We would like to thank Richie Davidson, Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, for his guidance and support.

<html>所有与会者听取了有关手续，并签署在研究开始前知情同意书。麦克马斯特大学健康科学和圣若瑟医疗研究伦理委员会批准的所有程序。 注:在这个协议中，使用16至24岁的年龄介于47右手女性。其中，15名学员遭受MDD（医生确诊），并正经历着抑郁发作在研究的时间。这种个体组被表示为"MDD基"。在高危人群中的这一协议包括16名学员谁拥有一级亲属（父母或兄弟姐妹）与MDD的诊断，但诊断为精神障碍，并且不郁闷目前。在这个协议中，对照组由谁没有一级亲属患有抑郁症16名学员，有没有失效诊断精神障碍和目前不郁闷。 _title"&gt; 1。参与者选择<ol><li>通过在当地社区的互联网和印刷广告招募健康对照和高危女性参加，并通过心理学系，神经科学和当地大学的行为。通过心境障碍诊所在当地医院招募参与者郁闷。 注:合格的患者有资格，如果他们是女性，已确诊为根据DSM-IV标准27的主要情绪障碍，并有临床显著标准化截止分数贝克抑郁量表-II版（BDI-II参加）和汉密尔顿抑郁量表（HAM-D）调查问卷，由到达时，这些措施完成确定。 </li><li>最初进行电话或面对面采访感兴趣的与会者建立资格。排除不符合扫​​描仪的安全要求，或为MDD资格标准的参与者，AT-风险或对照组，并与精神病，躁狂症或广泛性焦虑障碍（GAD）的当前或过去的历史上所有的参与者。此外，排除谁经历了头部受伤，导致神志不清，或有以前的治疗电休克治疗或经颅磁刺激参与者。 </li><li>邀请选定的组个人进行广泛的测试，并使用以下参数[3T，T1加权SPGR轴收购了功能性磁共振成像（fMRI）扫描:132 - 160片（1毫米厚）。功能磁共振成像扫描，8通道头线圈，31轴位片（4毫米厚，无间隙），TR / TE = 2500/35毫秒，FOV = 24厘米，矩阵= 64×64，翻转角度90°。 注:排除参与者的GAD，因为它预期他们可能研究的磁共振成像扫描部分期间经历更高水平的焦虑，随浓度和任务符合干扰。 </li><li>在第一个12扫描的参与者自己的生理周期（卵泡期）天，以减少荷尔蒙波动的潜在影响。 </li></ol> 2.构建思想抑制任务<ol><li>建立由米切尔和同事18所描述的抑制范式，将通过在扫描仪中的参与者观看的修改版本。该模式由4块，每块标志是新提出的画面。 </li><li>运用心理学范式构建软件编程范式。使用该软件，安装的文本和图像幻灯片进行串行呈现，与毫秒时间响应收集。第一块用于呈现12.5秒在屏幕上目标语句。格式化范例，使得三色交通信号存在于所有后续屏幕的左手侧。 </li><li>配置模式下面的屏幕上30秒出现红灯信号。编程范式的NEX 30秒出现一个绿色的交通信号牛逼屏幕中显示。 <ol><li>配置最终画面呈现闪烁的黄灯。闪光灯发出的光线四次伪随机间隔之间1500 - 2500毫秒分开。重复此系列的屏幕12倍。 </li><li>在参与者参观将目标语句转换为范式，因此构建模式的方式，使得它很容易修改。在参与者参观，指导学员打压目标以为红灯时提出，释放认为当绿灯亮提出，并且每次按下按钮响应的黄灯闪烁。在MRI扫描仪完成这项任务将让神经活动的差异的评估每一个指示任务中。 </li></ol></li></ol> 3.参与者参观<ol><li>抵达后，评估抑郁症的严重程度，并与BDI-II，HAM-D和迷你国际神经精神量表所有参与者的精神状态（MINI）问卷调查。收集有关用药状况和受教育背景信息。 注意:这些问卷完成一个更大的调查，包括其他未列出的措施的一部分。 </li><li>请参与者列出令人不安的想法和担心，他们已经多次重温过去的几个星期，他们已经无法撼动。在讨论它们与参与者记录下这些口头发言。与参加工作，意译的说法，它缩短了7 - 10字的篇幅，并确定一个关键的词是情感显著并明确传达目标句子的意思来参加。 </li><li>扫描之前，指示参与者观察交通信号在整个范例在屏幕上。指导参与者打压红灯时提出的目标提出声明。请参与者自由思考任何事情，让当绿灯亮起时，提出他们的想法徘徊。 </li><li>指导参与者每次想到目标在思想抑制和自由的思想既时期重新出现按下扫描仪上的响应中的按钮。最后，要求参与者闪烁的黄灯，提出每一次按下响应框按钮。 注:块的各功能运行顺序如下:1）目标语句介绍期间b）对个人或分心认为抑制期，C）自由思想时期，和d）电机的响应时间以控制在激活过程中引起的运动区按键的思想抑制和自由思想块。此模式重复12次，四次在每个3运行的。 </li><li>将个人和相关目标分心语句和关键词到范式。在每次运行，确保第一块由两个人的思想压制块和两个分心联党的思想ression块（ 见图1）。 <ol><li>目前缩短语句和关键词在随后的顺序和1TR每一个，其次是交通灯号为目标报表列报期间的其余部分。平衡在每个3功能磁共振成像扫描和跨参与者个人和分心思想周期的顺序。 注:目标语句和关键词将包括由参与者都提供个人相关的负面的沉思（例如:"想想没有进入大学"），和中性分心从报表编制诺伦Hoeksema的电池取（例如:"想想上显示一排瓶洗发水的"2）。 </li></ol></li><li>扫描每个参与者与三个功能磁共振成像扫描。 </li></ol> 4.功能磁共振成像数据采集与分析<ol><li>进行成像在3T整个博DY短孔扫描仪，8通道并行接收头线圈。执行权一T1三维SPGR轴向扫描解剖用132 - 160片（1毫米厚）。收购三家功能磁共振运行使用梯度回波序列EPI组成的31轴位片（4毫米厚，无间隙）开始在大脑顶点和涵盖整个大脑（TR / TE = 2500/35毫秒，FOV = 24厘米，矩阵= 64×64，翻转角度90°）。 </li><li>所获得的图像传输到工作站。 <ol><li>变换解剖MRI数据集向塔莱拉什空间28对功能数据集和平均执行配准，以生成合成图像。 </li><li>时间校正功能数据集29。 3D动作纠正功能的数据集29。重新调整功能的数据集，以每次运行29第5帧。采用平滑6毫米高斯核和规范，以塔莱拉什空间29。 </li></ol></li><li>使用事件，涉及三维分析方法分析数据时。建立一个分析的协议，提取与思想抑制有关的时间间隔，想重新崛起和成功的再压制，概述如下。 </li><li>定义一个重新崛起的事件作为开始按下按钮（重新出现之前，按下按钮思维）前500毫秒，并继续为2000毫秒按下按钮后，本以为抑制或自由思考块时的时间间隔。时间跨越与排除重新出现的事件的思想抑制块是定义在分析协议思想抑制。 注:定义成功的再压制在分析协议作为保持压制，没有入侵事件，在一个TR下面再抑制事件。定义电机控制的协议作为事件的时候，黄灯亮时电机响应时间一闪而过。 </li><li>利用神经影像软件，使用一般的锂对比激活图近模型来确定集群活动与和之间的组内相关对比。进行随机效应的分析（3×2）与先验假设检验。组间进行对比思考对抑制电机控制，以为重新出现与重抑制控制/高风险与压抑，控制与压抑，控制与高风险，并在风险与郁闷组。 </li><li>正确对比了使用假发现率（FDR，设定为p值= 0.05）中的神经成像软件中实现的方法的多重比较。 </li></ol>

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J., Cowen, P. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Affective+modulation+of+anterior+cingulate+cortex+in+young+people+at+increased+familial+risk+of+depression.">Affective modulation of anterior cingulate cortex in young people at increased familial risk of depression.</a> Br J Psychiatry. 192, 356-361 (2008).</li><li>Koenigs, M., Huey, E. D., Calamia, M., Raymont, V., Tranel, D., Grafman, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Distinct+regions+of+prefrontal+cortex+mediate+resistance+and+vulnerability+to+depression.">Distinct regions of prefrontal cortex mediate resistance and vulnerability to depression.</a> J Neurosci. 28, 12341-12348 (2008).</li></ol>

The authors have nothing to disclose

是神经电路打乱了抑郁症15,16,25的元素也有意识思维17,18的调节有关。通过考察抑制相关的神经处理在风险和压抑的参与者，我们能够检查是否有是在两个人有抑郁倾向遗传和当前抑郁发作常见的改变脑激活模式。 按照我们的假设与现有文献研究认为抑制健康对照组，背外侧前额叶皮层的响应要求参与镇压的想法在一段被认定18,20较长的时间。这个区?...

与严重抑郁症（MDD）个人一个共同特点是从事沉思思维1的倾向。这种应对机制被认为是不适应的，因为它涉及到固定的被动消极的想法和事件，在2-5号决议没有尝试。反刍与患抑郁症1,6-9的风险抑郁发作10的增加，增加的长度和严重程度有关。 个人谁经常寻味往往会试图通过积极抑制他们11来减少这些消极思想的频率。然而，从事思想抑制能做出这样的想法更加方便和容易迅速重新出现在个人的想法12。这可能更经常在抑郁症患者作为他们的积极打压的想法可能会受到影响的能力可见一斑。另外，认为抑制已显示增加的催产素的可能性她的消极的想法在烦躁不安的人13。因此，对于抑郁症患者中的沉思的抑制可能导致症状的恶化;沉思入侵的增加自行车和提高的消极思想的产物。 抑郁症病理模型断定边缘，纹状体，丘脑和皮质的脑电路14的失调。区域新陈代谢和血液流动的中断休息一致地报道MDD，与提高基础水平的杏仁核，眶额叶皮质，腹内侧前额叶皮层和丘脑内侧观察。此外，降低水平被发现在背外侧前额叶皮层，和膝下和背侧前扣带皮层健康对照组相比15,16。这些观察导致了MDD涉及减少在背侧区域的活性和提高情绪边缘活性更腹侧和腹腔的概念n区。 关于思想的调控认知理论已经确定了在思想抑制两个独立的机制的作用。有人建议，控制的第一个机制是不断地进行，以保持思维抑制与第二机构的基线水平瞬时激活，重新打压的管理闯入高于此基准线17的任何有害的想法。功能磁共振成像数据牵连许多大脑区域在这些过程包括背外侧和腹外侧前额叶皮层18,19， 在岛19,20，前扣带回皮层20，和背内侧前额叶皮层19,21维修思想压制过程中。此外，重新出现抑制的思想已经专门与前扣带皮层18参与有关。因此，似乎是大脑区域之间有相当大的重叠证明是失调抑郁症，包括背外侧前额叶皮层，岛，前扣带皮层，背内侧前额叶皮层22和那些参与思想抑制。这表明，神经生理学，而不仅仅是一个行为的链接，思维抑制和抑郁症之间存在。 年轻妇女谁从事沉思的思想是在对患抑郁症23更大的风险。风险抑郁症也赋予基因;父母或兄弟姐妹患有抑郁症的人更容易患上抑郁症不是与疾病24没有家族病史的个体。这项研究进行了探讨参与镇压思想在一群年轻女性与家庭的风险抑郁症，一群年轻女性目前正经历着抑郁症，和一组健康对照者的神经系统。我们开发了一种新的思想沉思抑制范式检查以中性和个人相关的想法持续和瞬态抑制的思想变化相关的神经活动。这种设计使我们调查是否有对相对中立的思想与个人相关的思想抑制神经活动的差异。此外，测试在风险组提供了一个机会以确定是否风险的抑郁症与血氧水平依赖（BOLD）的信号在与抑郁症区域的大小相关联的探索抑郁的潜在脆弱性标记。 基于对周围神经活动在抑郁症15,16文献，以及反刍的研究，认为抑制25,26有人预测，思想的压制将与背外侧前额叶皮层的减少参与，参与者与MDD相关联，与对照组相比。据预计，更大的漏洞DEPression处于危险组将反映在背外侧皮层活动的控制和压抑组之间那年秋天的水平。另外，预计该重新出现抑制想法会与活化前扣带皮质的关联，并且这个激活将是更大的控制比所述风险组。此外，预计在为重新出现抑制的想法相比，在控制和风险的参与者，观察显著小于前扣带皮质的活化郁闷的参与者。

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" >
	<tbody>
		<tr >
			<td >Magnetic Resonance Imaging Scanner</td>
			<td >General Electric</td>
			<td ></td>
			<td >3T, whole body, short bore scanner, Milwaukee, WI</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Brain Voyageur, QX, V2.1</td>
			<td >Brain Innovation (B.V.)</td>
			<td ></td>
			<td>Maastricht, The Netherlands</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >E-prime&#160;</td>
			<td >Psychology Software Tools</td>
			<td ></td>
			<td>Pennsylvania, USA</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAM-D)</td>
			<td colspan="3">Hamilton M (1967) Development of a rating scale for primary depressive illness. The British journal of social and clinical psychology 6: 278&#8211;296&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Rosenberg Self-Esteem Questionnaire (RSE)</td>
			<td colspan="3">Rosenberg M (1965). Society and the Adolescent Self-Image. Princeton University Press : Princeton, NJ.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ)</td>
			<td colspan="3">Bernstein DP, Stein JA, Newcomb M, et al. (2003) Development and validation of a brief screening version of the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire. Child Abuse &#38; Neglect 27: 169&#8211;190.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >NEO-FFI Neuroticism questionnaire</td>
			<td colspan="3">Costa, P. T., &#38; McCrae, R. R. (1992). Revised NEO Personality Inventory (NEO&#8208;PI&#8208;R) and NEO Five&#8208;Factor Inventory (NEO&#8208;FFI) professional manual. Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Mini International Neuropsychiatric Inventory (MINI)</td>
			<td colspan="3">Folstein, M. F., Folstein, S. E., &#38; McHugh, P. R. (1975). &#8220;Mini-mental state.&#8221; Journal of Psychiatric Research, 12(3), 189&#8211;198.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Beck Depression Inventory-Version II (BDI-II)</td>
			<td colspan="3">Beck AT, Ward CH, Mendelson M, Mock J, Erbaugh J (1961) An inventory for measuring depression Archives of General Psychiatry 4:561 - 571</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

design and implementation of an fmri study examining thought suppression in young women with, and at-risk, for depression

Ruminative brooding is associated with increased vulnerability to major depression. Individuals who regularly ruminate will often try to reduce the frequency of their negative thoughts by actively suppressing them. We aim to identify the neural correlates underlying thought suppression in at-risk and depressed individuals. Three groups of women were studied; a major depressive disorder group, an at-risk group (having a first degree relative with depression) and controls. Participants performed a mixed block-event fMRI paradigm involving thought suppression, free thought and motor control periods. Participants identified the re-emergence of &#8220;to-be-suppressed&#8221; thoughts (&#8220;popping&#8221; back into conscious awareness) with a button press. During thought suppression the control group showed the greatest activation of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, followed by the at-risk, then depressed group. During the re-emergence of intrusive thoughts compared to successful re-suppression of those thoughts, the control group showed the greatest activation of the anterior cingulate cortices, followed by the at-risk, then depressed group. At-risk participants displayed anomalies in the neural regulation of thought suppression resembling the dysregulation found in depressed individuals. The predictive value of these changes in the onset of depression remains to be determined.

块条件分析:思想与抑制电机控制方差分析用于测定与思维抑制的块周期相关联（与除去侵入）的脑激活相对于一个电机控制。对比结果控制和风险与MDD，对控制抑郁症，控制与高风险，并在风险与MDD 见表1详细。目前还没有间或内与抑制个人相关的思想相关联活动的组间差异与牵引的想法。其结果是，所有的进一步分析折叠的个人和牵引思想抑制条件组。相对于MDD?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Design and Implementation of an fMRI Study Examining Thought Suppression in Young Women with, and At-risk, for Depression at JoVE.com

Design and Implementation of an fMRI Study Examining Thought Suppression in Young Women with, and At-risk, for Depression

我们的目标是确定相关的神经基础的持续和瞬态抑制的思想，并认为重新出现在控制，在风险和抑郁症患者。活化是最大为对照相比有风险的和凹陷组中的背外侧前额叶皮层中思想抑制和前扣带皮层中的思想重新出现。

设计的功能磁共振成像研究与实现研究思想抑制在年轻妇女，以及在风险，为抑郁症

Ruminative brooding is associated with increased vulnerability to major depression. Individuals who regularly ruminate will often try to reduce the ...

design-implementation-an-fmri-study-examining-thought-suppression

Universidad de Cartagena UDEC

Research

JoVE Journal

Behavior

10.4K 次观看.  McMaster University. 我们的目标是确定相关的神经基础的持续和瞬态抑制的思想，并认为重新出现在控制，在风险和抑郁症患者。活化是最大为对照相比有风险的和凹陷组中的背外侧前额叶皮层中思想抑制和前扣带皮层中的思想重新出现。 

视频: Design and Implementation of an fMRI Study Examining Thought Suppression in Young Women with, and At-risk, for Depression

Assessment and Evaluation of the High Risk Neonate: The NICU Network Neurobehavioral Scale

There has been a long-standing interest in the assessment of the neurobehavioral integrity of the newborn infant. The NICU Network Neurobehavioral Scale (NNNS) was developed as an assessment for the at-risk infant. These are infants who are at increased risk for poor developmental outcome because of insults during prenatal development, such as substance exposure or prematurity or factors such as poverty, poor nutrition or lack of prenatal care that can have adverse effects on the intrauterine environment and affect the developing fetus. The NNNS assesses the full range of infant neurobehavioral performance including neurological integrity, behavioral functioning, and signs of stress/abstinence. The NNNS is a noninvasive neonatal assessment tool with demonstrated validity as a predictor, not only of medical outcomes such as cerebral palsy diagnosis, neurological abnormalities, and diseases with risks to the brain, but also of developmental outcomes such as mental and motor functioning, behavior problems, school readiness, and IQ. The NNNS can identify infants at high risk for abnormal developmental outcome and is an important clinical tool that enables medical researchers and health practitioners to identify these infants and develop intervention programs to optimize the development of these infants as early as possible. The video shows the NNNS procedures, shows examples of normal and abnormal performance and the various clinical populations in which the exam can be used.

The NICU Network Neurobehavioral Scale (NNNS) was developed as an assessment for the at-risk infant. The purpose of this article is to describe the NNNS, provide video examples of the NNNS procedures and discuss the ways in which the exam has been used.

评估和高危新生儿的评价:新生儿重症监护病房的网络神经行为量表

There has been a long-standing interest in the assessment of the neurobehavioral integrity of the newborn infant.  The NICU Network Neurobehavioral Scale ...

科研

行为学

Transferring Cognitive Tasks Between Brain Imaging Modalities: Implications for Task Design and Results Interpretation in fMRI Studies

As cognitive neuroscience methods develop, established experimental tasks are used with emerging brain imaging modalities. Here transferring a paradigm (the visual oddball task) with a long history of behavioral and electroencephalography (EEG) experiments to a functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) experiment is considered. The aims of this paper are to briefly describe fMRI and when its use is appropriate in cognitive neuroscience; illustrate how task design can influence the results of an fMRI experiment, particularly when that task is borrowed from another imaging modality; explain the practical aspects of performing an fMRI experiment. It is demonstrated that manipulating the task demands in the visual oddball task results in different patterns of blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) activation. The nature of the fMRI BOLD measure means that many brain regions are found to be active in a particular task. Determining the functions of these areas of activation is very much dependent on task design and analysis. The complex nature of many fMRI tasks means that the details of the task and its requirements need careful consideration when interpreting data. The data show that this is particularly important in those tasks relying on a motor response as well as cognitive elements and that covert and overt responses should be considered where possible. Furthermore, the data show that transferring an EEG paradigm to an fMRI experiment needs careful consideration and it cannot be assumed that the same paradigm will work equally well across imaging modalities. It is therefore recommended that the design of an fMRI study is pilot tested behaviorally to establish the effects of interest and then pilot tested in the fMRI environment to ensure appropriate design, implementation and analysis for the effects of interest.

Transferring a paradigm with a history of use in EEG experiments to an fMRI experiment is considered. It is demonstrated that manipulating the task demands in the visual oddball task resulted in different patterns of BOLD activation and illustrated how task design is crucial in fMRI experiments.

传输认知任务的脑成像方法:对任务的设计和结果判读的功能磁共振成像研究

As cognitive neuroscience methods develop, established experimental tasks are used with emerging brain imaging modalities. Here transferring a paradigm ...

Topographical Estimation of Visual Population Receptive Fields by fMRI

Visual cortex is retinotopically organized so that neighboring populations of cells map to neighboring parts of the visual field. Functional magnetic resonance imaging allows us to estimate voxel-based population receptive fields (pRF), i.e., the part of the visual field that activates the cells within each voxel. Prior, direct, pRF estimation methods1 suffer from certain limitations: 1) the pRF model is chosen a-priori and may not fully capture the actual pRF shape, and 2) pRF centers are prone to mislocalization near the border of the stimulus space. Here a new topographical pRF estimation method2 is proposed that largely circumvents these limitations. A linear model is used to predict the Blood Oxygen Level-Dependent (BOLD) signal by convolving the linear response of the pRF to the visual stimulus with the canonical hemodynamic response function. PRF topography is represented as a weight vector whose components represent the strength of the aggregate response of voxel neurons to stimuli presented at different visual field locations. The resulting linear equations can be solved for the pRF weight vector using ridge regression3, yielding the pRF topography. A pRF model that is matched to the estimated topography can then be chosen post-hoc, thereby improving the estimates of pRF parameters such as pRF-center location, pRF orientation, size, etc. Having the pRF topography available also allows the visual verification of pRF parameter estimates allowing the extraction of various pRF properties without having to make a-priori assumptions about the pRF structure. This approach promises to be particularly useful for investigating the pRF organization of patients with disorders of the visual system.

It is important to obtain unbiased estimates of visual population receptive fields (pRFs) by functional magnetic resonance imaging. We use mild regularization constraints to estimate pRF topography without a-priori assumptions about pRF shape, allowing us to choose specific pRF models post-hoc. This is particularly advantageous in subjects with visual-pathway lesions.

人口视觉感受野由功能磁共振成像地形估计

Visual cortex is retinotopically organized so that neighboring populations of cells map to neighboring parts of the visual field. Functional magnetic ...

A New Method for Inducing a Depression-Like Behavior in Rats

Contagious depression is a phenomenon that is yet to be fully recognized and this stems from insufficient material on the subject. At the moment, there is no existing format for studying the mechanism of action, prevention, containment, and treatment of contagious depression. The purpose of this study, therefore, was to establish the first animal model of contagious depression.
Healthy rats can contract depressive behaviors if exposed to depressed rats. Depression is induced in rats by subjecting them to several manipulations of chronic unpredictable stress (CUS) over 5 weeks, as described in the protocol. A successful sucrose preference test confirmed the development of depression in the rats. The CUS-exposed rats were then caged with na&#239;ve rats from the contagion group (1 na&#239;ve rat/2 depressed rats in a cage) for an additional 5 weeks. 30 social groups were created from the combination of CUS-exposed rats and na&#239;ve rats.
This proposed depression-contagion protocol in animals consists mainly of cohabiting CUS-exposed and healthy rats for 5 weeks. To ensure that this method works, a series of tests are carried out - first, the sucrose preference test upon inducing depression to rats, then, the sucrose preference test, alongside the open field and forced-swim tests at the end of the cohabitation period. Throughout the experiment, rats are given tags and are always returned to their cages after each test.
A few limitations to this method are the weak differences recorded between the experimental and control groups in the sucrose preference test and the irreversible traumatic outcome of the forced swim test. These may be worth considering for suitability before any future application of the protocol. Nonetheless, following the experiment, na&#239;ve rats developed contagion depression after 5 weeks of sharing the same cage with the CUS-exposed rats.

This protocol describes a new model by which healthy rats could contract depression over a given time periodthrough contagion by exposure to chronic unpredictable stressed (CUS) rats.

一种诱导大鼠抑郁症状行为的新方法

Contagious depression is a phenomenon that is yet to be fully recognized and this stems from insufficient material on the subject. At the moment, there is ...

Design and Use of an Apparatus for Presenting Graspable Objects in 3D Workspace

Reaching and grasping are highly-coupled movements, and their underlying neural dynamics have been widely studied in the last decade. To distinguish reaching and grasping encodings, it is essential to present different object identities independent of their positions. Presented here is the design of an automatic apparatus that is assembled with a turning table and three-dimensional (3D) translational device to achieve this goal. The turning table switches different objects corresponding to different grip types while the 3D translational device transports the turning table in 3D space. Both are driven independently by motors so that the target position and object are combined arbitrarily. Meanwhile, wrist trajectory and grip types are recorded via the motion capture system and touch sensors, respectively. Furthermore, representative results that demonstrate successfully trained monkey using this system are described. It is expected that this apparatus will facilitate researchers to study kinematics, neural principles, and brain-machine interfaces related to upper limb function.

Presented here is a protocol to build an automatic apparatus that guides a monkey to perform the flexible reach-to-grasp task. The apparatus combines a 3D translational device and turning table to present multiple objects in an arbitrary position in 3D space.

设计和使用用于在 3D 工作区中呈现可抓握对象的设备

Reaching and grasping are highly-coupled movements, and their underlying neural dynamics have been widely studied in the last decade. To distinguish ...

Assessing the Coherence of Parents' Short Narratives Regarding their Child Using the Five-Minute Speech Sample Procedure

Valid and efficient measures for assessing the quality of parent-child relationships are needed to facilitate research and evidence-based practice with parents. This paper focuses on such a method, namely Five-Minute Speech Sample-Coherence (FMSS-Coherence). In this method, a parent is asked to speak for five uninterrupted minutes about her/his child and their relationship. The resulted narrative is coded for coherence, namely the extent to which the parent provides&#160;in the narrative&#160;a clear, consistent, multidimensional and well-supported portrayal of the child. FMSS-Coherence is based on attachment research that shows that the coherence of parents&#8217; narratives is indicative of the quality of the parent-child relationship and child adjustment. It overcomes the limitations of attachment narrative measures which are typically labor intensive. FMSS-Coherence is less nuanced than extant attachment narrative measures. Yet, studies of families from different cultural backgrounds, across different child ages and in the context of typically developing children as well as children with special needs suggest that coherence can be reliably evaluated using the FMSS procedure. Furthermore, parents&#8217; FMSS-Coherence is associated with parenting quality and children&#8217;s socio-emotional adjustment. Thus, it holds promise for researchers and practitioners who seek a relatively time- and cost-effective method for assessing the coherence of parents&#8217; narratives regarding their child.

This paper introduces a method for assessing the coherence of parents' short narratives regarding their child and their relationship using the five-minute speech sample procedure.

使用五分钟言语样本程序评估家长对孩子的简短叙述的一致性

Valid and efficient measures for assessing the quality of parent-child relationships are needed to facilitate research and evidence-based practice with ...

Examining Changes in HRV and Emotion Following Artmaking with Three Different Art Materials

This protocol enables the examination of psychological and physiological responses to different types of behavioral engagements. Specifically, in this study example, the emotional response and changes in heart rate variability are examined in response to artmaking with three different art materials that vary in their levels of fluidity. This protocol can be adapted to examine other types of behavior or engagement in artmaking with other materials. There are several benefits to using this protocol. Firstly, the order randomization of the materials improves the probability that the response measured is associated with its qualities and not the order of presentation. Secondly, the continuous measuring of electrocardiogram enables the examination of changes in heart rate variability after engagement with each art material and changes that might occur during the artmaking itself. The advantages of this protocol should be considered with their limitations. The music listening is before each art making session; thus, the return to baseline can only be measured in the first two conditions. The return to baseline provides information on how fast individuals recover after response to working with each of the materials. Furthermore, a more liquid material instead of gouache paint with a brush, such as finger paints, provides more difference between materials. Finally, this protocol can be adapted to specific research needs.

The goal of the protocol is to guide researchers in conducting experiments that are intended to measure changes in self-reported emotional response and heart rate variability following art making with different materials. The protocol can easily be adapted for use in a variety of behavioral conditions and activities.

用三种不同的艺术材料考察人力资源管理与艺术创作后的情感变化

This protocol enables the examination of psychological and physiological responses to different types of behavioral engagements. Specifically, in this ...

Flypub To Study Ethanol Induced Behavioral Disinhibition and Sensitization

Alcohol use disorder (AUD) remains a serious problem in our society. To develop effective interventions for addiction, it is important to understand the underlying neurobiological mechanisms, for which diverse experimental approaches and model systems are needed. The main ingredient of alcoholic beverages is ethanol, which causes adaptive changes in the central nervous system and behavior upon chronic intake. Behavioral sensitization (i.e., escalated responses) in particular represents a key adaptive change underlying addiction. Most ethanol-induced behavioral sensitization studies in animal models have been conducted on the locomotor activating effect of ethanol. A prominent effect of ethanol is behavioral disinhibition. Behavioral sensitization to the disinhibition effect of ethanol, however, is underrepresented. To address this issue, we developed the Flypub assay that allows measuring the escalated increase in disinhibited courtship activities upon recurring ethanol exposure in Drosophila melanogaster.&#160;Here, we report the step-by-step Flypub assay including assembly of ethanol exposure chambers, setup of the assay station, criteria for fly care and collection, ethanol delivery, quantification of disinhibited courtship activities, data processing and statistical analysis. Also provided are how to troubleshoot critical steps, overcome limitations and expand its utility to assess additional ethanol-induced behaviors. The Flypub assay in combination with powerful genetic tools in Drosophila melanogaster will facilitate the task of discovering the mechanism underlying ethanol-induced behavioral sensitization.

The Flypub assay measures the behaviors that the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster displays under the influence of ethanol. The assay can be readily mastered by experimenters at all levels and applied to various vaporized stimuli, facilitating substance abuse and addiction studies.

飞行酒吧研究乙醇诱导的行为抑制和敏感性

Alcohol use disorder (AUD) remains a serious problem in our society. To develop effective interventions for addiction, it is important to understand the ...

Tactile Vibrating Toolkit and Driving Simulation Platform for Driving-Related Research

Collision warning system plays a key role in the prevention of driving distractions and drowsy driving. Previous studies have proven the advantages of tactile warnings in reducing driver&#8217;s brake response time. At the same time, tactile warnings have been proved effective in take-over request (TOR) for partially autonomous vehicles.
How the performance of tactile warnings can be optimized is an ongoing hot research topic in this field. Thus, the presented low-cost driving simulation software and methods are introduced to attract more researchers to take part in the investigation. The presented protocol has been divided into five sections: 1) participants, 2) driving simulation software configuration, 3) driving simulator preparation, 4) vibrating toolkit configuration and preparation, and 5) conducting the experiment.
In the exemplar study, participants wore the tactile vibrating toolkit and performed an established car-following task using the customized driving simulation software. The front vehicle braked intermittently, and vibrating warnings were delivered whenever the front vehicle was braking. Participants were instructed to respond as quickly as possible to the sudden brakes of the front vehicle. Driving dynamics, such as the brake response time and brake response rate, were recorded by the simulation software for data analysis.
The presented protocol offers insight into the exploration of the effectiveness of tactile warnings on different body locations. In addition to the car-following task that is demonstrated in the exemplar experiment, this protocol also provides options&#160;to apply other paradigms to the driving simulation studies by making simple software configuration without any code development. However, it is important to note that due to its affordable price, the driving simulation software and hardware introduced here may not be able to fully compete with other high-fidelity commercial driving simulators. Nevertheless, this protocol can act as an affordable and user-friendly alternative to the general high-fidelity commercial driving simulators.

This protocol describes a driving simulation platform and a tactile vibrating toolkit for the investigation of driving-related research. An exemplar experiment exploring the effectiveness of tactile warnings is also presented.&#160;

触觉振动工具包和驾驶模拟平台，用于驾驶相关研究

Collision warning system plays a key role in the prevention of driving distractions and drowsy driving. Previous studies have proven the advantages of ...

The Participant-Reported Implementation Update and Score (PRIUS): A Novel Method for Capturing Implementation-Related Data Over Time

"Implementation" of new initiatives in healthcare settings typically encompasses two distinct components: a "clinical intervention" plus accompanying "implementation strategies" that support putting the clinical intervention into day-to-day practice. A novel clinical intervention, for example, might consist of a new medication, a new protocol, a new device, or a new program. As clinical interventions are not self-implementing, however, they nearly always require effective implementation strategies in order to succeed. Implementation strategies set out to engage healthcare providers, staff and patients in ways that increase the likelihood of the new initiative being successfully adopted, a process that often involves behavior change and new ways of thinking by participants. One of the challenges in studying implementation is that it can be difficult to collect data about the status and progress of implementation, including participants' own perspectives and experiences concerning implementation to date. This protocol describes a novel method for collecting and analyzing data related to ongoing implementation called the Participant-Reported Implementation Update and Score, or PRIUS. The PRIUS method allows for the efficient and systematic capture of qualitative and quantitative data that can provide a detailed and nuanced account of implementation over time and from multiple viewpoints. This longitudinal method can enable researchers, as well as implementation leaders and organizational stakeholders, to monitor implementation progress more closely, conduct formative evaluation, identify improvement opportunities, and gauge the effect of any implementation changes on a rolling basis.

The Participant-Reported Implementation Update and Score PRIUS: A Novel Method for Capturing Implementation-Related Data Over Time

This protocol describes a novel method for collecting and analyzing data related to ongoing implementation called the Participant-Reported Implementation Update and Score (PRIUS). The PRIUS method allows for the efficient and systematic capture of data over time and from multiple viewpoints in healthcare settings.

参与者报告的实施更新和评分（PRIUS）:一种随时间推移捕获实施相关数据的新方法

"Implementation" of new initiatives in healthcare settings typically encompasses two distinct components: a "clinical intervention" plus accompanying ...