这项工作由斯特拉斯堡和Neurex-神经莱茵河上游网络（博士后奖学金到RP）的大学和BrainLinks-BrainTools卓越的集群由德国研究基金会资助的支持（DFG，授予数量EXC 1086）。我们感谢娜嘉马提尼专家技术援助。

1.一般注意事项此协议是经大学医院弗赖堡的动物护理和使用委员会（相同斯特拉斯堡）。视力是必要的空间学习的测试中的表现。啮齿动物受损视觉系统，因此不是合适的。此外，照明必须足​​够，以便使大鼠看位于周边壁的不同的线索。它是利用基本型（方形，圆形，三角形），但良好的对比线索（如黑漆线索在一个白色背景画）是有用的。同样，重度肌肉运动赤字排除标准，因为游泳是该测试要求和溺水可能发生。最后，超急啮齿动物可以显示一个强烈的偏见搜索行为，对性能的影响这。 2.仪器设置<ol><li>构建双-H迷宫由一张160厘米中央小巷，其相交两端和在中心的由三个160厘米并行运行臂（参见图1）。确保中央小巷及其垂直臂宽20厘米，并以35厘米高的透明有机玻璃墙包围。树脂玻璃厚度为6毫米，所有部件。 </li><li>安全使用胶水和螺丝，防水迷宫使用硅关节的所有内部角度到位的墙壁。这些接头可以容易地更换它们应该失去它们的防水性。放置排水口在拐角处的臂（或在迷宫的中间）用于排空的一个的末端。 </li><li>放置在迷宫在80厘米高的桌子，周围有足够的空间供）走动的迷宫，以及良好的对比线索B）的位置。通过它的位置， 即 ，西北（NW），北（N），东北（NE），西南（SW），南（S），以及东南（SE）指定在迷宫中的每个手臂。 </li><li>将安装在天花板上的摄像头为迷宫动物行为测试后分析上面，使用手动或AUTomatic（视频跟踪）的方法（见§5）。 </li></ol> 3.总评<ol><li>在使用之前，充满水迷宫到18厘米（200升）的近似高度。这是高到足以防止老鼠接触迷宫的底部用他们的脚，但浅足以防止逃逸。 </li><li>经过前期培训，使水不透明混合250克脱脂奶粉。更改每天的水，以防止牛奶，水变得腐臭。水温保持在21 - 23°C至提供激励老鼠寻求逃生平台。 注:由于大鼠逐渐熟悉的过程中预先培训平台的位置，它的位置是在训练期间移动到不同的手臂。 </li><li>在使用之前，浸泡一个高17厘米，直径10厘米的平台，在拐角处武器（NE，NW，SE或SW）之一的末端。确保被淹没的高度为1厘米的水表面的表面之下。训练老鼠到达在目标平台上使用的任何非自我中心或自我中心的学习策略，这是依赖于使用（见§4）模式的类型。 </li></ol> 4.基本培训协议注:大鼠通常设有预训练的初始日，这使得他们熟悉的迷宫。 <ol><li>对于预培训释放老鼠从中心臂之一（ 例如，S组）的末端，并将目标平台，在拐角处的武器之一（ 例如，NE）的末端，然后给大鼠连续4个60秒在该试验中，以达到目标平台。 </li><li>在到达逃生平台，允许大鼠等待那里15秒，以使它们可以休息，观察他们的周围环境。无论起始位置，总是阻止相反臂用透明闸刀门，从而防止条目。 注:在训练前，离开了水的透明，并调整自己的平台飞行，使得其突出1厘米水的表面上方，从而使之与大鼠可见。 </li><li>执行日常训练包括最多连续4的实验中，通过至少一个10秒间隙隔开（离散训练， 即以试验间的几分钟的间隔，是替代）。 </li><li>对于训练，移居从其预训练位置的平台，以所选择的臂（ 例如，NW）中，在第1厘米以下的水面末端淹没它。现在呈现不透明的水加入奶粉中，并执行以下培训（第4节）。 </li><li>对于老鼠没有在60秒到达目标平台，然后返回到起始位置，并轻轻地引导他们到平台的实验者。 </li><li>测量在训练和探针会话几个变量，如，远程游，延迟到目标臂/平台，时间在每个臂花费，以及初始/重复错误的次数（ 见图2）。请记住，延迟可能由电机困难的影响。如果出现的情况下，距离和错误出现认知方面的表现更可靠的变量。 </li><li>非自我中心策略培训: <ol><li>天1 - 前培训: <ol><li>不要添加奶粉这一步。放置逃生平台突出1厘米水的表面上方在一个固定的位置。列车在大鼠连续4试验，以达到平台。 </li></ol></li><li>天2 - 5 - 培训: <ol><li>加入250克脱脂奶粉到水中以使其不透明。移动台到不同臂（ 例如，从网元到西北），并添加水，使该平台为1cm水面下。发布大鼠无论从N或S手臂不可预知的顺序为每个会话，使得两个武器被用来作为两次审判开始在一个会话（4审判/天， 例如，SNNS，NSNS; 见图3）。 </li></ol></li><li>第6天 - 探测会话: <ol><li>删除平台探测试验。从不同的臂释放老鼠给那些在训练期间（ 例如，SW）使用，让他们游泳60秒。参见图4为代表的游泳轨道。在目标臂（该平台的前位置）所花费的时间的分析给出的指示对大鼠是否使用空间的策略，另一种类型的策略，不同的策略的顺序组合（见下文），或一个混乱的搜索模式。 </li></ol></li></ol></li><li>自我中心的策略培训: <ol><li>天1 - 前培训: <ol><li>这是一样的，在非自我中心策略训练（步骤4.1）的第一步。不要添加奶粉这一步。放置逃生平台突出1厘米水的表面上方在一个固定的位置。列车在大鼠连续4试验，以达到平台。 </li></ol></li><li>天2 - 5 - 培训: <ol><li>加入250克脱脂奶粉到水中以使其不透明。移动台到不同臂，并添加水，使该平台为1cm水面下。释放大鼠来自相同启动臂（S或N;参见图5）为每一个试验（4试验/天）。 </li></ol></li><li>第6天 - 探测会话: <ol><li>删除平台探测试验。大鼠被释放从手臂他们在那里训练过程中释放不同。让老鼠游泳60秒。挡住对面的手臂用透明的闸门。 注意:修改上述训练策略，用于根据特定的实验， 例如，测试药物作用等的要求。 </li></ol></li></ol></li><li>与水中每届会议结束后吸水毛巾擦干老鼠了。 </li></ol> 5.分析<ol><li>执行延迟，最初的和重复的错误，首先选择和响应类型manua测量LLY通过记录从头顶摄像头拍摄的视频这些变量。 </li><li>或者，如果可用，利用市售的视频跟踪软件和配置成自动记录这些变量。 </li><li>统计分析: 注:统计分析的具体实施取决于研究，这是发生。 <ol><li>执行的，关于初始/重复错误的两个或三路方差分析，延迟到目标臂/平台，和时间在目标臂花费;与包括在测试当天，和治疗组（多个）因素。 </li><li>如有必要，请按照下列方差分析采用事后纽曼Keuls多重比较测试。为了比较性能，使用一个参考值（ 例如，探测试验与机会水平在目标手臂花费的时间），并进行t检验。 </li><li>如果需要，使用除了非参数统计（ 例如，χ²，见下文）或替代条件时对PARAMETRIC那些不满足。 </li></ol></li></ol>

<ol>
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P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Applications+of+the+Morris+water+maze+in+the+study+of+learning+and+memory.">Applications of the Morris water maze in the study of learning and memory.</a> Brain Res Brain Res Rev. 36 (1), 60-90 (2001).</li></ol>

作者什么都没有透露。

在研究设计和分析评论因为它的概念，在双-H迷宫已被用于若干行为实验大鼠，它们共同被设计来研究自我中心和/或非自我中心响应大鼠在正常24,25和改变26-29大脑状态。后者研究包括纹状体深脑刺激（DBS）26，神经障碍27,28的动物模型，以及使用蝇蕈29各种皮质海马脑区域的双边停用。许多研究使用描述要么是allocentric-或自我中心的学习?...

在动物中，学习主要由这hippocampal-和纹状体基于存储器系统1,2，...，从而起到对于占位和程序存储器内的中央角色分别介导的。这两个系统之间的关系是复杂的，并且已知它们彼此合作或竞争的方式1,3相互作用。此外，研究表明，无论是在动物行为这些存储器系统中的影响可以提高以下的情况下，或在其他系统4-7的损坏。这两种系统都连接到通过丘脑前额叶皮层。 许多神经系统疾病和神经退行性疾病可以影响人类中，依赖于程序性和陈述性记忆系统之间的相互作用空间认知。实例包括帕金森氏病（PD），亨廷顿病（HD）8-10，阿尔茨海默氏病（AD）11-14，以及肌萎缩性侧索硬化症（ALS）15。动物模型，这是相关的这些疾病可以通过各种药物治疗可阻断某些受体16，以及通过有针对性的病变引起。当这样的动物一起使用空间记忆任务，一个有价值的见解可以得到成与这些病症，以及对各种治疗方案的基本机制。 有许多不同类型的空间记忆任务在啮齿类动物中，其共同的目的是评估学习和记忆的特定方面，以及潜在的治疗效果为各种疾病17,18。这些任务可以通过目标和途径，在解决的任务，存储持续时间或延迟，以及策略解决任务中使用的选择行为灵活性的程度的数目来区分。在此基础上可用于定向外部线索或地标可以获取良好的性能朝着目标动物（非自我中心的或地方的策略）。可替代地，一种啮齿动物可能发展的策略是基于身体方向和线索与问候的方向移动至在（自我中心或程序的策略）， 例如，如果一个鼠都知道，目标是左转弯后跟一个右转，那么还有一点需要一个非自我中心或地方战略。迷宫任务往往有所不同的基础上提供给啮齿动物在解决这些灵活程度。例如，在Morris水迷宫中，干版后者（ 例如，19）或巴恩斯迷宫（ 例如，20），也有可能是无限的路由大鼠可以达到的目标。在Morris水迷宫，例如，目标的位置可以基于外部界标或线索（非自我中心策略）获悉，或通过简单地游泳界朝向中心直到平台被找到（自我中心策略）21。某些任务有多重目标和的高度灵活性，如锥场任务22或Olton的径向迷宫23。在天平的另一端是任务，它提供有限的灵活性在达到目标， 例如，石迷宫，或T型迷宫的交替版本。这些任务只提供一个正确到达目标的方式，并促进了由纹状体基于程序存储器系统主要支配认知惯例的出现。 的双-H迷宫是一种新颖的空间记忆测试装置，其被设计为允许实验者直接受啮齿动物在解决任务24了解到策略的类型。包括由一垂直中央小巷相交三个平行运行臂，所述双-H迷宫是水逃逸任务，其中啮齿动物学习到达该被浸入的迷宫位置之一逃逸平台。在培训过程中，程序上的策略可维持T开发他相同的开始和目标地点遍及。可替代地，一个非自我中心策略可能通过交替的开始位置以随机的顺序，因此要求大鼠学习隐藏平台的基于环境信号的位置，因为它必须做在水迷宫来开发。这克服障碍物存在于许多不同的迷宫任务，其中的实验者否则几乎无法控制策略，啮齿动物利用的类型。当考虑到某些认知增强药物候选物的影响依赖海马基于布局存储器系统上，从而认知例程或程序的出现可能混淆的行为观察的解释，这是重要的，当动物，例如从非自我中心开关到的训练过程中的程序存储器。类似地，可能期望以评估药物和程序记忆处理的效果，没有非自我中心地方基于存储器的影响。最后，该装置可以用来研究这些存储器系统之间的合作或竞争性的相互作用，以及在其下的啮齿动物可从一个系统切换到另一个的条件。

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Rats or Mice</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Charles River</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Towels for drying</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>University Hospital</td>
			<td>1 / animal</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Water</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>~200 L / day</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Skim milk powder</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Grocery store</td>
			<td>250 g / 200 L water</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Garden Hose</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Hardware store</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Drying rack for towels</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Hardware store</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Kinect camera</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Kinect</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PC computer</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>any</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>[header]</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Double H Maze, (plexiglass) (Custom-Built)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>External lateral walls, 1600 &#215; 350 &#215; 6 mm</td>
			<td></td>
			<td align="right">2</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Internal lateral walls, 706 &#215; 350 &#215; 6 mm</td>
			<td></td>
			<td align="right">8</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Central corridor panels, 500 &#215; 350 &#215; 6 mm</td>
			<td></td>
			<td align="right">4</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Arm extremities, 188 &#215; 350 &#215; 6 mm</td>
			<td></td>
			<td align="right">6</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Guillotine doors, 187 &#215; 350 &#215; 6 mm</td>
			<td></td>
			<td align="right">3</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Extremity covers, 200 &#215; 250 mm</td>
			<td></td>
			<td align="right">6</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Crossbars, 200 &#215; 40 mm</td>
			<td></td>
			<td align="right">6</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>[header]</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Double-H Maze Platform (to be ballasted)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Double-H Maze Platform (to be ballasted) (Custom-Built)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Metal platform, 100 mm diameter &#215; 150 mm</td>
			<td></td>
			<td align="right">2</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Platform cover, 100 mm diameter &#215; 6mm</td>
			<td></td>
			<td align="right">2</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

the double-h maze: a robust behavioral test for learning and memory in rodents

空间认知研究在啮齿类动物中通常使用的使用迷宫任务，其属性变化从一个迷宫到下一个。这些任务变化通过行为灵活性和所需存储器的持续时间，目标和通路的数目，并也整体任务的复杂性。在许多这些任务混杂的特征是缺乏控制权的雇用啮齿动物要达到的目标， 例如，非自我中心（声明-等）或以自我为中心（程序）为基础的战略策略。双-H迷宫，解决这个问题，通过让实验者指导策略培训期间学到的一类新型水逃逸记忆任务。的双-H迷宫是一个透明的器件，它包括一个中央小巷与三个臂突出的两侧，沿着与浸没在这些臂中的一个的末端的逃逸平台。 老鼠可以使用非自我中心的策略是交替的ST接受培训在以不可预测的方式迷宫领域位置（见方案1;§4.7），因此需要他们学习平台基于可用allothetic线索的位置。另外，一个以自我为中心的学习策略（2协议;§4.8）可以通过每个试验过程中释放从相同位置的老鼠使用的，直到他们学会达成目标所需的程序模式。此任务已被证明，以允许稳定的记忆痕迹的形成。 内存可以按照一个误导性的探测试验训练期间，被探测其中的老鼠交替的起始位置。下面的自我中心学习范例，通常只采取一种非自我中心为基础的战略，但只有当它们对额外的迷宫线索的初步看法明显不同于原来的位置。这个任务是非常适合探索对非自我中心/自我中心的内存性能药物/扰动的影响，以及日之间的相互作用ESE两个内存系统。

自我中心的学习策略一项研究进行了以确定是否根据外部环境的线索他们的观点的改 ​​变老鼠的变化，下面一个以自我为中心，学习范式25所选择的存储战略。老鼠被训练4天（4审判/天）到达目标臂位于NE，并使用误导性的探测试验，其中起始臂被移动60公分至左的第五天随后测试（ 即，NE开始的训练过程中从N臂释放的动物; SW开始从S组驯兽），或旋转180°。在?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about The Double-H Maze: A Robust Behavioral Test for Learning and Memory in Rodents at JoVE.com

The Double-H Maze: A Robust Behavioral Test for Learning and Memory in Rodents

The goal of this protocol is to investigate spatial cognition in rodents. The double-H water maze is a novel test, which is particularly useful to elucidate the different components of learning, consolidation and memory, as well as the interplay of memory systems.

双-H迷宫:一个强大的行为测试学习和记忆的鼠害

Spatial cognition research in rodents typically employs the use of maze tasks, whose attributes vary from one maze to the next. These tasks vary by their ...

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Behavior

12.4K 次观看.  University Hospital Freiburg. The goal of this protocol is to investigate spatial cognition in rodents. The double-H water maze is a novel test, which is particularly useful to elucidate the different components of learning, consolidation and memory, as well as the interplay of memory systems.

视频: The Double-H Maze: A Robust Behavioral Test for Learning and Memory in Rodents

The Resident-intruder Paradigm: A Standardized Test for Aggression, Violence and Social Stress

This video publication explains in detail the experimental protocol of the resident-intruder paradigm in rats. This test is a standardized method to measure offensive aggression and defensive behavior in a semi natural setting. The most important behavioral elements performed by the resident and the intruder are demonstrated in the video and illustrated using artistic drawings. The use of the resident intruder paradigm for acute and chronic social stress experiments is explained as well. Finally, some brief tests and criteria are presented to distinguish aggression from its more violent and pathological forms.

This video shows the resident-intruder paradigm in rats. This test is a standardized method to measure offensive aggression, defensive behavior and violence in a semi-natural setting. The use of the paradigm for social stress experiments is explained as well.

驻地入侵者范式:一种标准化考试的侵略，暴力和社会压力

This video publication explains in detail the experimental protocol of the resident-intruder paradigm in rats. This test is a standardized method to ...

科研

行为学

Morris Water Maze Test: Optimization for Mouse Strain and Testing Environment

The Morris water maze (MWM) is a commonly used task to assess hippocampal-dependent spatial learning and memory in transgenic mouse models of disease, including neurocognitive disorders such as Alzheimer&#8217;s disease. However, the background strain of the mouse model used can have a substantial effect on the observed behavioral phenotype, with some strains exhibiting superior learning ability relative to others. To ensure differences between transgene negative and transgene positive mice can be detected, identification of a training procedure sensitive to the background strain is essential. Failure to tailor the MWM protocol to the background strain of the mouse model may lead to under- or over- training, thereby masking group differences in probe trials. Here, a MWM protocol tailored for use with the F1 FVB/N x 129S6 background is described. This is a frequently used background strain to study the age-dependent effects of mutant P301L tau (rTg(TauP301L)4510 mice) on the memory deficits associated with Alzheimer&#8217;s disease. Also described is a strategy to re-optimize, as dictated by the particular testing environment utilized.

This manuscript describes a Morris water maze (MWM) protocol tailored for use with a commonly used mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. The MWM is widely used in transgenic mouse models. Implementation of a procedure sensitive to the background strain of the mouse model is essential for detecting group differences.

Morris水迷宫实验:优化小鼠品系和测试环境

 The Morris water maze (MWM) is a commonly used task to assess hippocampal-dependent spatial learning and memory in transgenic mouse models of disease, ...

Vagus Nerve Stimulation as a Tool to Induce Plasticity in Pathways Relevant for Extinction Learning

Extinction describes the process of attenuating behavioral responses to neutral stimuli when they no longer provide the reinforcement that has been maintaining the behavior. There is close correspondence between fear and human anxiety, and therefore studies of extinction learning might provide insight into the biological nature of anxiety-related disorders such as post-traumatic stress disorder, and they might help to develop strategies to treat them. Preclinical research aims to aid extinction learning and to induce targeted plasticity in extinction circuits to consolidate the newly formed memory. Vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) is a powerful approach that provides tight temporal and circuit-specific release of neurotransmitters, resulting in modulation of neuronal networks engaged in an ongoing task. VNS enhances memory consolidation in both rats and humans, and pairing VNS with exposure to conditioned cues enhances the consolidation of extinction learning in rats. Here, we provide a detailed protocol for the preparation of custom-made parts and the surgical procedures required for VNS in rats. Using this protocol we show how VNS can facilitate the extinction of conditioned fear responses in an auditory fear conditioning task. In addition, we provide evidence that VNS modulates synaptic plasticity in the pathway between the infralimbic (IL) medial prefrontal cortex and the basolateral complex of the amygdala (BLA), which is involved in the expression and modulation of extinction memory.

Vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) has emerged as a tool to induce targeted synaptic plasticity in the forebrain to modify a range of behaviors. This protocol describes how to implement VNS to facilitate the consolidation of fear extinction memory.

迷走神经刺激作为一种工具来诱导可塑性相关途径灭绝学习

Extinction describes the process of attenuating behavioral responses to neutral stimuli when they no longer provide the reinforcement that has been ...

Place and Response Learning in the Open-field Tower Maze

This protocol describes how the Open-field Tower Maze (OFTM) paradigm is used to study spatial learning in rodents. This maze is especially useful for examining how rats learn to use a place- or response-learning to successfully navigate in an open-field arena. Additionally, this protocol describes how the OFTM differs from other behavioral maze paradigms that are commonly used to study spatial learning in rodents. The OFTM described in this article was adapted from the one previously described by Cole, Clipperton, and Walt (2007). Specifically, the OFTM was created to test spatial learning in rodents without the experimenter having to consider how &#8220;stress&#8221; might play a role as a confounding variable. Experiments have shown that stress-alone can significantly affect cognitive function1. The representative results section contains data from an experiment that used the OFTM to examine the effects of estradiol treatment on place- and response-learning in adult female Sprague Dawley rats2. Future studies will be designed to examine the role of the hippocampus and striatum in place- and response-learning in the OFTM.

The Open-field Tower Maze (OFTM) is a maze created to study the behavioral and neural mechanisms of spatial learning (e.g., place- or response-learning) in rats. This maze is especially useful for experimenters who want to use a non-stressful maze paradigm to investigate spatial learning in their research.

在打开场塔迷宫的地方，反应学习

This protocol describes how the Open-field Tower Maze (OFTM) paradigm is used to study spatial learning in rodents. This maze is especially useful for ...

The Rodent Psychomotor Vigilance Test (rPVT): A Method for Assessing Neurobehavioral Performance in Rats and Mice

The human Psychomotor Vigilance Test (PVT) is a widely used procedure for measuring changes in fatigue and sustained attention. The present article describes a rodent version of the PVT&#8212;termed the &#34;rPVT&#34;&#8212;that measures similar aspects of attention (i.e., performance accuracy, motor speed, premature responding, and lapses in attention). Data are presented that demonstrate both the short- and long-term usefulness of the rPVT when employed with laboratory rats. Rats easily learn the rPVT, and learning to perform the basic procedure takes less than two weeks of training. Once acquired, rat performances in the rPVT show a high degree of similarity to these same performance measures in the human PVT, including similarities in, lapses in attention, reaction times, vigilance decrements across session time (i.e., the human &#34;time-on-task&#34; effects), and the response-stimulus interval (RSI) effect described for humans. Thus the rPVT can be an extremely valuable tool for assessing the effects of a wide range of variables on sustained attention quite similar to human PVT performances, and thus can be useful for developing novel treatments for neurobehavioral dysfunctions.

The Rodent Psychomotor Vigilance Test rPVT: A Method for Assessing Neurobehavioral Performance in Rats and Mice

A rat version of the human Psychomotor Vigilance Test (PVT) is described that measures aspects of attention similar to those measured with the human PVT, including aspects of human vigilance such as performance accuracy, motor speed, premature responding, and lapses in attention.

鼠类精神运动警觉测试（rPVT）:一个在大鼠和小鼠的神经行为评估性能的方法

The human Psychomotor Vigilance Test (PVT) is a widely used procedure for measuring changes in fatigue and sustained attention. The present article ...

A Real-world What-Where-When Memory Test

Episodic memory is a complex memory system which allows recall and mental re-experience of previous episodes from one&#39;s own life. Real-life episodic memories are about events in their spatiotemporal context and are typically visuospatial, rather than verbal. Yet often, tests of episodic memory use verbal material to be recalled (word lists, stories). The Real-World What-Where-When memory test requires participants to hide a total of 16 different objects in 16 different locations over two temporal occasions, 2 h apart. Another two hours later, they are then asked to recall which objects (What) they had hidden in which locations (Where) and on which of the two occasions (When). In addition to counting the number of correctly recalled complete what-where-when combinations, this task can also be used to test real-world spatial memory and object memory. This task is sensitive to normal cognitive aging, and correlates well with performance on other episodic memory tasks, while at the same time providing more ecological validity and being cheap and easy to run.

A Real-world What-Where-When Memory Test

The Real-World What-Where-When memory test is a novel episodic memory test, in which participants need to recall which objects have been hidden in which locations on which of two distinct occasions. It is easy to run and is sensitive to normal cognitive aging.

一个现实世界<em&gt;什么，在哪里，当</em&gt;记忆测试

Episodic memory is a complex memory system which allows recall and mental re-experience of previous episodes from one&#39;s own life. Real-life episodic ...

Novel Object Recognition Test for the Investigation of Learning and Memory in Mice

The object recognition test (ORT) is a commonly used behavioral assay for the investigation of various aspects of learning and memory in mice. The ORT is fairly simple and can be completed over 3 days: habituation day, training day, and testing day. During training, the mouse is allowed to explore 2 identical objects. On test day, one of the training objects is replaced with a novel object. Because mice have an innate preference for novelty, if the mouse recognizes the familiar object, it will spend most of its time at the novel object. Due to this innate preference, there is no need for positive or negative reinforcement or long training schedules. Additionally, the ORT can also be modified for numerous applications. The retention interval can be shortened to examine short-term memory, or lengthened to probe long-term memory. Pharmacological intervention can be used at various times prior to training, after training, or prior to recall to investigate different phases of learning (i.e., acquisition, early or late consolidation, or recall). Overall, the ORT is a relatively low-stress, efficient test for memory in mice, and is appropriate for the detection of neuropsychological changes following pharmacological, biological, or genetic manipulations.

The object recognition test (ORT) is a simple and efficient assay for evaluating learning and memory in mice. The methodology is described below.

小鼠学习记忆研究的新对象识别实验

The object recognition test (ORT) is a commonly used behavioral assay for the investigation of various aspects of learning and memory in mice. The ORT is ...

A Behavioral Assay for Investigating the Role of Spatial Memory During Instinctive Defense in Mice

Evolution has selected a repertoire of defensive behaviors that are essential for survival across all animal species. These behaviors are often stereotyped actions elicited in response to innately aversive sensory stimuli, but their success requires enough flexibility for adapting to different spatial environments, which can change rapidly. Here, we describe a behavioral assay to evaluate the influence of learned spatial knowledge on defensive behaviors in mice. We have adapted the widely used Barnes maze spatial memory assay to investigate how mice navigate to a shelter during escape responses to innately aversive sensory stimuli in a novel environment, and how they adapt to acute changes in the environment. This new assay is an ethological paradigm that does not require training and exploits the natural exploration patterns and navigation strategies in mice. We propose that the set of protocols described here are a powerful means of studying goal-directed behaviors and stimulus-triggered navigation, which should be of interest to both the fields of instinctive behaviors and spatial memory.

This protocol describes a behavioral assay, based on the Barnes maze test, to study how instinctive defensive actions are modified by the knowledge of spatial environment.

一种研究空间记忆在小鼠本能防御中作用的行为分析法

Evolution has selected a repertoire of defensive behaviors that are essential for survival across all animal species. These behaviors are often ...

An Automated T-maze Based Apparatus and Protocol for Analyzing Delay- and Effort-based Decision Making in  Free Moving Rodents

Many neurological and psychiatric patients demonstrate difficulties and/or deficits in decision making. Rodent models are helpful to produce a deeper understanding of the neurobiological causes underlying the decision-making problems. A cost-benefit based T-maze task is used for measuring decision making in which rodents choose between a high reward arm (HRA) and a low reward arm (LRA). There are two paradigms of the T-maze decision-making task, one in which the cost is a time delay and the other in which it is physical effort. Both paradigms require a tedious and labor-intensive management of experimental animals, multiple doors, pellet reward, and arm choice recordings. In the current work, we invented an apparatus based on traditional T-maze with full automation for pellet delivery, door management and choice recordings. This automated setup can be used for the evaluation of both delay- and effort-based decision making in rodents. With the protocol described here, our lab investigated the decision-making phenotypes of multiple genetically modified mice. In the representative data, we showed that the mice with ablated medial habenular showed aversions of both delay and effort and tended to choose the immediate and effortless reward. This protocol helps to decrease the variability caused by experimenter intervention and to enhance experiment efficiency. In addition, chronic silicon probe or microelectrode recording, fiber-optic imaging and/or manipulation of neural activity can be easily applied during the decision-making task using the setup described here.

This article introduces an automated T-maze apparatus that we invented, and a protocol based on this apparatus for analyzing delay-based decision making and effort-based decision making in free moving rodents.

基于自动 T 迷宫的自由移动啮齿动物延迟和努力决策分析装置及协议

Many neurological and psychiatric patients demonstrate difficulties and/or deficits in decision making. Rodent models are helpful to produce a deeper ...

Stress-Enhanced Fear Learning, a Robust Rodent Model of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder

Fear behaviors are important for survival, but disproportionately high levels of fear can increase the vulnerability for developing psychiatric disorders such as post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). To understand the biological mechanisms of fear dysregulation in PTSD, it is important to start with a valid animal model of the disorder. This protocol describes the methodology required to conduct stress-enhanced fear learning (SEFL) experiments, a preclinical model of PTSD, in both rats and mice. SEFL was developed to recapitulate critical aspects of PTSD, including long-term sensitization of fear learning caused by an acute stressor. SEFL uses aspects of Pavlovian fear conditioning but produces a distinct and robust sensitized fear response far greater than normal conditional fear responses. The trauma procedure involves placing a rodent in a conditioning chamber and administering 15 unsignaled shocks randomly distributed over 90 minutes (for rat experiments; for mouse experiments, 10 unsignaled shocks randomly distributed over 60 minutes are used). On day 2, rodents are placed in a novel conditioning context where they receive a single shock; then, on day 3 they are placed back in the same context as on day 2 and tested for changes in freezing levels. Rodents that previously received the trauma display enhanced levels of freezing on the test day compared to those that received no shocks on the first day. Thus, with this model, a single highly stressful experience (the trauma) produces extreme fear of the stimuli associated with the traumatic event.

Here we describe the detailed methodology required to conduct stress-enhanced fear learning (SEFL) experiments, a preclinical model of post-traumatic stress disorder, in both rats and mice. The model utilizes aspects of Pavlovian fear conditioning and freezing as an index of enhanced fear in rodents.

压力增强恐惧学习--创伤后应激障碍的健壮啮齿动物模型

Fear behaviors are important for survival, but disproportionately high levels of fear can increase the vulnerability for developing psychiatric disorders ...