Name: fabrication of fully solution processed inorganic nanocrystal photovoltaic devices
Uploaded: 2016-07-08T15:00:00.000+00:00
Duration: 11 min 6 s
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Fabrication of Fully Solution Processed Inorganic Nanocrystal Photovoltaic Devices at JoVE.com

The Office of Naval Research (ONR) is gratefully acknowledged for financial support. A portion of this work was conducted while Professor Townsend held a National Research Council (NRC) Postdoctoral Fellowship at the Naval Research Laboratory and is grateful for internal support from St. Mary's College of Maryland.

注意:使用前请咨询各相关材料安全数据表（MSDS）。许多前体的解决方案和产品都是有害或致癌。应特别注意针对由于出现的相比，他们的同行批量独特的安全担忧的纳米材料。适当的防护设备应在此过程中可以穿在任何时候（护目镜，面罩，手套，实验室外套，长裤和封闭趾鞋）。 1.前体纳米晶油墨的合成<ol><li> 的CdSe和CdTe油墨18，25 <ol><li>在惰性气氛手套箱中，为碲化镉（或0.1527克（0.0019摩尔）硒（Se）为硒化镉）粉末4.39克（0.012摩尔）三辛基膦（TOP）到5结合0.24克（0.0019摩尔）碲（Te）圆底烧瓶（RBF）。 </li><li>密封此瓶用橡胶隔膜和从手套箱取出用于在加热的（60℃）声处理（40千赫）水浴，直到所有的固体Te或Se的溶解（约20分钟）。拨款50毫升1-十八（1-ODE）的。 </li><li>单独地，在一个清洁干燥的3颈250毫升RBF有磁力搅拌棒的，结合0.48克（0.0037摩尔）镉（II）氧化物（CDO）粉末4.29克（0.015摩尔）油酸（OA）和76毫升的1-十八碳烯。检查是否使用前缺陷玻璃器皿，并组装所有玻璃 - 玻璃接头高温真空润滑脂。 </li><li>通过在Schlenk线玻璃器皿离开RBF自由的至少一个颈部注入TOP-硫族化物的前体连接于低流量向烧瓶真空泵和惰性气体（氩，Ar或氮气N 2）源。将温度探头直接进入从脖子和密封件的一个解决方案。 </li><li>设置在最高转速下搅拌和30分钟设定在真空下温度为110℃。 注:超过250 ℃，可能会降低由从无色到的颜色变化指示的油酸成分黄色。 </li><li>从真空切换到惰性气体来构建在烧瓶一个轻微的正压力。调整气体到低压（约1磅）的流动。气泡应该在1-5赫兹的在油鼓泡器的频率来形成。 <ol><li>另外准备一个玻璃颈部伸展用橡胶隔膜突破。附加注射器针头油管上舒伦克线。 </li><li>皮尔斯注射器针头插入隔膜，使压力释放。记得要轻轻润滑脂真空润滑脂关节。 </li><li>在这个时候，迅速从反应烧瓶中取出顶部玻璃塞，用玻璃扩展替换它。过量的惰性气体将流过烧瓶中，这将有气泡从油鼓泡新兴来指示。 </li></ol></li><li>关闭原始惰性气体源，并打开第二排气孔，以允许合成的其余时间里惰性气体的缓慢受控流入烧瓶的顶部。 </li><li>增加溶液至26的温度0 ℃，碲化镉（250℃，硒化镉），并等待直至溶液从浅棕色完全无色透明的曲折。 </li><li>一旦达到所需的反应温度，通过提取TOP-硫族化物的前体和另外5毫升1- ODE制备用于注射的注射器。 </li><li>在一个步骤中，除去加热套，在连续搅拌并迅速注入TOP-硫属化物/ 1- ODE混合物。 </li><li>允许溶液冷却至室温（〜30分钟）并监视颜色的变化作为量子受限粒子种子形成和生长成较大的纳米晶体。的CdSe是深红色和CdTe是深褐色。 </li><li>直接向烧瓶中加入25毫升庚烷和100毫升乙醇中，以沉淀产物。转印40毫升等份到50ml离心管中并加入5毫升甲苯和5ml乙醇以完成沉淀。 </li><li>离心产物在1722 xg离心2分钟或直至上清液是透明的。倒出上清液并结合固体p通过加入0.5毫升甲苯和5ml蒸馏的吡啶以分散纳米晶体RODUCT到5ml的RBF。注意:进行通风橱下的所有吡啶实验。 </li><li>冲洗用惰性气体RBF和，然后用橡胶隔片密封。安装加热套，带来至85℃。减轻使用简要插入橡胶隔膜的针的任何压力。继续加热和18小时轻轻搅拌。 </li><li>继吡啶交流，在1722 XG结合碲化镉或硒化镉产品和40毫升己烷和离心2分钟或直到上清液是无色的。滗上清液，加入5毫升蒸馏的吡啶和5ml 1-丙醇。冲洗烧瓶用惰性气体和超声（40千赫）此混合物30分钟。收集上清并丢弃任何固体产物。 </li><li>通过一个1微米的聚四氟乙烯（PTFE）针筒式过滤器过滤油墨以除去大或聚集的颗粒。通过干燥和称重1毫升测量油墨的浓度。典型的浓度ARE-40毫克毫升-1 CdTe和16毫克毫升-1的CdSe。 </li><li>根据需要稀释用吡啶/ 1-丙醇墨。在惰性气体下商店墨水在不使用时。 </li></ol></li><li> 金墨26 <ol><li>在500毫升锥形瓶中，同时搅拌，结合金（III）三水合物的1.518克（0.00385摩尔），氯金酸4。3H 2 O和126毫升水2 O以产生黄色溶液。 </li><li>添加9.52克（0.0174摩尔）四辛基溴化334毫升甲苯的预混合溶液。 </li><li>接下来，添加配位体，在2毫升甲苯0.452克（0.00382摩尔）己硫醇。 </li><li>最后，分别结合1.58克（0.0418摩尔）硼氢化钠（NaBH 4还原）用105ml 的 H 2 O和立即添加该起泡还原溶液滴加到反应烧瓶中。 </li><li>在空气中在室温下搅拌3小时后，分离有机相用分液漏斗中。 </li><li>使用旋转蒸发器，以减少体积至20ml洗该墨水用50ml己烷和200毫升甲醇。沉淀的固体用离心1722 xg离心2分钟，并倒出无色上清液。 </li><li>干燥固体在空气中，并在氯仿与70毫克毫升-1的浓度再分散。 </li></ol></li><li> ITO油墨23 <ol><li>结合铟（Ⅲ）硝酸盐水合物的固体盐（以（NO 3）3。2.85H 2 O，2.93克，0.00974摩尔）和锡（II）二水合物，（的SnCl 2·2H 2 O，0.357克，0.00158摩尔）用10毫升2-甲氧基乙醇至50ml聚丙烯离心管中。 </li><li>此，添加167微升14.5 1M氢氧化铵（NH 4 OH，0.0024摩尔）作为pH稳定剂和0.83克（0.0104摩尔）硝酸铵（NH 4 NO 3）作为氧化剂。 </li><li>在40千赫20分钟加热（60℃）超声处理，或直到从朦胧白色至无色和tran油墨的变化sparent。 </li></ol></li></ol> 2. ITO图案<ol><li>剪切和通过在乙醇和丙酮超声清洗（25毫米×25毫米×1.1毫米）载玻片。 </li><li> 1分钟浸泡在浓（&gt; 5 M）的氢氧化钠水溶液（氢氧化钠）的玻璃基板，并用水简单冲洗。 </li><li>广场上的旋涂在玻璃基板和填充墨水ITO幻灯片。转速为3228 XG为20秒。 </li><li>立即放置在基板上的加热板的设定至400℃并加热10分钟。在室温下，缓慢冷却陶瓷板上。 </li><li>重复此过程（2.3 - 2.4），直至薄层电阻低于每平方1000欧姆（约10层）。通过放置在一个稳定的表面上的ITO /玻璃膜和压下万用表探针相距大约0.5cm到记录电阻近似用万用表或度量用四点探针的薄层电阻。如果一个四点探针可用，踩下探针尖端到薄膜记录片řesistance按照既定的方法。27 </li><li>最后，简要地浸（〜2秒）在稀王水膜，并用蒸馏水，随后干燥​​，以减少低于每平方500欧姆的电阻冲洗。 </li><li>通过切割胶带的条带构造的器件图案（ 即 ，对于热处理或酸蚀刻玻璃纸胶带聚酰胺磁带）和粘附它们沿预先设计的网格。例如，具有0.10厘米的宽度垂直条会产生0.10厘米2器件区域。 <ol><li>与文档编辑软件设计网格，打印到纸和位置在所述衬底下充当用于安装磁带到透明载玻片的导向。 注意:根据应用程序和油墨的性质，这些网格可用于产生具有在一个正方形，长方形或可测量区域的任何形状的形状重叠的顶部和底部电极的设备。例如，通过交替的ITO两个平行的条带即各自0.10厘米宽，随后沉积有源层（硒化镉和碲化镉），金层，可以仅使用旋转90度相同的图案，以形成两个0.10厘米2设备沉积。 </li></ol></li><li>具有粘附带条浸泡在玻璃/ ITO薄膜在稀王水在60 °C，直到露出ITO溶解，留下光秃秃的玻璃基板。 </li><li>取出磁带，并用丙酮和乙醇冲洗膜以从磁带粘合剂除去任何残留物。 </li><li>放置银环氧树脂的小滴在ITO在玻璃基板的一个端部剥离。加热此在150的加热板上 °℃2分钟，随后冷却至室温。这些将作为接触点用于设备的测量，因为它是难以退火后除去的CdTe /硒化镉的活性层。 </li></ol>硒化镉，碲化镉和Au膜3.解决方案处理<ol><li> 旋涂28 <ol><li>将图案的ITO-GLAS上旋涂小号基板与一滴包衣CdSe纳米晶填充的顶面。 </li><li>旋在610×g离心30秒，然后干燥在150的加热板上 °℃2分钟。冷却至25℃。 </li><li>沾膜在NH 4 CL:甲醇（25饱和 °C）的解决方案设置为60 C。保持15秒，然后浸片成异丙醇的单独的容器。 </li><li>上在380的加热板上在惰性气体下干燥，然后加热 °℃，25秒。冷却至室温，并在惰性气体的干燥前用清水冲洗干净，用蒸馏水多余的盐分。 </li><li>重复此过程（3.1.1 - 3.1.4），直到达到所希望的厚度。通常情况下，硒化镉的3层产生一个60纳米薄膜和CdTe的6层产生400纳米的CdTe膜。 </li></ol></li><li> 喷涂12，29 <ol><li>用胶带或夹子垂直安装在ITO玻璃基板上平坦坚实的后盾。 </li><li>语用氯仿1和加载重力供给喷枪（配备有0.5毫针刺）用0.25毫升的油墨-尤特的CdTe和硒化镉墨水至4mg毫升。 </li><li>调整10和40磅之间的载气的压力。使用更高的压力更薄更平滑的薄膜。 </li><li>压低下于衬底随后使用其中空气刷喷嘴保持约60 mm，从基片的快速垂直侧到另一侧的运动均匀地喷在基片上喷嘴和喷雾纳米油墨。通过喷洒〜1毫升纯氯仿远离设备清洗喷枪。 </li><li>从支架移除基板和对待沉积的碲化镉或硒化镉纳米晶体薄膜具有相同的程序作为用于旋涂（3.1.5），直到所希望的厚度。 </li><li>同样地，喷背金属接触纳米晶体薄膜上活性层以完成该设备。使用使用用于ITO电极所用的相同的方法，图案0.01厘米粗条低胶带有源层垂直于ITO条。 </li><li>加载喷枪与分散在氯仿将2ml金（Au）纳米晶体油墨（70毫克毫升-1）。 </li><li>深色不透明膜淀积之后，卸除基片，在250℃下进行20秒加热在热板上之前小心地取出磁带。黄金颜色会出现，该装置可被冷却至室温并进行测试。 </li></ol></li></ol>

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B., Irvin, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Emerging+Transparent+Electrodes+Based+on+Thin+Films+of+Carbon+Nanotubes,+Graphene,+and+Metallic+Nanostructures.">Emerging Transparent Electrodes Based on Thin Films of Carbon Nanotubes, Graphene, and Metallic Nanostructures.</a> Adv. Mater. 23, 1482-1513 (2011).</li><li>Kim, M. G., Kanatzidis, M. G., Facchetti, A., Marks, T. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Low-temperature+fabrication+of+high-performance+metal+oxide+thin-film+electronics+via+combustion+processing.">Low-temperature fabrication of high-performance metal oxide thin-film electronics via combustion processing.</a> Nat. Mater. 10, 382-388 (2011).</li><li>Townsend, T. K., Foos, E. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fully+solution+processed+all+inorganic+nanocrystal+solar+cells.">Fully solution processed all inorganic nanocrystal solar cells.</a> Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 16, 16458-16464 (2014).</li><li>Yu, W. W., Peng, X. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Formation+of+High-Quality+CdS+and+Other+II-VI+Semiconductor+Nanocrystals+in+Noncoordinating+Solvents:+Tunable+Reactivity+of+Monomers.">Formation of High-Quality CdS and Other II-VI Semiconductor Nanocrystals in Noncoordinating Solvents: Tunable Reactivity of Monomers.</a> Angew. Chem. 114, 2474-2477 (2002).</li><li>Brust, M., Walker, M., Bethell, D., Schiffrin, D. 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Interfaces. 5, 8828-8832 (2013).</li><li>Nag, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Metal-free+Inorganic+Ligands+for+Colloidal+Nanocrystals:+S2-,+HS-,+Se2-,+HSe-,+Te2-,+HTe-,+TeS32-,+OH-,+and+NH2-+as+Surface+Ligands.">Metal-free Inorganic Ligands for Colloidal Nanocrystals: S2-, HS-, Se2-, HSe-, Te2-, HTe-, TeS32-, OH-, and NH2- as Surface Ligands.</a> J. Am. Chem. Soc. 133, 10612-10620 (2011).</li><li>Panthani, M. G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=High+Efficiency+Solution+Processed+Sintered+CdTe+Nanocrystal+Solar+Cells:+The+Role+of+Interfaces.">High Efficiency Solution Processed Sintered CdTe Nanocrystal Solar Cells: The Role of Interfaces.</a> Nano Lett. 14, 670-675 (2014).</li></ol>

作者什么都没有透露。

总之，这个协议提供了涉及构建处理的电子装置从一个喷雾或旋涂沉积的溶液的关键步骤的准则。在这里，我们突出显示溶液加工的透明导电氧化铟锡（ITO）薄膜上的非导电性的玻璃基板的新方法。一个浅显蚀刻过程之后，各个电极可以前喷雾沉积光活性层而形成。使用层 - 层技术，硒化镉和碲化镉纳米晶体可以从喷枪在环境条件下被沉积在空气中。配体交换和热处理后，最后的非透明导电性金?...

由于其独特的新兴性质，无机纳米晶体的油墨已经在广泛的电子设备，包括光电，1找到的应用程序- 6发光二极管，7，8电容器9和晶体管10这是由于出色的电子的组合和无机材料和纳米级的溶液相容的光学性质。散装无机材料通常不溶于，因此仅限于高温，低气压真空沉积。然而，在用有机配位体壳的纳米制备时，这些材料可分散在有机溶剂中，并从溶液中沉积（滴，浸涂，旋，喷雾涂层）。这种自由与电子设备外套大和不规则表面减少了这些技术的成本，同时也不断扩大可能的特殊应用。6,11 </suP&gt; 12 镉（II），碲化（碲化镉），镉（II）的硒化物（硒化镉），镉（II）的硫化物（CDS）和氧化锌的溶液处理（ZnO）的无机半导体的有源层，导致到达效率（ƞ）光伏器件为金属碲化镉肖特基结的CdTe /铝（ƞ= 5.15％）13，14和异质结的CdS / CdTe的（ƞ= 5.73％），15的CdSe / CdTe的（ƞ= 3.02％），16，17的ZnO /碲化镉（ƞ= 7.1 ％，12％）。18，19在相反的散装CdTe器件真空沉积，这些纳米晶体膜必须经过配体交换之后沉积以除去天然和绝缘长链有机配位体通过薄膜禁止有效的电子传输。此外，烧结CD-（S，硒，碲）必须在一个合适的盐的催化剂的存在下在加热过程中发生。最近，有人˚Found即无毒氯化铵（NH 4 Cl）的可以用于此目的作为用于通常使用的镉（Ⅱ）氯化物置换（CDCL 2）20通过在氯化铵沉积的纳米晶体薄膜浸渍:甲醇溶液，与暴露于热活化氯化铵烧结催化剂同时发生的配位体交换反应。这些制备的薄膜被加热层-层来构建光活性层的所需的厚度。21 在透明导电膜的最新进展（金属纳米线，石墨烯，碳纳米管，燃烧处理铟锡氧化物）和导电性金属纳米晶体的油墨导致的建立在任意的非导电表面的柔性或弯曲的电子设备的制造。22，23在此介绍中，我们证明包括有源层（CdTe和CdSe纳米晶），每个前体油墨溶液的制备中，transpa租导电氧化物电极（ 即 ，氧化铟掺杂的锡，ITO）和背面金属接触以从溶液中处理完全构建完成的无机太阳能电池。24在这里，我们突出显示非导电性的喷涂工艺和器件层图案形成结构玻璃。这种详细的视频协议旨在帮助研究者谁是设计和建造的解决方案处理后的太阳能电池;然而，这里所描述的相同的技术可应用于广泛的电子设备。

<table><tbody><tr><td>Oleic acid, 90%</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>364525</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>1-octadecene, 90%</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>O806</td><td>Technical grade</td></tr><tr><td>Trioctylphosphine (TOP), 90%</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>117854</td><td>Air sensitive</td></tr><tr><td>Trimethylsilyl chloride, 99.9%</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>92360</td><td>Air and water sensitive</td></tr><tr><td>Se, 99.5+%</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>209651</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>NH&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;Cl, 99%</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>9718</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>CdCl&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;, 99.9%</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>202908</td><td>Highly toxic</td></tr><tr><td>CdO, 99.99%</td><td>Strem</td><td>202894</td><td>Highly toxic</td></tr><tr><td>Te, 99.8%</td><td>Strem</td><td>264865</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>In(NO&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;)&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;sup&gt;.&lt;/sup&gt;2.85H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O, 99.99%</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>326127-50G</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>SnCl&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;sup&gt;.&lt;/sup&gt;2H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O, 99.9%</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>431508</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>NH&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;OH</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>320145</td><td>Caustic</td></tr><tr><td>NH&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;NO&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;, 99%</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>A9642</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>HAuCl&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;sup&gt;.&lt;/sup&gt;3H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O, 99.9%</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>520918</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Tetraoctylammonium bromide (TMA-Br)</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>294136</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Toluene, 99.8%</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>244511</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Hexanethiol, 95%</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>234192</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>NaBH&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;, 96%</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>71320</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Hexanes, 98.5%</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>650544</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Ethanol, 99.5%</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>459844</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Methanol, anhydrous, 99.8%</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>322415</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>1-propanol, 99.5%</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>402893</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>2-propanol, 99.5%</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>278475</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Pyridine, &gt; 99%</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>360570</td><td>Purified by distillation</td></tr><tr><td>Heptane</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>246654</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>chloroform &gt; 99%</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>372978</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Acetone</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>34850</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Glass microscope slides</td><td>Fisher</td><td>12-544-4</td><td>Cut with glass cutter</td></tr><tr><td>Gravity Fed Airbrush</td><td>Paasche</td><td>VSR90#1</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Syringe needle</td><td>Fisher</td><td>CAD4075</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Solar Simulator Testing Station</td><td>Newport</td><td>PVIV-1A</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Software</td><td>Oriel</td><td>PVIV 2.0</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Round bottom flask</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>Z723134</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Round bottom flask</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>Z418668</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) syringe filter&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>Z259926</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Polyamide tape</td><td>Kapton</td><td>KPT-1/8</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Cellophane tape</td><td>Scotch</td><td>810 Tape</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Polypropylene&amp;nbsp;centrifuge tube</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>CLS430290</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Silver epoxy</td><td>MG Chemicals</td><td>8331-14G</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

fabrication of fully solution processed inorganic nanocrystal photovoltaic devices

我们证明用于从旋制备完全溶液处理无机太阳能电池的方法和喷雾纳米油墨的涂层沉积。对于光活性吸收层，胶体CdTe和CdSe纳米晶（3-5纳米）使用的惰性热喷射技术合成和沉淀清洗以除去过量的起始试剂。同样，金的纳米晶体（3-5纳米）的环境条件下合成并溶解在有机溶剂中。另外，对于透明导电氧化铟锡（ITO）膜前体溶液是从与反应性氧化剂成对铟和锡的盐的溶液制备。层 - 层，这些解决方案被沉积到下面的退火（200-400℃），以建立所述纳米晶体的太阳能电池（玻璃/ ITO /的CdSe / CdTe的/金）的玻璃基板。预退火配体交换所需的硒化镉和碲化镉纳米晶体薄膜的地方在NH 4氯浸:甲醇代替长链本土联赛NDS小无机氯-阴离子。 氯化铵 （多个）被发现充当烧结反应（作为无毒替代常规的CdCl 2（S）处理）的催化剂加热时导致晶粒生长（136±39纳米）。所制备的膜的厚度和粗糙度的特征在于用SEM和光学轮廓。 FTIR用于确定在烧结之前配体交换的程度，和XRD用来验证每种材料的结晶度和相。紫外/可见光谱显示高可见光透过ITO层和热退火后红移的镉硫族化合物纳米晶体的吸收传输。完成器件的电流 - 电压曲线之下模拟一个太阳照度测定。在沉积技术和配位体交换过程中所用的试剂的微小差异已显示出对器件性能产生深远的影响。在这里，我们研究CHEMI的影响卡尔（烧结和配体交换剂）和光生伏打器件的性能物理处理（溶液浓度，喷雾压力，退火时间和退火温度）。

小角度X射线衍射图案被用来验证退火纳米晶体膜（ 图1A）的结晶度和相位。如果微晶尺寸低于100纳米，其晶体直径可以用Scherrer公式来估算（式1）中，用扫描电子显微镜（SEM）证实， <img alt="式（1）" src="/files/ftp_upload/54154/54154eq1.jpg" /> 其中，d是平均微晶直径，K是该材料的无量纲形状因子，β是在布拉格角θ的X射线衍射（XRD）峰的半峰全宽。 ?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Fabrication of Fully Solution Processed Inorganic Nanocrystal Photovoltaic Devices at JoVE.com

Fabrication of Fully Solution Processed Inorganic Nanocrystal Photovoltaic Devices

这个协议描述无机纳米晶体层的合成和溶液沉积由层产生对非导电性表面上的薄膜电子器件。溶剂稳定的油墨能够产生在玻璃基板上通过旋涂和喷涂以下后沉积配体交换和烧结完成的光伏器件。

全面解决方案处理的无机纳米晶体光伏器件的制造

We demonstrate a method for the preparation of fully solution processed inorganic solar cells from a spin and spray coating deposition of nanocrystal ...

fabrication-fully-solution-processed-inorganic-nanocrystal

Universidad de Cartagena UDEC

Research

JoVE Journal

Engineering

10.4K 次观看.  St. Mary's College of Maryland. 这个协议描述无机纳米晶体层的合成和溶液沉积由层产生对非导电性表面上的薄膜电子器件。溶剂稳定的油墨能够产生在玻璃基板上通过旋涂和喷涂以下后沉积配体交换和烧结完成的光伏器件。 

视频: Fabrication of Fully Solution Processed Inorganic Nanocrystal Photovoltaic Devices

Polycrystalline Silicon Thin-film Solar cells with Plasmonic-enhanced Light-trapping

One of major approaches to cheaper solar cells is reducing the amount of semiconductor material used for their fabrication and making cells thinner. To compensate for lower light absorption such physically thin devices have to incorporate light-trapping which increases their optical thickness. Light scattering by textured surfaces is a common technique but it cannot be universally applied to all solar cell technologies. Some cells, for example those made of evaporated silicon, are planar as produced and they require an alternative light-trapping means suitable for planar devices. Metal nanoparticles formed on planar silicon cell surface and capable of light scattering due to surface plasmon resonance is an effective approach.
The paper presents a fabrication procedure of evaporated polycrystalline silicon solar cells with plasmonic light-trapping and demonstrates how the cell quantum efficiency improves due to presence of metal nanoparticles.
To fabricate the cells a film consisting of alternative boron and phosphorous doped silicon layers is deposited on glass substrate by electron beam evaporation. An Initially amorphous film is crystallised and electronic defects are mitigated by annealing and hydrogen passivation. Metal grid contacts are applied to the layers of opposite polarity to extract electricity generated by the cell. Typically, such a ~2 &mu;m thick cell has a short-circuit current density (Jsc) of 14-16 mA/cm2, which can be increased up to 17-18 mA/cm2 (~25% higher) after application of a simple diffuse back reflector made of a white paint.
To implement plasmonic light-trapping a silver nanoparticle array is formed on the metallised cell silicon surface. A precursor silver film is deposited on the cell by thermal evaporation and annealed at 23&deg;C to form silver nanoparticles. Nanoparticle size and coverage, which affect plasmonic light-scattering, can be tuned for enhanced cell performance by varying the precursor film thickness and its annealing conditions. An optimised nanoparticle array alone results in cell Jsc enhancement of about 28%, similar to the effect of the diffuse reflector. The photocurrent can be further increased by coating the nanoparticles by a low refractive index dielectric, like MgF2, and applying the diffused reflector. The complete plasmonic cell structure comprises the polycrystalline silicon film, a silver nanoparticle array, a layer of MgF2, and a diffuse reflector. The Jsc for such cell is 21-23 mA/cm2, up to 45% higher than Jsc of the original cell without light-trapping or ~25% higher than Jsc for the cell with the diffuse reflector only.
Introduction
Light-trapping in silicon solar cells is commonly achieved via light scattering at textured interfaces. Scattered light travels through a cell at oblique angles for a longer distance and when such angles exceed the critical angle at the cell interfaces the light is permanently trapped in the cell by total internal reflection (Animation 1: Light-trapping). Although this scheme works well for most solar cells, there are developing technologies where ultra-thin Si layers are produced planar (e.g. layer-transfer technologies and epitaxial c-Si layers) 1 and or when such layers are not compatible with textures substrates (e.g. evaporated silicon) 2. For such originally planar Si layer alternative light trapping approaches, such as diffuse white paint reflector 3, silicon plasma texturing 4 or high refractive index nanoparticle reflector 5 have been suggested.
Metal nanoparticles can effectively scatter incident light into a higher refractive index material, like silicon, due to the surface plasmon resonance effect 6. They also can be easily formed on the planar silicon cell surface thus offering a light-trapping approach alternative to texturing. For a nanoparticle located at the air-silicon interface the scattered light fraction coupled into silicon exceeds 95% and a large faction of that light is scattered at angles above critical providing nearly ideal light-trapping condition (Animation 2: Plasmons on NP). The resonance can be tuned to the wavelength region, which is most important for a particular cell material and design, by varying the nanoparticle average size, surface coverage and local dielectric environment 6,7. Theoretical design principles of plasmonic nanoparticle solar cells have been suggested 8. In practice, Ag nanoparticle array is an ideal light-trapping partner for poly-Si thin-film solar cells because most of these design principle are naturally met. The simplest way of forming nanoparticles by thermal annealing of a thin precursor Ag film results in a random array with a relatively wide size and shape distribution, which is particularly suitable for light-trapping because such an array has a wide resonance peak, covering the wavelength range of 700-900 nm, important for poly-Si solar cell performance. The nanoparticle array can only be located on the rear poly-Si cell surface thus avoiding destructive interference between incident and scattered light which occurs for front-located nanoparticles 9. Moreover, poly-Si thin-film cells do not requires a passivating layer and the flat base-shaped nanoparticles (that naturally result from thermal annealing of a metal film) can be directly placed on silicon further increases plasmonic scattering efficiency due to surface plasmon-polariton resonance 10.
The cell with the plasmonic nanoparticle array as described above can have a photocurrent about 28% higher than the original cell. However, the array still transmits a significant amount of light which escapes through the rear of the cell and does not contribute into the current. This loss can be mitigated by adding a rear reflector to allow catching transmitted light and re-directing it back to the cell. Providing sufficient distance between the reflector and the nanoparticles (a few hundred nanometers) the reflected light will then experience one more plasmonic scattering event while passing through the nanoparticle array on re-entering the cell and the reflector itself can be made diffuse - both effects further facilitating light scattering and hence light-trapping. Importantly, the Ag nanoparticles have to be encapsulated with an inert and low refractive index dielectric, like MgF2 or SiO2, from the rear reflector to avoid mechanical and chemical damage 7. Low refractive index for this cladding layer is required to maintain a high coupling fraction into silicon and larger scattering angles, which are ensured by the high optical contrast between the media on both sides of the nanoparticle, silicon and dielectric 6. The photocurrent of the plasmonic cell with the diffuse rear reflector can be up to 45% higher than the current of the original cell or up to 25% higher than the current of an equivalent cell with the diffuse reflector only.

Polycrystalline silicon thin-film solar cells on glass are fabricated by deposition of boron and phosphorous doped silicon layers followed by crystallisation, defect passivation and metallisation. Plasmonic light-trapping is introduced by forming Ag nanoparticles on the silicon cell surface capped with a diffused reflector resulting in ~45% photocurrent enhancement.

多晶硅薄膜太阳能电池电浆增强光捕获

One of major approaches to cheaper solar cells is reducing the amount of semiconductor material used for their fabrication and making cells thinner. To ...

科研

工程学

Harvesting Solar Energy by Means of Charge-Separating Nanocrystals and Their Solids

Conjoining different semiconductor materials in a single nano-composite provides synthetic means for the development of novel optoelectronic materials offering a superior control over the spatial distribution of charge carriers across material interfaces. As this study demonstrates, a combination of donor-acceptor nanocrystal (NC) domains in a single nanoparticle can lead to the realization of efficient photocatalytic1-5 materials, while a layered assembly of donor- and acceptor-like nanocrystals films gives rise to photovoltaic materials.
Initially the paper focuses on the synthesis of composite inorganic nanocrystals, comprising linearly stacked ZnSe, CdS, and Pt domains, which jointly promote photoinduced charge separation. These structures are used in aqueous solutions for the photocatalysis of water under solar radiation, resulting in the production of H2 gas. To enhance the photoinduced separation of charges, a nanorod morphology with a linear gradient originating from an intrinsic electric field is used5. The inter-domain energetics are then optimized to drive photogenerated electrons toward the Pt catalytic site while expelling the holes to the surface of ZnSe domains for sacrificial regeneration (via methanol). Here we show that the only efficient way to produce hydrogen is to use electron-donating ligands to passivate the surface states by tuning the energy level alignment at the semiconductor-ligand interface. Stable and efficient reduction of water is allowed by these ligands due to the fact that they fill vacancies in the valence band of the semiconductor domain, preventing energetic holes from degrading it. Specifically, we show that the energy of the hole is transferred to the ligand moiety, leaving the semiconductor domain functional. This enables us to return the entire nanocrystal-ligand system to a functional state, when the ligands are degraded, by simply adding fresh ligands to the system4.
To promote a photovoltaic charge separation, we use a composite two-layer solid of PbS and TiO2 films. In this configuration, photoinduced electrons are injected into TiO2 and are subsequently picked up by an FTO electrode, while holes are channeled to a Au electrode via PbS layer6. To develop the latter we introduce a Semiconductor Matrix Encapsulated Nanocrystal Arrays (SMENA) strategy, which allows bonding PbS NCs into the surrounding matrix of CdS semiconductor. As a result, fabricated solids exhibit excellent thermal stability, attributed to the heteroepitaxial structure of nanocrystal-matrix interfaces, and show compelling light-harvesting performance in prototype solar cells7.

A general strategy for the development of charge-separating semiconductor nanocrystal composites deployable for solar energy production is presented. We show that assembly of donor-acceptor nanocrystal domains in a single nanoparticle geometry gives rise to a photocatalytic function, while bulk-heterojunctions of donor-acceptor nanocrystal films can be used for photovoltaic energy conversion.

通过电荷分离纳米晶及其固体收获太阳能

Conjoining different semiconductor materials in a single nano-composite provides synthetic means for the development of novel optoelectronic materials ...

Nanomoulding of Functional Materials, a Versatile Complementary Pattern Replication Method to Nanoimprinting

We describe a nanomoulding technique which allows low-cost nanoscale patterning of functional materials, materials stacks and full devices. Nanomoulding combined with layer transfer enables the replication of arbitrary surface patterns from a master structure onto the functional material. Nanomoulding can be performed on any nanoimprinting setup and can be applied to a wide range of materials and deposition processes. In particular we demonstrate the fabrication of patterned transparent zinc oxide electrodes for light trapping applications in solar cells.

We describe a nanomoulding technique which allows low-cost nanoscale patterning of functional materials, materials stacks and full devices. Nanomoulding can be performed on any nanoimprinting setup and can be applied to a wide range of materials and deposition processes.

Nanomoulding功能材料，灵活的互补模式的复制方法，以奈米

We describe a nanomoulding technique which  allows low-cost nanoscale patterning of functional materials, materials stacks  and full devices. Nanomoulding ...

Ambient Method for the Production of an Ionically Gated Carbon Nanotube Common Cathode in Tandem Organic Solar Cells

A method of fabricating organic photovoltaic (OPV) tandems that requires no vacuum processing is presented. These devices are comprised of two solution-processed polymeric cells connected in parallel by a transparent carbon nanotubes (CNT) interlayer. This structure includes improvements in fabrication techniques for tandem OPV devices. First the need for ambient-processed cathodes is considered. The CNT anode in the tandem device is tuned via ionic gating to become a common cathode. Ionic gating employs electric double layer charging to lower the work function of the CNT electrode. Secondly, the difficulty of sequentially stacking tandem layers by solution-processing is addressed. The devices are fabricated via solution and dry-lamination in ambient conditions with parallel processing steps. The method of fabricating the individual polymeric cells, the steps needed to laminate them together with a common CNT cathode, and then provide some representative results are described. These results demonstrate ionic gating of the CNT electrode to create a common cathode and addition of current and efficiency as a result of the lamination procedure.

A method of fabricating, in ambient conditions, organic photovoltaic tandem devices in a parallel configuration is presented. These devices feature an air-processed, semi-transparent, carbon nanotube common cathode.

对于一个以离子门控碳纳米管共阴极的串联有机太阳能电池的生产环境法

A method of fabricating organic photovoltaic (OPV) tandems that requires no vacuum processing is presented. These devices are comprised of two ...

Fabrication of High Contrast Gratings for the Spectrum Splitting Dispersive Element in a Concentrated Photovoltaic System

High contrast gratings are designed and fabricated and its application is proposed in a parallel spectrum splitting dispersive element that can improve the solar conversion efficiency of a concentrated photovoltaic system. The proposed system will also lower the solar cell cost in the concentrated photovoltaic system by replacing the expensive tandem solar cells with the cost-effective single junction solar cells. The structures and the parameters of high contrast gratings for the dispersive elements were numerically optimized. The large-area fabrication of high contrast gratings was experimentally demonstrated using nanoimprint lithography and dry etching. The quality of grating material and the performance of the fabricated device were both experimentally characterized. By analyzing the measurement results, the possible side effects from the fabrication processes are discussed and several methods that have the potential to improve the fabrication processes are proposed, which can help to increase the optical efficiency of the fabricated devices.

The fabrication of high contrast gratings as the parallel spectrum splitting dispersive element in a concentrated photovoltaic system is demonstrated. Fabrication processes including nanoimprint lithography, TiO2 sputtering and reactive ion etching are described. Reflectance measurement results are used to characterize the optical performance.

制造高对比度光栅的频谱分割色散元件的聚光光伏系统

High contrast gratings are designed and fabricated and its application is proposed in a parallel spectrum splitting dispersive element that can improve ...

Printing Fabrication of Bulk Heterojunction Solar Cells and In Situ Morphology Characterization

Polymer-based materials hold promise as low-cost, flexible efficient photovoltaic devices. Most laboratory efforts to achieve high performance devices have used devices prepared by spin coating, a process that is not amenable to large-scale fabrication. This mismatch in device fabrication makes it difficult to translate quantitative results obtained in the laboratory to the commercial level, making optimization difficult. Using a mini-slot die coater, this mismatch can be resolved by translating the commercial process to the laboratory and characterizing the structure formation in the active layer of the device in real time and in situ as films are coated onto a substrate. The evolution of the morphology was characterized under different conditions, allowing us to propose a mechanism by which the structures form and grow. This mini-slot die coater offers a simple, convenient, material efficient route by which the morphology in the active layer can be optimized under industrially relevant conditions. The goal of this protocol is to show experimental details of how a solar cell device is fabricated using a mini-slot die coater and technical details of running in situ structure characterization using the mini-slot die coater.

Printing Fabrication of Bulk Heterojunction Solar Cells and In Situ Morphology Characterization

Here, we present a protocol to fabricate organic thin film solar cells using a mini-slot die coater and related in-line structure characterizations using synchrotron scattering techniques.

散装异质结太阳能电池的印刷和制作<em&gt;原位</em&gt;形态特征

Polymer-based materials hold promise as low-cost, flexible efficient photovoltaic devices. Most laboratory efforts to achieve high performance devices ...

Influence of Hybrid Perovskite Fabrication Methods on Film Formation, Electronic Structure, and Solar Cell Performance

Hybrid organic/inorganic halide perovskites have lately been a topic of great interest in the field of solar cell applications, with the potential to achieve device efficiencies exceeding other thin film device technologies. Yet, large variations in device efficiency and basic physical properties are reported. This is due to unintentional variations during film processing, which have not been sufficiently investigated so far. We therefore conducted an extensive study of the morphology and electronic structure of a large number of CH3NH3PbI3 perovskite where we show how the preparation method as well as the mixing ratio of educts methylammonium iodide and lead(II) iodide impact properties like film formation, crystal structure, density of states, energy levels, and ultimately the solar cell performance.

We present an extensive study on the effects of different fabrication methods for organic/inorganic perovskite thin films by comparing crystal structures, density of states, energy levels, and ultimately the solar cell performance.

上成膜钙钛矿型混合制造方法，电子结构和太阳能电池性能的影响

Hybrid organic/inorganic halide perovskites have lately been a topic of great interest in the field of solar cell applications, with the potential to ...

化学

Morphology Control for Fully Printable Organic&#8211;Inorganic Bulk-heterojunction Solar Cells Based on a Ti-alkoxide and Semiconducting Polymer

The photoactive layer of a typical organic thin-film bulk-heterojunction (BHJ) solar cell commonly uses fullerene derivatives as the electron-accepting material. However, fullerene derivatives are air-sensitive; therefore, air-stable material is needed as an alternative. In the present study, we propose and describe the properties of Ti-alkoxide as an alternative electron-accepting material to fullerene derivatives to create highly air-stable BHJ solar cells. It is well-known that controlling the morphology in the photoactive layer, which is constructed with fullerene derivatives as the electron acceptor, is important for obtaining a high overall efficiency through the solvent method. The conventional solvent method is useful for high-solubility materials, such as fullerene derivatives. However, for Ti-alkoxides, the conventional solvent method is insufficient, because they only dissolve in specific solvents. Here, we demonstrate a new approach to morphology control that uses the molecular bulkiness of Ti-alkoxides without the conventional solvent method. That is, this method is one approach to obtain highly efficient, air-stable, organic-inorganic bulk-heterojunction solar cells.

A method for fully printable, fullerene-free, highly air-stable, bulk-heterojunction solar cells based on Ti alkoxides as the electron acceptor and the electron-donating polymer fabrication is described here. Moreover, a method for controlling the morphology of the photoactive layer through the molecular bulkiness of the Ti-alkoxide units is reported.

基于一个钛醇盐和半导体聚合物为全可印刷有机 - 无机批量异质结太阳能电池形貌控制

The photoactive layer of a typical organic thin-film bulk-heterojunction (BHJ) solar cell commonly uses fullerene derivatives as the electron-accepting ...

Well-aligned Vertically Oriented ZnO Nanorod Arrays and their Application in Inverted Small Molecule Solar Cells

This manuscript describes how to design and fabricate efficient inverted solar cells, which are based on a two-dimensional conjugated small molecule (SMPV1) and [6,6]-phenyl-C71-butyric acid methyl ester (PC71BM), by utilizing ZnO nanorods (NRs) grown on a high quality Al-doped ZnO (AZO) seed layer. The inverted SMPV1:PC71BM solar cells with ZnO NRs that grew on both a sputtered and sol-gel processed AZO seed layer are fabricated. Compared with the AZO thin film prepared by the sol-gel method, the sputtered AZO thin film exhibits better crystallization and lower surface roughness, according to X-ray diffraction (XRD) and atomic force microscope (AFM) measurements. The orientation of the ZnO NRs grown on a sputtered AZO seed layer shows better vertical alignment, which is beneficial for the deposition of the subsequent active layer, forming better surface morphologies. Generally, the surface morphology of the active layer mainly dominates the fill factor (FF) of the devices. Consequently, the well-aligned ZnO NRs can be used to improve the carrier collection of the active layer and to increase the FF of the solar cells. Moreover, as an anti-reflection structure, it can also be utilized to enhance the light harvesting of the absorption layer, with the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of solar cells reaching 6.01%, higher than the sol-gel based solar cells with an efficiency of 4.74%.

This manuscript describes how to design and fabricate efficient inverted SMPV1:PC71BM solar cells with ZnO nanorods (NRs) grown on a high quality Al-doped ZnO (AZO) seed layer. The well-aligned vertically oriented ZnO NRs exhibit high crystalline properties. The power conversion efficiency of solar cells can reach 6.01%.

定向定向 ZnO 纳米阵列及其在倒小分子太阳电池中的应用

This manuscript describes how to design and fabricate efficient inverted solar cells, which are based on a two-dimensional conjugated small molecule ...

Flow-assisted Dielectrophoresis: A Low Cost Method for the Fabrication of High Performance Solution-processable Nanowire Devices

Flow-assisted dielectrophoresis (DEP) is an efficient self-assembly method for the controllable and reproducible positioning, alignment, and selection of nanowires. DEP is used for nanowire analysis, characterization, and for solution-based fabrication of semiconducting devices. The method works by applying an alternating electric field between metallic electrodes. The nanowire formulation is then dropped onto the electrodes which are on an inclined surface to create a flow of the formulation using gravity. The nanowires then align along the gradient of the electric field and in the direction of the liquid flow. The frequency of the field can be adjusted to select nanowires with superior conductivity and lower trap density. 
In this work, flow-assisted DEP is used to create nanowire field effect transistors. Flow-assisted DEP has several advantages: it allows selection of nanowire electrical properties; control of nanowire length; placement of nanowires in specific areas; control of orientation of nanowires; and control of nanowire density in the device. 
The technique can be expanded to many other applications such as gas sensors and microwave switches. The technique is efficient, quick, reproducible, and it uses a minimal amount of dilute solution making it ideal for the testing of novel nanomaterials. Wafer scale assembly of nanowire devices can also be achieved using this technique, allowing large numbers of samples for testing and large-area electronic applications.

In this paper, flow assisted dielectrophoresis is demonstrated for the self-assembly of nanowire devices. The fabrication of a silicon nanowire field effect transistor is shown as an example.

流动辅助介: 一种低成本的制备高性能溶液可纳米线器件的方法

Flow-assisted dielectrophoresis (DEP) is an efficient self-assembly method for the controllable and reproducible positioning, alignment, and selection of ...