The authors would like to acknowledge funding from the National Science Foundation (award # 1335550), Utah Water Research Laboratory, Professor Joan McLean and Tessa Guy for their help during the metal/metalloids analysis. The authors also thank Laura Birkhold for her support with the data collection and Danna Olbright.

<ol>
	<li>Dismukes, G. C., Carrieri, D., Bennette, N., Ananyev, G. M., Posewitz, M. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Aquatic+phototrophs:+efficient+alternatives+to+land-based+crops+for+biofuels.">Aquatic phototrophs: efficient alternatives to land-based crops for biofuels.</a> Curr Opin Biotechnol. 19 (3), 235-240 (2008).</li><li>Moody, J. W., McGinty, C. M., Quinn, J. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Global+evaluation+of+biofuel+potential+from+microalgae.">Global evaluation of biofuel potential from microalgae.</a> Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 111 (23), 8691-8696 (2014).</li><li>Pinto, E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Heavy+metal-induced+oxidative+stress+in+algae.">Heavy metal-induced oxidative stress in algae.</a> J Phycol. 39 (6), 1008-1018 (2003).</li><li>Gupta, A., Lutsenko, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Evolution+of+copper+transporting+ATPases+in+eukaryotic+organisms.">Evolution of copper transporting ATPases in eukaryotic organisms.</a> Curr Genomics. 13 (2), 124-133 (2012).</li><li>Perales-Vela, H. V., Pe&#241;a-Castro, J. M., Ca&#241;izares-Villanueva, R. O. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Heavy+metal+detoxification+in+eukaryotic+microalgae.">Heavy metal detoxification in eukaryotic microalgae.</a> Chemosphere. 64 (1), 1-10 (2006).</li><li>Sandau, E., Sandau, P., Pulz, O. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Heavy+metal+sorption+by+microalgae.">Heavy metal sorption by microalgae.</a> Acta Biotechnol. 16 (4), 227-235 (1996).</li><li>Amer, L., Adhikari, B., Pellegrino, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Technoeconomic+analysis+of+five+microalgae-to-biofuels+processes+of+varying+complexity.">Technoeconomic analysis of five microalgae-to-biofuels processes of varying complexity.</a> Bioresour Technol. 102 (20), 9350-9359 (2011).</li><li>Benemann, J. R., Goebel, R. P., Weissman, J. C., Augenstein, D. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Microalgae+as+a+source+of+liquid+fuels.">Microalgae as a source of liquid fuels.</a> Final Technical Report, US Department of Energy, Office of Research. , (1982).</li><li>Benemann, J. R., Oswald, W. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Report+No.+DOE/PC/93204--T5+Other:+ON:+DE97052880;+TRN:+TRN.">Report No. DOE/PC/93204--T5 Other: ON: DE97052880; TRN: TRN.</a> Systems and economic analysis of microalgae ponds for conversion of CO2 to biomass. , (1996).</li><li>Chisti, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Biodiesel+from+microalgae.">Biodiesel from microalgae.</a> Biotechnol Adv. 25 (3), 294-306 (2007).</li><li>Davis, R., Aden, A., Pienkos, P. T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Techno-economic+analysis+of+autotrophic+microalgae+for+fuel+production.">Techno-economic analysis of autotrophic microalgae for fuel production.</a> Applied Energy. 88 (10), 3524-3531 (2011).</li><li>Jones, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Process+design+and+economics+for+the+conversion+of+algal+biomass+to+hydrocarbons:+whole+algae+hydrothermal+liquefaction+and+upgrading.">Process design and economics for the conversion of algal biomass to hydrocarbons: whole algae hydrothermal liquefaction and upgrading.</a> U.S. Department of Energy Bioenergy Technologies Office. , (2014).</li><li>Lundquist, T. J., Woertz, I. C., Quinn, N. W. T., Benemann, J. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+realistic+technology+and+engineering+assessment+of+algae+biofuel+production.">A realistic technology and engineering assessment of algae biofuel production.</a> Energy Biosciences Institute. , (2010).</li><li>Nagarajan, S., Chou, S. K., Cao, S., Wu, C., Zhou, Z. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+updated+comprehensive+techno-economic+analysis+of+algae+biodiesel.">An updated comprehensive techno-economic analysis of algae biodiesel.</a> Bioresour Technol. 145, 150-156 (2011).</li><li>Pienkos, P. T., Darzins, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+promise+and+challenges+of+microalgal-derived+biofuels.">The promise and challenges of microalgal-derived biofuels.</a> Biofuels Bioproducts &amp; Biorefining-Biofpr. 3, 431-440 (2009).</li><li>Richardson, J. W., Johnson, M. D., Outlaw, J. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Economic+comparison+of+open+pond+raceways+to+photo+bio-reactors+for+profitable+production+of+algae+for+transportation+fuels+in+the+Southwest.">Economic comparison of open pond raceways to photo bio-reactors for profitable production of algae for transportation fuels in the Southwest.</a> Algal Research. 1 (1), 93-100 (2012).</li><li>Rogers, J. N., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+critical+analysis+of+paddlewheel-driven+raceway+ponds+for+algal+biofuel+production+at+commercial+scales.">A critical analysis of paddlewheel-driven raceway ponds for algal biofuel production at commercial scales.</a> Algal Research. 4, 76-88 (1016).</li><li>Sun, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Comparative+cost+analysis+of+algal+oil+production+for+biofuels.">Comparative cost analysis of algal oil production for biofuels.</a> Energy. 36 (8), 5169-5179 (2011).</li><li>Thilakaratne, R., Wright, M. M., Brown, R. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+techno-economic+analysis+of+microalgae+remnant+catalytic+pyrolysis+and+upgrading+to+fuels.">A techno-economic analysis of microalgae remnant catalytic pyrolysis and upgrading to fuels.</a> Fuel. 128, 104-112 (2014).</li><li>Quinn, J. C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Nannochloropsis+production+metrics+in+a+scalable+outdoor+photobioreactor+for+commercial+applications.">Nannochloropsis production metrics in a scalable outdoor photobioreactor for commercial applications.</a> Bioresour Technol. 117, 164-171 (2012).</li><li>Borkenstein, C., Knoblechner, J., Fr&#252;hwirth, H., Schagerl, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cultivation+of+Chlorella+emersonii+with+flue+gas+derived+from+a+cement+plant.">Cultivation of Chlorella emersonii with flue gas derived from a cement plant.</a> J Appl Phycol. 23 (1), 131-135 (2010).</li><li>Douskova, I., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Simultaneous+flue+gas+bioremediation+and+reduction+of+microalgal+biomass+production+costs.">Simultaneous flue gas bioremediation and reduction of microalgal biomass production costs.</a> Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 82 (1), 179-185 (2009).</li><li>Israel, A., Gavrieli, J., Glazer, A., Friedlander, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Utilization+of+flue+gas+from+a+power+plant+for+tank+cultivation+of+the+red+seaweed+Gracilaria+cornea.">Utilization of flue gas from a power plant for tank cultivation of the red seaweed Gracilaria cornea.</a> Aquaculture. 249 (1-4), 311-316 (2012).</li><li>Napan, K., Teng, L., Quinn, J. C., Wood, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Impact of Heavy Metals from Flue Gas Integration with Microalgae Production. , (2015).</li><li>Eaton, A. D., Clesceri, L. S., Rice, E. W., Greenberg, A. E. 3. 1. 2. 5. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Inductively+coupled+plasma/mass+spectrometry+(ICP/MS)+method.">Inductively coupled plasma/mass spectrometry (ICP/MS) method.</a> Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater. , (2005).</li><li>Smith, M., Compton, J. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Matrix effects in the ICP-MS analysis of selenium in saline water samples. , (2004).</li><li>Mehta, S. K., Gaur, J. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Use+of+algae+for+removing+heavy+metal+ions+from+wastewater:+progress+and+prospects.">Use of algae for removing heavy metal ions from wastewater: progress and prospects.</a> Crit Rev Biotechnol. 25 (3), 113-152 (2005).</li><li>Eaton, A. D., Clesceri, L. S., Rice, E. W., Greenberg, A. E. 3. 1. 2. 0. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Inductively+coupled+plasma+(ICP)+method.">Inductively coupled plasma (ICP) method.</a> Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater. , (2005).</li></ol>

The authors declare that they have no competing financial interests.

盐水微藻N.藻可以成功地生长在设计的生长系统，可重复的结果和高生物量产量。空运混合允许以最小的沉降或生物结垢超过7天的生长周期的良好混合的悬浮培养。横跨荧光银行的最小光变性还被示为不产生在生长明显的差异。 该研究显示重金属浓度代表以煤烟气负面影响生物质生长的整合污染的介质。重复性的研究突出了多​​金属系统对生产力的影响。在这一过?...

相比传统的陆地作物微藻已经示出实现由于固有较高的太阳能转换效率1,2-更高的生物量和脂质的产量。培养微藻以高的生产率，需要各种营养素，包括外部碳源的供应。据预计，大规模增长设施将与工业废物流如工业烟道气被集成，以尽量减少生产成本，并在同一时间提供环境整治。工业废弃物的碳通常以气态二氧化碳的形式，并且可以包含有潜力微藻生产产生不利影响的污染物。具体地，从煤衍生的烟道气会产生多种污染物，包括但不限于燃烧产物水和二氧化碳，以及硫和氮，细尘，有机污染物如二恶英和呋喃的氧化物和无机CON组taminants如重金属。大部分这些污染物包括无机物其中一些被称为上微藻生产率重金属的影响还没有被探讨。一些这些元素可以是营养物的适当浓度，但是在较高浓度下它们能产生细胞功能障碍，甚至死亡3。 微藻工业烟道气的集成有直接引入无机污染物进入生长介质的潜力。基于煤烟气具有多种无机元素（ 如砷，镉，钴，铬，铜，汞，锰，镍，铅，锑，硒，锡，V和Zn）在不同浓度的其中一些，在低浓度，代表营养微藻生长。无机污染物有一个高亲和力结合微藻，并进一步通过养分转运内部吸附。有些无机污染物（ 即钴，铜，锌和锰）是构成酶的组成部分营养素涉及d。在光合作用，呼吸作用等功能3,4。但是，在过量金属和准金属可能是有毒的。其它元素，如铅，镉，锡，锑，硒，砷，汞，不知道以支持细胞功能的任何浓度和代表非营养金属可能培养生长3,5,6负面影响。任何这些污染物的存在具有产生对微藻细胞功能的负面影响的可能性。此外，多种金属与微藻的相互作用复杂增长动力，并有可能影响增长潜力。 大规模的经济已直接关系到培养体系7-19的生产力。此外，因为它代表了99.9和99.4％质量的，分别为20在为任一开放轨道池塘（ORP），或光生物反应器的微藻生长系统（PBR）介质再循环是至关重要的。无机污染物在媒体的存在可能最终限制了米icroalgae生产力和媒体因污染物积聚的回收利用。本研究实验确定的14无机污染物的影响（如，镉，钴，铬，铜，汞，锰，镍，铅，锑，硒，锡，钒和锌）中，在从微藻培养系统的集成预期浓度与煤衍生的烟道气，在N的生产率藻生长在空运PBRS。在这项研究中所用的污染物已被证明不仅存在于煤基烟气但市政废物基烟道气，生物固体基烟道气，城市废水，产生的水，受损的地下水和海水21-23。在这项研究中使用的浓度是基于所预期如果微藻生长系统进行集成了煤基CO 2源与吸收效率在商业PBR系统20证实。详细的计算支持重金属和无机污染物的浓度在Napan呈现等人 24的分析技术被用来理解多数在生物量，媒体和环境的金属的分布。介绍的方法使微藻的生产潜力的评估下，无机污染物的压力和他们的命运结束量化。

<table><tbody><tr><td>Chemicals</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Sodium chloride</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>S271-3</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Calcium chloride dihydrate</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>C79-500</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Potassium chloride</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>P217-500</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Sodium meta silicate nonahydrate&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>S408-500</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Magnesium sulfate heptahydrate&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>M63-500</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Potassium nitrate</td><td>EMD Chemical</td><td>PX1520-5</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Potassium phosphate monobasic&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>P285-500</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Ammonium ferric citrate</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>I72-500</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Boric acid</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>A73-500</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Sodium molybdate, dihydrate</td><td>EMD Chemical</td><td>SX0650-2</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Manganese chloride tetrahydrate</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>M87-500</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Zinc sulfate heptahydrate</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>Z68-500</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Cupric sulfate pentahydrate</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>C489-500</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Biotin&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Acros Organics</td><td>230090010</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Thiamine&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Acros Organics</td><td>148990100</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Vitamin B12&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Acros Organics</td><td>405920010</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Copper (II) chloride dihydrate&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>221783-100G</td><td>Irritant, Dangerous to the Environment</td></tr><tr><td>Lead (II) chloride&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>268690-250G</td><td>Toxic, Dangerous to the Environment</td></tr><tr><td>Sodium dichromate dihydrate&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>398063-100G</td><td>Oxidizing, Highly Toxic, Dangerous to the Environment</td></tr><tr><td>Cobalt (II) chloride hexahydrate&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>255599-100G</td><td>Toxic, Dangerous to the Environment</td></tr><tr><td>Nickel (II) chloride hexahydrate&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>223387-500G</td><td>Toxic, Dangerous to the Environment</td></tr><tr><td>Sodium (meta) arsenite&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>71287</td><td>Toxic, Dangerous to the Environment</td></tr><tr><td>Cadmium chloride&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>202908-10G</td><td>Highly Toxic, Dangerous to the Environment</td></tr><tr><td>Mercury (II) chloride&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>215465-100G</td><td>Toxic, Dangerous to the Environment</td></tr><tr><td>Tin (II) chloride dihydrate</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>T142-500</td><td>Corrosive. Suitable for Hg analysis. Very hazardous.</td></tr><tr><td>Manganese chloride tetrahydrate</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>M87-500</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Vanadium (V) oxide</td><td>Acros Organics</td><td>206422500</td><td>Dangerous to the Environment</td></tr><tr><td>Carbon dioxide&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Air Liquide</td><td>I2301S-1</td><td>Compressed</td></tr><tr><td>Hydrogen peroxide</td><td>H325-500</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>30% in water</td></tr><tr><td>ICP-MS standard</td><td>ICP-MS-6020</td><td>High Purity Standards</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Mercury standard</td><td>CGHG1-1</td><td>Inorganic Ventures</td><td>1000&amp;plusmn;6 &amp;micro;g/mL in 5% nitric acid</td></tr><tr><td>Argon</td><td>Air Liquide</td><td></td><td>Compressed</td></tr><tr><td>Helium</td><td>Air Liquide</td><td></td><td>Compressed, ultra high purity</td></tr><tr><td>Hydrogen</td><td>Air Liquide</td><td></td><td>Compressed, ultra high purity</td></tr><tr><td>Nitric acid</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>A509-P212</td><td>67-70% nitric acid, trace metal grade. Caution: manipulate under fume hood.</td></tr><tr><td>Hydrochloric acid</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>A508-P212</td><td>35% hydrochloric acid, trace metal grade. Caution: manipulate under fume hood.</td></tr><tr><td>Equipment</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Scientific prevacuum sterilizer</td><td>Steris</td><td>31626A</td><td>SV-120</td></tr><tr><td>Centrifuge</td><td>Thermo Fisher</td><td>46910</td><td>RC-6 Plus</td></tr><tr><td>Spectrophotometer</td><td>Shimadzu</td><td>1867</td><td>UV-1800</td></tr><tr><td>pH controller</td><td>Hanna</td><td>BL981411</td><td>X4</td></tr><tr><td>Rotometer, X5</td><td>Dwyer</td><td>RMA-151-SSV</td><td>T31Y</td></tr><tr><td>Rotometer, X5</td><td>Dwyer</td><td>RMA-26-SSV</td><td>T35Y</td></tr><tr><td>Water bath circulator</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>13-873-45A</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Compact chiller</td><td>VWR</td><td>13270-120</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Freeze dryer</td><td>Labconco</td><td>7752020</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Stir plate</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>11-100-49S</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>pH lab electrode</td><td>Phidgets Inc</td><td>3550</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer</td><td>Agilent Technologies</td><td>7700 Series ICP-MS</td><td>Attached to autosampler CETAC ASX-520</td></tr><tr><td>FIAS 100</td><td>Perkin Elmer Instruments</td><td>B0506520</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Atomic absorption spectrometer</td><td>Perkin Elmer Instruments</td><td>AAnalyst 800</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Cell heater (quartz)</td><td>Perkin Elmer Instruments</td><td>B3120397</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Microwave</td><td>Milestone</td><td></td><td>Programmable, maximum power 1,200 W</td></tr><tr><td>Microwave rotor</td><td>Milestone</td><td></td><td>Rotor with 24-75 ml Teflon vessels for closed-vessel microwave assisted digestion.</td></tr><tr><td>Materials</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>0.2 &amp;#956;m syringe filter</td><td>Whatman</td><td>6713-0425</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>0.2 &amp;#956;m syringe filter</td><td>Whatman</td><td>6713-1650</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>0.45 &amp;#956;m syringe filter</td><td>Thermo Fisher</td><td>F2500-3</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Polystyrene tubes</td><td>Evergreen</td><td>222-2094-050</td><td>17 x 100 mm w/cap, 16 ml, polysteryne</td></tr><tr><td>Octogonal magnetic&amp;nbsp;stir&amp;nbsp;bars</td><td>Fisher scientific</td><td>14-513-60</td><td>Magnets encased in PTFE fluoropolymer</td></tr></tbody></table>

quantification of heavy metals and other inorganic contaminants on the productivity of microalgae

增加了对可再生燃料的需求有研究者研究的替代原料如微藻的可行性。固有的优点包括高产量的潜力，利用非耕地和集成废物流。大规模微藻生产系统的营养需求将需要栽培系统具有工业废物资源，如二氧化碳从烟道气和从废水中养分的耦合。存在于这些废物无机污染物有可能导致生物蓄积在微藻生物生产力和限制终端使用产生负面影响。本研究着重于影响的实验评估和14无机污染物（砷，镉，钴，铬，铜，汞，锰，镍，铅，锑，硒，锡，钒和锌）的微绿球藻生长的命运。微藻分别在生长米栽培在光生物反应器照射在984微摩尔米-2秒-1，并保持在pH7EDIA污染与无机污染物的水平预期基础上，商品煤烟气系统中的组成。存在于生物质并在7天的生长周期结束的介质污染物通过冷原子吸收光谱法解析量化汞，并通过电感耦合等离子体质谱法对砷，镉，钴，铬，铜，锰，镍，铅，锑，硒，锡，钒和锌。结果显示N.藻是一个敏感的应变与生物量的统计减少yieldwith引入这些污染物的多金属环境。这里介绍的技术是足够用于量化藻类生长和确定无机污染物的命运。

生物质产量生产的N.藻在本研究中使用的PBR系统增长为1克/升-1至8.5±0.19克/升-1（N = 12），用于控制反应器和4.0±0.3克/升-1（N = 12）的多金属污染的7天。实验横跨一式三份反应器和多批次产生可重复的数据。 图2A示出的平均培养密度与基于来自三个独立PBRS采样非常小的标准误差。为了确保这一结果并不是一个孤立的结果，三个批次的...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Quantification of Heavy Metals and Other Inorganic Contaminants on the Productivity of Microalgae at JoVE.com

Quantification of Heavy Metals and Other Inorganic Contaminants on the Productivity of Microalgae

Integration of microalgal cultivation with industrial flue gas will ultimately introduce heavy metals and other inorganic compounds into the growth media. This study presents a procedure used to determine the end fate and impact of heavy metals and inorganic contaminants on the growth of Nannochloropsis salina grown in photobioreactors.

重金属和微藻的产其他无机污染物的量化

Increasing demand for renewable fuels has researchers investigating the feasibility of alternative feedstocks, such as microalgae. Inherent advantages ...

quantification-heavy-metals-other-inorganic-contaminants-on

Universidad de Cartagena UDEC

Research

JoVE Journal

Environment

15.9K 次观看.  Utah State University. Integration of microalgal cultivation with industrial flue gas will ultimately introduce heavy metals and other inorganic compounds into the growth media. This study presents a procedure used to determine the end fate and impact of heavy metals and inorganic contaminants on the growth of Nannochloropsis salina grown in photobioreactors.

视频: Quantification of Heavy Metals and Other Inorganic Contaminants on the Productivity of Microalgae

Analysis of Fatty Acid Content and Composition in Microalgae

A method to determine the content and composition of total fatty acids present in microalgae is described. Fatty acids are a major constituent of microalgal biomass. These fatty acids can be present in different acyl-lipid classes. Especially the fatty acids present in triacylglycerol (TAG) are of commercial interest, because they can be used for production of transportation fuels, bulk chemicals, nutraceuticals (&omega;-3 fatty acids), and food commodities. To develop commercial applications, reliable analytical methods for quantification of fatty acid content and composition are needed. Microalgae are single cells surrounded by a rigid cell wall. A fatty acid analysis method should provide sufficient cell disruption to liberate all acyl lipids and the extraction procedure used should be able to extract all acyl lipid classes.
With the method presented here all fatty acids present in microalgae can be accurately and reproducibly identified and quantified using small amounts of sample (5 mg) independent of their chain length, degree of unsaturation, or the lipid class they are part of.
This method does not provide information about the relative abundance of different lipid classes, but can be extended to separate lipid classes from each other.
The method is based on a sequence of mechanical cell disruption, solvent based lipid extraction, transesterification of fatty acids to fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs), and quantification and identification of FAMEs using gas chromatography (GC-FID). A TAG internal standard (tripentadecanoin) is added prior to the analytical procedure to correct for losses during extraction and incomplete transesterification.

A method for the determination of fatty acid content and composition in microalgae based on mechanical cell disruption, solvent based lipid extraction, transesterification, and quantification and identification of fatty acids using gas chromatography is described. A tripentadecanoin internal standard is used to compensate for the possible losses during extraction and incomplete transesterification.

脂肪酸组分和含量微藻分析

A method to determine the content and composition of total fatty acids present in microalgae is described. Fatty acids are a major constituent of ...

科研

环境科学

Comparison of Scale in a Photosynthetic Reactor System for Algal Remediation of Wastewater

An experimental methodology is presented to compare the performance of two different sized reactors designed for wastewater treatment. In this study, ammonia removal, nitrogen removal and algal growth are compared over an 8-week period in paired sets of small (100 L) and large (1,000 L) reactors designed for algal remediation of landfill wastewater. Contents of the small and large scale reactors were mixed before the beginning of each weekly testing interval to maintain equivalent initial conditions across the two scales. System characteristics, including surface area to volume ratio, retention time, biomass density, and wastewater feed concentrations, can be adjusted to better equalize conditions occurring at both scales. During the short 8-week representative time period, starting ammonia and total nitrogen concentrations ranged from 3.1-14 mg NH3-N/L, and 8.1-20.1 mg N/L, respectively. The performance of the treatment system was evaluated based on its ability to remove ammonia and total nitrogen and to produce algal biomass. Mean &#177; standard deviation of ammonia removal, total nitrogen removal and biomass growth rates were 0.95&#177;0.3 mg NH3-N/L/day, 0.89&#177;0.3 mg N/L/day, and 0.02&#177;0.03 g biomass/L/day, respectively. All vessels showed a positive relationship between the initial ammonia concentration and ammonia removal rate (R2=0.76). Comparison of process efficiencies and production values measured in reactors of different scale may be useful in determining if lab-scale experimental data is appropriate for prediction of commercial-scale production values.

An experimental methodology is presented to compare the performance of small (100 L) and large (1,000 L) scale reactors designed for algae remediation of landfill wastewater. System characteristics, including surface area to volume ratio, retention time, biomass density, and wastewater feed concentrations, can be adjusted based on application.

规模在光合反应器系统对污水的整治藻类比较

An experimental methodology is presented to compare the performance of two different sized reactors designed for wastewater treatment. In this study, ...

Cultivation of Green Microalgae in Bubble Column Photobioreactors and an Assay for Neutral Lipids

There is significant interest in the study of microalgae for engineering applications such as the production of biofuels, high value products, and for the treatment of wastes. As most new research efforts begin at laboratory scale, there is a need for cost-effective methods for culturing microalgae in a reproducible manner. Here, we communicate an effective approach to culture microalgae in laboratory-scale photobioreactors, and to measure the growth and neutral lipid content of that algae. Instructions are also included on how to set up the photobioreactor system. Although the example organisms are species of Chlorella and Auxenochlorella, this system can be adapted to cultivate a wide range of microalgae, including co-cultures of algae with non-algae species. Stock cultures are first grown in bottles to produce inoculum for the photobioreactor system. Algae inoculum is concentrated and transferred to photobioreactors for cultivation in batch mode. Samples are collected daily for the optical density readings. At the end of the batch culture, cells are harvested by centrifuge, washed, and freeze dried to obtain a final dry weight concentration. The final dry weight concentration is used to create a correlation between the optical density and the dry weight concentration. A modified Folch method is subsequently used to extract total lipids from the freeze-dried biomass and the extract is assayed for its neutral lipid content using a microplate assay. This assay has been published previously but protocol steps were included here to highlight critical steps in the procedure where errors frequently occur. The bioreactor system described here fills a niche between simple flask cultivation and fully-controlled commercial bioreactors. Even with only 3-4 biological replicates per treatment, our approach to culturing algae leads to tight standard deviations in the growth and lipid assays.

Here, we present a protocol to construct lab-scale bubble column photobioreactors and use them to culture microalgae. It also provides a method for the determination of the culture growth rate and neutral lipid content.

气泡柱光生物反应器中绿色微藻的培养及中性脂质的测定

There is significant interest in the study of microalgae for engineering applications such as the production of biofuels, high value products, and for the ...

Microalgae Cultivation and Biomass Quantification in a Bench-Scale Photobioreactor with Corrosive Flue Gases

Photobioreactors are illuminated cultivation systems for experiments on phototrophic microorganisms. These systems provide a sterile environment for microalgal cultivation with temperature, pH, and gas composition and flow rate control. At bench-scale, photobioreactors are advantageous to researchers studying microalgal properties, productivity, and growth optimization. At industrial scales, photobioreactors can maintain product purity and improve production efficiency. The video describes the preparation and use of a bench-scale photobioreactor for microalgal cultivation, including the safe use of corrosive gas inputs, and details relevant biomass measurements and biomass productivity calculations. Specifically, the video illustrates microalgal culture storage and preparation for inoculation, photobioreactor assembly and sterilization, biomass concentration measurements, and a logistic model for microalgal biomass productivity with rate calculations including maximum and overall biomass productivities. Additionally, since there is growing interest in experiments to cultivate microalgae using simulated or real waste gas emissions, the video will cover the photobioreactor equipment adaptations necessary to work with corrosive gases and discuss safe sampling in such scenarios.

Bench-scale, axenic cultivation facilitates microalgal characterization and productivity optimization before subsequent process scale-up. Photobioreactors provide the necessary control for reliable and reproducible microalgal experiments and can be adapted to safely cultivate microalgae with the corrosive gases (CO2, SO2, NO2) from municipal or industrial combustion emissions.

具有腐蚀性烟气的台式光生物反应器中的微藻培养和生物量定量

Photobioreactors are illuminated cultivation systems for experiments on phototrophic microorganisms. These systems provide a sterile environment for ...

A Small-Scale Setup for Algal Toxicity Testing of Nanomaterials and Other Difficult Substances

Ecotoxicity data is a requirement for pre- and post-market registration of chemicals by European and international regulations (e.g., REACH). The algal toxicity test is frequently used in regulatory risk assessment of chemicals. In order to achieve high reliability and reproducibility the development of standardized guidelines is vital. For algal toxicity testing, the guidelines require stable and uniform conditions of parameters such as pH, temperature, carbon dioxide levels and light intensity. Nanomaterials and other so-called difficult substances can interfere with light causing a large variation in results obtained hampering their regulatory acceptance. To address these challenges, we have developed LEVITATT (LED Vertical Illumination Table for Algal Toxicity Tests). The setup utilizes LED illumination from below allowing for a homogenous light distribution and temperature control while also minimizing intra-sample shading. The setup optimizes the sample volume for biomass quantification and does at the same time ensure a sufficient influx of CO2 to support exponential growth of the algae. Additionally, the material of the test containers can be tailored to minimize adsorption and volatilization. When testing colored substances or particle suspensions, the use of LED lights also allows for increasing the light intensity without additional heat generation. The compact design and minimal equipment requirements increase the possibilities for implementation of the LEVITATT in a wide range of laboratories. While compliant with standardized ISO and OECD guidelines for algal toxicity testing, LEVITATT also showed a lower inter-sample variability for two reference substances (3,5-Dicholorophenol and K2Cr2O7) and three nanomaterials (ZnO, CeO2, and BaSO4) compared to Erlenmeyer flasks and microtiter plates.

We demonstrate algal toxicity testing for difficult substances (e.g., colored substances or nanomaterials) using a setup illuminated vertically with an LED.

纳米材料和其他难物质藻类毒性试验的小型装置

Ecotoxicity data is a requirement for pre- and post-market registration of chemicals by European and international regulations (e.g., REACH). The algal ...

Coupling Carbon Capture from a Power Plant with Semi-automated Open Raceway Ponds for Microalgae Cultivation

In the United States, 35% of the total carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions come from the electrical power industry, of which 30% represent natural gas electricity generation. Microalgae can biofix CO2 10 to 15 times faster than plants and convert algal biomass to products of interest, such as biofuels. Thus, this study presents a protocol that demonstrates the potential synergies of microalgae cultivation with a natural gas power plant situated in the southwestern United States in a hot semi-arid climate. State-of-the-art technologies are used to enhance carbon capture and utilization via the green algal species Chlorella sorokiniana, which can be further processed into biofuel. We describe a protocol involving a semi-automated open raceway pond and discuss the results of its performance when it was tested at the Tucson Electric Power plant, in Tucson, Arizona. Flue gas was used as the main carbon source to control pH, and Chlorella sorokiniana was cultivated. An optimized medium was used to grow the algae. The amount of CO2 added to the system as a function of time was closely monitored. Additionally, other physicochemical factors affecting algal growth rate, biomass productivity, and carbon fixation were monitored, including optical density, dissolved oxygen (DO), electroconductivity (EC), and air and pond temperatures. The results indicate that a microalgae yield of up to 0.385 g/L ash-free dry weight is attainable, with a lipid content of 24%. Leveraging synergistic opportunities between CO2 emitters and algal farmers can provide the resources required to increase carbon capture while supporting the sustainable production of algal biofuels and bioproducts.

A protocol is described to utilize the carbon dioxide in natural gas power plant flue gas to cultivate microalgae in open raceway ponds. Flue gas injection is controlled with a pH sensor, and microalgae growth is monitored with real time measurements of optical density.

将发电厂的碳捕获与半自动开放式管道池相结合，用于微藻养殖

In the United States, 35% of the total carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions come from the electrical power industry, of which 30% represent natural gas ...

用于从猪废沼气中获取生物甲烷的微藻培养

Biogas Purification through the use of a Microalgae-Bacterial System in Semi-Industrial High Rate Algal Ponds

In recent years, a number of technologies have emerged to purify biogas into biomethane. This purification entails a reduction in the concentration of polluting gases such as carbon dioxide and hydrogen sulfide to increase the content of methane. In this study, we used a microalgal cultivation technology to treat and purify biogas produced from organic waste from the swine industry to obtain ready-to-use biomethane. For cultivation and purification, two 22.2 m3 open-pond photobioreactors coupled with an absorption-desorption column system were set up in San Juan de los Lagos, Mexico. Several recirculation liquid/biogas ratios (L/G) were tested to obtain the highest removal efficiencies; other parameters, such as pH, dissolved oxygen (DO), temperature, and biomass growth, were measured. The most efficient L/Gs were 1.6 and 2.5, resulting in a treated biogas effluent with a composition of 6.8%vol and 6.6%vol in CO2, respectively, and removal efficiencies for H2S up to 98.9%, as well as maintaining O2 contamination values of less than 2%vol. We found that pH greatly determines CO2 removal, more so than L/G, during cultivation because of its participation in the photosynthetic process of microalgae and its ability to vary pH when solubilized due to its acidic nature. DO, and temperature oscillated as expected from the light-dark natural cycles of photosynthesis and the time of day, respectively. Biomass growth varied with CO2 and nutrient feeding as well as reactor harvesting; however, the trend remained primed for growth.

作者聚焦:扩展微藻生物技术以提高生物甲烷产量 

Air pollution impacts the quality of life of all organisms. Here, we describe the use of microalgae biotechnology for the treatment of biogas (simultaneous removal of carbon dioxide and hydrogen sulfide) and the production of biomethane through semi-industrial open high-rate algal ponds and subsequent analysis of treatment efficiency, pH, dissolved oxygen, and microalgae growth.

在半工业化高速率藻类池塘中使用微藻细菌系统进行沼气净化

In recent years, a number of technologies have emerged to purify biogas into biomethane. This purification entails a reduction in the concentration of ...

<meta charset="utf8"></head><body>通过生长因子优化提高微藻中叶绿素的产生

Evaluation of the Effect of Growth Factors on Chlorophylls a and b Production from Microalgae

Microalgae contain two main groups of pigments: chlorophylls and carotenoids. Chlorophyll is a green pigment that absorbs light energy and transforms it into chemical energy to facilitate the synthesis of organic compounds. This pigment serves as a valuable primary source for biotechnological input products in the food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic industries due to its high antioxidant properties and coloring capabilities. The objective of this research was to evaluate the effect of growth factors (CO2 concentration, light color, and light intensity) through a Taguchi L4 experimental design on cell growth and the cellular content of chlorophyll a and b in Chlorella sorokiniana, followed by validation of the method using Haematococcus pluvialis microalgae as an additional study model. Cell growth was quantified using the optical density spectrophotometric technique at a wavelength of 550 nm. For the quantification of chlorophylls, a cell extract was obtained using a 90% pure acetone solution, and subsequently, the concentrations of chlorophylls a and b were quantified using spectrophotometric techniques at wavelengths of 647 nm and 664 nm, according to the method described by Jeffrey and Humphrey. The experimental results indicated that controlling conditions of low CO2 addition, purple light, and low light intensity increases both cell growth and the concentration of chlorophylls a and b within the cells. The implementation of this chlorophyll quantification method allows for quick, simple, and precise determination of chlorophyll content, as the wavelengths used are at the absorbance peaks of both types of chlorophylls, making this technique easily reproducible for any microalgae under study.

<meta charset="utf8"></head><body>作者聚焦:优化生长因子以生产生物技术相关的次生代谢物

The present study highlights the advantages of employing the method developed by Jeffrey and Humphrey for extracting and quantifying fat-soluble pigments from microalgae. This method serves as a valuable tool for assessing the influence of growth factors on chlorophyll production and cellular content in these organisms.

生长因子对微藻叶绿素 a 和 b 生产的影响评价

Microalgae contain two main groups of pigments: chlorophylls and carotenoids. Chlorophyll is a green pigment that absorbs light energy and transforms it ...

重金属和微藻的产其他无机污染物的量化

摘要

探索更多视频

此视频中的章节

脂肪酸组分和含量微藻分析

规模在光合反应器系统对污水的整治藻类比较

气泡柱光生物反应器中绿色微藻的培养及中性脂质的测定

具有腐蚀性烟气的台式光生物反应器中的微藻培养和生物量定量

纳米材料和其他难物质藻类毒性试验的小型装置

将发电厂的碳捕获与半自动开放式管道池相结合，用于微藻养殖

在半工业化高速率藻类池塘中使用微藻细菌系统进行沼气净化

在半工业化高速率藻类池塘中使用微藻细菌系统进行沼气净化

在半工业化高速率藻类池塘中使用微藻细菌系统进行沼气净化

生长因子对微藻叶绿素 a 和 b 生产的影响评价