这项工作是由美国国立卫生研究院资助R01-CA158283和国家自然科学基金委员会授予31400726到ZWYW由青年千人计划和中国国家自然科学基金（赠款31471235和81422038）的资助支持。 XY是由中国博士后科学基金会（2015M571612）资助。

<ol>
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作者没有什么可以披露的。

本报告详细描述了可以特异性操纵靶基因选择性剪接的人工剪接因子的设计和构建。该方法利用PUF重复的独特的RNA结合模式产生具有定制特异性的RNA结合支架。它可以用于激活或抑制拼接。 该协议中的关键步骤是生成定义了ESF特异性的重新编程的PUF结构域。已经开发并优化了PCR拼接方案，用于快速生成PUF支架。其成功的关键是将不同重叠模板的比例调整为1:1:1。每次循环后PCR...

大多数的人类基因经历选择性剪接（AS），以产生多种同种型具有不同的活动，这大大增加了基因组1,2的编码的复杂性。 AS提供的主要机制来调节基因的功能，并且在不同的细胞和发育阶段3,4通过各种途径紧密调节。因为拼接错误调节是人类疾病5，6，7，8的常见原因，靶向剪接调节正在成为一种有吸引力的治疗路线。 根据剪接调节的简化模型，如由剪接调节顺 -elements（SRES）中前mRNA剪接增强子或替代外显子沉默发挥功能的主要控制。钍ESE的SRE具体招募各种反式作用蛋白因子促进或抑制剪接反应3,9（ 即剪接因子）。大多数反式作用剪接因子有单独的序列特异性RNA结合域认识到自己的目标和效应域控制剪接。最熟知的例子是丝氨酸/富含精氨酸的（SR）蛋白家族的含有N-末端的RNA识别基序（RRMS），其结合外显子剪接增强子，和C-末端RS结构域的成员，其中促进外显子内含10 。相反地，核蛋白A1通过RRM结构域结合至外显子剪接沉默子，并通过C末端的富含甘氨酸的结构域11抑制外显子包含。使用这种模块化配置，研究人员应该能够通过合并来设计人工剪接因子特异性RNA结合结构域（RBD）具有不同的短跑运动员激活或抑制剪接的结构域。 这种设计的关键是使用可编程RNA结合特异性识别给定靶标的RBD，其类似于TALE结构域的DNA结合模式。然而，大多数天然剪接因子含有RRM或K同源性（KH）结构域，其识别具有弱亲和力的短RNA元件，因此缺乏预测性RNA-蛋白质识别"代码" 12 。 PUF重复蛋白（ 即 PUF结构域）的RBD具有独特的RNA识别模式，允许重新设计PUF结构域以特异性识别不同的RNA靶标13,14 。典型的PUF结构域包含八个重复的三个α螺旋，每个重复在8-nt RNA靶标中识别单个碱基。第二个α-螺旋的某些位置的氨基酸侧链与t的Watson-Crick边缘形成特定的氢键他的RNA碱基决定了每个重复的RNA结合特异性（ 图1A ）。 PUF重复的RNA碱基识别代码令人惊讶地简单（ 图1A ），允许产生识别任何可能的8碱基组合的PUF结构域（由Wei和Wang 15综述）。 该模块化设计原则允许产生由定制的PUF域和剪接调制域（ 即 SR域或富含Gly域）组成的工程化拼接因子（ESF）。这些ESFs可以作为剪接活化剂或作为抑制剂来控制各种类型的剪接事件，并且已被证明可用作操纵与人类疾病相关的内源基因的剪接16,17 。例如，我们已经构建了PUF-Gly型ESFs来特异性地改变Bcl-x基因的剪接，将抗凋亡长的同种型（Bcl-xL）转化为促细胞凋亡的短异构体（Bcl-xS）。改变Bcl-x同种型的比例足以使几种癌细胞对多种抗癌化学药物16敏感，这表明这些人为因子可能作为潜在的治疗试剂。 除了用已知的剪接效应子结构域（ 例如， RS或富含Gly的结构域）控制剪接之外，工程化PUF因子也可用于检查新的剪接因子的活性。例如，使用这种方法，我们已经证明，当结合到不同的前mRNA区域18时，几种SR蛋白质的C-末端结构域可以激活或抑制剪接，RBM4的富含丙氨酸的基序可以抑制剪接19 ，并且DAZAP1的富含脯氨酸的基序可以增强剪接20,21/ sup&gt;。这些新功能域可用于构建其他类型的人为因子以微调拼接。

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="1166">
	<colgroup>
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
	</colgroup>
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:420px;">High-fidelity DNA polymerase (Phusion High-Fidelity) with PCR buffer</td>
			<td style="width:155px;">New England Biolabs</td>
			<td style="width:103px;">M0530L</td>
			<td style="width:491px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">DNA ligase (T4 DNA ligase)</td>
			<td>New England Biolabs</td>
			<td>M0202L</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Liposomal transfection reagent (Lipofectamine 2000)</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>11668-019</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Reduced serum medium (Opti-MEM)</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>31985-062</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">RNA extraction buffer (TRIzol Reagent)</td>
			<td>ambion</td>
			<td>15596018</td>
			<td>TRIzol reagent includes phenol, which can cause burns. Wear gloves when handling</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">BSA (Bovine Serum Albumin)</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>A7638-5G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">PBS (1X)</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>10010-031</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">SuperScript III reverse transcriptase</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>18080044</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Caspase-3 antibody</td>
			<td>Cell Signaling Technology</td>
			<td>9668</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">PARP&#160;antibody</td>
			<td>Cell Signaling Technology</td>
			<td>9542</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Bcl-x antibody</td>
			<td>BD Bioscience</td>
			<td>610211</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">beta-actin antibody</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>A5441</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">alpha-tubulin antibody</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>T5168</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">FLAG antibody</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>F4042</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Nitrocellulose membrane</td>
			<td>Amersham-Pharmacia</td>
			<td>RPN203D</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">ECL Western Blotting detection reagents</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>WP20005</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Cy5-dCTP</td>
			<td>GE Healthcare</td>
			<td>PA55021</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Fluorescence-activated cell sorter</td>
			<td>BD Bioscience</td>
			<td>FACSCalibur&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Dulbecco&#8217;s Modified Eagle&#8217;s Medium (DMEM)</td>
			<td>GE Healthcare</td>
			<td>SH30243.01</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Fetal bovine serum</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>26140079</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Propidium iodide (PI)</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>P4170</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA)</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>A7638-5G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Triton-X100</td>
			<td>Promega</td>
			<td>H5142</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Poly-lysine&#160;</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>P-4832</td>
			<td>Filter sterilize and store at 4 &#176;C</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Vector&#160; pWPXLd</td>
			<td>Addgene</td>
			<td>12258</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Vector pMD2.G</td>
			<td>Addgene</td>
			<td>12259</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Vector psPAX2</td>
			<td>Addgene</td>
			<td>12260</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">DNase I (RNase-free)</td>
			<td>New England Biolabs</td>
			<td>M0303S</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="25">
			<td height="25" style="height:25px;">Oligo(dT)18 Primer</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td>SO131&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Anti-mouse secondary antibody (Anti-mouse IgG, HRP-linked Antibody)</td>
			<td>Cell Signaling Technology</td>
			<td>7076S</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

engineering artificial factors to specifically manipulate alternative splicing in human cells

大多数真核RNA的处理是由RNA介导的结合的模块化配置，包括一个RNA识别模块，其特异性地结合前mRNA靶和效应结构域的蛋白质（限制性商业惯例）。以前，我们已经利用所述PUF结构域的独特RNA结合模式在人类Pumilio 1，以产生一个可编程的RNA结合的支架，将其用于设计各种人造限制性商业惯例来操纵RNA代谢。这里，详细的协议描述来构建专门设计用于调节靶基因的可变剪接工程剪接因子（ESFS）。该协议包括如何设计和构建定制的PUF支架用于特定RNA靶，如何通过融合设计者PUF结构域和效应子结构域，以及如何使用ESFS来操纵目标基因的剪接以构建ESF表达质粒。在该方法的代表性结果，我们还描述了常见的测定法的使用拼接记者，ESF的培养的人细胞中的应用，和剪接改变后续效应ESF活动。按照本报告中的详细协议，它可以设计并为不同类型的选择性剪接（AS）的规ESFS，提供了一个新的战略研究剪接调节和不同的剪接异构体的功能。此外，通过用设计PUF域融合不同的功能结构域，研究人员可以设计靶向特定RNA操纵RNA加工的各种步骤人为因素。

这份报告描述了ESFS和拼接记者的设计和施工的完整的协议。它还概述ESFS的操纵内源基因16的AS的进一步应用。为了说明的ESF介导的拼接变化的典型结果，我们使用的数据来自我们以前的工作作为一个例子。具有不同的功能结构域的ESFS可用于促进或抑制靶盒外显子（ 图1 D＆E）的夹杂物。 ESFS也可影响在报道?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Engineering Artificial Factors to Specifically Manipulate Alternative Splicing in Human Cells at JoVE.com

Engineering Artificial Factors to Specifically Manipulate Alternative Splicing in Human Cells

该报告介绍了一种生物工程方法来设计和构建特异性调节在哺乳动物细胞中靶基因的剪接新颖人工剪接因子（ASFS）。该方法可以进一步扩展来设计各种人为因素来操纵RNA代谢的其它方面。

工程人为因素来特异性地操纵人细胞中的选择性剪接

The processing of most eukaryotic RNAs is mediated by RNA Binding Proteins (RBPs) with modular configurations, including an RNA recognition module, which ...

engineering-artificial-factors-to-specifically-manipulate-alternative

Universidad de Cartagena UDEC

Research

JoVE Journal

Genetics

8.9K 次观看.  Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences (SIBS). 该报告介绍了一种生物工程方法来设计和构建特异性调节在哺乳动物细胞中靶基因的剪接新颖人工剪接因子（ASFS）。该方法可以进一步扩展来设计各种人为因素来操纵RNA代谢的其它方面。 

视频: Engineering Artificial Factors to Specifically Manipulate Alternative Splicing in Human Cells

siRNA Transfection and EMSA Analyses on Freshly Isolated Human Villous Cytotrophoblasts

Human primary villous cytotrophoblasts are a very useful source of primary cells to study placental functions and regulatory mechanisms, and to comprehend diseases related to pregnancy. In this protocol, human primary villous cytotrophoblasts freshly isolated from placentas through a standard DNase/trypsin protocol are microporated with small interfering RNA (siRNA). This approach provided greater efficiency for siRNA transfection when compared to a lipofection-based method. Transfected cells can subsequently be analyzed by standard Western blot within a time frame of 3-4 days post-transfection. In addition, using cultured primary villous cytotrophoblasts, Electrophoretic Mobility Shift Assay (EMSA) analysis was optimized and performed on extracts from days 1 to 4. The use of these cultured primary cells and the protocol described allow for an evaluation of the implication of specific genes and transcription factors in the process of villous cytotrophoblast differentiation into a syncytiotrophoblast-like cell layer. However, the limited time span allowable in culture precludes the use of methods requiring more time, such as generation of a stable cell population. Therefore testing of this cell population requires highly optimized gene transfer protocols.

This protocol describes a method for efficiently transfecting siRNA in freshly isolated human villous cytotrophoblasts using microporation and identifying DNA-protein complexes in these cells. Transfected cells can be monitored by Western blot and EMSA analyses during the 4-day culture time.

在新鲜分离的人代绒毛滋养细胞转染和EMSA分析

Human primary villous cytotrophoblasts are a very useful source of primary cells to study placental functions and regulatory mechanisms, and to comprehend ...

科研

遗传学

Analysis of Cap-binding Proteins in Human Cells Exposed to Physiological Oxygen Conditions

Translational control is a focal point of gene regulation, especially during periods of cellular stress. Cap-dependent translation via the eIF4F complex is by far the most common pathway to initiate protein synthesis in eukaryotic cells, but stress-specific variations of this complex are now emerging. Purifying cap-binding proteins with an affinity resin composed of Agarose-linked m7GTP (a 5' mRNA cap analog) is a useful tool to identify factors involved in the regulation of translation initiation. Hypoxia (low oxygen) is a cellular stress encountered during fetal development and tumor progression, and is highly dependent on translation regulation. Furthermore, it was recently reported that human adult organs have a lower oxygen content (physioxia 1-9% oxygen) that is closer to hypoxia than the ambient air where cells are routinely cultured. With the ongoing characterization of a hypoxic eIF4F complex (eIF4FH), there is increasing interest in understanding oxygen-dependent translation initiation through the 5' mRNA cap. We have recently developed a human cell culture method to analyze cap-binding proteins that are regulated by oxygen availability. This protocol emphasizes that cell culture and lysis be performed in a hypoxia workstation to eliminate exposure to oxygen. Cells must be incubated for at least 24 hr for the liquid media to equilibrate with the atmosphere within the workstation. To avoid this limitation, pre-conditioned media (de-oxygenated) can be added to cells if shorter time points are required. Certain cap-binding proteins require interactions with a second base or can hydrolyze the m7GTP, therefore some cap interactors may be missed in the purification process. Agarose-linked to enzymatically resistant cap analogs may be substituted in this protocol. This method allows the user to identify novel oxygen-regulated translation factors involved in cap-dependent translation.

Here, we present human cell culture protocols to analyze translation initiation factors that bind the 5' cap of mRNA during physiological oxygen conditions. This method utilizes an Agarose-linked m7GTP cap analog and is suitable to investigate cap-binding factors and their interacting partners.

暴露在生理条件下的氧气在人体细胞中帽结合蛋白质分析

Translational control is a focal point of gene regulation, especially during periods of cellular stress. Cap-dependent translation via the eIF4F complex ...

Highly Efficient Gene Disruption of Murine and Human Hematopoietic Progenitor Cells by CRISPR/Cas9

Advances in the hematopoietic stem cell (HSCs) field have been aided by methods to genetically engineer primary progenitor cells as well as animal models. Complete gene ablation in HSCs required the generation of knockout mice from which HSCs could be isolated, and gene ablation in primary human HSCs was not possible. Viral transduction could be used for knock-down approaches, but these suffered from variable efficacy. In general, genetic manipulation of human and mouse hematopoietic cells was hampered by low efficiencies and extensive time and cost commitments. Recently, CRISPR/Cas9 has dramatically expanded the ability to engineer the DNA of mammalian cells. However, the application of CRISPR/Cas9 to hematopoietic cells has been challenging, mainly due to their low transfection efficiencies, the toxicity of plasmid-based approaches and the slow turnaround time of virus-based protocols.
A rapid method to perform CRISPR/Cas9-mediated gene editing in murine and human hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells with knockout efficiencies of up to 90% is provided in this article. This approach utilizes a ribonucleoprotein (RNP) delivery strategy with a streamlined three-day workflow. The use of Cas9-sgRNA RNP allows for a hit-and-run approach, introducing no exogenous DNA sequences in the genome of edited cells and reducing off-target effects. The RNP-based method is fast and straightforward: it does not require cloning of sgRNAs, virus preparation or specific sgRNA chemical modification. With this protocol, scientists should be able to successfully generate knockouts of a gene of interest in primary hematopoietic cells within a week, including downtimes for oligonucleotide synthesis. This approach will allow a much broader group of users to adapt this protocol for their needs.

A protocol for fast CRISPR/Cas9-mediated gene disruption in mouse and human primary hematopoietic cells is described in this article. Cas9-sgRNA ribonucleoproteins are introduced via electroporation with sgRNAs generated through in vitro transcription and commercial Cas9. High editing efficiencies are achieved with limited time and financial cost.

CRISPR/Cas9 对小鼠和人造血祖细胞的高效基因破坏

Advances in the hematopoietic stem cell (HSCs) field have been aided by methods to genetically engineer primary progenitor cells as well as animal models. ...

Quantitative Analysis of Alternative Pre-mRNA Splicing in Mouse Brain Sections Using RNA In Situ Hybridization Assay

Alternative splicing (AS) occurs in more than 90% of human genes. The expression pattern of an alternatively spliced exon is often regulated in a cell type-specific fashion. AS expression patterns are typically analyzed by RT-PCR and RNA-seq using RNA samples isolated from a population of cells. In situ examination of AS expression patterns for a particular biological structure can be carried out by RNA in situ hybridization (ISH) using exon-specific probes. However, this particular use of ISH has been limited because alternative exons are generally too short to design exon-specific probes. In this report, the use of BaseScope, a recently developed technology that employs short antisense oligonucleotides in RNA ISH, is described to analyze AS expression patterns in mouse brain sections. Exon 23a of neurofibromatosis type 1 (Nf1) is used as an example to illustrate that short exon-exon junction probes exhibit robust hybridization signals with high specificity in RNA ISH analysis on mouse brain sections. More importantly, signals detected with exon inclusion- and skipping-specific probes can be used to reliably calculate the percent spliced in values of Nf1 exon 23a expression in different anatomical areas of a mouse brain. The experimental protocol and calculation method for AS analysis are presented. The results indicate that BaseScope provides a powerful new tool to assess AS expression patterns in situ.

Quantitative Analysis of Alternative Pre-mRNA Splicing in Mouse Brain Sections Using RNA In Situ Hybridization Assay

An in situ hybridization (ISH) protocol that uses short antisense oligonucleotides to detect alternative pre-mRNA splicing patterns in mouse brain sections is described.

RNA原位杂交法定量分析小鼠脑切片中的替代前 mRNA 拼接方法

Alternative splicing (AS) occurs in more than 90% of human genes. The expression pattern of an alternatively spliced exon is often regulated in a cell ...

Endogenous Protein Tagging in Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells Using CRISPR/Cas9

A protocol is presented for generating human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) that express endogenous proteins fused to in-frame&#160;N- or C-terminal fluorescent tags. The prokaryotic CRISPR/Cas9 system (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats/CRISPR-associated 9) may be used to introduce large exogenous sequences into genomic loci via homology directed repair (HDR). To achieve the desired knock-in, this protocol employs the ribonucleoprotein (RNP)-based approach where wild type Streptococcus pyogenes Cas9 protein, synthetic 2-part guide RNA (gRNA), and a donor template plasmid are delivered to the cells via electroporation. Putatively edited cells expressing the fluorescently tagged proteins are enriched by fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS). Clonal lines are then generated and can be analyzed for precise editing outcomes. By introducing the fluorescent tag at the genomic locus of the gene of interest, the resulting subcellular localization and dynamics of the fusion protein can be studied under endogenous regulatory control, a key improvement over conventional overexpression systems. The use of hiPSCs as a model system for gene tagging provides the opportunity to study the tagged proteins in diploid, nontransformed cells. Since hiPSCs can be differentiated into multiple cell types, this approach provides the opportunity to create and study tagged proteins in a variety of isogenic cellular contexts.

Described here is a protocol for tagging endogenously expressed proteins with fluorescent tags in human induced pluripotent stem cells using CRISPR/Cas9. Putatively edited cells are enriched by fluorescence activated cell sorting and clonal cell lines are generated.

CRISPR/Cas9 诱导人多潜能干细胞内源蛋白标记的应用

A protocol is presented for generating human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) that express endogenous proteins fused to in-frame&#160;N- or ...

Cell Based Assays of SINEUP Non-coding RNAs That Can Specifically Enhance mRNA Translation

Targeted-protein enhancement is of importance not only for the study of biological processes but also for therapeutic and biotechnological applications. Here, we present a method to selectively up-regulate protein expression of desired genes in cultured cells by means of synthetic antisense non-coding RNAs known as SINEUPs. This positive control of gene expression is at the post-transcriptional level and exerted by an inverted short interspersed nuclear element (SINE) repeat at the 3&#697; end of SINEUPs that comprises its effector domain (ED). SINEUPs can specifically bind to any protein-coding mRNA of choice through its binding domain (BD), a region designed to complement the sequence within the 5&#697; untranslated region (5&#697; UTR) and around the start codon of the mRNA. Target-specific SINEUPs designed in this manner are transfected to cultured cells, and protein and RNA are extracted for downstream analyses, generally 24-48 h post-transfection. SINEUP-induced protein up-regulation is detected by Western-blot analysis and RNA expression is measured using real-time quantitative reverse transcription PCR. We have observed that BD design is critical for achieving optimum SINEUP activity and that testing different BD sizes and positions with respect to the start codon of the target mRNA is recommended. Therefore, we describe here a semi-automated high-throughput imaging method based on fluorescence detection that can be implemented to target mRNA fused with green fluorescent protein (GFP). SINEUPs specifically enhance translation within normal physiological range of the cell, without altering the target transcript level. This method has been successfully employed against a range of endogenous and exogenous targets, in a wide variety of human, mouse, and insect cell lines along with in vivo systems. Moreover, SINEUPs have been reported to increase antibody production and work as an RNA therapeutic against haploinsufficient genes. The versatile and modular nature of SINEUPs makes them a suitable tool for gene-specific translational control.

SINEUPs are synthetic antisense non-coding RNAs, which contain a binding domain (BD) and an effector domain (ED) and up-regulate translation of target mRNA. Here, we describe detection methods for SINEUPs in cultured cell lines, analysis of their translation-promoting activity by Western-blot and a semi-automated high throughput imaging system.

基于细胞的 sineup 非编码 rna 检测, 可专门增强 mrna 的翻译能力

Targeted-protein enhancement is of importance not only for the study of biological processes but also for therapeutic and biotechnological applications. ...

Genetic Engineering of Dictyostelium discoideum Cells Based on Selection and Growth on Bacteria

Dictyostelium discoideum is an intriguing model organism for the study of cell differentiation processes during development, cell signaling, and other important cellular biology questions. The technologies available to genetically manipulate Dictyostelium cells are well-developed. Transfections can be performed using different selectable markers and marker re-cycling, including homologous recombination and insertional mutagenesis. This is supported by a well-annotated genome. However, these approaches are optimized for axenic cell lines growing in liquid cultures and are difficult to apply to non-axenic wild-type cells, which feed only on bacteria. The mutations that are present in axenic strains disturb Ras signaling, causing excessive macropinocytosis required for feeding, and impair cell migration, which confounds the interpretation of signal transduction and chemotaxis experiments in those strains. Earlier attempts to genetically manipulate non-axenic cells have lacked efficiency and required complex experimental procedures. We have developed a simple transfection protocol that, for the first time, overcomes these limitations. Those series of large improvements to Dictyostelium molecular genetics allow wild-type cells to be manipulated as easily as standard laboratory strains. In addition to the advantages for studying uncorrupted signaling and motility processes, mutants that disrupt macropinocytosis-based growth can now be readily isolated. Furthermore, the entire transfection workflow is greatly accelerated, with recombinant cells that can be generated in days rather than weeks. Another advantage is that molecular genetics can further be performed with freshly isolated wild-type Dictyostelium samples from the environment. This can help to extend the scope of approaches used in these research areas.

Genetic Engineering of Dictyostelium discoideum Cells Based on Selection and Growth on Bacteria

Dictyostelium discoideum is a popular model organism to study complex cellular processes such as cell migration, endocytosis, and development. The utility of the organism is dependent on the feasibility of genetic manipulation. Here, we present methods to transfect Dictyostelium discoideum cells that overcome existing limitations of culturing cells in liquid media.

基于细菌选择和生长的盘状细胞基因工程

Dictyostelium discoideum is an intriguing model organism for the study of cell differentiation processes during development, cell signaling, and other ...

Lentiviral Mediated Gene Silencing in Human Pseudoislet Prepared in Low Attachment Plates

Various genetic tools are available to modulate genes in pancreatic islets of rodents to dissect function of islet genes for diabetes research. However, the data obtained from rodent islets are often not fully reproduced in or applicable to human islets due to well-known differences in islet structure and function between the species. Currently, techniques that are available to manipulate gene expression of human islets are very limited. Introduction of transgene into intact islets by adenovirus, plasmid, and oligonucleotides often suffers from low efficiency and high toxicity. Low efficiency is especially problematic in gene downregulation studies in intact islets, which require high efficiency. It has been known that enzymatically-dispersed islet cells reaggregate in culture forming spheroids termed pseudoislets. Size-controlled reaggregation of human islet cells creates pseudoislets that maintain dynamic first phase insulin secretion after prolonged culture and provide a window to efficiently introduce lentiviral short hairpin RNA (shRNA) with low toxicity. Here, a detailed protocol for the creation of human pseudoislets after lentiviral transduction using two commercially available multiwell plates is described. The protocol can be easily performed and allows for efficient downregulation of genes and assessment of dynamism of insulin secretion using human islet cells. Thus, human pseudoislets with lentiviral mediated gene modulation provide a powerful and versatile model to assess gene function within human islet cells.

A protocol to create gene modified human pseudoislets from dispersed human islet cells that are transduced by lentivirus carrying short hairpin RNA (shRNA) is presented. This protocol utilizes readily available enzyme and culture vessels, can be performed easily, and produces genetically modified human pseudoislets suitable for functional and morphological studies.

伦蒂病毒介导基因在低附着板中制备的人类伪性沉默

Various genetic tools are available to modulate genes in pancreatic islets of rodents to dissect function of islet genes for diabetes research. However, ...

Pooled CRISPR-Based Genetic Screens in Mammalian Cells

Genome editing using the CRISPR-Cas system has vastly advanced the ability to precisely edit the genomes of various organisms. In the context of mammalian cells, this technology represents a novel means to perform genome-wide genetic screens for functional genomics studies. Libraries of guide RNAs (sgRNA) targeting all open reading frames permit the facile generation of thousands of genetic perturbations in a single pool of cells that can be screened for specific phenotypes to implicate gene function and cellular processes in an unbiased and systematic way. CRISPR-Cas screens provide researchers with a simple, efficient, and inexpensive method to uncover the genetic blueprints for cellular phenotypes. Furthermore, differential analysis of screens performed in various cell lines and from different cancer types can identify genes that are contextually essential in tumor cells, revealing potential targets for specific anticancer therapies. Performing genome-wide screens in human cells can be daunting, as this involves the handling of tens of millions of cells and requires analysis of large sets of data. The details of these screens, such as cell line characterization, CRISPR library considerations, and understanding the limitations and capabilities of CRISPR technology during analysis, are often overlooked. Provided here is a detailed protocol for the successful performance of pooled genome-wide CRISPR-Cas9 based screens.

CRISPR-Cas9 technology provides an efficient method to precisely edit the mammalian genome in any cell type and represents a novel means to perform genome-wide genetic screens. A detailed protocol discussing the steps required for the successful performance of pooled genome-wide CRISPR-Cas9 screens is provided here.

哺乳动物细胞中基于CRISPR的聚集基因屏幕

Genome editing using the CRISPR-Cas system has vastly advanced the ability to precisely edit the genomes of various organisms. In the context of mammalian ...

Generation of Defined Genomic Modifications Using CRISPR-CAS9 in Human Pluripotent Stem Cells

Human pluripotent stem cells offer a powerful system to study gene function and model specific mutations relevant to disease. The generation of precise heterozygous genetic modifications is challenging due to CRISPR-CAS9 mediated indel formation in the second allele. Here, we demonstrate a protocol to help overcome this difficulty by using two repair templates in which only one expresses the desired sequence change, while both templates contain silent mutations to prevent re-cutting and indel formation. This methodology is most advantageous for gene editing coding regions of DNA to generate isogenic control and mutant human stem cell lines for studying human disease and biology. In addition, optimization of transfection and screening methodologies have been performed to reduce labor and cost of a gene editing experiment. Overall, this protocol is widely applicable to many genome editing projects utilizing the human pluripotent stem cell model.

This protocol provides a method to facilitate the generation of defined heterozygous or homozygous nucleotide changes using CRISPR-CAS9 in human pluripotent stem cells.

在人类多能干细胞中使用CRISPR-CAS9生成定义的基因组修饰

Human pluripotent stem cells offer a powerful system to study gene function and model specific mutations relevant to disease. The generation of precise ...