The authors thank the echocardiographic study subject for volunteering in the video as well as Witten/Herdecke University and HELIOS Research Center (HRC-ID 000416 assigned to Kai O. Hensel) for funding.

该协议内容的威滕/赫德克大学伦理委员会已经批准了道德。 1.技术要求<ol><li>利用配备了充足的部门数组组织谐波成像传感器的超声心动图检查设备都配有斑点追踪技术。 </li><li>在图像采集，记录，并直接以超声心动图的动态影像机电活动同步连接标准的3导心电图的超声心动图设备。这是强制性的在随后的后处理分析时间的目的。连接研究受EKG和解冻超声波图像来开始检测EKG信号。 </li><li>如下面详细说明的记录数字环路（步骤2.1-2.5）和数据存储作为外部磁盘上移动以DICOM格式的图像。接着，将文件传送到一个离线工作站。 </li><li>执行后处理分析使用适当的软件所概述下面详细（步骤3.1-3.13）。 </li></ol> 2.超声心动图数字化循环的录音<ol><li>检查（左侧与头部上方伸展左臂患者仰卧）在左侧卧位病人。 注:这部分协议要求患者/研究对象是存在。 </li><li>另外，结合超声心动图的方式STE如自行车测力计的时候，确保病人是一个45度的垂直位置。在这种情况下，利用标准的自行车测力装置和如先前所述11进行标准的超声心动图检测。在超声图像的记录时，倾斜测力计来实现，以尽量减少由干扰肺组织伪像的左外侧本体的位置。 </li><li>请特别小心，以优化图像质量，以保证心肌变形的准确评估。这样做，调整6之间的帧速率每秒0和80帧使用"调整帧速率"选项。此外，要注意包括将整个心动周期的整体分析的心肌结构的各个方面。 </li><li>获取标准心尖长轴和胸骨旁短轴飞机由欧洲协会心血管影像与超声心动图12的美国社会中描述的横截面二维灰度B型图像。记录几个连续的心动周期（实际上只有一个是必要的，至少有三个心脏周期的记录，以便能够选择一个与随后的后处理过程中的最佳图象质量决定）在以下每个平面: <ol><li>对于纵向ε和SR的评估，捕捉如前面所述12个标准心尖4，3，2分庭的意见。要做到这一点，在心脏附近的心尖搏动顶点（通常是B位置传感器etween的3 次和第 5 次肋间和中期锁骨和腋前线之间）。目的是在该右肩和有棱有角传感器，直到可见所有感兴趣的解剖结构。 </li><li>记录的图像中的二尖瓣，乳头肌和顶点以检测在细节12别处所述圆周ε和SR以及径向ε和SR的电平胸骨旁短轴图。要做到这一点，把探头左侧胸骨旁边界在第2 次或第 3肋间有棱有角，并直到你获得LV的剖视图垂直。 </li></ol></li><li>当心脏压力测试，如自行车测力或任何其他功能测试方式需要连续测量相结合的STE（见步骤2.2），重复步骤2.4在每一个需要的时间点。 </li></ol> 3.后处理分析注意:协议的这一部分包括超声心动图记录图像的评价和解释。它不需要患者存在并且可以在任何时间以下的步骤的前部进行。 <ol><li>利用定量超声心动图分析软件，单击"文件"和"打开"，并选择所需的超声心动图的研究数据。选择一个病人/研究，并挑选应分析超声心动图平面。 </li><li>点击所选图像的右下角的&#39;Q&#39;图标。然后，按左边的"aCMQ"按钮。 </li><li>通过使用绿色的"QRS"跳跃键在屏幕的底部选择了最高图像质量的心动周期。使用键盘空格键播放和暂停循环。 </li><li>选择感兴趣区域（ROI）的区域，以通过确认在屏幕的左侧的超声心动图视图来分析。接下来，让软件自动检测TI舒张末期的明，并提出一个投资回报率。 注:第一个斑点跟踪分析，随后由软件计算的。段及全球ε曲线显示在屏幕的底部。 </li><li>点击下面的图表"应变率"可视化节段性和全球SR。 </li><li>直观地验证了软件提出的质量跟踪。 注:为此，审慎控制是否要分析的心肌的各个方面的投资回报率的心动周期的全部过程中都完全覆盖。避免包括非心肌组织周围到投资回报率。 </li><li>如果需要的话，手动重新定位整个ROI或它的单个方面，甚至完全重新绘制的ROI（见3.8-3.9），以保证准确的测量。 注意:任选地，设置的投资回报率是透明的ROI覆盖调整到心肌的适当位置和宽度。 </li><li>在心尖4，3，2腔心切，拥有软件自动确定一个可能的投资回报率划分成心肌七段。 <ol><li>万一ROI重新定义是必要的，点击"绘制"在左侧，并开始了在三个参考点标记的心内膜边界:将AV阀的两个相对的插入点和左心室壁开始与基础infero-室间隔/基底infero外侧阀门的顶点中心整理/基底下的一部分。保证跟踪-心内膜的两个端点上完全排除瓣膜组织相同的水平。 </li><li>如果重新定位是必要的，以便优化ROI的位置和宽度，点击屏幕左侧的"编辑"。单独移动每个段余量以及心内膜​​和心外膜边界的光标。利用整体移动ROI时指着顶点导航/方向正交线。 </li><li>最后，按启动斑点追踪再分析在屏幕左侧的"计算"按钮。 注:该软件可以自动探测"声学标记"，它对应的偏转心肌纤维组织在其整个运动心肌的收缩和舒张心肌超微结构。这些声学标记通过一个完整的心脏周期的整个持续时间跟踪。必要的计算可能需要几秒到几分钟。 ε和SR被由软件计算，并在一个数字和图形的方式呈现。 </li></ol></li><li>在里面 胸骨旁视图，让软件自动提示预定投资回报率。手动调整这个投资回报率，划分成心肌六个部分。 注:ROI的宽度，应心肌的厚度完全匹配。如有必要，如3.8.2所述优化ROI的位置和宽度。在ROI中心的一个点可以在移动时的投资回报率被用于导航/定位其全文。 <ol><li>接着，通过按下在屏幕左侧的"计算"按钮启动该斑点追踪再分析。 </li></ol></li><li>选择节段性和全球ε和SR要显示在曲线或综合靶心格式。要做到这一点，请点击屏幕左下角的"首选项"按钮。不同类型的波形和显示选项可以在此菜单中选择。 </li><li>如果ROI的手工重新定位是不足以实现适当整体斑点跟踪质量，从3.1开始并重新定义ROI或考虑继续到下一步骤之前，选择一个不同的心动周期。 </li><li>保存并导出数据为后续的统计分析。如果需要的话，电影循环或静止帧可以导出为插图。要做到这一点，请单击"导出"屏幕的左下角，然后选择所需的格式和文件目录。 </li></ol>

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The authors have nothing to disclose.

相对于其他方法的技术意义 目前的金标准左室收缩功能的超声心动图的评估是左室射血分数（EF）13。然而，EF的确定是基于被密切相关心肌收缩的径向分量，但不考虑的重要纵向和圆周平面的简单的方法。因此，EF简单化心肌变形的三维的复杂性。因此，EF测量不揭露细微心脏功能障碍，但只在一个相对先进的状态14检测的LV恶化。另一方面，STE?...

心血管内科的科学和临床方案是，而不是简单的多，并连续变量和临界值以上处理"是或否"的算法。成像技术已经发展到能够评估在不断增加的细节心脏功能。斑点跟踪超声心动图（STE）是心肌性能的定量评价一个新兴的诊断工具。虽然常规超声心动图是主观影像解译和个人考官的专业知识很强的依赖性有限，STE已被引入作为一个可重复的，更客观的方法来量化全球和区域的收缩和舒张功能1,2。 左心室（LV）心肌变形 - 纵向和圆周缩短以及在收缩和舒张反之亦然径向增厚 - 可被描述测量参数应变（ε）和斯特拉在率（SR）。 ε是在心肌长度的量纲变化百分比。 SR为ε3的时间导数。心肌功能的这些重要指标已显示出能够识别心肌缺血4，预测响应于心脏再同步治疗5和检测亚临床心肌功能障碍而常规超声心动图参数仍然正常6。在系统的荟萃分析，全球纵向ε，最常用的定量左室收缩功能参数，已被证明对主要不良心脏事件的预测则左室射血分数（EF），目前的黄金标准卓越的预后价值左室收缩功能7的评估。即使是很细微的变化，如对无症状患者心肌力学短期代谢变化的影响可以利用STE 8进行检测。 从技术上讲，采用STEš灰度2D或记录在标准的超声心动图的看法3D B模式动态影像。几个连续的心动周期被记录在心尖4-，3-和2-室次测量纵向变形和在周向和径向变形9胸骨旁短轴图。此外，通过在二尖瓣的水平捕获短轴视图，乳头肌和顶点，LV扭转可以评估3。随后向图像采集和存储作为数字环路，心肌变形是在离线的工作站或超声波装置本身上测得。软件检测中所记录的灰度图像独特心肌像素图案，所谓的"斑点"，并跟踪它们在整个分析心动周期。矢量测量和变形参数随后计算。这样的区域和全球心肌变形可以在收缩和舒张用于左和右心室的两者来评估ð庭10。

<table><tbody><tr><td>Phillips iE33 ultrasound system</td><td>Philips Healthcare</td><td></td><td>http://www.umiultrasound.com/ultrasound-machine/philips/ie33</td></tr><tr><td>S5-1 broadband sector array transducer&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Philips Healthcare</td><td></td><td>5-1 MHz, http://www.usa.philips.com/healthcare/product/HC989605412081/s5-1</td></tr><tr><td>QLAB Advanced Quantification Software Version 10.5</td><td>Philips Healthcare</td><td></td><td>Q-App: Automated Cardiac Motion Quantification (aCMQ), www.philips.com/QLAB-cardiology</td></tr><tr><td>Xcelera R3.3L1 (Version 3.3.1.1103)&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Philips Healthcare</td><td></td><td>http://www.usa.philips.com/healthcare/product/HC830038/xcelera-r41-cardiology-information-management-system</td></tr></tbody></table>

transthoracic speckle tracking echocardiography for the quantitative assessment of left ventricular myocardial deformation

常规超声心动图的价值是通过个体间影像解译，因此很大程度上取决于考官的专业知识差异的限制。斑点跟踪超声心动图（STE）是可用于定量评估区域和全球收缩和舒张心肌表现一个有前途的，但技术上的挑战的方法。心肌应变和应变率可以在所有三个维度来测量 - 径向，周向，纵向 - 心肌变形。标准横截面二维B模式图像被记录并随后由心肌内散斑自动化连续帧接一帧的跟踪和运动分析后处理。影像记录数字环路和同步到3导心电图用于定时。纵向变形在心尖4-，3-和2-室次评估。周向和径向的变形是在parasterna测L类短期轴平面。 最佳的图像质量和准确的组织追踪是最重要的正确判断心肌的性能参数。在一个健康的志愿者利用经胸STE，本文章的基本步骤和定量超声心动图心肌变形分析潜在的陷阱的详细大纲。

对于心肌性能的定量评估的原则参数ε和SR。从技术上讲，所有心腔可以用STE进行分析。然而，由于斑点追踪方法大多已经用于研究LV，本文的重点是LV心肌力学。通常，纵向ε和SR是最常用评估左心室变形参数。纵向ε和SR描述心肌收缩期缩短（和舒张压延长）。因此，收缩值被注解为负数。 图1和2表示STE衍生节段性和全球ε和SR分析的好例子。最佳?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Transthoracic Speckle Tracking Echocardiography for the Quantitative Assessment of Left Ventricular Myocardial Deformation at JoVE.com

Transthoracic Speckle Tracking Echocardiography for the Quantitative Assessment of Left Ventricular Myocardial Deformation

斑点跟踪超声心动图是全球和区域心肌的性能定量评估一个新兴的诊断成像技术。标准视图超声心动图的运动图像被记录和变形参数由心肌的B模式图像中散斑的自动化连续帧接一帧的跟踪和运动分析随后测定。

经胸斑点跟踪超声心动图左室心肌变形的定量评价

The value of conventional echocardiography is limited by differences in inter-individual image interpretation and therefore largely dependent on the ...

transthoracic-speckle-tracking-echocardiography-for-quantitative

Universidad de Cartagena UDEC

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

19.4K 次观看.  Witten/Herdecke University. 斑点跟踪超声心动图是全球和区域心肌的性能定量评估一个新兴的诊断成像技术。标准视图超声心动图的运动图像被记录和变形参数由心肌的B模式图像中散斑的自动化连续帧接一帧的跟踪和运动分析随后测定。 

视频: Transthoracic Speckle Tracking Echocardiography for the Quantitative Assessment of Left Ventricular Myocardial Deformation

Transthoracic Echocardiography in Mice

In recent years, murine models have become the primary avenue for studying the molecular mechanisms of cardiac dysfunction resulting from changes in gene expression. Transgenic and gene targeting methods can be used to generate mice with altered cardiac size and function,1-3 and as a result, in vivo techniques are needed to evaluate their cardiac phenotype. Transthoracic echocardiography, pulse wave Doppler (PWD), and tissue Doppler imaging (TDI) can be used to provide dimensional measurements of the mouse heart and to quantify the degree of cardiac systolic and diastolic performance. Two-dimensional imaging is used to detect abnormal anatomy or movements of the left ventricle, whereas M-mode echo is used for quantification of cardiac dimensions and contractility.4,5 In addition, PWD is used to quantify localized velocity of turbulent flow,6 whereas TDI is used to measure the velocity of myocardial motion.7 Thus, transthoracic echocardiography offers a comprehensive method for the noninvasive evaluation of cardiac function in mice.

Transthoracic echocardiography offers a noninvasive method for the evaluation of cardiac function in mice. A combination of ultrasound and Doppler imaging modalities can be used to obtain dimensional measurements of the heart and intracardiac blood flow, which together provide an assessment of cardiac systolic and diastolic performance.

经胸超声心动图在小鼠

In recent years, murine models have become the primary avenue for studying the molecular mechanisms of cardiac dysfunction resulting from changes in gene ...

科研

医学

High-frequency High-resolution Echocardiography: First Evidence on Non-invasive Repeated Measure of Myocardial Strain, Contractility, and Mitral Regurgitation in the Ischemia-reperfused Murine Heart

Ischemia-reperfusion (IR) was surgically performed in murine hearts which were then subjected to repeated imaging to monitor temporal changes in functional parameters of key clinical significance. Two-dimensional movies were acquired at high frame rate (8 kHz) and were utilized to estimate high-quality myocardial strain. Two-dimensional elastograms (strain images), as well as strain profiles, were visualized. Results were powerful in quantitatively assessing IR-induced changes in cardiac events including left-ventricular (LV) contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases of both pre-IR and post-IR beating hearts in intact mice. In addition, compromised sector-wise wall motion and anatomical deformation in the infarcted myocardium were visualized.  The elastograms were uniquely able to provide information on the following parameters in addition to standard physiological indices that are known to be affected by myocardial infarction in the mouse: internal diameters of mitral valve orifice and aorta, effective regurgitant orifice, myocardial strain (circumferential as well as radial), turbulence in blood flow pattern as revealed by the color Doppler movies and velocity profiles, asynchrony in LV sector, and changes in the length and direction of vectors demonstrating slower and asymmetrical wall movement. This work emphasizes on the visual demonstration of how such analyses are performed. 

High-frequency High-resolution Echocardiography: First Evidence on Non-invasive Repeated Measure of Myocardial Strain, Contractility, and Mitral Regurgitation in the Ischemia-reperfused Murine Heart 

High frequency Doppler ultrasound is a novel technology for assessing regional myocardial function. This work presents first evidence demonstrating applicability of this versatile imaging platform for the repeated measure of myocardial strain, dp/dt, and mitral regurgitation in the ischemia-reperfused (IR) murine heart.

高频超声心动图：非侵入性的反复测量小鼠心脏缺血再灌注心肌劳损，收缩力，二尖瓣关闭不全的第一个证据

Ischemia-reperfusion (IR) was surgically performed in murine hearts which were then subjected to repeated imaging to monitor temporal changes in ...

Magnetic Resonance Derived Myocardial Strain Assessment Using Feature Tracking 

Purpose: An accurate and practical method to measure parameters like strain in myocardial tissue is of great clinical value, since it has been shown, that strain is a more sensitive and earlier marker for contractile dysfunction than the frequently used parameter EF. Current technologies for CMR are time consuming and difficult to implement in clinical practice. Feature tracking is a technology that can lead to more automization and robustness of quantitative analysis of medical images with less time consumption than comparable methods.
Methods: An automatic or manual input in a single phase serves as an initialization from which the system starts to track the displacement of individual patterns representing anatomical structures over time. The specialty of this method is that the images do not need to be manipulated in any way beforehand like e.g. tagging of CMR images.
Results: The method is very well suited for tracking muscular tissue and with this allowing quantitative elaboration of myocardium and also blood flow.
Conclusions: This new method offers a robust and time saving procedure to quantify myocardial tissue and blood with displacement, velocity and deformation parameters on regular sequences of CMR imaging. It therefore can be implemented in clinical practice.

Magnetic Resonance Derived Myocardial Strain Assessment Using Feature Tracking

An accurate and practical method to measure parameters like strain in myocardial tissue is of great clinical value, since it has been shown, that strain is a more sensitive and earlier marker for contractile dysfunction than the frequently used parameter EF.

磁共振衍生的心肌劳损评估使用特征跟踪

Purpose: An accurate and practical method to measure parameters like strain in myocardial tissue is of great clinical value, since it has been shown, that ...

Ultrasonic Assessment of Myocardial Microstructure

Echocardiography is a widely accessible imaging modality that is commonly used to noninvasively characterize and quantify changes in cardiac structure and function. Ultrasonic assessments of cardiac tissue can include analyses of backscatter signal intensity within a given region of interest. Previously established techniques have relied predominantly on the integrated or mean value of backscatter signal intensities, which may be susceptible to variability from aliased data from low frame rates and time delays for algorithms based on cyclic variation. Herein, we describe an ultrasound-based imaging algorithm that extends from previous methods, can be applied to a single image frame&#160;and accounts for the full distribution of signal intensity values derived from a given myocardial sample. When applied to representative mouse and human imaging data, the algorithm distinguishes between subjects with and without exposure to chronic afterload resistance. The algorithm offers an enhanced surrogate measure of myocardial microstructure and can be performed using open-access image analysis software.

Echocardiography is commonly used to noninvasively characterize and quantify changes in cardiac structure and function. We describe an ultrasound-based imaging algorithm that offers an enhanced surrogate measure of myocardial microstructure and can be performed using open-access image analysis software.

心肌微观结构超声波评估

Echocardiography is a widely accessible imaging modality that is commonly used to noninvasively characterize and quantify changes in cardiac structure and ...

Displacement Analysis of Myocardial Mechanical Deformation (DIAMOND) Reveals Segmental Heterogeneity of Cardiac Function in Embryonic Zebrafish

Zebrafish are increasingly utilized as a model organism for cardiomyopathies and regeneration. Current methods evaluating cardiac function fail to reliably detect segmental mechanics and are not readily feasible in zebrafish. Here we present a semiautomated, open-source method for the quantitative assessment of four-dimensional (4D) segmental cardiac function: displacement analysis of myocardial mechanical deformation (DIAMOND). Transgenic embryonic zebrafish were imaged in vivo using a light-sheet fluorescence microscopy system with 4D cardiac motion synchronization. Acquired 3D digital hearts were reconstructed at end-systole and end-diastole, and the ventricle was manually segmented into binary datasets. Then, the heart was reoriented and isotropically resampled along the true short axis, and the ventricle was evenly divided into eight portions (I&#8211;VIII) along the short axis. Due to the different resampling planes and matrices at end-systole and end-diastole, a transformation matrix was applied for image registration to restore the original spatial relationship between the resampled systolic and diastolic image matrices. After image registration, the displacement vector of each segment from end-systole to end-diastole was calculated based on the displacement of mass centroids in three dimensions (3D). DIAMOND shows that basal myocardial segments adjacent to the atrioventricular canal undergo the highest mechanical deformation and are the most susceptible to doxorubicin-induced cardiac injury. Overall, DIAMOND provides novel insights into segmental cardiac mechanics in zebrafish embryos beyond traditional ejection fraction (EF) under both physiological and pathological conditions.

Displacement Analysis of Myocardial Mechanical Deformation DIAMOND Reveals Segmental Heterogeneity of Cardiac Function in Embryonic Zebrafish

The goal of this protocol is to detail a novel method for the assessment of segmental cardiac function in embryonic zebrafish under both physiological and pathological conditions.

心肌机械变形（DIAMOND）的位移分析揭示了胚胎斑马鱼心脏功能的分段异质性

Zebrafish are increasingly utilized as a model organism for cardiomyopathies and regeneration. Current methods evaluating cardiac function fail to ...

发育生物学

Echocardiographic Approaches and Protocols for Comprehensive Phenotypic Characterization of Valvular Heart Disease in Mice

The aim of this manuscript and accompanying video is to provide an overview of the methods and approaches used for imaging heart valve function in rodents, with detailed descriptions of the appropriate methods for anesthesia, the echocardiographic windows used, the imaging planes and probe orientations for image acquisition, the methods for data analysis, and the limitations of emerging technologies for the evaluation of cardiac and valvular function. Importantly, we also highlight several future areas of research in cardiac and heart valve imaging that may be leveraged to gain insights into the pathogenesis of valve disease in preclinical animal models. We propose that using a systematic approach to evaluating cardiac and heart valve function in mice can result in more robust and reproducible data, as well as facilitate the discovery of previously underappreciated phenotypes in genetically-altered and/or physiologically-stressed mice.

This protocol provides a detailed description of the echocardiographic approach for comprehensive phenotyping of heart and heart valve function in mice.

超声心动图方法和协议心脏瓣膜疾病的综合表型特征小鼠

The aim of this manuscript and accompanying video is to provide an overview of the methods and approaches used for imaging heart valve function in ...

Evaluation of Left Ventricular Structure and Function using 3D Echocardiography

Three-dimensional (3D) quantification of the left ventricle (LV) provides significant added value in terms of diagnostic accuracy and precise risk stratification in various cardiac disorders. Recently, 3D echocardiography became available in routine cardiology practice; however, high-quality image acquisition and subsequent analysis have a steep learning curve. The present article aims to guide the reader through a detailed 3D protocol by presenting tips and tricks and also by highlighting the potential pitfalls to facilitate the widespread but technically sound use of this important technique concerning the LV. First and foremost, we show the acquisition of a high-quality 3D dataset with optimal spatial and temporal resolution. Then, we present the analytical steps toward a detailed quantification of the LV by using one of the most widely applied built-in software. We will quantify LV volumes, sphericity, mass and also systolic function by measuring ejection fraction and myocardial deformation (longitudinal and circumferential strain). We will discuss and provide clinical examples about the essential scenarios where the transition from a conventional echocardiographic approach to a 3D-based quantification is highly recommended.

In this article, we provide a step-by-step acquisition and analysis protocol for the volumetric assessment and speckle-tracking analysis of the left ventricle by 3D echocardiography, particularly focusing on practical aspects that maximize the feasibility of this technique.

使用3D超声心动图评估左心室结构和功能

Three-dimensional (3D) quantification of the left ventricle (LV) provides significant added value in terms of diagnostic accuracy and precise risk ...

生物工程

Quantification of Mouse Heart Left Ventricular Function, Myocardial Strain, and Hemodynamic Forces by Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Mouse models have contributed significantly to understanding genetic and physiological factors involved in healthy cardiac function, how perturbations result in pathology, and how myocardial diseases may be treated. Cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging (CMR) has become an indispensable tool for a comprehensive in vivo assessment of cardiac anatomy and function. This protocol shows detailed measurements of mouse heart left ventricular function, myocardial strain, and hemodynamic forces using 7-Tesla CMR. First, animal preparation and positioning in the scanner are demonstrated. Survey scans are performed for planning imaging slices in various short- and long-axis views. A series of prospective ECG-triggered short-axis (SA) movies (or CINE images) are acquired covering the heart from apex to base, capturing end-systolic and end-diastolic phases. Subsequently, single-slice, retrospectively gated CINE images are acquired in a midventricular SA view, and in 2-, 3-, and 4-chamber views, to be reconstructed into high-temporal resolution CINE images using custom-built and open-source software. CINE images are subsequently analyzed using dedicated CMR image analysis software.
Delineating endomyocardial and epicardial borders in SA end-systolic and end-diastolic CINE images allows for the calculation of end-systolic and end-diastolic volumes, ejection fraction, and cardiac output. The midventricular SA CINE images are delineated for all cardiac time frames to extract a detailed volume-time curve. Its time derivative allows for the calculation of the diastolic function as the ratio of the early filling and atrial contraction waves. Finally, left ventricular endocardial walls in the 2-, 3-, and 4-chamber views are delineated using feature-tracking, from which longitudinal myocardial strain parameters and left ventricular hemodynamic forces are calculated. In conclusion, this protocol provides detailed in vivo quantification of the mouse cardiac parameters, which can be used to study temporal alterations in cardiac function in various mouse models of heart disease.

This study describes a comprehensive cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging (CMR) protocol to quantify the left ventricular functional parameters of the mouse heart. The protocol describes the acquisition, post-processing, and analysis of the CMR images as well as assessment of different cardiac functional parameters.

通过心血管磁共振成像定量小鼠心脏左心室功能、心肌劳损和血流动力学力

Mouse models have contributed significantly to understanding genetic and physiological factors involved in healthy cardiac function, how perturbations ...

Transthoracic Echocardiographic Examination in the Rabbit Model

Large animal models such as the rabbit are valuable for translational preclinical research. Rabbits have a similar cardiac electrophysiology compared to that of humans and that of other large animal models such as dogs and pigs. However, the rabbit model has the additional advantage of lower maintenance costs compared to other large animal models. The longitudinal evaluation of cardiac function using echocardiography, when appropriately implemented, is a useful methodology for preclinical assessment of novel therapies for heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (e.g. cardiac regeneration). The correct use of this non-invasive tool requires the implementation of a standardized examination protocol following international guidelines. Here we describe, step by step, a detailed protocol supervised by veterinary cardiologists for performing echocardiography in the rabbit model, and demonstrate how to correctly obtain the different echocardiographic views and imaging planes, as well as the different imaging modes available in a clinical echocardiography system routinely used in human and veterinary patients.

Here we describe, step by step, a detailed protocol for performing echocardiography in the rabbit model. We show how to correctly obtain the different echocardiographic views and imaging planes, as well as the different imaging modes available in a clinical echocardiography system routinely used in human and veterinary patients.

兔子模型中的跨胸超声心动图检查

Large animal models such as the rabbit are valuable for translational preclinical research. Rabbits have a similar cardiac electrophysiology compared to ...

Revealing Subtle Changes in Cardiac Function using Transthoracic Dobutamine Stress Echocardiography in Mice

Left ventricular (LV) dysfunction paves the final pathway for a multitude of cardiac disorders. With the non-invasive high-frequency transthoracic dobutamine stress echocardiography in humans, a reductionist investigation approach to unmask subtle changes in cardiac function has become possible. Here, we provide a protocol for using this technique in mice to facilitate expanded analysis of LV architecture and function in physiology and pathology enabling the observation of alterations in models of cardiac disease hidden in unstressed hearts. This investigation can be performed in one and the same animal and allows both, basal and pharmacologically stress-induced measurements. We outline detailed criteria for appropriate anesthesia, imaging-based LV analysis, consideration of intra- and interobserver variability, and obtaining positive inotrope response that can be attained in mice after intraperitoneal injection of dobutamine under near physiological conditions. To recapitulate the characteristics of human physiology and disease in small animal models, we highlight critical pitfalls in evaluation, e.g., a pronounced Bowditch effect in mice. To further meet translational objectives, we compare stress-induced effects in humans and mice. When used in translational studies, attention must be paid to physiological differences between mice and human. Experimental rigor dictates that some parameters assessed in patients can only be used with caution due to restrictions in spatial and temporal resolution in mouse models.

Left ventricular dysfunction constitutes the final common pathway for a host of cardiac disorders. We here provide a detailed protocol of transthoracic dobutamine stress echocardiography approach for comprehensive evaluation of the left ventricular function of mouse models of cardiac disease as well as cardiac phenotyping.