Name: design and implementation of an fmri study examining thought suppression in young women with, and at-risk, for depression
Uploaded: 2015-05-19T13:00:00.000+00:00
Duration: 8 min 42 s
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Design and Implementation of an fMRI Study Examining Thought Suppression in Young Women with, and At-risk, for Depression at JoVE.com

We would like to thank Richie Davidson, Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, for his guidance and support.

<html>所有与会者听取了有关手续，并签署在研究开始前知情同意书。麦克马斯特大学健康科学和圣若瑟医疗研究伦理委员会批准的所有程序。 注:在这个协议中，使用16至24岁的年龄介于47右手女性。其中，15名学员遭受MDD（医生确诊），并正经历着抑郁发作在研究的时间。这种个体组被表示为"MDD基"。在高危人群中的这一协议包括16名学员谁拥有一级亲属（父母或兄弟姐妹）与MDD的诊断，但诊断为精神障碍，并且不郁闷目前。在这个协议中，对照组由谁没有一级亲属患有抑郁症16名学员，有没有失效诊断精神障碍和目前不郁闷。 _title"&gt; 1。参与者选择<ol><li>通过在当地社区的互联网和印刷广告招募健康对照和高危女性参加，并通过心理学系，神经科学和当地大学的行为。通过心境障碍诊所在当地医院招募参与者郁闷。 注:合格的患者有资格，如果他们是女性，已确诊为根据DSM-IV标准27的主要情绪障碍，并有临床显著标准化截止分数贝克抑郁量表-II版（BDI-II参加）和汉密尔顿抑郁量表（HAM-D）调查问卷，由到达时，这些措施完成确定。 </li><li>最初进行电话或面对面采访感兴趣的与会者建立资格。排除不符合扫​​描仪的安全要求，或为MDD资格标准的参与者，AT-风险或对照组，并与精神病，躁狂症或广泛性焦虑障碍（GAD）的当前或过去的历史上所有的参与者。此外，排除谁经历了头部受伤，导致神志不清，或有以前的治疗电休克治疗或经颅磁刺激参与者。 </li><li>邀请选定的组个人进行广泛的测试，并使用以下参数[3T，T1加权SPGR轴收购了功能性磁共振成像（fMRI）扫描:132 - 160片（1毫米厚）。功能磁共振成像扫描，8通道头线圈，31轴位片（4毫米厚，无间隙），TR / TE = 2500/35毫秒，FOV = 24厘米，矩阵= 64×64，翻转角度90°。 注:排除参与者的GAD，因为它预期他们可能研究的磁共振成像扫描部分期间经历更高水平的焦虑，随浓度和任务符合干扰。 </li><li>在第一个12扫描的参与者自己的生理周期（卵泡期）天，以减少荷尔蒙波动的潜在影响。 </li></ol> 2.构建思想抑制任务<ol><li>建立由米切尔和同事18所描述的抑制范式，将通过在扫描仪中的参与者观看的修改版本。该模式由4块，每块标志是新提出的画面。 </li><li>运用心理学范式构建软件编程范式。使用该软件，安装的文本和图像幻灯片进行串行呈现，与毫秒时间响应收集。第一块用于呈现12.5秒在屏幕上目标语句。格式化范例，使得三色交通信号存在于所有后续屏幕的左手侧。 </li><li>配置模式下面的屏幕上30秒出现红灯信号。编程范式的NEX 30秒出现一个绿色的交通信号牛逼屏幕中显示。 <ol><li>配置最终画面呈现闪烁的黄灯。闪光灯发出的光线四次伪随机间隔之间1500 - 2500毫秒分开。重复此系列的屏幕12倍。 </li><li>在参与者参观将目标语句转换为范式，因此构建模式的方式，使得它很容易修改。在参与者参观，指导学员打压目标以为红灯时提出，释放认为当绿灯亮提出，并且每次按下按钮响应的黄灯闪烁。在MRI扫描仪完成这项任务将让神经活动的差异的评估每一个指示任务中。 </li></ol></li></ol> 3.参与者参观<ol><li>抵达后，评估抑郁症的严重程度，并与BDI-II，HAM-D和迷你国际神经精神量表所有参与者的精神状态（MINI）问卷调查。收集有关用药状况和受教育背景信息。 注意:这些问卷完成一个更大的调查，包括其他未列出的措施的一部分。 </li><li>请参与者列出令人不安的想法和担心，他们已经多次重温过去的几个星期，他们已经无法撼动。在讨论它们与参与者记录下这些口头发言。与参加工作，意译的说法，它缩短了7 - 10字的篇幅，并确定一个关键的词是情感显著并明确传达目标句子的意思来参加。 </li><li>扫描之前，指示参与者观察交通信号在整个范例在屏幕上。指导参与者打压红灯时提出的目标提出声明。请参与者自由思考任何事情，让当绿灯亮起时，提出他们的想法徘徊。 </li><li>指导参与者每次想到目标在思想抑制和自由的思想既时期重新出现按下扫描仪上的响应中的按钮。最后，要求参与者闪烁的黄灯，提出每一次按下响应框按钮。 注:块的各功能运行顺序如下:1）目标语句介绍期间b）对个人或分心认为抑制期，C）自由思想时期，和d）电机的响应时间以控制在激活过程中引起的运动区按键的思想抑制和自由思想块。此模式重复12次，四次在每个3运行的。 </li><li>将个人和相关目标分心语句和关键词到范式。在每次运行，确保第一块由两个人的思想压制块和两个分心联党的思想ression块（ 见图1）。 <ol><li>目前缩短语句和关键词在随后的顺序和1TR每一个，其次是交通灯号为目标报表列报期间的其余部分。平衡在每个3功能磁共振成像扫描和跨参与者个人和分心思想周期的顺序。 注:目标语句和关键词将包括由参与者都提供个人相关的负面的沉思（例如:"想想没有进入大学"），和中性分心从报表编制诺伦Hoeksema的电池取（例如:"想想上显示一排瓶洗发水的"2）。 </li></ol></li><li>扫描每个参与者与三个功能磁共振成像扫描。 </li></ol> 4.功能磁共振成像数据采集与分析<ol><li>进行成像在3T整个博DY短孔扫描仪，8通道并行接收头线圈。执行权一T1三维SPGR轴向扫描解剖用132 - 160片（1毫米厚）。收购三家功能磁共振运行使用梯度回波序列EPI组成的31轴位片（4毫米厚，无间隙）开始在大脑顶点和涵盖整个大脑（TR / TE = 2500/35毫秒，FOV = 24厘米，矩阵= 64×64，翻转角度90°）。 </li><li>所获得的图像传输到工作站。 <ol><li>变换解剖MRI数据集向塔莱拉什空间28对功能数据集和平均执行配准，以生成合成图像。 </li><li>时间校正功能数据集29。 3D动作纠正功能的数据集29。重新调整功能的数据集，以每次运行29第5帧。采用平滑6毫米高斯核和规范，以塔莱拉什空间29。 </li></ol></li><li>使用事件，涉及三维分析方法分析数据时。建立一个分析的协议，提取与思想抑制有关的时间间隔，想重新崛起和成功的再压制，概述如下。 </li><li>定义一个重新崛起的事件作为开始按下按钮（重新出现之前，按下按钮思维）前500毫秒，并继续为2000毫秒按下按钮后，本以为抑制或自由思考块时的时间间隔。时间跨越与排除重新出现的事件的思想抑制块是定义在分析协议思想抑制。 注:定义成功的再压制在分析协议作为保持压制，没有入侵事件，在一个TR下面再抑制事件。定义电机控制的协议作为事件的时候，黄灯亮时电机响应时间一闪而过。 </li><li>利用神经影像软件，使用一般的锂对比激活图近模型来确定集群活动与和之间的组内相关对比。进行随机效应的分析（3×2）与先验假设检验。组间进行对比思考对抑制电机控制，以为重新出现与重抑制控制/高风险与压抑，控制与压抑，控制与高风险，并在风险与郁闷组。 </li><li>正确对比了使用假发现率（FDR，设定为p值= 0.05）中的神经成像软件中实现的方法的多重比较。 </li></ol>

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J., Cowen, P. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Affective+modulation+of+anterior+cingulate+cortex+in+young+people+at+increased+familial+risk+of+depression.">Affective modulation of anterior cingulate cortex in young people at increased familial risk of depression.</a> Br J Psychiatry. 192, 356-361 (2008).</li><li>Koenigs, M., Huey, E. D., Calamia, M., Raymont, V., Tranel, D., Grafman, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Distinct+regions+of+prefrontal+cortex+mediate+resistance+and+vulnerability+to+depression.">Distinct regions of prefrontal cortex mediate resistance and vulnerability to depression.</a> J Neurosci. 28, 12341-12348 (2008).</li></ol>

The authors have nothing to disclose

是神经电路打乱了抑郁症15,16,25的元素也有意识思维17,18的调节有关。通过考察抑制相关的神经处理在风险和压抑的参与者，我们能够检查是否有是在两个人有抑郁倾向遗传和当前抑郁发作常见的改变脑激活模式。 按照我们的假设与现有文献研究认为抑制健康对照组，背外侧前额叶皮层的响应要求参与镇压的想法在一段被认定18,20较长的时间。这个区?...

与严重抑郁症（MDD）个人一个共同特点是从事沉思思维1的倾向。这种应对机制被认为是不适应的，因为它涉及到固定的被动消极的想法和事件，在2-5号决议没有尝试。反刍与患抑郁症1,6-9的风险抑郁发作10的增加，增加的长度和严重程度有关。 个人谁经常寻味往往会试图通过积极抑制他们11来减少这些消极思想的频率。然而，从事思想抑制能做出这样的想法更加方便和容易迅速重新出现在个人的想法12。这可能更经常在抑郁症患者作为他们的积极打压的想法可能会受到影响的能力可见一斑。另外，认为抑制已显示增加的催产素的可能性她的消极的想法在烦躁不安的人13。因此，对于抑郁症患者中的沉思的抑制可能导致症状的恶化;沉思入侵的增加自行车和提高的消极思想的产物。 抑郁症病理模型断定边缘，纹状体，丘脑和皮质的脑电路14的失调。区域新陈代谢和血液流动的中断休息一致地报道MDD，与提高基础水平的杏仁核，眶额叶皮质，腹内侧前额叶皮层和丘脑内侧观察。此外，降低水平被发现在背外侧前额叶皮层，和膝下和背侧前扣带皮层健康对照组相比15,16。这些观察导致了MDD涉及减少在背侧区域的活性和提高情绪边缘活性更腹侧和腹腔的概念n区。 关于思想的调控认知理论已经确定了在思想抑制两个独立的机制的作用。有人建议，控制的第一个机制是不断地进行，以保持思维抑制与第二机构的基线水平瞬时激活，重新打压的管理闯入高于此基准线17的任何有害的想法。功能磁共振成像数据牵连许多大脑区域在这些过程包括背外侧和腹外侧前额叶皮层18,19， 在岛19,20，前扣带回皮层20，和背内侧前额叶皮层19,21维修思想压制过程中。此外，重新出现抑制的思想已经专门与前扣带皮层18参与有关。因此，似乎是大脑区域之间有相当大的重叠证明是失调抑郁症，包括背外侧前额叶皮层，岛，前扣带皮层，背内侧前额叶皮层22和那些参与思想抑制。这表明，神经生理学，而不仅仅是一个行为的链接，思维抑制和抑郁症之间存在。 年轻妇女谁从事沉思的思想是在对患抑郁症23更大的风险。风险抑郁症也赋予基因;父母或兄弟姐妹患有抑郁症的人更容易患上抑郁症不是与疾病24没有家族病史的个体。这项研究进行了探讨参与镇压思想在一群年轻女性与家庭的风险抑郁症，一群年轻女性目前正经历着抑郁症，和一组健康对照者的神经系统。我们开发了一种新的思想沉思抑制范式检查以中性和个人相关的想法持续和瞬态抑制的思想变化相关的神经活动。这种设计使我们调查是否有对相对中立的思想与个人相关的思想抑制神经活动的差异。此外，测试在风险组提供了一个机会以确定是否风险的抑郁症与血氧水平依赖（BOLD）的信号在与抑郁症区域的大小相关联的探索抑郁的潜在脆弱性标记。 基于对周围神经活动在抑郁症15,16文献，以及反刍的研究，认为抑制25,26有人预测，思想的压制将与背外侧前额叶皮层的减少参与，参与者与MDD相关联，与对照组相比。据预计，更大的漏洞DEPression处于危险组将反映在背外侧皮层活动的控制和压抑组之间那年秋天的水平。另外，预计该重新出现抑制想法会与活化前扣带皮质的关联，并且这个激活将是更大的控制比所述风险组。此外，预计在为重新出现抑制的想法相比，在控制和风险的参与者，观察显著小于前扣带皮质的活化郁闷的参与者。

<table><tbody><tr><td>Magnetic Resonance Imaging Scanner</td><td>General Electric</td><td></td><td>3T, whole body, short bore scanner, Milwaukee, WI</td></tr><tr><td>Brain Voyageur, QX, V2.1</td><td>Brain Innovation (B.V.)</td><td></td><td>Maastricht, The Netherlands</td></tr><tr><td>E-prime&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Psychology Software Tools</td><td></td><td>Pennsylvania, USA</td></tr><tr><td>Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAM-D)</td><td>Hamilton M (1967) Development of a rating scale for primary depressive illness. The British journal of social and clinical psychology 6: 278&amp;ndash;296&amp;nbsp;</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Rosenberg Self-Esteem Questionnaire (RSE)</td><td>Rosenberg M (1965). Society and the Adolescent Self-Image. Princeton University Press : Princeton, NJ.</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ)</td><td>Bernstein DP, Stein JA, Newcomb M, et al. (2003) Development and validation of a brief screening version of the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire. Child Abuse &amp;amp; Neglect 27: 169&amp;ndash;190.</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Mini International Neuropsychiatric Inventory (MINI)</td><td>Folstein, M. F., Folstein, S. E., &amp;amp; McHugh, P. R. (1975). &amp;ldquo;Mini-mental state.&amp;rdquo; Journal of Psychiatric Research, 12(3), 189&amp;ndash;198.</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Beck Depression Inventory-Version II (BDI-II)</td><td>Beck AT, Ward CH, Mendelson M, Mock J, Erbaugh J (1961) An inventory for measuring depression Archives of General Psychiatry 4:561 - 571</td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

design and implementation of an fmri study examining thought suppression in young women with, and at-risk, for depression

Ruminative brooding is associated with increased vulnerability to major depression. Individuals who regularly ruminate will often try to reduce the frequency of their negative thoughts by actively suppressing them. We aim to identify the neural correlates underlying thought suppression in at-risk and depressed individuals. Three groups of women were studied; a major depressive disorder group, an at-risk group (having a first degree relative with depression) and controls. Participants performed a mixed block-event fMRI paradigm involving thought suppression, free thought and motor control periods. Participants identified the re-emergence of &#8220;to-be-suppressed&#8221; thoughts (&#8220;popping&#8221; back into conscious awareness) with a button press. During thought suppression the control group showed the greatest activation of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, followed by the at-risk, then depressed group. During the re-emergence of intrusive thoughts compared to successful re-suppression of those thoughts, the control group showed the greatest activation of the anterior cingulate cortices, followed by the at-risk, then depressed group. At-risk participants displayed anomalies in the neural regulation of thought suppression resembling the dysregulation found in depressed individuals. The predictive value of these changes in the onset of depression remains to be determined.

块条件分析:思想与抑制电机控制方差分析用于测定与思维抑制的块周期相关联（与除去侵入）的脑激活相对于一个电机控制。对比结果控制和风险与MDD，对控制抑郁症，控制与高风险，并在风险与MDD 见表1详细。目前还没有间或内与抑制个人相关的思想相关联活动的组间差异与牵引的想法。其结果是，所有的进一步分析折叠的个人和牵引思想抑制条件组。相对于MDD?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Design and Implementation of an fMRI Study Examining Thought Suppression in Young Women with, and At-risk, for Depression at JoVE.com

Design and Implementation of an fMRI Study Examining Thought Suppression in Young Women with, and At-risk, for Depression

我们的目标是确定相关的神经基础的持续和瞬态抑制的思想，并认为重新出现在控制，在风险和抑郁症患者。活化是最大为对照相比有风险的和凹陷组中的背外侧前额叶皮层中思想抑制和前扣带皮层中的思想重新出现。

设计的功能磁共振成像研究与实现研究思想抑制在年轻妇女，以及在风险，为抑郁症

Ruminative brooding is associated with increased vulnerability to major depression. Individuals who regularly ruminate will often try to reduce the ...

design-implementation-an-fmri-study-examining-thought-suppression

Universidad de Cartagena UDEC

Research

JoVE Journal

Behavior

10.4K 次观看.  McMaster University. 我们的目标是确定相关的神经基础的持续和瞬态抑制的思想，并认为重新出现在控制，在风险和抑郁症患者。活化是最大为对照相比有风险的和凹陷组中的背外侧前额叶皮层中思想抑制和前扣带皮层中的思想重新出现。 

视频: Design and Implementation of an fMRI Study Examining Thought Suppression in Young Women with, and At-risk, for Depression

Assessment and Evaluation of the High Risk Neonate: The NICU Network Neurobehavioral Scale

There has been a long-standing interest in the assessment of the neurobehavioral integrity of the newborn infant. The NICU Network Neurobehavioral Scale (NNNS) was developed as an assessment for the at-risk infant. These are infants who are at increased risk for poor developmental outcome because of insults during prenatal development, such as substance exposure or prematurity or factors such as poverty, poor nutrition or lack of prenatal care that can have adverse effects on the intrauterine environment and affect the developing fetus. The NNNS assesses the full range of infant neurobehavioral performance including neurological integrity, behavioral functioning, and signs of stress/abstinence. The NNNS is a noninvasive neonatal assessment tool with demonstrated validity as a predictor, not only of medical outcomes such as cerebral palsy diagnosis, neurological abnormalities, and diseases with risks to the brain, but also of developmental outcomes such as mental and motor functioning, behavior problems, school readiness, and IQ. The NNNS can identify infants at high risk for abnormal developmental outcome and is an important clinical tool that enables medical researchers and health practitioners to identify these infants and develop intervention programs to optimize the development of these infants as early as possible. The video shows the NNNS procedures, shows examples of normal and abnormal performance and the various clinical populations in which the exam can be used.

The NICU Network Neurobehavioral Scale (NNNS) was developed as an assessment for the at-risk infant. The purpose of this article is to describe the NNNS, provide video examples of the NNNS procedures and discuss the ways in which the exam has been used.

评估和高危新生儿的评价：新生儿重症监护病房的网络神经行为量表

There has been a long-standing interest in the assessment of the neurobehavioral integrity of the newborn infant.  The NICU Network Neurobehavioral Scale ...

科研

行为学

Measurement of Fronto-limbic Activity Using an Emotional Oddball Task in Children with Familial High Risk for Schizophrenia

Adolescence is a critical developmental period where the early symptoms of schizophrenia frequently emerge. First-degree relatives of people with schizophrenia who are at familial high risk (FHR) may show similar cognitive and emotional changes. However, the neurological changes underlying the emergence of these symptoms remain unclear. This study sought to identify differences in frontal, striatal, and limbic regions in children and adolescents with FHR using functional magnetic resonance imaging. Groups of 21 children and adolescents at FHR and 21 healthy controls completed an emotional oddball task that relied on selective attention and the suppression of task-irrelevant emotional information. The standard oddball task was modified to include aversive and neutral distractors in order to examine potential group differences in both emotional and executive processing. This task was designed specifically to allow for children and adolescents to complete by keeping the difficulty and emotional image content age-appropriate. Furthermore, we demonstrate a technique for suitable fMRI registration for children and adolescent participants. This paradigm may also be applied in future studies to measure changes in neural activity in other populations with hypothesized developmental changes in executive and emotional processing.

This paper describes how to use the emotional oddball task and fMRI to measure brain activation in children and adolescents at familial high risk for schizophrenia (FHR).&#160;FMRI was used to measure differences in fronto-striato-limbic regions during an emotional oddball task. Children with FHR exhibited abnormal functional activation during adolescence.

的额边缘活度测量在儿童使用情绪穿着或行为古怪的任务与家族性高风险的精神分裂症

Adolescence is a critical developmental period where the early symptoms of schizophrenia frequently emerge. First-degree relatives of people with ...

Brain Imaging Investigation of the Neural Correlates of Emotion Regulation

The ability to control/regulate emotions is an important coping mechanism in the face of emotionally stressful situations. Although significant progress has been made in understanding conscious/deliberate emotion regulation (ER), less is known about non-conscious/automatic ER and the associated neural correlates. This is in part due to the problems inherent in the unitary concepts of automatic and conscious processing1. Here, we present a protocol that allows investigation of the neural correlates of both deliberate and automatic ER using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). This protocol allows new avenues of inquiry into various aspects of ER. For instance, the experimental design allows manipulation of the goal to regulate emotion (conscious vs. non-conscious), as well as the intensity of the emotional challenge (high vs. low). Moreover, it allows investigation of both immediate (emotion perception) and long-term effects (emotional memory) of ER strategies on emotion processing. Therefore, this protocol may contribute to better understanding of the neural mechanisms of emotion regulation in healthy behaviour, and to gaining insight into possible causes of deficits in depression and anxiety disorders in which emotion dysregulation is often among the core debilitating features.

We present a protocol that allows investigation of the neural correlates of deliberate and automatic emotion regulation, using functional magnetic resonance imaging. This protocol can be used in healthy participants, both young and older, as well as in clinical patients.

情绪调节的神经关联的脑成像研究

The ability to control/regulate emotions is an important coping mechanism in the face of emotionally stressful situations. Although significant progress ...

神经科学

Brain Imaging Investigation of the Memory-Enhancing Effect of Emotion

Emotional events tend to be better remembered than non-emotional events1,2. One goal of cognitive and affective neuroscientists is 
to understand the neural mechanisms underlying this enhancing effect of emotion on memory. A method that has proven particularly influential in the 
investigation of the memory-enhancing effect of emotion is the so-called subsequent memory paradigm (SMP). This method was originally used to investigate the 
neural correlates of non-emotional memories3, and more recently we and others also applied it successfully to studies of emotional memory (reviewed in4, 5-7). 
Here, we describe a protocol that allows investigation of the neural correlates of the memory-enhancing effect of emotion using the SMP in conjunction with 
event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). An important feature of the SMP is that it allows separation of brain activity specifically 
associated with memory from more general activity associated with perception. Moreover, in the context of investigating the impact of emotional stimuli, 
SMP allows identification of brain regions whose activity is susceptible to emotional modulation of both general/perceptual and memory-specific processing. 
This protocol can be used in healthy subjects8-15, as well as in clinical patients where there are alterations in the neural correlates of emotion perception 
and biases in remembering emotional events, such as those suffering from depression and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)16, 17.

We present a protocol that uses functional magnetic resonance imaging to investigate the neural correlates of the memory-enhancing effect of emotion. This protocol allows identification of brain activity specifically linked to memory-related processing, contrary to more general perceptual processing, and can be used with healthy and clinical populations.

脑成像的情感记忆的促进作用调查

Emotional events tend to be better remembered than non-emotional events1,2. One goal of cognitive and affective neuroscientists is 
to understand the ...

Brain Imaging Investigation of the Impairing Effect of Emotion on Cognition

Emotions can impact cognition by exerting both enhancing (e.g., better memory for emotional events) and impairing (e.g., increased emotional distractibility) effects (reviewed in 1). Complementing our recent protocol 2 describing a method that allows investigation of the neural correlates of the memory-enhancing effect of emotion (see also 1, 3-5), here we present a protocol that allows investigation of the neural correlates of the detrimental impact of emotion on cognition. The main feature of this method is that it allows identification of reciprocal modulations between activity in a ventral neural system, involved in 'hot' emotion processing (HotEmo system), and a dorsal system, involved in higher-level 'cold' cognitive/executive processing (ColdEx system), which are linked to cognitive performance and to individual variations in behavior (reviewed in 1). Since its initial introduction 6, this design has proven particularly versatile and influential in the elucidation of various aspects concerning the neural correlates of the detrimental impact of emotional distraction on cognition, with a focus on working memory (WM), and of coping with such distraction 7,11, in both healthy 8-11 and clinical participants 12-14.

We present a protocol that allows investigation of the neural mechanisms mediating the detrimental impact of emotion on cognition, using functional magnetic resonance imaging. This protocol can be used with both healthy and clinical participants.

脑成像的情感对认知损害的影响调查

Emotions can impact cognition by exerting both enhancing (e.g., better memory for emotional events) and impairing (e.g., increased emotional ...

Real-time fMRI Biofeedback Targeting the Orbitofrontal Cortex for Contamination Anxiety

We present a method for training subjects to control activity in a region of their orbitofrontal cortex associated with contamination anxiety using biofeedback of real-time functional magnetic resonance imaging (rt-fMRI) data. Increased activity of this region is seen in relationship with contamination anxiety both in control subjects1 and in individuals with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD),2 a relatively common and often debilitating psychiatric disorder involving contamination anxiety. Although many brain regions have been implicated in OCD, abnormality in the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) is one of the most consistent findings.3, 4 Furthermore, hyperactivity in the OFC has been found to correlate with OCD symptom severity5 and decreases in hyperactivity in this region have been reported to correlate with decreased symptom severity.6 Therefore, the ability to control this brain area may translate into clinical improvements in obsessive-compulsive symptoms including contamination anxiety. Biofeedback of rt-fMRI data is a new technique in which the temporal pattern of activity in a specific region (or associated with a specific distributed pattern of brain activity) in a subject's brain is provided as a feedback signal to the subject. Recent reports indicate that people are able to develop control over the activity of specific brain areas when provided with rt-fMRI biofeedback.7-12 In particular, several studies using this technique to target brain areas involved in emotion processing have reported success in training subjects to control these regions.13-18 In several cases, rt-fMRI biofeedback training has been reported to induce cognitive, emotional, or clinical changes in subjects.8, 9, 13, 19 Here we illustrate this technique as applied to the treatment of contamination anxiety in healthy subjects. This biofeedback intervention will be a valuable basic research tool: it allows researchers to perturb brain function, measure the resulting changes in brain dynamics and relate those to changes in contamination anxiety or other behavioral measures. In addition, the establishment of this method serves as a first step towards the investigation of fMRI-based biofeedback as a therapeutic intervention for OCD. Given that approximately a quarter of patients with OCD receive little benefit from the currently available forms of treatment,20-22 and that those who do benefit rarely recover completely, new approaches for treating this population are urgently needed.

Here we present a method for training people to control a brain area involved in contamination anxiety and for probing the relationship between contamination anxiety and brain connectivity patterns.

实时功能磁共振成像生物反馈，针对污染焦虑的眶额皮层

We present a method for training subjects to control activity in a region of their orbitofrontal cortex associated with contamination anxiety using ...

医学

Correlating Behavioral Responses to fMRI Signals from Human Prefrontal Cortex: Examining Cognitive Processes Using Task Analysis

The aim of this methods paper is to describe how to implement a neuroimaging technique to examine complementary brain processes engaged by two similar tasks. Participants' behavior during task performance in an fMRI scanner can then be correlated to the brain activity using the blood-oxygen-level-dependent signal. We measure behavior to be able to sort correct trials, where the subject performed the task correctly and then be able to examine the brain signals related to correct performance. Conversely, if subjects do not perform the task correctly, and these trials are included in the same analysis with the correct trials we would introduce trials that were not only for correct performance. Thus, in many cases these errors can be used themselves to then correlate brain activity to them. We describe two complementary tasks that are used in our lab to examine the brain during suppression of an automatic responses: the stroop1 and anti-saccade tasks. The emotional stroop paradigm instructs participants to either report the superimposed emotional 'word' across the affective faces or the facial 'expressions' of the face stimuli1,2. When the word and the facial expression refer to different emotions, a conflict between what must be said and what is automatically read occurs. The participant has to resolve the conflict between two simultaneously competing processes of word reading and facial expression. Our urge to read out a word leads to strong 'stimulus-response (SR)' associations; hence inhibiting these strong SR's is difficult and participants are prone to making errors. Overcoming this conflict and directing attention away from the face or the word requires the subject to inhibit bottom up processes which typically directs attention to the more salient stimulus. Similarly, in the anti-saccade task3,4,5,6, where an instruction cue is used to direct only attention to a peripheral stimulus location but then the eye movement is made to the mirror opposite position. Yet again we measure behavior by recording the eye movements of participants which allows for the sorting of the behavioral responses into correct and error trials7 which then can be correlated to brain activity. Neuroimaging now allows researchers to measure different behaviors of correct and error trials that are indicative of different cognitive processes and pinpoint the different neural networks involved.

The goal of our research is to correlate behavior to brain activity. Accurate behavioral measures and imaging techniques allow us to elucidate brain-behavior relationships.

关联从人类前额叶皮层的fMRI信号的行为反应：检查的认知过程，使用任务分析

The aim of this methods paper is to describe how to implement a neuroimaging technique to examine complementary brain processes engaged by two similar ...

Individualized rTMS Treatment for Depression using an fMRI-Based Targeting Method

To achieve greater clinical efficacy, a revolution in treatment for major depressive disorder (MDD) is highly anticipated. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) is a non-invasive and safe neuromodulation technique that immediately changes brain activity. Despite its wide application in the treatment for MDD, the treatment response remains different among individuals, which may be attributable to the inaccurate positioning of the stimulation target. Our study aims to examine whether the functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)-assisted positioning improves the efficacy of rTMS in treating depression. We intend to identify and stimulate the subregion of dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) in MDD with strongest anti-correlation with the subgenual anterior cingulate cortex (sgACC), and to conduct a comparative investigation of this novel method and the traditional 5-cm rule. To achieve more precise stimulation, both methods were applied under the guidance of neuronavigation system. We expected that the TMS treatment with individualized positioning based on resting state functional connectivity may show better clinical efficacy than the 5-cm method.

The present protocol describes the application of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS), where a subregion of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) with the strongest functional anticorrelation with the subgenual anterior cingulate cortex (sgACC) was located as the stimulation target under the assistance of a fMRI-based neuronavigation system.

使用基于fMRI的靶向方法对抑郁症进行个体化的rTMS治疗

To achieve greater clinical efficacy, a revolution in treatment for major depressive disorder (MDD) is highly anticipated. Repetitive transcranial ...

MRI-guided dmPFC-rTMS as a Treatment for Treatment-resistant Major Depressive Disorder

Here we outline the protocol for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) guided repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) to the dorsal medial prefrontal cortex (dmPFC) in patients with major depressive disorder (MDD). Technicians used a neuronavigation system to process patient MRIs to generate a 3-dimensional head model. The head model was subsequently used to identify patient-specific stimulatory targets. The dmPFC was stimulated daily for 20 sessions. Stimulation intensity was titrated to address scalp pain associated with rTMS. Weekly assessments were conducted on the patients using the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HamD17) and Beck Depression Index II (BDI-II). Treatment-resistant MDD patients achieved significant improvements on both HAMD and BDI-II. Of note, angled, double-cone coil rTMS at 120% resting motor threshold allows for optimal stimulation of deeper midline prefrontal regions, which results in a possible therapeutic application for MDD. One major limitation of the rTMS field is the heterogeneity of treatment parameters across studies, including duty cycle, number of pulses per session and intensity. Further work should be done to clarify the effect of stimulation parameters on outcome. Future dmPFC-rTMS work should include sham-controlled studies to confirm its clinical efficacy in MDD.

Here we outline the procedure for MRI-guided repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation to the dorsomedial prefrontal cortex as an experimental treatment for major depressive disorder.

MRI引导dmPFC-rTMS治疗作为治疗难治性抑郁症

Here we outline the protocol for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) guided repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) to the dorsal medial ...

Exploring the Neural Correlates of Cognitive Reappraisal in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Using Task-based Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) show heightened brain activity in limbic and orbitofrontal regions when confronted with negative emotions, which could be associated with impairments in emotion regulation skills. The ability to regulate emotions is a necessary coping mechanism when facing emotionally distressing situations, and deliberate emotion regulation strategies such as cognitive reappraisal have been extensively studied in the general population. Despite this, little is known about potential deliberate emotion regulation deficits in OCD patients and the associated neural correlates. Here, we describe a protocol to investigate the neural correlates of deliberate emotion regulation (cognitive reappraisal) using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) in OCD patients in comparison to a matched control sample. This protocol follows current gold standards for neuroimaging studies and includes both task activation and connectivity analysis (as well as behavioral data) to allow a more complete investigation. Therefore, we expect it will contribute to expanding the knowledge of the neural correlates of emotion (dys)regulation in OCD, and it could also be applied to explore emotion regulation deficits in other psychiatric disorders.

We introduce a protocol for exploring the neural correlates of a cognitive emotion regulation task, namely cognitive reappraisal, using functional magnetic resonance imaging. This protocol was used in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder and healthy controls but can also be used in other clinical samples.