This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 11374245), the NIH under Grant No. P41-EB2182, the Natural Science Foundation of Fujian Province, China (Grant No. 2013J01163), and the Open Research Fund of the State Key Laboratory of Acoustics, Chinese Academy of Science (Grant No. SKLA201306).

1.样品制备注意:所希望的大小的PZT-4陶瓷样品可以从许多的PZT陶瓷制造商可以直接订购。一个也可以由使用金刚石切割机更大的PZT陶瓷块切取试样，然后repole恢复通过切割和抛光depoling引起样品。这里，样品形状为具有3 mm与10mm之间的每个维度的平行六面。尺寸较大的样品是没有必要的，但如果样本太小精度可能受到影响。 <ol><li>擦亮长方体样品的表面上有机玻璃磁盘使用的 Al 2 O 3粉末。 <ol><li>首先，由杆和样品加热至60℃胶样品使用非常薄的蜡层的金属棒状的底表面。然后冷却到室温。紧密地配合在杆成具有较大外径的金属圆筒，使气缸和样品的底表面可以是抛光的TOG醚来保证抛光样品表面的平整度。 </li><li>湿用水瓶玻璃板然后撒上6微米的 Al 2 O 3粉末到潮湿的表面。将样品支架与粘在其上板样品并进行圆周运动研磨样品表面平坦。清洗有机玻璃板，彻底的样品架。 </li><li>洒3微米的 Al 2 O 3粉末在潮湿玻璃板并重复进行再次研磨，使样品表面会更光滑。洗干净的一切。 </li><li>由该组件加热至60℃以熔化蜡取下样品保持器的。清洁用丙酮样品表面上的剩余蜡。 </li><li>抛光用同样的步骤样品的所有6个表面上。 </li></ol></li><li>测量样品的使用微米尺寸和记录结果。这里，在图1所示的PZT-4样品的尺寸如下:● </EM&gt; X =4.461毫米，L Y =6.073毫米和l Z =4.914毫米。 </li><li>使用数字分析天平测量样品的质量。 </li><li>由体积除以质量，以获得质量密度ρ。 </li></ol> 2.脉冲回波超声测量注:在本文中， <img alt="15式" src="/files/ftp_upload/53461/image015.jpg" />和<img alt="16式" src="/files/ftp_upload/53461/image016.jpg" />代表第i行第 j以恒定电场和恒定电位移，分别弹性刚度张量的列元素; <img alt="17式" src="/files/ftp_upload/53461/image017.jpg" />和<img alt="18式" src="/files/ftp_upload/53461/image018.jpg" />代表第i行第 j在恒定电弹性柔顺张量的列元素场和恒定电位移，分别; ÐIJ表示第i行第 j压电应变张量的列元素; ËIJ表示第i行第 j压电应力张量的列元素; <img alt="21式" src="/files/ftp_upload/53461/image021.jpg" />和<img alt="式（22）" src="/files/ftp_upload/53461/image022.jpg" />代表第i行第 j 个夹紧和自由介电常数柱元件，分别。所有的基体材料常数是福格特符号。 <ol><li>打开脉冲接收器。将模式设置为的P / E为脉冲回波测量。 </li><li>连接一个纵波换能器（15兆赫）和一个数字示波器的脉冲接收器。 </li><li>把换能器到所述样品表面沿x方向的一些耦合润滑脂在两者之间。注意，偏振可怕ction被定义为z轴。 </li><li>按数字示波器的控制面板上的光标键;按侧面菜单按钮，垂直条，然后旋转通用旋钮一个光标线移动到第一回波信号的最高峰。 </li><li>按SELECT键，然后旋转通用旋钮另一个光标线移动到相应的峰值在第二回波信号。 </li><li>在标有Δ的地方读取数值:在屏幕上，这是飞行的往返时间， <img alt="23式" src="/files/ftp_upload/53461/image023.jpg" />沿x轴的纵波脉冲。 </li><li>沿x方向计算纵波速度， <img alt="24式" src="/files/ftp_upload/53461/image024.jpg" />通过除以两倍的样品的厚度（往返距离） <img alt="27式" src="/files/ftp_upload/53461/image027.jpg" /> ，然后确定弹性常数<im克ALT ="式29"SRC ="/文件/ ftp_upload / 53461 / image029.jpg"/&gt;使用下式: <img alt="30式" src="/files/ftp_upload/53461/image030.jpg" /> ，其中ρ是样品的密度。 </li><li>用剪力波换能器（5兆赫）重复2.3-2.5并且使用公式确定剪切波速<img alt="33式" src="/files/ftp_upload/53461/image033.jpg" /> ，其中<img alt="34式" src="/files/ftp_upload/53461/image034.jpg" />是的飞行为沿x方向的剪力波的往返时间。确定剪切弹性不变<img alt="35式" src="/files/ftp_upload/53461/image035.jpg" />使用下式<img alt="36式" src="/files/ftp_upload/53461/image036.jpg" /> 。 </li><li>计算弹性常数<img alt="37式" src="/files/ftp_upload/53461/image037.jpg" />使用下式: <img alt="38式" src="/files/ftp_upload/53461/image038.jpg" /> 。这是用于与∞ 米对称PZT的样品配方。&lt;/ LI&gt; <li>放置一个剪切换能器（5兆赫）到样品的Z表面。记录飞行的往返时间， <img alt="39式" src="/files/ftp_upload/53461/image039.jpg" />沿使用数字示波器的z方向上的横波。计算的声速<img alt="40式" src="/files/ftp_upload/53461/image040.jpg" />使用下式: <img alt="41式" src="/files/ftp_upload/53461/image041.jpg" /> ，并确定的弹性常数<img alt="42式" src="/files/ftp_upload/53461/image042.jpg" />使用下式: <img alt="43式" src="/files/ftp_upload/53461/image043.jpg" /> 。 </li></ol> 3.测量介电常数的温度依赖性<ol><li>适用的导电银漆薄层到在x方向上用刷子将样品的两个表面。涂料可以以使相同样品可以在开路条件用于RUS测量以后很容易地擦去。 </li><li> CONNECT阻抗分析器控制计算机并开启两个。 </li><li>设置的启动和停止的阻抗分析仪的频率分别为10兆赫和40兆赫，对于频率扫描。因为介电常数&gt;&gt; 1这个PZT样品，计算出其介电常数<img alt="44式" src="/files/ftp_upload/53461/image044.jpg" />使用平行板近似<img alt="45式" src="/files/ftp_upload/53461/image045.jpg" /> ，其中所述电容<img alt="46式" src="/files/ftp_upload/53461/image046.jpg" />在35兆赫被测量，A是电极面积，t是试样的厚度。 </li><li>在16048A适配器连接到阻抗分析仪的四端子对端口。 </li><li>按阻抗分析仪显示校准菜单的CAL键。 </li><li>将适配器按键显示适配器设置在开始菜单，然后选择4TP 1M。 </li><li>连接LCUR和LPOT项在16048A inals至04294-61001的HPOT和HCUR终端。其他终端保持在开路状态。 </li><li>按SET OFUP键，显示适配器设置菜单。 </li><li>按PHASE COMP [ - ]键启动相位补偿数据测量。当完成相位补偿数据测量，软键标签变为PHASE COMP [DONE]。 </li><li>连接在16048A要在04294-61001的LCUR，LPOT，HPOT和HCUR终端LCUR，LPOT，HPOT和HCUR终端。 </li><li>按LOAD [ - ]键开始测量。当加载完成数据测量，软键标签更改为LOAD [DONE]。 </li><li>夹具连接到阻抗分析仪，并保持在开路状态。 </li><li>按CAL键，然后按软键灯具COMPEN显示灯具补偿菜单。 </li><li>按下OPEN [ - ]键启动开路数据测量。当负载数据测量完成，在SOFT键标签变为打开[ON]。 </li><li>短夹具通过将铜线的正和负引线之间。 </li><li>按短[ - ]键启动短路数据测量。当负载数据测量完成后，软键标签更改为短[ON]。 </li><li>修正了一个100Ω电阻夹具。按软键LOAD RESIST然后定义值，输入100，然后按键X1。 </li><li>按LOAD键。当加载完成数据测量，软键标签更改为LOAD [ON]。现在校准完毕。 </li><li>把样品在夹具上，然后把整个组装成低温试验箱，并关闭大门。 </li><li>按阻抗分析器面板上的键MEAS，并且选择<img alt="47式" src="/files/ftp_upload/53461/image047.jpg" /> 。 </li><li>使用控制计算机设置腔室温度至20℃。 </li><li>打开安装在连接到计算机的电子表格软件阻抗分析器来读取和从阻抗分析器记录数据。 </li><li>读取使用在计算机中的软件的电容数据和测量结果保存到文件中。 </li><li>与按室的控制面板上的UP键5℃的温度下步骤改变该室的温度。箱内温度后，在每个温度升高，重复步骤3.23变得稳定。 </li><li>确定夹紧介电常数的温度依赖性<img alt="公式3" src="/files/ftp_upload/53461/image003.jpg" />基于使用在35兆赫，在该电容变为几乎与频率无关的电容值的并联电容式。 </li><li>重置启动和停止的频率为1千赫兹和10千赫兹，分别。 </li><li>重复步骤3.21-3.24测量样品的低频电容的温度依赖性。保存测量结果。 </li><li>确定自由昼夜的温度依赖性ectric不变<img alt="48式" src="/files/ftp_upload/53461/image048.jpg" />使用低频电容在1千赫。 </li><li>删除使用丙酮的样品表面上的导电的银涂料。 </li><li>应用导电银漆沿极化z方向上的两个示例的表面。 </li><li>重复步骤3.3-3.28。确定被夹紧和自由介电常数的温度依赖性， <img alt="49式" src="/files/ftp_upload/53461/image049.jpg" />和<img alt="50式" src="/files/ftp_upload/53461/image050.jpg" /> 。 </li></ol>在室温和模式识别4.共振频率测量<ol><li>测量的共振频率。 <ol><li>把样品中的发送和RUS系统，仅在样品（ 图2）的相对的角接触的接收换能器之间。注意，触点软弹簧加载，并且施加的压力是非常二极管灯T，刚够举行的地方样本。因此，没有损害是由接触引起的。 </li><li>打开动态共振系统（ 图2）和连接到它的计算机上。 </li><li>运行动态共振系统的控制接口。设置开始频率f 1时，停止频率f 2和数据点的总数被收集Ñ。请选择N，使得（F 1 - F 2）/ N小于0.1千赫，以确保频率分辨率。对于此示例， 在设定f 1 = 200千赫，F 2 = 450 kHz和N = 8,192。 </li><li>测量在室温下该频率范围内的样品的共振谱和频谱保存到文件中。 </li><li>测量结果到一个文件中导出ASCII数据。 </li><li>有数据绘图软件打开ASCII数据。数据矩阵的第一列和第二列代表respo的实部和虚部NSE，分别为。 </li></ol></li><li>确定测量共振频率通讯模式。 <ol><li>积频率-幅度曲线（ 图3）。该峰对应于谐振样品的频率。 </li><li>计算使用测量室温全套张量常数的共振频率。的值<img alt="公式6" src="/files/ftp_upload/53461/image006.jpg" /> ， <img alt="公式7" src="/files/ftp_upload/53461/image007.jpg" /> ， <img alt="10式" src="/files/ftp_upload/53461/image010.jpg" />在步骤2.4-2.8进行了测定。的值<img alt="公式3" src="/files/ftp_upload/53461/image003.jpg" />和<img alt="公式4" src="/files/ftp_upload/53461/image004.jpg" />在步骤3.25和3.31进行了测定。由公式确定剪切压电常数e 15: <img alt="51式" src="/files/ftp_upload/53461/image051.jpg" /> 。估计初始输入VAL统一电力<img alt="52式" src="/files/ftp_upload/53461/image052.jpg" /> ， <img alt="53式" src="/files/ftp_upload/53461/image053.jpg" /> ， 电子 31和电子 33的基础上，使用组合技术从几个样品测量材料常数。用于计算的各模式的谐振频率的方程在参考文献被给予。 6。 </li><li>比较所计算的共振频率与实测以确定所测量的共振频率对应的模式。 </li><li>有所不同的猜测值<img alt="71式" src="/files/ftp_upload/53461/image071.jpg" /> ， <img alt="公式9" src="/files/ftp_upload/53461/image009.jpg" /> ， 电子 31和电子 33迭代地最小化所计算的和测量的谐振频率之间的总全局误差。在达到所需的精度时，迭代停止。 </li></ol></li></ol> 5.共振光谱Measurement在较高温度和全套材料常数的温度依赖性的测定<ol><li>测量样品的共振频率在较高的温度。 <ol><li>把样品架组装成一个空气炉（ 图4）。使用两个高温同轴电缆导线通过在炉壁上的孔的组件连接到RUS系统。 </li><li>仅在样品的对角放置在样品中的发射和接收换能器中已经在炉内，与接点之间。 </li><li>把热电偶样品实际温度读数附近。热电偶连接到温度计的炉外。 </li><li>关闭炉门。 </li><li>转动RUS系统的控制接口上。设置的启动和停止的频率，以分别为200千赫和450千赫，和数据点到8,192的数目。 </li><li>运行RUS系统测量软件，测量共振FRE样品的下以及结果保存到文件中。 </li><li>增加试样的温度与ΔT= 5℃的步骤。重复5.1.6达到所需的温度，直到。给保存在不同的名称每个文件。 注意:温度上限是由连接导线和换能器来确定。这里，RUS单元具有200℃的温度上限。 </li></ol></li><li>确定全套材料常数的温度依赖性。 <ol><li>重复步骤4.1.5，对于每一个数据集在不同的温度和4.1.6 4.2.1。 </li><li>识别每个谐振频率的模式。使用在温度T确定为下一个温度T +ΔT的基准模式。 </li><li>适合与各模式对应到一个简单的函数测得的共振频率的温度依赖性（例如，线性或二次函数），使用绘图软件。 </li><li>确定从适合的全套材料常数使用该解决RUS向后问题自写的计算机程序（ 图5， 图6）在每个温度泰德共振频率。 注意:识别模式的共振频率作为输入参数数值计算。从共振频率确定材料常数的过程发现的偏差函数的局部极小的非线性最小二乘问题<img alt="54式" height="30" src="/files/ftp_upload/53461/image054.jpg" width="135" /> ，其中<img alt="式（55）" src="/files/ftp_upload/53461/image055.jpg" />是计算的共振频率， <img alt="56式" src="/files/ftp_upload/53461/image056.jpg" />是从测得的结果的拟合共振频率，而w i是加权因子。从测得的谐振频率未知材料常数的计算中的计算机代码被写基于文伯格 - Mauquardt（L实现LM算法时，M）算法8，并在MINPACK 9一些FORTRAN子程序被称为。 </li></ol></li><li>检查的全套材料常数自洽。 <ol><li>计算自由介电常数<img alt="48式" src="/files/ftp_upload/53461/image048.jpg" />和<img alt="50式" src="/files/ftp_upload/53461/image050.jpg" />从反演结果与直接测量的人对它们进行比较（ 图7）10。 </li><li>查所获得的数据集以确定它们是否服从热力学稳定性的条件下，例如， <img alt="58式" src="/files/ftp_upload/53461/image058.jpg" />对于PZT情况。 </li><li>使用比较D 15-计算出的值<img alt="59式" src="/files/ftp_upload/53461/image059.jpg" />和<img alt="60式" src="/files/ftp_upload/53461/image060.jpg" />和d 33的值计算运用<img alt="61式" src="/files/ftp_upload/53461/image061.jpg" />和<img alt="62式" src="/files/ftp_upload/53461/image062.jpg" /> 。 注意:这些关系将对于不同的对称性不同，但原理是相同的。通常，如果相对误差是预测和测量量之间小于5％，结果将被视为自洽11。在一些公开的数据，当数量是使用不同的公式计算出4,11甚至符号将是错误的。 </li></ol></li></ol>

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A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Properties of Morgan Electroceramic ceramics. Technique publication TP-226. , (2000).</li><li>Migliori, A., Sarrao, J. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Resonant ultrasound spectroscopy. , (1997).</li><li>Zadler, B. J., Le Rousseau, J. H. L., Scales, J. A., Smith, M. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Resonant+ultrasound+spectroscopy:+Theory+and+application.">Resonant ultrasound spectroscopy: Theory and application.</a> Geophys. J. Int. 156, 154-169 (2004).</li></ol>

Authors have nothing to disclose.

这里介绍的RUS技术可以只使用一个样本，它消除了由样品属性的变化来样，这样的自我一致性可以保证测量误差的全套材料常数。该方法可用于任何固体材料具有高品质因数Q，不管他们是压电或没有。所有其他标准表征技术需要多个样品得到充分的数据和难以实现自我一致的数据。 它精确地测量弹性常数是非常重要的<img alt="公式6" src="/files/ftp_upload/53461/image006.jpg" /> ， <img al...

锆钛酸铅（PZT）的压电陶瓷，（1-x）的PbZrO 3 -xPbTiO 3，和其衍生物具有自20世纪50年代1被广泛用于超声换能器，传感器和致动器。许多这些机电装置的在高的温度范围，如在航天和地下测井使用。此外，高功率器件，如治疗超声换能器，压电变压器和声纳投影机，在操作期间经常升温。这种温度上升会改变谐振频率与换能器的焦点，从而导致严重的性能下降。高强度聚焦超声（HIFU）的技术，在临床实践中用于肿瘤的治疗已被使用，使用由PZT陶瓷的超声换能器。在操作过程中，这些换能器的温度会升高，致使PZT谐振器的材料常数的变化，这反过来将改变对HIFU焦点以及输出功率2,3。焦点的转移可能会导致严重的不想要的结果， 即健康组织被破坏，而不是癌组织。另一方面，如果该焦点偏移可以预测，人们可以使用电子设计来校正这种变化。因此，测量压电材料的全套材料特性的温度依赖性是许多机电装置，特别是高功率器件的设计和评价非常重要。 极化的铁电材料是目前已知的最好的压电材料。事实上，几乎所有目前使用的压电材料是铁电材料，包括固溶液PZT陶瓷和（1-x）的铅（镁1/3 Nb的2/3）O 3 -xPbTiO 3（PMN-PT）单晶。阻抗谐振方法的IEEE（电气和电子工程师协会）要求5-7样品drasti卡利以表征的全套材料不同的几何形状常数4。它几乎是不可能获得使用铁电材料在IEEE阻抗谐振方法，因为极化的程度取决于样品几何（边界条件）自洽全套矩阵数据，而样品性质取决于极化水平。以避免由于样品采样变化问题，所有常量应该从一个样品进行测量。 Li等报道了在室温下一个样品的所有常量的成功测量用脉冲回波超声和逆阻抗谱5的组合。不幸的是，这种技术很难在升高的温度，因为它是不可能直接在炉内进行超声测量来执行。也有不能够在高温下工作市售剪切换能器。此外，耦合润滑脂该结合的反能器和样品不能在高温下工作。 在原则上，RUS技术具有以确定压电材料及其温度依赖性的仅使用一个样品6,7的全套材料常数的能力。但也有正常实施RUS技术的几个关键步骤。首先，在室温下的全套张量特性应准确使用脉冲回波和RUS技术的组合来确定。第二，这个房间温度数据集可以被用于预测的谐振频率，并以识别对应的模式匹配所测量的。第三，为从室温升高温度的每个小增量，需要，以便在从所测量的共振谱这个新的温度来检索全套常数针对所测量的共振谱进行频谱重建。然后，使用新的数据集作为新的起点，我们可以<html>另一个小的温度逐步增加的温度下一个温度，以获得全套的常量。继续这一过程将允许我们获得的全套材料常数的温度依赖性。 这里，一个PZT-4压电陶瓷样品用于说明RUS技术的测量程序。该极化PZT-4陶瓷有10个独立的材料常数∞m对称性:5的弹性常数，压电3常量和2的介电常数。由于介电常数不敏感共振频率的变化，它们分别使用相同的样品进行测量。夹持介电常数的温度依赖性<img alt="公式3" src="/files/ftp_upload/53461/image003.jpg" />和<img alt="公式4" src="/files/ftp_upload/53461/image004.jpg" />直接从电容测量测定，而游离介电常数OAD / 53461 / image005.jpg"/&gt;和<img alt="公式（2）" src="/files/ftp_upload/53461/image002.jpg" />同时测定被用作数据一致性检查。在恒定电场弹性刚度常数的温度依赖性<img alt="公式6" src="/files/ftp_upload/53461/image006.jpg" /> ， <img alt="公式7" src="/files/ftp_upload/53461/image007.jpg" /> ， <img alt="式（8）" src="/files/ftp_upload/53461/image008.jpg" /> ， <img alt="公式9" src="/files/ftp_upload/53461/image009.jpg" />和<img alt="10式" src="/files/ftp_upload/53461/image010.jpg" />和压电常数的压力ê15，E 31和E 33人通过使用相同的样本RUS技术确定。

<table><tbody><tr><td>PZT-4</td><td>TRS</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>paraffin</td><td>MTI Corporation</td><td>8002-74-2</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>conductive silver paint</td><td>MG Chemicals</td><td>842-20G</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Al&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt; Powder</td><td>MTI Corporation</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>coupling grease</td><td>Panametrics</td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

characterization of full set material constants and their temperature dependence for piezoelectric materials using resonant ultrasound spectroscopy

在高功率机电装置的操作中，温度上升是不可避免的因机械和电损耗，从而导致的器件性能的劣化。为了评价使用计算机模拟这种劣化，在高温下充分基质材料特性需要作为输入。它是非常困难的测量对铁电体材料，例如数据由于不同的几何形状的样品之间的强烈的各向异性的性质和属性的变化。因为去极化的程度是由IEEE（电气和电子工程师协会）阻抗共振技术，这需要几个样品用完全不同的几何形状得到的边界条件依赖性，数据，通常缺乏自我一致性。谐振超声光谱（RUS）技术允许仅使用一个样品进行测量的全套材料常数，其可以消除由于样品采样variat错误离子。详细RUS过程这里演示使用锆钛酸铅（PZT-4）压电陶瓷样品。在该示例中，材料常数的成套从室温测到120℃。测得的自由介电常数<img alt="式（1）" src="/files/ftp_upload/53461/image001.jpg" />和<img alt="公式（2）" src="/files/ftp_upload/53461/image002.jpg" />分别与基于所测量的全套数据计算那些比较，并且压电常数ð15和d 33分别使用不同的公式还计算。良好的协议是在温度，这证实了RUS获得的数据集的自洽的整个范围内找到。

在反演中使用的LM法算法是一个局部最小取景器。因此，弹性刚度常数的初始值<img alt="公式6" src="/files/ftp_upload/53461/image006.jpg" /> ， <img alt="公式7" src="/files/ftp_upload/53461/image007.jpg" /> ， <img alt="式（8）" src="/files/ftp_upload/53461/image008.jpg" /> ， <img alt="公式9" src="/files/ftp_upload/53461/image009.jpg" />和<img alt="10式" src="/files/ftp_upload/53461/image010.jpg" />和压电常数，E 15，E<...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Characterization of Full Set Material Constants and Their Temperature Dependence for Piezoelectric Materials Using Resonant Ultrasound Spectroscopy at JoVE.co

Characterization of Full Set Material Constants and Their Temperature Dependence for Piezoelectric Materials Using Resonant Ultrasound Spectroscopy

This protocol describes the procedure of measuring the temperature dependence of the full set material constants of piezoelectric materials using resonant ultrasound spectroscopy (RUS).

全套材料常数表征及其温度依赖性的压电材料使用共振超声波谱

During the operation of high power electromechanical devices, a temperature rise is unavoidable due to mechanical and electrical losses, causing the ...

characterization-full-set-material-constants-their-temperature

Universidad de Cartagena UDEC

Research

JoVE Journal

Engineering

9.4K 次观看.  Xiamen University. This protocol describes the procedure of measuring the temperature dependence of the full set material constants of piezoelectric materials using resonant ultrasound spectroscopy (RUS). 

视频: Characterization of Full Set Material Constants and Their Temperature Dependence for Piezoelectric Materials Using Resonant Ultrasound Spectroscopy

Characterization of Thermal Transport in One-dimensional Solid Materials

The TET (transient electro-thermal) technique is an effective approach developed to measure the thermal diffusivity of solid materials, including conductive, semi-conductive or nonconductive one-dimensional structures. This technique broadens the measurement scope of materials (conductive and nonconductive) and improves the accuracy and stability. If the sample (especially biomaterials, such as human head hair, spider silk, and silkworm silk) is not conductive, it will be coated with a gold layer to make it electronically conductive. The effect of parasitic conduction and radiative losses on the thermal diffusivity can be subtracted during data processing. Then the real thermal conductivity can be calculated with the given value of volume-based specific heat (&#961;cp), which can be obtained from calibration, noncontact photo-thermal technique or measuring the density and specific heat separately. In this work, human head hair samples are used to show how to set up the experiment, process the experimental data, and subtract the effect of parasitic conduction and radiative losses.

The TET (transient electro-thermal) technique is an effective approach developed to measure the thermal diffusivity of solid materials.

在一维固体材料的热传输的特性

The TET (transient electro-thermal) technique is an effective approach developed to measure the thermal diffusivity of solid materials, including ...

科研

工程学

Ultrasound Velocity Measurement in a Liquid Metal Electrode

A growing number of electrochemical technologies depend on fluid flow, and often that fluid is opaque. Measuring the flow of an opaque fluid is inherently more difficult than measuring the flow of a transparent fluid, since optical methods are not applicable. Ultrasound can be used to measure the velocity of an opaque fluid, not only at isolated points, but at hundreds or thousands of points arrayed along lines, with good temporal resolution. When applied to a liquid metal electrode, ultrasound velocimetry involves additional challenges: high temperature, chemical activity, and electrical conductivity. Here we describe the experimental apparatus and methods that overcome these challenges and allow the measurement of flow in a liquid metal electrode, as it conducts current, at operating temperature. Temperature is regulated within &#177;2 &#176;C using a Proportional-Integral-Derivative (PID) controller that powers a custom-built furnace. Chemical activity is managed by choosing vessel materials carefully and enclosing the experimental setup in an argon-filled glovebox. Finally, unintended electrical paths are carefully prevented. An automated system logs control settings and experimental measurements, using hardware trigger signals to synchronize devices. This apparatus and these methods can produce measurements that are impossible with other techniques, and allow optimization and control of electrochemical technologies like liquid metal batteries.

Ultrasound velocimetry is used to study mixing by fluid flow in liquid metal electrodes. The focus of this manuscript is to illustrate the methods used for making precise, spatially-resolved ultrasound measurements while limiting oxidation and controlling and monitoring temperature, applied current, and the heater power being supplied.

超声速度测量的液态金属电极

A growing number of electrochemical technologies depend on fluid flow, and often that fluid is opaque. Measuring the flow of an opaque fluid is inherently ...

Measurement of Vibration Detection Threshold and Tactile Spatial Acuity in Human Subjects

Tests that allow the precise determination of psychophysical thresholds for vibration and grating orientation provide valuable information about mechanosensory function that are relevant for clinical diagnosis as well as for basic research. Here, we describe two psychophysical tests designed to determine the vibration detection threshold (automated system) and tactile spatial acuity (handheld device). Both procedures implement a two-interval forced-choice and a transformed-rule up and down experimental paradigm. These tests have been used to obtain mechanosensory profiles for individuals from distinct human cohorts such as twins or people with sensorineural deafness.

Here, we present protocols to determine vibration detection thresholds and tactile acuity using psychophysical methods in man.

振动检测阈值和触觉敏锐的空间在人类受试者的测量

Tests that allow the precise determination of psychophysical thresholds for vibration and grating orientation provide valuable information about ...

行为学

Experiments on Ultrasonic Lubrication Using a Piezoelectrically-assisted Tribometer and Optical Profilometer

Friction and wear are detrimental to engineered systems. Ultrasonic lubrication is achieved when the interface between two sliding surfaces is vibrated at a frequency above the acoustic range (20 kHz). As a solid-state technology, ultrasonic lubrication can be used where conventional lubricants are unfeasible or undesirable. Further, ultrasonic lubrication allows for electrical modulation of the effective friction coefficient between two sliding surfaces. This property enables adaptive systems that modify their frictional state and associated dynamic response as the operating conditions change. Surface wear can also be reduced through ultrasonic lubrication. We developed a protocol to investigate the dependence of friction force reduction and wear reduction on the linear sliding velocity between ultrasonically lubricated surfaces. A pin-on-disc tribometer was built which differs from commercial units in that a piezoelectric stack is used to vibrate the pin at 22 kHz normal to the rotating disc surface. Friction and wear metrics including effective friction force, volume loss, and surface roughness are measured without and with ultrasonic vibrations at a constant pressure of 1 to 4 MPa and three different sliding velocities: 20.3, 40.6, and 87 mm/sec. An optical profilometer is utilized to characterize the wear surfaces. The effective friction force is reduced by 62% at 20.3 mm/sec. Consistently with existing theories for ultrasonic lubrication, the percent reduction in friction force diminishes with increasing speed, down to 29% friction force reduction at 87 mm/sec. Wear reduction remains essentially constant (49%) at the three speeds considered.

We present a protocol for using a piezoelectrically-assisted tribometer and optical profilometer to investigate the dependence of ultrasonic wear and friction reduction on linear velocity, contact pressure, and surface properties.

使用超声波润滑实验一压电辅助摩擦试验机和光学轮廓

Friction and wear are detrimental to engineered systems. Ultrasonic lubrication is achieved when the interface between two sliding surfaces is vibrated at ...

High Resolution Phonon-assisted Quasi-resonance Fluorescence Spectroscopy

High resolution optical spectroscopy methods are demanding in terms of either technology, equipment, complexity, time or a combination of these. Here we demonstrate an optical spectroscopy method that is capable of resolving spectral features beyond that of the spin fine structure and homogeneous linewidth of single quantum dots (QDs) using a standard, easy-to-use spectrometer setup. This method incorporates both laser and photoluminescence spectroscopy, combining the advantage of laser line-width limited resolution with multi-channel photoluminescence detection. Such a scheme allows for considerable improvement of resolution over that of a common single-stage spectrometer. The method uses phonons to assist in the measurement of the photoluminescence of a single quantum dot after resonant excitation of its ground state transition. The phonon&#39;s energy difference allows one to separate and filter out the laser light exciting the quantum dot. An advantageous feature of this method is its straight forward integration into standard spectroscopy setups, which are accessible to most researchers.

The manuscript describes a method of phonon-assisted quasi-resonant fluorescence spectroscopy that incorporates both laser-limited resolution and photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy. This method utilizes optical phonons to provide linewidth-limited resolution spectra of atom-like semiconductor structures in the energy domain. The method is also easily realized with a single spectrometer optical spectroscopy setup.

高分辨率声子辅助准共振荧光光谱仪

High resolution optical spectroscopy methods are demanding in terms of either technology, equipment, complexity, time or a combination of these. Here we ...

Fabrication and Characterization of Superconducting Resonators

Superconducting microwave resonators are of interest for a wide range of applications, including for their use as microwave kinetic inductance detectors (MKIDs) for the detection of faint astrophysical signatures, as well as for quantum computing applications and materials characterization. In this paper, procedures are presented for the fabrication and characterization of thin-film superconducting microwave resonators. The fabrication methodology allows for the realization of superconducting transmission-line resonators with features on both sides of an atomically smooth single-crystal silicon dielectric. This work describes the procedure for the installation of resonator devices into a cryogenic microwave testbed and for cool-down below the superconducting transition temperature. The set-up of the cryogenic microwave testbed allows one to do careful measurements of the complex microwave transmission of these resonator devices, enabling the extraction of the properties of the superconducting lines and dielectric substrate (e.g., internal quality factors, loss and kinetic inductance fractions), which are important for device design and performance.

Superconducting microwave resonators are of interest for detection of light, quantum computing applications and materials characterization. This work presents a detailed procedure for fabrication and characterization of superconducting microwave resonator scattering parameters.

制备与表征超导谐振器的

Superconducting microwave resonators are of interest for a wide range of applications, including for their use as microwave kinetic inductance detectors ...

Wideband Optical Detector of Ultrasound for Medical Imaging Applications

Optical sensors of ultrasound are a promising alternative to piezoelectric techniques, as has been recently demonstrated in the field of optoacoustic imaging. In medical applications, one of the major limitations of optical sensing technology is its susceptibility to environmental conditions, e.g. changes in pressure and temperature, which may saturate the detection. Additionally, the clinical environment often imposes stringent limits on the size and robustness of the sensor. In this work, the combination of pulse interferometry and fiber-based optical sensing is demonstrated for ultrasound detection. Pulse interferometry enables robust performance of the readout system in the presence of rapid variations in the environmental conditions, whereas the use of all-fiber technology leads to a mechanically flexible sensing element compatible with highly demanding medical applications such as intravascular imaging. In order to achieve a short sensor length, a pi-phase-shifted fiber Bragg grating is used, which acts as a resonator trapping light over an effective length of 350 &#181;m. To enable high bandwidth, the sensor is used for sideway detection of ultrasound, which is highly beneficial in circumferential imaging geometries such as intravascular imaging. An optoacoustic imaging setup is used to determine the response of the sensor for acoustic point sources at different positions.

Optical detection of ultrasound is impractical in many imaging scenarios because it often requires stable environmental conditions. We demonstrate an optical technique for ultrasound sensing in volatile environments with miniaturization and sensitivity levels appropriate for optoacoustic imaging in restrictive scenarios, e.g. intravascular applications.

宽带超声医疗成像应用，光学检测仪

Optical sensors of ultrasound are a promising alternative to piezoelectric techniques, as has been recently demonstrated in the field of optoacoustic ...

生物工程

Ultrasonic Fatigue Testing in the Tension-Compression Mode

Ultrasonic fatigue testing is one of a few methods which allow investigating fatigue properties in the ultra-high cycle region. The method is based on exposing the specimen to longitudinal vibrations on its resonance frequency close to 20 kHz. With use of this method, it is possible to significantly decrease the time required for the test, when compared to conventional testing devices usually working at frequencies under 200 Hz. It is also used to simulate loading of material during operation in high speed conditions, such as those experienced by components of jet engines or car turbo pumps. It is necessary to operate only in the high and ultra-high cycle region, due to the possibility of extremely high deformation rates, which can have a significant influence on the test results. Specimen shape and dimensions have to be carefully selected and calculated to fulfill the resonance condition of the ultrasonic system; thus, it is not possible to test the full components or specimens of arbitrary shape. Before each test, it is necessary to harmonize the specimen with the frequency of the ultrasonic system to compensate for deviations of the real shape from the ideal one. It is not possible to run a test until a total fracture of the specimen, since the test is automatically terminated after initiation and propagation of the crack to a certain length, when the stiffness of the system changes enough to shift the system out of the resonance frequency. This manuscript describes the process of evaluation of materials' fatigue properties at high-frequency ultrasonic fatigue loading with use of mechanical resonance at a frequency close to 20 kHz. The protocol includes a detailed description of all steps required for a correct test, including specimen design, stress calculation, harmonizing with the resonance frequency, performing the test, and final static fracture.

A protocol for ultrasonic fatigue testing in the high and ultra-high cycle region in axial tension-compression loading mode.

拉伸压缩模式下的超声疲劳试验

Ultrasonic fatigue testing is one of a few methods which allow investigating fatigue properties in the ultra-high cycle region. The method is based on ...

Fabrication and Characterization of Thickness Mode Piezoelectric Devices for Atomization and Acoustofluidics

We present a technique to fabricate simple thickness mode piezoelectric devices using lithium niobate (LN). Such devices have been shown to atomize liquid more efficiently, in terms of &#64258;ow rate per power input, than those that rely on Rayleigh waves and other modes of vibration in LN or lead zirconate titanate (PZT). The complete device is composed of a transducer, a transducer holder, and a &#64258;uid supply system. The fundamentals of acoustic liquid atomization are not well known, so techniques to characterize the devices and to study the phenomena are also described. Laser Doppler vibrometry (LDV) provides vibration information essential in comparing acoustic transducers and, in this case, indicates whether a device will perform well in thickness vibration. It can also be used to &#64257;nd the resonance frequency of the device, though this information is obtained more quickly via impedance analysis. Continuous &#64258;uid atomization, as an example application, requires careful &#64258;uid flow control, and we present such a method with high-speed imaging and droplet size distribution measurements via laser scattering.

Fabrication of piezoelectric thickness mode transducers via direct current sputtering of plate electrodes on lithium niobate is described. Additionally, reliable operation is achieved with a transducer holder and &#64258;uid supply system and characterization is demonstrated via impedance analysis, laser doppler vibrometry, high-speed imaging, and droplet size distribution using laser scattering.

用于原子化和抗波流体的厚度模式压电器件的制造和特性

We present a technique to fabricate simple thickness mode piezoelectric devices using lithium niobate (LN). Such devices have been shown to atomize liquid ...

<meta charset="utf8"></head><body>表征 3D 打印聚合物超材料的粘弹性

Characterizing Dissipative Elastic Metamaterials Produced by Additive Manufacturing

Viscoelastic behavior can be beneficial in enhancing the unprecedented dynamics of polymer metamaterials or, in contrast, negatively impacting their wave control mechanisms. It is, therefore, crucial to properly characterize the viscoelastic properties of a polymer metamaterial at its working frequencies to understand viscoelastic effects. However, the viscoelasticity of polymers is a complex phenomenon, and the data on storage and loss moduli at ultrasonic frequencies are extremely limited, especially for additively manufactured polymers. This work presents a protocol to experimentally characterize the viscoelastic properties of additively manufactured polymers and to use them in the numerical analysis of polymer metamaterials. Specifically, the protocol includes the description of the manufacturing process, experimental procedures to measure the thermal, viscoelastic, and mechanical properties of additively manufactured polymers, and an approach to use these properties in finite-element simulations of the metamaterial dynamics. The numerical results are validated in ultrasonic transmission tests. To exemplify the protocol, the analysis is focused on acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) and aims at characterizing the dynamic behavior of a simple metamaterial made from it by using fused deposition modeling (FDM) three-dimensional (3D) printing. The proposed protocol will be helpful for many researchers to estimate viscous losses in 3D-printed polymer elastic metamaterials that will improve the understanding of material-property relations for viscoelastic metamaterials and eventually stimulate the use of 3D-printed polymer metamaterial parts in various applications.

<meta charset="utf8"></head><body>表征增材制造生产的耗散弹性超材料

Additively manufactured polymers have been widely used for producing elastic metamaterials. The viscoelastic behavior of these polymers at ultrasonic frequencies remains, however, poorly studied. This study reports a protocol to estimate the viscoelastic properties of 3D-printed polymers and show how to use them to analyze the metamaterial dynamics.

表征增材制造生产的耗散弹性超材料 

Viscoelastic behavior can be beneficial in enhancing the unprecedented dynamics of polymer metamaterials or, in contrast, negatively impacting their wave ...