夹的金属柱）。 注意:设计一个舞台平台，使翻译和倾斜调整。设计传感器安装座，可实现360˚的传感器旋转角度（˚R），并可调节至少45˚的传感器角度旋转（˚S），以测量不同的散射平面。延伸臂的距离取决于光电二极管传感器的灵敏度和所需的角度精度。 </li><li>通过调整传感器面并调整手臂的位置，调整传感器的检测角度（根据需要）。 </li></ol></li><li> IOL对齐 <ol><li>构建一个IOL保持平台，使IOL位于goniophotometer上方（ 图2 ）。 <ol><li>要实现这一点，建立IOL持有平台，使IOL被暂停可以观察角膜光度计的中心位置（也可以将角度测量仪和IOL的位置反转）。 <ol><li>构建平台使用四个18"长，1/2"直径的圆柱形柱和立柱，并将它们连接到18 x 18"面包板上，该面包板是平台的基座。 </li></ol></li></ol></li><li>在面包板下面安装倾斜和旋转（I˚）功能的平移舞台（x，y和z方向），使舞台朝下。 注意:小步距（几微米）的翻译阶段在IOL对准过程中能够实现更高的精度，并且将提高测角测量精度。平台的具体尺寸可根据个人需要进行定制。因此，可以调节柱形柱和面包板尺寸。 <ol><li>通过夹紧IOL触觉件，将IOL牢固地连接到IOL平台上。 注意:在这个证明的目的实验，IOL在空气中测试;然而，最佳代表体内条件的溶液和温度下的IOL将是理想的。 </li></ol></li><li>使用IOL平台平台上的线性和倾斜调节将IOL直接对准光源前端（与IOL垂直于光源的平面），以确保光线方向在穿过中心位置时不会改变IOL。该位置将构成0˚的入射角（I˚）。 </li><li>识别来自IOL的光斑的位置，并将小锥形装置放置在焦点处，以减轻散焦光的检测（必要时）。通过在IOL后面放置一张纸（例如名片）来识别光的焦点，并确定光线最紧密聚焦在哪里。这可以是主观测量。 注意:仅当需要测量纯非b时才需要执行此步骤多彩的光。 </li><li>将光电二极管传感器的电动平台定位在IOL下方，以确保IOL位于测角仪轨迹的中心。将眼底光度计对准，使其距离IOL约12厘米。 注意:IOL和goniophotometer的关系将决定测试的分辨率，在那里放置更远的测角光度计可以获得更高的分辨率。然而，增加的距离（和较小的步长）将导致较低的信号和更长的实验时间。 </li><li>通过旋转IOL平台平台来调整入射角（I˚）。 注意:初始实验应以0°至80°的入射角进行。超过80˚将开始接近所有光线将被反射的掠角。 </li></ol></li><li> 程序设计 <ol><li>建立一个软件程序来协调机械mo使用系统设计软件对传感器进行相应的光测量（参见补充文件1和材料表 ）。 注意:当构建软件程序时，请考虑传感器的速度，以确保传感器的物理位置准确反映其记录的测量。 补充文件1中提供了本实验设计的程序。 </li></ol></li></ol> 2. SLSP实验和数据分析<ol><li> 扫描（˚R） <ol><li>确保IOL和光源正确对准（参见第1.1和1.2节）。 </li><li>在光电二极管传感器和IOL周围构建一个外壳，使用带有非反射内部涂层的容器，以最大限度地减少错误检测光。确保为光源提供一个开口。 注意:机柜的具体设计应定制基于室内的外部光线。因此，可以使用多种设计。然而，外壳的目的是减轻传感器检测到的所有外部光线。 </li><li>关闭房间内的所有光源，但编程电脑除外。 </li><li>运行SLSP软件程序（步骤1.3.1），以便传感器围绕IOL旋转，以便在每个旋转角度（˚R）下测量散射光。 </li><li>为了测量多个平面上的散射光，可以多次运行SLSP软件程序，同时手动调整传感器的扩展臂和传感器测量角（˚S）。 注意:程序运行的次数取决于所需的结果。测量的检测角越大，识别散射光的方向性就越精确。 </li><li>有关光束直径的研究，请在运行SLSP程序之前将光圈孔径调整到所需的直径。 注意:她e，使用1,2,3,4和4.64mm的激光束直径来最好地模拟典型的虹膜直径。 4.64毫米是使用的最大直径，因为这是未经过虹膜孔的准直光束的直径。 </li><li>有关入射角的研究，请在运行SLSP程序之前将IOL安装座旋转到所需的入射角。研究了0˚，20˚，45˚和80˚的入射角（I˚）。 注意:需要科学的数据处理软件包来分析收集的数据。 </li><li>对于三维成像，将来自不同˚S的每次扫描的数据与数据处理包组合在一起。通过绘制矩阵书来测量数据，其中传感器测量角（˚S）与角度或旋转（˚R）相对。 注意:为了更好地代表体外条件，SLSP平台可以颠倒，以便角膜光度计高于IOL，然后IOL可以置于温度控制的盐水溶液浴中。然而，在这些条件下，当传感器从位置移动到位置并移动介质时，传感器停留时间将需要相当长的时间来考虑盐溶液的运动。 </li></ol></li></ol>

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提及商业产品，其来源或与本文中报道的材料有关的用途，不得视为卫生和服务部对此类产品的实际或默示的认可。

SLSP平台实验的结果发现，使用简单的光学测量原理可以为评估与独特IOL设计和材料相关的光散射性质提供强大的工具。具体地说，SLSP平台已经观察到可检测散射光的量与光源的光束直径之间的直接相关性。另外，在多焦点IOL中发现的多个分散峰可以用SLSP容易地观察到。此外，随着光源接近掠角，SLSP观察到散射光的大幅度增加，因为大多数光被透镜表面反射。 如协议中所述...

首先引入扫描光散射分析仪（SLSP）方法来解决在非临床环境中定量评估眼内透镜（IOL）的光散射特性的需要1 。开发测试方法来评估IOL设计和材料的光散射趋势是非常有意义的，以帮助识别潜在的不必要的光散射问题。光散射通常由患者报告，并被观察为眩光，闪光，光学缺陷和其他形式的功能障碍2 ，有时导致患者要求IOL移植。除了偏心光，散射光减少了弹道光的数量，导致较低的整体图像质量3 。开发可以非临床评估IOL潜能来散射入射光的装置（后来与临床报告的结果相关）c有用的评估IOL的光学性质（用于在白内障手术后替代人晶状体的镜片）是特别有意义的，因为它是世界上最常用的植入医疗器械（每年近2000万） 4和美国（超过3每年百万） 5 。因此，甚至有一小部分报告失调症的患者可能会产生很大的影响。此外，快速改进的技术（ 例如新的IOL设计，材料和光学能力）有可能增加与光散射有关的问题。例如，多焦点IOL已被设计为通过设计利用折射和衍射光学原理的透镜来改善近视和远视力。虽然这些镜片非常成功，但也发现这些镜片增加报道的光晕和眩光的量，这主要与光6的散射有关</s了&gt;。 一些非临床实验室研究试图通过IOL预测来自散射光的异常斑。例如，研究已经确定，IOL触觉（用于将其置于原位的IOL的手臂）和IOL的边缘容易诱发大量的观察到的眩光散射光8 。引入了一种方法，即弹道 - 光子去除积分球法（BRIM），以定量测量通过IOL 9后的非弹道光总量。然而，这种高灵敏度的技术被设计来测量散射光的总强度，并且不能识别散射光的方向性。计算机仿真软件可以与模型眼睛一起使用，以帮助预测各种IOL设计和材料的光散射的强度和方向性。例如，IOL边缘诱发Ligh的倾向模拟t散射以识别限制散射光量10的设计 。此外，结合米氏散射理论的计算机模拟验证了增加的光散射可以减少IOL的调制传递函数（MTF）（与图像质量的直接相关性） 3 。虽然有帮助，但实际的台架测试是验证这些预测模拟所必需的。 为了验证预测模拟，需要进行台架测试，以便能够检测和定量评估两种不同形式的散射光，前向散射和反向散射光。虽然不是摄像斑的来源，但是由于较少的光通过IOL以最终到达视网膜，所以向后散射的光（远离眼睛的光散射）是降低图像质量的原因。向前散射的光（向视网膜散射的光）是眼科医生的关注点可能会导致晕眩的投诉（ 如眩光，晕圈和闪光）。一个常见的例子是夜间驾驶过程中通过迎面而来的车辆报告额外的不必要的眩光;这个问题在多灶性IOLs 11中是特别常见的。然而，目前确定潜在的前向散射光的做法是眼科医生将光照射到患者的眼睛上，并定性观察反射回多少光（反向散射光），并假设后向散射光将与前向散射大致相同光（并不总是这样） 12 。 在这里，我们描述一种简单的测试方法，使用光学测量原理来定量测量散射光通过人工晶状体的大小和方向。 SLSP通过将光电二极管传感器360度旋转在暴露于光的IOL的周围来操作我们见图1a 。我们选择绿色激光源（543 nm），以最好地代表已知的最佳摄影量，并符合国际标准规格13 。这里，将IOL适配到旋转和平移保持器，其中光电二极管传感器可以围绕并观察从透镜散射的光。因此，SLSP具有定量测量散射光的大小和方向性的独特能力。然而，尽管这里没有描述，为了更好的预测能力，应该在受控环境中使用适当的眼睛模型进行实验。 IOL和光学传感器之间的距离（以及传感器元件的尺寸）将决定设备的分辨能力;然而，根据需要，将需要调整解决方案和信号强度之间的折衷。 准确描述原则SLSP平台我们定义了三种旋转角度， 见图1b和1c 。具体地说，旋转角度（°R）表示光电二极管传感器围绕IOL旋转时的旋转。这里，当传感器位于透镜后面（反向散射光）时，0˚R表示传感器位于透镜前方（向前散射光）时180˚R。 90˚和270˚的角度表示前后散射光的转换点。传感角（˚S）表示传感器枢转（上下方向）的程度，以便可以检测多于一个散射光平面。这里，0˚S表示传感器表面平行于IOL（和光源）。最后，入射角（˚I）表示光源接近IOL的角度。这里，0˚I对应于当入射光在IOL的光轴上时，＃730;将表示当光源垂直于Meridional平面时。

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>PD300 series Photodiode Sensor</td>
			<td>Ophir-Spiricon Corp</td>
			<td>7Z02410</td>
			<td>PD300-1W, RoHS</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>URS Series Precision Rotation Stage</td>
			<td>Newport Corp.</td>
			<td>URS75BCC</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ESP301 1-Axis Motion Controller and Driver</td>
			<td>Newport Corp.</td>
			<td>ESP301-1N</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>LabView Software</td>
			<td>National Instruments Corp.</td>
			<td>776671-35</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Origin</td>
			<td>OriginLab Corp.</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Single Mode FC/APC Fiber Optic Patch Cables</td>
			<td>ThorLabs Inc.</td>
			<td>P3-460B-FC</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>10X Olympus Plan Achromat Objective</td>
			<td>ThorLabs Inc.</td>
			<td>RMS10X</td>
			<td>RMS10X - 10X Olympus Plan Achromat Objective, 0.25 NA, 10.6 mm WD&#160;</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

scanning light scattering profiler (slps) based methodology to quantitatively evaluate forward and backward light scattering from intraocular lenses

已经开发了扫描光散射分析仪（SLSP）方法，用于使用角度光度计原理从眼内透镜（IOL）的前向和后向光散射进行全角度定量评估。该协议描述了SLSP平台，以及它如何采用360度旋转光电检测器传感器，它在IOL样品周围扫描，同时记录散射光通过IOL介质时的强度和位置。 SLSP平台可用于非临床预测当前和新颖的IOL设计和材料诱导光散射的倾向。 IOL的光散射特性的非临床评估可以显着减少与不想要的眩光，闪光，光学缺陷，差的图像质量以及与非预期的光散射相关的其他现象的患者投诉的数量。应进行未来研究，以将SLSP数据与临床结果相关联以帮助确定测量光散射对于在IOL植入后经历白内障手术的患者是最有问题的。

当传感器不位于光源平面上时，光度测量可以产生360˚R的信号。然而，为了从光源平面上的散射光（0˚I）采集测量结果，传感器将需要对光源进行摄像，从而产生小于360˚R的信号。在我们的实验中，确定〜20˚R的信号被阻挡，因为传感器遮挡了光源。 实验发现，直接向后散射光（〜150˚-175˚R和〜185˚-225˚R）的左右两侧观察到?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Scanning Light Scattering Profiler SLPS Based Methodology to Quantitatively Evaluate Forward and Backward Light Scattering from Intraocular Lenses at JoVE.com

Scanning Light Scattering Profiler SLPS Based Methodology to Quantitatively Evaluate Forward and Backward Light Scattering from Intraocular Lenses

该协议描述了扫描光散射分析仪（SLSP），其使用角度光度计原理对来自眼内透镜（IOL）的光的前向和后向散射进行全角度定量评估。

基于扫描光散射分析器（SLPS）的方法来量化评估来自眼内镜的前向和后向光散射

The scanning light scattering profiler (SLSP) methodology has been developed for the full-angle quantitative evaluation of forward and backward light ...

scanning-light-scattering-profiler-slps-based-methodology-to

Universidad de Cartagena UDEC

Research

JoVE Journal

Engineering

Scanning Light Scattering Profiler (SLPS) Based Methodology to Quantitatively Evaluate Forward and Backward Light Scattering from Intraocular Lenses

7.5K 次观看.  U.S. Food and Drug Administration. 该协议描述了扫描光散射分析仪（SLSP），其使用角度光度计原理对来自眼内透镜（IOL）的光的前向和后向散射进行全角度定量评估。 

视频: Scanning Light Scattering Profiler SLPS Based Methodology to Quantitatively Evaluate Forward and Backward Light Scattering from Intraocular Lenses

Measuring Spatially- and Directionally-varying Light Scattering from Biological Material

Light interacts with an organism's integument on a variety of spatial scales. For example in an iridescent bird: nano-scale structures produce color; the milli-scale structure of barbs and barbules largely determines the directional pattern of reflected light; and through the macro-scale spatial structure of overlapping, curved feathers, these directional effects create the visual texture. Milli-scale and macro-scale effects determine where on the organism's body, and from what viewpoints and under what illumination, the iridescent colors are seen. Thus, the highly directional flash of brilliant color from the iridescent throat of a hummingbird is inadequately explained by its nano-scale structure alone and questions remain. From a given observation point, which milli-scale elements of the feather are oriented to reflect strongly? Do some species produce broader "windows" for observation of iridescence than others? These and similar questions may be asked about any organisms that have evolved a particular surface appearance for signaling, camouflage, or other reasons.
In order to study the directional patterns of light scattering from feathers, and their relationship to the bird's milli-scale morphology, we developed a protocol for measuring light scattered from biological materials using many high-resolution photographs taken with varying illumination and viewing directions. Since we measure scattered light as a function of direction, we can observe the characteristic features in the directional distribution of light scattered from that particular feather, and because barbs and barbules are resolved in our images, we can clearly attribute the directional features to these different milli-scale structures. Keeping the specimen intact preserves the gross-scale scattering behavior seen in nature. The method described here presents a generalized protocol for analyzing spatially- and directionally-varying light scattering from complex biological materials at multiple structural scales.

We present a non-destructive method for sampling spatial variation in the direction of light scattered from structurally complex materials. By keeping the material intact, we preserve gross-scale scattering behavior, while concurrently capturing fine-scale directional contributions with high-resolution imaging. Results are visualized in software at biologically-relevant positions and scales.

从生物材料空间定向变化的光散射测量

Light interacts with an organism's integument on a variety of spatial scales. For example in an iridescent bird: nano-scale structures produce color; the ...

科研

工程学

Using Neutron Spin Echo Resolved Grazing Incidence Scattering to Investigate Organic Solar Cell Materials

The spin echo resolved grazing incidence scattering (SERGIS) technique has been used to probe the length-scales associated with irregularly shaped crystallites. Neutrons are passed through two well defined regions of magnetic field; one before and one after the sample. The two magnetic field regions have opposite polarity and are tuned such that neutrons travelling through both regions, without being perturbed, will undergo the same number of precessions in opposing directions. In this case the neutron precession in the second arm is said to &#34;echo&#34; the first, and the original polarization of the beam is preserved. If the neutron interacts with a sample and scatters elastically the path through the second arm is not the same as the first and the original polarization is not recovered. Depolarization of the neutron beam is a highly sensitive probe at very small angles (&#60;50&#160;&#956;rad) but still allows a high intensity, divergent beam to be used. The decrease in polarization of the beam reflected from the sample as compared to that from the reference sample can be directly related to structure within the sample.
In comparison to scattering observed in neutron reflection measurements the SERGIS signals are often weak and are unlikely to be observed if the in-plane structures within the sample under investigation are dilute, disordered, small in size and polydisperse or the neutron scattering contrast is low. Therefore, good results will most likely be obtained using the SERGIS technique if the sample being measured consist of thin films on a flat substrate and contain scattering features that contains a high density of moderately sized features (30 nm to 5 &#181;m) which scatter neutrons strongly or the features are arranged on a lattice. An advantage of the SERGIS technique is that it can probe structures in the plane of the sample.

Progress has been made in utilizing spin echo resolved grazing incidence scattering (SERGIS) as a neutron scattering technique to probe the length-scales in irregular samples. Crystallites of [6,6]-phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester have been probed using the SERGIS technique and the results confirmed by optical and atomic force microscopy.

使用中子自旋回声解决放牧发生率散射调查有机太阳能电池材料

The spin echo resolved grazing incidence scattering (SERGIS) technique has been used to probe the length-scales associated with irregularly shaped ...

Failure Analysis of Batteries Using Synchrotron-based Hard X-ray Microtomography

Imaging morphological changes that occur during the lifetime of rechargeable batteries is necessary to understand how these devices fail. Since the advent of lithium-ion batteries, researchers have known that the lithium metal anode has the highest theoretical energy density of any anode material. However, rechargeable batteries containing a lithium metal anode are not widely used in consumer products because the growth of lithium dendrites from the anode upon charging of the battery causes premature cell failure by short circuit. Lithium dendrites can also form in commercial lithium-ion batteries with graphite anodes if they are improperly charged. We demonstrate that lithium dendrite growth can be studied using synchrotron-based hard X-ray microtomography. This non-destructive imaging technique allows researchers to study the growth of lithium dendrites, in addition to other morphological changes inside batteries, and subsequently develop methods to extend battery life.

Synchrotron-based hard X-ray microtomography is used to image the electrochemical growth of dendrites from a lithium metal electrode through a solid polymer electrolyte membrane.

电池的使用同步为基础的硬X射线微断层故障分析

Imaging morphological changes that occur during the lifetime of rechargeable batteries is necessary to understand how these devices fail. Since the advent ...

Measurement of Scattering Nonlinearities from a Single Plasmonic Nanoparticle

Plasmonics, which are based on the collective oscillation of electrons due to light excitation, involve strongly enhanced local electric fields and thus have potential applications in nonlinear optics, which requires extraordinary optical intensity. One of the most studied nonlinearities in plasmonics is nonlinear absorption, including saturation and reverse saturation behaviors. Although scattering and absorption in nanoparticles are closely correlated by the Mie theory, there has been no report of nonlinearities in plasmonic scattering until very recently. 
Last year, not only saturation, but also reverse saturation of scattering in an isolated plasmonic particle was demonstrated for the first time. The results showed that saturable scattering exhibits clear wavelength dependence, which seems to be directly linked to the localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR). Combined with the intensity-dependent measurements, the results suggest the possibility of a common mechanism underlying the nonlinear behaviors of scattering and absorption. These nonlinearities of scattering from a single gold nanosphere (GNS) are widely applicable, including in super-resolution microscopy and optical switches. 
In this paper, it is described in detail how to measure nonlinearity of scattering in a single GNP and how to employ the super-resolution technique to enhance the optical imaging resolution based on saturable scattering. This discovery features the first super-resolution microscopy based on nonlinear scattering, which is a novel non-bleaching contrast method that can achieve a resolution as low as l/8 and will potentially be useful in biomedicine and material studies.

Saturable and reverse saturable scattering were discovered in isolated plasmonic particles and adopted as a novel non-bleaching contrast method in super-resolution microscopy. Here the experimental procedures of detecting and extracting nonlinear scattering are explained in detail, as well as how to enhance resolution with the aid of saturated excitation microscopy.

从单电浆纳米粒子散射非线性测量

Plasmonics, which are based on the collective oscillation of electrons due to light excitation, involve strongly enhanced local electric fields and thus ...

Stimulated Stokes and Antistokes Raman Scattering in Microspherical Whispering Gallery Mode Resonators

Dielectric microspheres can confine light and sound for a length of time through high quality factor whispering gallery modes (WGM). Glass microspheres can be thought as a store of energy with a huge variety of applications: compact laser sources, highly sensitive biochemical sensors and nonlinear phenomena. A protocol for the fabrication of both the microspheres and coupling system is given. The couplers described here are tapered fibers. Efficient generation of nonlinear phenomena related to third order optical non-linear susceptibility &#935;(3) interactions in triply resonant silica microspheres is presented in this paper. The interactions here reported are: Stimulated Raman Scattering (SRS), and four wave mixing processes comprising Stimulated Anti-stokes Raman Scattering (SARS). A proof of the cavity-enhanced phenomenon is given by the lack of correlation among the pump, signal and idler: a resonant mode has to exist in order to obtain the pair of signal and idler. In the case of hyperparametric oscillations (four wave mixing and stimulated anti-stokes Raman scattering), the modes must fulfill the energy and momentum conservation and, last but not least, have a good spatial overlap.

Efficient generation of nonlinear phenomena related to third order optical non-linear susceptibility &#935;(3) interactions in triply resonant silica microspheres is presented in this paper. The interactions here reported are: Stimulated Raman Scattering (SRS), and four wave mixing processes comprising Stimulated Anti-stokes Raman Scattering (SARS).

刺激斯托克斯和反斯托克斯拉曼散射在微球形回音壁模式谐振器

Dielectric microspheres can confine light and sound for a length of time through high quality factor whispering gallery modes (WGM). Glass microspheres ...

Fabrication of White Light-emitting Electrochemical Cells with Stable Emission from Exciplexes

The authors present an approach for fabricating stable white light emission from polymer light-emitting electrochemical cells (PLECs) having an active layer which consists of blue-fluorescent poly(9,9-di-n-dodecylfluorenyl-2,7-diyl) (PFD) and &#960;-conjugated triphenylamine molecules. This white light emission originates from exciplexes formed between PFD and amines in electronically excited states. A device containing PFD, 4,4&#39;,4&#39;&#39;-tris[2-naphthyl(phenyl)amino]triphenylamine (2-TNATA), Poly(ethylene oxide) and K2CF3SO3 showed white light emission with Commission internationale de l&#39;&#233;clairage (CIE) coordinates of (0.33, 0.43) and a Color Rendering Index (CRI) of Ra = 73 at an applied voltage of 3.5 V. Constant voltage measurements showed that the CIE coordinates of (0.27, 0.37), Ra of 67, and the emission color observed immediately after application of a voltage of 5 V were nearly unchanged and stable after 300 sec.

The authors present a method for fabricating stable white-light-emitting electrochemical cells utilizing emission from exciplexes formed between a blue-emitting fluorene polymer and aromatic amines.

白的制造发光电化学细胞与来自激发络合物稳定的发射

The authors present an approach for fabricating stable white light emission from polymer light-emitting electrochemical cells (PLECs) having an active ...

Synchrotron X-ray Microdiffraction and Fluorescence Imaging of Mineral and Rock Samples

In this report, we describe a detailed procedure for acquiring and processing&#160;x-ray microfluorescence (&#956;XRF), and Laue and powder microdiffraction two-dimensional (2D) maps at beamline 12.3.2 of the Advanced Light Source (ALS), Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. Measurements can be performed on any sample that is less than 10 cm x 10 cm x 5 cm, with a flat exposed surface. The experimental geometry is calibrated using standard materials (elemental standards for XRF, and crystalline samples such as Si, quartz, or Al2O3 for diffraction). Samples are aligned to the focal point of the x-ray microbeam, and raster scans are performed, where each pixel of a map corresponds to one measurement, e.g., one XRF spectrum or one diffraction pattern. The data are then processed using the in-house developed software XMAS, which outputs text files, where each row corresponds to a pixel position. Representative data from moissanite and an olive snail shell are presented to demonstrate data quality, collection, and analysis strategies.

We describe a beamline setup meant to carry out rapid two-dimensional x-ray fluorescence and x-ray microdiffraction mapping of single crystal or powder samples using either Laue (polychromatic radiation) or powder (monochromatic radiation) diffraction. The resulting maps give information about strain, orientation, phase distribution, and plastic deformation.

矿物和岩石样品的同步辐射 x 射线 Microdiffraction 和荧光成像

In this report, we describe a detailed procedure for acquiring and processing&#160;x-ray microfluorescence (&#956;XRF), and Laue and powder ...

Label-Free Imaging of Single Proteins Secreted from Living Cells via iSCAT Microscopy

We demonstrate interferometric scattering (iSCAT) microscopy, a method capable of detecting single unlabeled proteins secreted from individual living cells in real time. In this protocol, we cover the fundamental steps to realize an iSCAT microscope and complement it with additional imaging channels to monitor the viability of a cell under study. Following this, we use the method for real-time detection of single proteins as they are secreted from a living cell which we demonstrate with an immortalized B-cell line (Laz388). Necessary steps concerning the preparation of microscope and sample as well as the analysis of the recorded data are discussed. The video protocol demonstrates that iSCAT microscopy offers a straightforward method to study secretion at the single-molecule level.

We present a protocol for the real-time optical detection of single unlabeled proteins as they are secreted from living cells. This is based on interferometric scattering (iSCAT) microscopy, which can be applied to a variety of different biological systems and configurations.

通过 iscat 显微镜对活细胞分泌的单一蛋白质进行无标签成像

We demonstrate interferometric scattering (iSCAT) microscopy, a method capable of detecting single unlabeled proteins secreted from individual living ...

O-cresol Concentration Online Measurement Based On Near Infrared Spectroscopy Via Partial Least Square Regression

Unlike macroscopic process variables, near-infrared spectroscopy provides process information at the molecular level and can significantly improve the prediction of the components in industrial processes. The ability to record spectra for solid and liquid samples without any pretreatment is advantageous and the method is widely used. However, the disadvantages of analyzing high-dimensional near-infrared spectral data include information redundancy and multicollinearity of the spectral data. Thus, we propose to use partial least squares regression method, which has traditionally been used to reduce the data dimensionality and eliminate the collinearity between the original features. We implement the method for predicting the o-cresol concentration during the production of polyphenylene ether. The proposed approach offers the following advantages over component regression prediction methods: 1) partial least squares regression solves the multicollinearity problem of the independent variables and effectively avoids overfitting, which occurs in a regression analysis due to the high correlation between the independent variables; 2) the use of the near-infrared spectra results in high accuracy because it is a non-destructive and non-polluting method to obtain information at microscopic and molecular scales.

The protocol describes a method of predicting o-cresol concentration during the production of polyphenylene ether using near-infrared spectroscopy and partial least squares regression. To describe the process more clearly and completely, an example of predicting the o-cresol concentration during the production of polyphenylene is used to clarify the steps.

O-cresol 浓度在线测量基于近红外光谱通过部分最小平方回归

Unlike macroscopic process variables, near-infrared spectroscopy provides process information at the molecular level and can significantly improve the ...

Scattering And Absorption of Light in Planetary Regoliths

Theoretical, numerical, and experimental methods are presented for multiple scattering of light in macroscopic discrete random media of densely-packed microscopic particles. The theoretical and numerical methods constitute a framework of Radiative Transfer with Reciprocal Transactions (R2T2). The R2T2 framework entails Monte Carlo order-of-scattering tracing of interactions in the frequency space, assuming that the fundamental scatterers and absorbers are wavelength-scale volume elements composed of large numbers of randomly distributed particles. The discrete random media are fully packed with the volume elements. For spherical and nonspherical particles, the interactions within the volume elements are computed exactly using the Superposition T-Matrix Method (STMM) and the Volume Integral Equation Method (VIEM), respectively. For both particle types, the interactions between different volume elements are computed exactly using the STMM. As the tracing takes place within the discrete random media, incoherent electromagnetic fields are utilized, that is, the coherent field of the volume elements is removed from the interactions. The experimental methods are based on acoustic levitation of the samples for non-contact, non-destructive scattering measurements. The levitation entails full ultrasonic control of the sample position and orientation, that is, six degrees of freedom. The light source is a laser-driven white-light source with a monochromator and polarizer. The detector is a mini-photomultiplier tube on a rotating wheel, equipped with polarizers. The R2T2 is validated using measurements for a mm-scale spherical sample of densely-packed spherical silica particles. After validation, the methods are applied to interpret astronomical observations for asteroid (4) Vesta and comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko (Figure 1) recently visited by the NASA Dawn mission and the ESA Rosetta mission, respectively.

Numerical and experimental methods are presented for multiple scattering of light in discrete random media of densely-packed particles. The methods are utilized to interpret the observations of asteroid (4) Vesta and comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko.

行星光的散射和吸收

Theoretical, numerical, and experimental methods are presented for multiple scattering of light in macroscopic discrete random media of densely-packed ...