这项研究是由来自英国石油公司的赠款部分成为可能/墨西哥研究计划，C-IMAGE，DEEP-C和部分由海洋的英国石油/佛罗里达协会（BP / FIO）-Gulf防漏油海湾，响应和恢复资助计划。作者感谢尼科Zenzola他在此过程中开发的投入。作者还感谢第r / V Weatherbird II的船员实地计划期间他们的帮助。 https://data.gulfresearchinitiative.org/（数据/ R1.x135.119:0004 /），（数据/ Y1.x031.000:0003 /），（数据/ Y1数据可以在GRIIDC网站进行访问。 x031.000:0006 /），（R1.x135.120:0004）。

1.收集沉积岩心<ol><li>收集使用多核水产沉积岩芯，芯盒制芯，活塞核心等 4,7,12,14。确保核心部为1微米或更小。 </li><li>插入聚碳酸酯或丙烯酸冰球到芯的底部。确保冰球是与芯管的内直径相一致。插入在冰球的最外直径的橡胶垫圈保留沉积物芯的全部。 </li><li>在核心的检索，立即或挤压包运​​输和储存（见步骤储存和运输1.4〜1.6）。 </li><li>插入泡沫或丙烯酸冰球到芯管的表面，并轻轻按下直至泡沫或丙烯酸刚好高于沉积物界面保持运输和贮存过程中的沉积物 - 水界面的完整性。 </li><li>放置在芯管的顶帽并用绝缘带密封。放在芯管的底盖和密封ELECTRICA升胶带。标签与必要的项目和样品标识顶盖。 </li><li>根据所需的分析在所需温度商店芯。 注意:例如，用于有机化学分析或生物分析芯可以冷冻（-20℃），而短寿命放射性同位素核可以在室温下储存（〜20-25℃）。 </li></ol> 2.准备子样容器和工具<ol><li>标签子样本器皿项目名称，核心部位和增量（ 例如，罐，袋或烧杯）（ 例如 ，项目NAME_CORE SITE_0 - 2mm）的，与任何其他相关身份信息 （ 如日期，核心型）一起。 </li><li>组装和消毒（甲醇）必要的切割工具（如丙烯酸桨，油灰刀等 ）和个人防护装备（如手套，实验室外套等 ）。 注意:这些工具和它们的灭菌程序将取决于类型分析的要对每个子样品进行。例如，使用金属和丙烯酸器具（相对于塑料）为有机化学分析，而丙烯酸和塑料器具（相对于金属）必要必须用于无机微量元素分析。 </li></ol> 3.准备沉积物柱挤压<ol><li>如果核心已存储或保藏的，先卸下底盖。要做到这一点切底盖关闭用刀片，并允许顶帽，以保持真空，保持该沉淀在管而转移到挤出机（挤出冰球必须已在保留芯的底部插入）（ 图1）。 </li><li>当在收集立即挤出，将挤出的冰球到芯的底部。然后轻轻地设置芯管到活塞并拧紧核心用卡的挤出机。 </li><li>确保有芯管剩余ABOV的至少5cmE对于采样领最上面的夹子。 </li><li>卸下顶盖。 </li><li>放置在芯管的顶部取样衣领。确保套环坐在平齐与芯管的最上部程度，以避免任何的样品损失。 </li><li>样品（或丢弃如果不需要）使用注射器沉积物以上的水在此时或者虹吸。 </li><li>提取后的水，开始转动活塞对准表面最沉积物与采样轴环的表面上。 </li></ol> 4.挤压<ol><li>转活塞到所需的采样分辨率（通常为1-2毫米，1完整的旋转= 2毫米子样）（ 图1）。 </li></ol><img alt="图1" src="/files/ftp_upload/54363/54363fig1.jpg" /> 图 1: 挤出机的照片限定活塞（1）在挤出机的照片，耦合（2），螺纹杆（3），挤出机底座（4），夹具（5），芯管（6），SAMPLING领（7）和橡胶带（8）。 <a href="https://jove.unicartagenaproxy.elogim.com/files/ftp_upload/54363/54363fig1large.jpg" target="_blank">请点击此处查看该图的放大版本。</a> <ol start="2"><li>使用丙烯酸板（切到采样轴环的内径），以使初始样品切。接着移动子样品朝向采样环的边缘缓慢而定位采样领口下方的相应取样容器中。 </li><li>开始到样品推入取样器。后大多数样品是在容器中，使用较小的工具（ 例如 ，油灰刀）至在采样衣领到取样容器移动任何剩余样品。 </li><li>使用较小的实现从丙烯酸板和任何其他采样表面进入取样容器清洗样品的剩余量。 </li><li>一旦样品完全从采样衣领转移到容器中，清洁采样吨ools用去离子水，实验室纸巾和/或其它灭菌流体（ 例如 ，甲醇）。与实验室湿巾，去离子水等消毒液清洗相应采样衣领。 </li><li>密封样品容器和挤出准备下一个样品容器。重复步骤4.1至4.5为每个子样本。 </li></ol> 5.重置挤出机<ol><li>手动复位挤出机。使用钻头和橡胶带，以加快活塞复位到螺纹杆的底部的过程。 </li><li>放置橡胶带基为最稳定邻近所述活塞周围。 </li><li>拉伸橡胶带围绕钻头的头部，并设置钻头的方向到向下旋转活塞。 </li><li>上使用的钻头的低速，直到它到达挤压机的基部上方的期望高度旋转活塞。 注意:此高度是基于芯的长度被挤压和期望采样HEIGHT。 </li></ol>

<ol>
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The authors have nothing to disclose.

挤出机可以进行修改，以容纳芯管的多个直径。如果芯直径被改变，则活塞，冰球，和钳位直径必须进行相应调整。此修改允许在湖泊和海洋沉积物收集广泛的应用前景。该沉积岩芯也可以在现场或在实验室中挤出。一个常见的​​修改，以减轻这一挤出系统的发货是建立在它的两个部分;下部区段（基和活塞）然后可联接到上部（夹具）。 有这种挤出方法有一些限制。其中的第一个是，每一个核心，或核心部分，必须削减到一米长或更小。正如任何挤出法，还有难免有些压缩。但是，引起此方法压实是最小的。在这种方式中挤出的多个记录重现为2-4毫米范围内。这种重复性估计各种之间的比较收集了八核的多核系统的同一部署记录（微量金属元素，有机地球化学，底栖有孔虫，沉积）。这种挤出方法也最适合于那些主要（&gt; 50％）淤泥和粘土尺寸的颗粒沉积。滓主要（&gt; 50％）组成的砂尺寸的颗粒趋于结合，造成额外的压实，由于较高的摩擦系数。与此方法相关联的最终限制是沉积物可从在毫米级分辨率每个增量的量。这种方法提供了约15-20克湿质量，并以2 mm的分辨率，这可能是限制对于某些分析方案3-10克干质量。 在墨西哥湾北部的深水地平线事件的沉积记录证明毫米级二次采样的功效。首先，234钍约会不会未经毫米级频带分割是不可能的。此约会米ethod只能在某些情况下，这将进一步讨论4被应用。油絮状物质以下的深水地平线事件的脉冲满足了这些条件，在6-12个月内，在墨西哥湾北部的某些部位沉积到材料8毫米。如果没有毫米标抽检，本次活动的年代学不会得到解决的分年度规模（ 表2和表 3）。除了​​234钍记录，氧化还原敏感的微量金属，底栖有孔虫密度，并且该事件的有机地球化学记录将被限制于在表面厘米一个数据点（ 见表3）。相反，如果使用毫米级次抽样提供的MOSSFA事件的详细和强大的（5-10数据点）记录。具体地，增加4倍（N = 18）以上在使用毫米尺度子采样总脂族预深水地平线值将被降低到2倍增加，使用厘米刻度欠采样（N = 6）。因此，在使用毫米尺度子采样的90％底栖有孔虫密度降低将被减少到使用厘米尺度子采样的60％的降低。如果没有这种高分辨率采样，锰氧化物，以及与非稳态氧化还原变化有关的沉积再浓度的变化的离散双峰不会得到解决。总体而言，这一挤出系统提供了在毫米尺度二次采样沉积物岩芯，保留了样本的整个体积并可以修改了在水生沉积物取样广泛应用的能力。这种方法的未来应用可能包括过去漏油的评估，由于与地下油发布相关的毫米标事件地层。其他应用可能包括毫米尺度的气候变化的湖泊记录。毫米级子采样已在人类活动的影响的背景下刻画事件地层被证明是有效系统。

从湖泊，河口和海洋（大陆架和斜坡）环境中的沉积物岩芯样品提供了关于十年盐度，温度，有机和无机污染物和其他许多环境参数的记录千年时间尺度1-3,6,8,13 17。在大多数情况下，标准的做法，以节这些内核在半公分或厘米间隔5,15。该决议适用于多年，十年或更高分辨率的规模在大多数情况下。需要增加挤压分辨率最近被证明在一些报道沿沉积岩芯11,16的垂直廓线检测生物标志物的沉积/代理变化在判罚尺度。在上月的时间尺度发生一年最近沉降的情况下，它是那么必要使用更精细的分辨率子采样方法（ 例如 ，毫米刻度）。这通常是由于使用到t水体沉积物挑战他未合并表层沉积物性质。 我们提出了一个沉积岩芯挤压法，提供毫米结垢子样本。然后，我们这个挤压法适用于墨西哥湾北部的以下的深水地平线（DWH）事件的沉积物。此应用程序演示毫米级分取样表征与人类活动影响的沉积体系分年度事件地层的功效。 表征短期事件地层时在沉积记录每月或分年度尺度分辨率是特别有利的。采用分年度解决环境评估是能够充分体现人类活动引起的沉降事件。 在墨西哥湾北部的沉积物所影响的深水地平线石油事件提供事件地层的例子使用毫米波充分的特点（分年度）■卡尔分辨率采样。继2010年的深水地平线（DWH）事件，墨西哥东北部海湾（恩戈姆）的大陆坡沉积物通过的絮状沉淀烃4,9,10,12,14,18数量级的增加进来与碳氢化合物接触。在沉降的增加是由海洋石油雪沉淀絮状积累（MOSSFA）事件4,9,10,12,14,18引起的。这导致大约6-10毫米的6-12个月内泥沙淤积，从2010年中期到2011年初4，这是要分样品在毫米级这些沉积岩芯，以充分体现投入，沉淀率和沉积后处理。

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Extruder</td>
			<td>Custom Fabrication</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Aluminum base and clamps, steel threaded rod&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Piston</td>
			<td>Custom Fabrication</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>PVC tubing with acrylic cap</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Polycarbonate Core Tube</td>
			<td>SABIC Poymershapes</td>
			<td>68374192</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Acrylic puck/Rubber Gasket</td>
			<td>Custom Fabrication</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Acrylic sampling collar</td>
			<td>Custom Fabrication</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Acrylic plate</td>
			<td>Custom Fabrication</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>One edge bevelled at 45 degree angle</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Putty knife</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td><a href="https://www.fishersci.com/shop/products/ampco-safety-putty-knives-4/19166432">19-166-432</a></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Steel/Acrylic Plates</td>
			<td>Custom Fabrication</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Electrical tape</td>
			<td>McMaster Carr</td>
			<td>76455A28</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Siphon or Syringe</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>14-176-227, 14-823-2A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Razor blade</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>12-640</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Drill</td>
			<td>Ryobi</td>
			<td>P-882</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Thick rubber band</td>
			<td>Staples</td>
			<td>831636</td>
			<td>2-3 cm in width, larger diameter than piston</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Personal protection equipment</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>Gloves-19-058-801C, 
			lab coat- 17-100-850, 
			Goggles-19-181-501</td>
			<td>e.g. gloves, lab coat, goggles</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sample labels</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td><a href="https://www.fishersci.com/shop/products/fisherbrand-patient-id-labels-addressograph-2/15920">15920</a></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sample vessels</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>Whirlpak- 01-812-3, 
			&#160;Jar- 02-911-791</td>
			<td>e.g.whirlpak bags, jars, etc.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Laboratory wipes</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>06-666-11</td>
			<td>e.g. kim wipes</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Methanol</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>BP1105-1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Deionized water</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

sediment core extrusion method at millimeter resolution using a calibrated, threaded-rod

水产沉积物二次抽样是在厘米或半厘米的分辨率普遍执行。根据不同的沉降速率和沉积环境，该决议规定在年度记录十年尺度，最好的。挤出法，用校准的，螺纹杆这里提出，其允许不同直径的水生沉淀物芯的毫米级子采样。毫米波规模的二次抽样允许分年度的沉积记录，要比典型抽样方案高出一个数量级的月度分析。挤出机由2米的铝制框架和底座，两个核心管夹具，螺纹杆，以及1米活塞。沉积物芯被放置在活塞上方并夹紧在框架上。丙烯酸采样套环固定到上部5厘米芯管，并提供从其中提取的子样本的平台。活塞在校准间隔围绕所述螺纹杆旋转时，轻轻推沉淀出到芯管的对。然后将沉淀物分离进入取样衣领并置于适当的采样容器（ 例如 ，瓶或袋）。此方法也是在表面保留了松散的样品（即高孔隙水含量），提供了一个一致的取样量。这个规模毫米挤塑方法适用于在墨西哥的下深水地平线海底石油发布墨西哥湾北部收集内核。有证据表明，有必要在毫米尺度来样充分体现在每月的时间尺度大陆坡沉积物中发生的事件。

从现场DSH08的内核使用的海洋仪器MC-800多管收集在2010年12月（29°7.25&#39;，东经87°51.93&#39;W，1143米深度）。这些型芯为2mm挤出为使用上述协议的表层为15cm（或以上）。预DWH（2010年之前）和后DWH（2010）的核心区间的采用配对短命的放射性同位素（234 Th和210 Pb计）地质年代学测定4。进行其他几个分析在这个网站下面的深水地平线事件来约束沉积投入，沉积速率，和后沉积过程。除了 ​​短暂的放射性同位素分析，总脂肪含量12，氧化还原敏感的金属（锰，铼）7，总底栖有孔虫密度14进行了量化。进行这些参数的在毫米规模和规模厘米的比较（ 表图2和3，图2）。厘米级数据组成的综合，平均毫米标数据。 <table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always"><tbody><tr><td> 顶部深度（mm） </td><td> 过量 PB-210 （DPM / G） </td><td> 过量 TH-234 （DPM / G） </td><td> TH-234和铅210合并年龄模型 （年） </td><td> 总 有孔虫 密度 （indiv./cm 3） </td><td> [回覆] （纳克/克） </td><td> [锰] （毫克/克） </td><td> 总脂肪族 （纳克/克） </td></tr><tr><td> 0 </td><td> 71.81 </td><td> 6.19 </td><td> 2010.9 </td><td> 1 </td><td></td><td></td><td> 336922.6 </td></tr><tr><td> 2 </td><td> 71.81 </td><td> 5.14 </td><td> 2010.9 </td><td> 3 </td><td> 0.69 </td><td> 10.2 </td><td> 53701.4 </td></tr><tr><td> 4 </td><td> 69.91 </td><td> 2.72 </td><td> 2010.8 </td><td> 2 </td><td> 0.53 </td><td> 15.9 </td><td> 77081.2 </td></tr><tr><td> 6 </td><td> 70.32 </td><td> 1.57 </td><td> 2010.8 </td><td> 6 </td><td> 0.57 </td><td> 12.1 </td><td> 48057.4 </td></tr><tr><td> 8 </td><td> 69.67 </td><td> 1.15 </td><td> 2010.7 </td><td> 10 </td><td> 0.61 </td><td> 11.3 </td><td> 42888.0 </td></tr><tr><td> 10 </td><td> 61.39 </td><td> 0.29 </td><td> 2009.6 </td><td> 10 </td><td> 0.73 </td><td> 8.30 </td><td> 50786.4 </td></tr><tr><td> 12 </td><td> 56.50 </td><td> 0.64 </td><td> 2008.5 </td><td> 12 </td><td> 0.75 </td><td> 7.1 </td><td> 51582.9 </td></tr><tr><td> 14 </td><td> 63.31 </td><td> 0.00 </td><td> 2007.5 </td><td> 11 </td><td></td><td></td><td> 52126.8 </td></tr> &lt;TR&gt; <td> 16 </td><td> 51.55 </td><td> 0.00 </td><td> 2006.5 </td><td> 11 </td><td> 0.79 </td><td> 6.9 </td><td> 59046.6 </td></tr><tr><td> 18 </td><td> 51.69 </td><td> 0.00 </td><td> 2005.6 </td><td> 10 </td><td> 0.77 </td><td> 7.1 </td><td> 48384.8 </td></tr><tr><td> 26 </td><td> 44.26 </td><td></td><td> 2000.7 </td><td> 9 </td><td></td><td></td><td> 31774.7 </td></tr><tr><td> 32 </td><td> 38.25 </td><td></td><td> 1997.2 </td><td> 9 </td><td> 0.83 </td><td> 8.3 </td><td> 37128.4 </td></tr><tr><td> 34 </td><td> 41.57 </td><td></td><td> 1996.0 </td><td> 12 </td><td></td><td></td><td> 25849.4 </td></tr><tr><td> 38 </td><td> 39.11 </td><td></td><td> 1993.1 </td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td> 29901.6 </td></tr><tr><td> 42 </td><td> 35.18 </td><td></td><td> 1990.1 </td><td> 10 </td><td> 0.89 </td><td> 8 </td><td> 257300.4 </td></tr><tr><td> 46 </td><td> 38.80 </td><td></td><td> 1987.0 </td><td> 12 </td><td></td><td></td><td> 23159.6 </td></tr><tr><td> 48 </td><td> 32.58 </td><td></td><td> 1985.3 </td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td> 21387.0 </td></tr><tr><td> 50 </td><td> 26.71 </td><td></td><td> 1983.3 </td><td> 9 </td><td> 0.94 </td><td> 5.3 </td><td> 15331.0 </td></tr><tr><td> 70 </td><td> 17.32 </td><td></td><td> 1965.8 </td><td> 11 </td><td> 1.33 </td><td> 2.2 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> 90 </td><td> 10.32 </td><td></td><td> 1945.9 </td><td></td><td> 2.04 </td><td> 1.3 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> 110 </td><td> 5.36 </td><td></td><td> 1923.3 </td><td></td><td> 2.12 </td><td> 1.2 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> 130 </td><td> 2.21 </td><td></td><td> 1899.1 </td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td> 140 </td><td> 1.71 </td><td></td><td> 1888.5 </td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table> 表1: 从核心站点DSH08毫米级分辨率数据短命放射性同位素活动，年代学，底栖有孔虫密度，固相氧化还原敏感的金属浓度（锰，铼），并于12月采集的核心部位DSH08总脂肪含量的记录。 2010年，在2毫米增量4,7,12,14子采样。 <table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always"><tbody><tr><td> 顶部深度（mm） </td><td> 过量 PB-210 （DPM / G） </td><td> 过量 TH-234 （DPM / G） </td><td> TH-234和铅210合并年龄模型 （年） </td><td> 总 有孔虫 密度 （indiv./cm 3） </td><td> [回覆] （纳克/克） </td><td> [锰] （毫克/克） </td><td> 总脂肪族 （纳克/克） </td></tr><tr><td> 0 </td><td> 70.70 </td><td> N / A </td><td> 2010 </td><td> 4 </td><td> 0.60 </td><td> 12.4 </td><td> 111730.1 </td></tr><tr><td> 1 </td><td> 56.89 </td><td></td><td> 2006.2 </td><td> 11 </td><td> 0.76 </td><td> 7.3 </td><td> 52385.5 </td></tr><tr><td> 2 </td><td> 44.26 </td><td></td><td> 2000.5 </td><td> 9 </td><td> 0.00 </td><td></td><td> 31774.7 </td></tr><tr><td> 3 </td><td> 39.65 </td><td></td><td> 1995.5 </td><td> 12 </td><td> 0.83 </td><td> 8.3 </td><td> 30959.8 </td></tr><tr><td> 4 </td><td> 35.52 </td><td></td><td> 1989.7 </td><td> 11 </td><td> 0.89 </td><td> 8 </td><td> 22273.3 </td></tr><tr><td>五</td><td> 26.71 </td><td></td><td> 1981.9 </td><td> 9 </td><td> 0.94 </td><td> 5.3 </td><td> 15331.0 </td></tr><tr><td> 6 </td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td> 7 </td><td> 17.32 </td><td></td><td> 1967.1 </td><td> 11 </td><td> 1.33 </td><td> 2.2 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> 8 </td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td> 9 </td><td> 10.32 </td><td></td><td> 1945.2 </td><td></td><td> 2.04 </td><td> 1.3 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> 10 </td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td> 11 </td><td> 5.36 </td><td></td><td> 1917.6 </td><td></td><td> 2.12 </td><td> 1.2 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> 12 </td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td> &lt;TD&gt; </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> 13 </td><td> 2.21 </td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td> 14 </td><td> 1.71 </td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table> 表2: 厘米 -s 卡尔解决方案从核心网站DSH08数据短命放射性同位素活动，年代学，底栖有孔虫密度，固相氧化还原敏感的金属浓度（锰，铼），并在收集核心部位DSH08总脂肪含量的记录。 2010年12月，在综合1厘米增量4,7,12,14。 <img alt="图2" src="/files/ftp_upload/54363/54363fig2.jpg" /> 图2: 毫米和厘米级分辨率数据的图示 。短命的放射性同位素ACTIV伊蒂埃斯，年龄模型，底栖有孔虫密度，固相氧化还原敏感的金属浓度（锰，RE）和总脂肪含量的记录在2010年12月收集的核心部位DSH08，在2毫米增量（蓝色菱形）和一厘米的增量子采样（红色方块）4,7,11,13。 <a href="https://jove.unicartagenaproxy.elogim.com/files/ftp_upload/54363/54363fig2large.jpg" target="_blank">请点击此处查看该图的放大版本。</a> 允许234钍毫米级子采样（和沉积条件，见4）被用作在子年度规模时计（N = 7）。在厘米刻度，该数据不会是可行的制造年代学，因为表面厘米将减少到一个测量（N = 1）。总脂肪的浓度从36,322.3纳克/克干重（预DWH）至336,922.6增加纳克/克干重（后DWH）根据毫米刻度的记录，而第Ë根据厘米大型综合平均后DWH增加111,730.1纳克/克干重。总底栖有孔虫密度从前期DWH下降（平均= 11 indiv./cm 3）到后DWH（平均= 1 indiv./cm 3）在毫米刻度（N = 17），并从预DWH（平均= 10 indiv./cm 3）到后DWH（平均在厘米刻度= 4 indiv./cm 3）（N = 7）。在铼的细微增加表层2毫米，这指示的还原条件下，也将不会在厘米的分辨率来解决。

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Sediment Core Extrusion Method at Millimeter Resolution Using a Calibrated, Threaded-rod at JoVE.com

Sediment Core Extrusion Method at Millimeter Resolution Using a Calibrated, Threaded-rod

使用校准的螺纹杆挤出法提出，允许水产品沉积物岩芯的规模毫米的二次抽样。毫米级采样是必要的沉积物记录完全表征近期事件地层。

沉积物核心挤压法在毫米的分辨率用校准，螺纹杆

Aquatic sediment core subsampling is commonly performed at cm or half-cm resolution. Depending on the sedimentation rate and depositional environment, ...

sediment-core-extrusion-method-at-millimeter-resolution-using

Universidad de Cartagena UDEC

Research

JoVE Journal

Chemistry

11.2K 次观看.  University of South Florida. 使用校准的螺纹杆挤出法提出，允许水产品沉积物岩芯的规模毫米的二次抽样。毫米级采样是必要的沉积物记录完全表征近期事件地层。 

视频: Sediment Core Extrusion Method at Millimeter Resolution Using a Calibrated, Threaded-rod

Untargeted Metabolomics from Biological Sources Using Ultraperformance Liquid Chromatography-High Resolution Mass Spectrometry (UPLC-HRMS)

Here we present a workflow to analyze the metabolic profiles for biological samples of interest including; cells, serum, or tissue. The sample is first separated into polar and non-polar fractions by a liquid-liquid phase extraction, and partially purified to facilitate downstream analysis. Both aqueous (polar metabolites) and organic (non-polar metabolites) phases of the initial extraction are processed to survey a broad range of metabolites. Metabolites are separated by different liquid chromatography methods based upon their partition properties. In this method, we present microflow ultra-performance (UP)LC methods, but the protocol is scalable to higher flows and lower pressures. Introduction into the mass spectrometer can be through either general or compound optimized source conditions. Detection of a broad range of ions is carried out in full scan mode in both positive and negative mode over a broad m/z range using high resolution on a recently calibrated instrument. Label-free differential analysis is carried out on bioinformatics platforms. Applications of this approach include metabolic pathway screening, biomarker discovery, and drug development.

Untargeted Metabolomics from Biological Sources Using Ultraperformance Liquid Chromatography-High Resolution Mass Spectrometry UPLC-HRMS

Untargeted metabolomics provides a hypothesis generating snapshot of a metabolic profile. This protocol will demonstrate the extraction and analysis of metabolites from cells, serum, or tissue. A range of metabolites are surveyed using liquid-liquid phase extraction, microflow ultraperformance liquid chromatography/high-resolution mass spectrometry (UPLC-HRMS) coupled to differential analysis software.

不相关的代谢组学，生物源使用超高效液相色谱 - 高分辨质谱（UPLC-HRMS）

Here we present a workflow to analyze the metabolic profiles for biological samples of interest including; cells, serum, or tissue. The sample is first ...

科研

化学

Covalent Binding of BMP-2 on Surfaces Using a Self-assembled Monolayer Approach

Bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP-2) is a growth factor embedded in the extracellular matrix of bone tissue. BMP-2 acts as trigger of mesenchymal cell differentiation into osteoblasts, thus stimulating healing and de novo bone formation. The clinical use of recombinant human BMP-2 (rhBMP-2) in conjunction with scaffolds has raised recent controversies, based on the mode of presentation and the amount to be delivered. The protocol presented here provides a simple and efficient way to deliver BMP-2 for in vitro studies on cells. We describe how to form a self-assembled monolayer consisting of a heterobifunctional linker, and show the subsequent binding step to obtain covalent immobilization of rhBMP-2. With this approach it is possible to achieve a sustained presentation of BMP-2 while maintaining the biological activity of the protein. In fact, the surface immobilization of BMP-2 allows targeted investigations by preventing unspecific adsorption, while reducing the amount of growth factor and, most notably, hindering uncontrolled release from the surface. Both short- and long-term signaling events triggered by BMP-2 are taking place when cells are exposed to surfaces presenting covalently immobilized rhBMP-2, making this approach suitable for in vitro studies on cell responses to BMP-2 stimulation.

We describe a method for accomplishing efficient immobilization of BMP-2 on surfaces. Our approach is based on the formation of a self-assembled monolayer to achieve the covalent binding of BMP-2 via its free amine residues. This method is a useful tool to study signaling at the cell membrane.

BMP-2的共价结合利用表面上的自组装单层膜法

Bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP-2) is a growth factor embedded in the extracellular matrix of bone tissue. BMP-2 acts as trigger of mesenchymal cell ...

Exploring the Radical Nature of a Carbon Surface by Electron Paramagnetic Resonance and a Calibrated Gas Flow

While the first Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR) studies regarding the effects of oxidation on the structure and stability of carbon radicals date back to the early 1980s the focus of these early papers primarily characterized the changes to the structures under extremely harsh conditions (pH or temperature)1-3. It is also known that paramagnetic molecular oxygen undergoes a Heisenberg spin exchange interaction with stable radicals that extremely broadens the EPR signal4-6. Recently, we reported interesting results where this interaction of molecular oxygen with a certain part of the existing stable radical structure can be reversibly affected simply by flowing a diamagnetic gas through the carbon samples at STP7. As flows of He, CO2, and N2 had a similar effect these interactions occur at the surface area of the macropore system.
This manuscript highlights the experimental techniques, work-up, and analysis towards affecting the existing stable radical nature in the carbon structures. It is hoped that it will help towards further development and understanding of these interactions in the community at large.

Stable radicals that are present in carbon substrates interact with paramagnetic oxygen through a Heisenberg spin exchange. This interaction can be significantly reduced under STP conditions by flowing a diamagnetic gas over the carbon system. This manuscript describes a simple method to characterize the nature of those radicals.

通过电子顺磁共振和校准气体流量探索碳表面的激进性质

While the first Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR) studies regarding the effects of oxidation on the structure and stability of carbon radicals date ...

Synthesis, Characterization, and Functionalization of Hybrid Au/CdS and Au/ZnS Core/Shell Nanoparticles

Plasmonic nanoparticles are an attractive material for light harvesting applications due to their easily modified surface, high surface area and large extinction coefficients which can be tuned across the visible spectrum. Research into the plasmonic enhancement of optical transitions has become popular, due to the possibility of altering and in some cases improving photo-absorption or emission properties of nearby chromophores such as molecular dyes or quantum dots. The electric field of the plasmon can couple with the excitation dipole of a chromophore, perturbing the electronic states involved in the transition and leading to increased absorption and emission rates. These enhancements can also be negated at close distances by energy transfer mechanism, making the spatial arrangement of the two species critical. Ultimately, enhancement of light harvesting efficiency in plasmonic solar cells could lead to thinner and, therefore, lower cost devices. The development of hybrid core/shell particles could offer a solution to this issue. The addition of a dielectric spacer between a gold nanoparticles and a chromophore is the proposed method to control the exciton plasmon coupling strength and thereby balance losses with the plasmonic gains. A detailed procedure for the coating of gold nanoparticles with CdS and ZnS semiconductor shells is presented. The nanoparticles show high uniformity with size control in both the core gold particles and shell species allowing for a more accurate investigation into the plasmonic enhancement of external chromophores.

The synthesis of uniform gold nanoparticles coated with semiconductor shells of CdS or ZnS is performed. The semiconductor coating is conducted by first depositing a silver sulfide shell and exchanging the silver cations for zinc or cadmium cations.

合成，表征和混合金/硫化镉和Au / ZnS核/壳纳米颗粒功能化

Plasmonic nanoparticles are an attractive material for light harvesting applications due to their easily modified surface, high surface area and large ...

A Simple Method for the Size Controlled Synthesis of Stable Oligomeric Clusters of Gold Nanoparticles under Ambient Conditions

Reducing dilute aqueous HAuCl4 with sodium thiocyanate (NaSCN) under alkaline conditions produces 2 to 3 nm diameter nanoparticles. Stable grape-like oligomeric clusters of these yellow nanoparticles of narrow size distribution are synthesized under ambient conditions via two methods. The delay-time method controls the number of subunits in the oligoclusters by varying the time between the addition of HAuCl4 to alkaline solution and the subsequent addition of reducing agent, NaSCN. The yellow oligoclusters produced range in size from ~3 to ~25 nm. This size range can be further extended by an add-on method utilizing hydroxylated gold chloride (Na+[Au(OH4-x)Clx]-) to auto-catalytically increase the number of subunits in the as-synthesized oligocluster nanoparticles, providing a total range of 3 nm to 70 nm. The crude oligocluster preparations display narrow size distributions and do not require further fractionation for most purposes. The oligoclusters formed can be concentrated &#62;300 fold without aggregation and the crude reaction mixtures remain stable for weeks without further processing. Because these oligomeric clusters can be concentrated before derivatization they allow expensive derivatizing agents to be used economically. In addition, we present two models by which predictions of particle size can be made with great accuracy.

We describe a simple method for producing highly stable oligomeric clusters of gold nanoparticles via the reduction of chloroauric acid (HAuCl4) with sodium thiocyanate (NaSCN). The oligoclusters have a narrow size distribution and can be produced with a wide range of sizes and surface coats.

根据环境条件的金纳米粒子的稳定低聚簇的大小控制合成的一种简便方法

Reducing dilute aqueous HAuCl4 with sodium thiocyanate (NaSCN) under alkaline conditions produces 2 to 3 nm diameter nanoparticles. Stable grape-like ...

Generation of Zerovalent Metal Core Nanoparticles Using n-(2-aminoethyl)-3-aminosilanetriol

In this work, a facile one-pot reaction for the formation of metal nanoparticles in a water solution through the use of n-(2-aminoethyl)-3-aminosilanetriol is presented. This compound can be used to effectively reduce and complex metal salts into metal core nanoparticles coated with the compound. By controlling the concentrations of salt and silane one is able to control reaction rates, particle size, and nanoparticle coating. The effects of these changes were characterized through transmission electron microscopy (TEM), UV-Vis spectrometry (UV-Vis), Nuclear Magnetic Resonance spectroscopy (NMR) and Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). A unique aspect to this reaction is that usually silanes hydrolyze and cross-link in water; however, in this system the silane is water-soluble and stable. It is known that silicon and amino moieties can form complexes with metal salts. The silicon is known to extend its coordination sphere to form penta- or hexa-coordinated species. Furthermore, the silanol group can undergo hydrolysis to form a Si-O-Si silica network, thereby transforming the metal nanoparticles into a functionalized nanocomposites.

Generation of Zerovalent Metal Core Nanoparticles Using n-2-aminoethyl-3-aminosilanetriol

A novel method for metal core nanoparticle synthesis using a water stable silanol is described.

使用N-零价金属芯纳米粒子的生成（2-氨基乙基）-3- aminosilanetriol

In this work, a facile one-pot reaction for the formation of metal nanoparticles in a water solution through the use of ...

Rapid High-throughput Species Identification of Botanical Material Using Direct Analysis in Real Time High Resolution Mass Spectrometry

We demonstrate that direct analysis in real time-high resolution mass spectrometry can be used to produce mass spectral profiles of botanical material, and that these chemical fingerprints can be used for plant species identification. The mass spectral data can be acquired rapidly and in a high throughput manner without the need for sample extraction, derivatization or pH adjustment steps. The use of this technique bypasses challenges presented by more conventional techniques including lengthy chromatography analysis times and resource intensive methods. The high throughput capabilities of the direct analysis in real time-high resolution mass spectrometry protocol, coupled with multivariate statistical analysis processing of the data, provide not only class characterization of plants, but also yield species and varietal information. Here, the technique is demonstrated with two psychoactive plant products, Mitragyna speciosa (Kratom) and Datura (Jimsonweed), which were subjected to direct analysis in real time-high resolution mass spectrometry followed by statistical analysis processing of the mass spectral data. The application of these tools in tandem enabled the plant materials to be rapidly identified at the level of variety and species.

A method for species identification of botanical material by direct analysis in real time-high resolution mass spectrometry and multivariate statistical analysis is presented.

植物材料的快速高通量物种鉴定实时高分辨质谱法直接分析

We demonstrate that direct analysis in real time-high resolution mass spectrometry can be used to produce mass spectral profiles of botanical material, ...

Synthesis of Core-shell Lanthanide-doped Upconversion Nanocrystals for Cellular Applications

Lanthanide-doped upconversion nanocrystals (UCNs) have attracted much attention in recent years based on their promising and controllable optical properties, which allow for the absorption of near-infrared (NIR) light and can subsequently convert it into multiplexed emissions that span over a broad range of regions from the UV to the visible to the NIR. This article presents detailed experimental procedures for high-temperature co-precipitation synthesis of core-shell UCNs that incorporate different lanthanide ions into nanocrystals for efficiently converting deep-tissue penetrable NIR excitation (808 nm) into a strong blue emission at 480 nm. By controlling the surface modification with biocompatible polymer (polyacrylic acid, PAA), the as-prepared UCNs acquires great solubility in buffer solutions. The hydrophilic nanocrystals are further functionalized with specific ligands (dibenzyl cyclooctyne, DBCO) for localization on the cell membrane. Upon NIR light (808 nm) irradiation, the upconverted blue emission can effectively activate the light-gated channel protein on the cell membrane and specifically regulate the cation (e.g., Ca2+) influx in the cytoplasm. This protocol provides a feasible methodology for the synthesis of core-shell lanthanide-doped UCNs and subsequent biocompatible surface modification for further cellular applications.

A protocol is presented for the synthesis of core-shell lanthanide-doped upconversion nanocrystals (UCNs) and their cellular applications for channel protein regulation upon near-infrared (NIR) light illumination.

核壳镧系掺杂转换纳米晶的合成及其在蜂窝中的应用

Lanthanide-doped upconversion nanocrystals (UCNs) have attracted much attention in recent years based on their promising and controllable optical ...

Preparation of Functional Silica Using a Bioinspired Method

The goal of the protocols described herein is to synthesize bioinspired silica materials, perform enzyme encapsulation therein, and partially or totally purify the same by acid elution. By combining sodium silicate with a polyfunctional bioinspired additive, silica is rapidly formed at ambient conditions upon neutralization. 
The effect of neutralization rate and biomolecule addition point on silica yield are investigated, and biomolecule immobilization efficiency is reported for varying addition point. In contrast to other porous silica synthesis methods, it is shown that the mild conditions required for bioinspired silica synthesis are fully compatible with the encapsulation of delicate biomolecules. Additionally, mild conditions are used across all synthesis and modification steps, making bioinspired silica a promising target for the scale-up and commercialization as both a bare material and active support medium.
The synthesis is shown to be highly sensitive to conditions, i.e., the neutralization rate and final synthesis pH, however tight control over these parameters is demonstrated through the use of auto titration methods, leading to high reproducibility in reaction progression pathway and yield. 
Therefore, bioinspired silica is an excellent active material support choice, showing versatility towards many current applications, not limited to those demonstrated here, and potency in future applications.

Here, we present a protocol to synthesize bioinspired silica materials and immobilize enzymes therein. Silica is synthesized by combining sodium silicate and an amine &#39;additive&#39;, which neutralize at a controlled rate. Material properties and function can be altered either by in situ enzyme immobilization or post-synthetic acid elution of encapsulated additives.

用 Bioinspired 法制备功能性二氧化硅

The goal of the protocols described herein is to synthesize bioinspired silica materials, perform enzyme encapsulation therein, and partially or totally ...

A New Straightforward Method for Lipophilicity (logP) Measurement using 19F NMR Spectroscopy

Fluorination has become an effective tool to optimize physicochemical properties of bioactive compounds. One of the applications of fluorine introduction is to modulate the lipophilicity of the compound. In our group, we are interested in the study of the impact of fluorination on lipophilicity of aliphatic fluorohydrins and fluorinated carbohydrates. These are not UV-active, resulting in a challenging lipophilicity determination. Here, we present a straightforward method for the measurement of lipophilicity of fluorinated compounds by 19F NMR spectroscopy. This method requires no UV-activity. Accurate solute mass, solvent and aliquot volume are also not required to be measured. Using this method, we measured the lipophilicities of a large number of fluorinated alkanols and carbohydrates.

A New Straightforward Method for Lipophilicity logP Measurement using 19F NMR Spectroscopy

A novel and straightforward variation of the shake-flask method was developed for accurate lipophilicity measurement of fluorinated compounds by 19F NMR spectroscopy.

一种利用19f 核磁共振光谱测定脂质性 (日志 p) 的新方法

Fluorination has become an effective tool to optimize physicochemical properties of bioactive compounds. One of the applications of fluorine introduction ...