Name: fundus photography as a convenient tool to study microvascular responses to cardiovascular disease risk factors in epidemiological studies
Uploaded: 2014-10-22T13:00:00.000+00:00
Duration: 10 min 11 s
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Fundus Photography as a Convenient Tool to Study Microvascular Responses to Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors in Epidemiological Studies at JoVE.com

关于微血管回应空气污染微粒的结果复制与环境与健康展望24权限。经证实，在气象和空气质量数据进行了亲切比利时皇家气象研究所和佛兰芒语环境局提供的。视网膜图像分析软件，从北费里尔博士（工程麦迪逊学院和眼底照相读片中心，眼科及视觉科学系，威斯康星大学麦迪逊分校）获得。 Tijs Louwies和埃利纳教务长与一个VITO奖学金支持。埃利纳教务长认为佛兰德科学基金的上进研究奖学金。蒂姆·S. Nawrot是一个欧洲研究委员会开始拨款持有人。

哈瑟尔特大学的伦理委员会和大学医院安特卫普批准了研究。参加了他们的书面知情同意参加。 1，仪器设置<ol><li>从数字眼底相机和该单元的主块取出黑色保护壳。 </li><li>打开电池仓，将电池放在相机。不要断开连接电池和主机的电线。 </li><li>用螺丝将摄像头到主单元和连接的两根导线。主机连接到电网和计算机附带的USB电缆。 </li><li>通过开关的开/关按钮"上的"启动主单元。通过开关的开/关按钮"上的"启动相机。 </li><li>启动计算机。这将防止在主单元和计算机之间的连接错误。 </li></ol> 2，采集照片<ol><li>启动视网膜意马NG控制软件（并填写所需的密码）。该软件是数码相机视网膜的一部分（见资料表的链接）。 </li><li>通过点击在屏幕的左上部分的"学习"图标展开研究。对于新患者，填写所有的细节，如患者ID，患者姓名，出生日期等，如果患者已经在系统中，填写"病人ID"和使用"搜索历史记录列表"。对患者的名字双击展开研究。 </li><li>让患者在镜头前要坐一坐，把他/她的下巴的下巴休息，对其余的额头和额头上"锁定"头拍摄照片。 </li><li>让患者直视摄像机的镜头。移动摄像机在水平（XY）平面的右眼或左眼。 </li><li>使用颚台来定位，出现在照相机显示器上的两个圆圈内的患者的角膜。微调用车轮上的操纵杆。 </li><li>移动相机向前，向后，侧向和在XY平面上，以定位在圆内的病人的瞳孔。确保学生形成了一个连贯的圆圈。通过这样做，在患者的虹膜将在两片被分割。 </li><li>使用操纵杆上的"背面触发"，从角膜到视网膜的切换。在这个阶段，患者应注意观察了绿灯。让病人看开了绿灯。 </li><li>通过比对两条线，弹出当车轮在操纵杆的基部被接通聚焦照相机。转动车轮，直至两条线形成一条连续的线。 </li><li>使用绿色光源放置在眼睛的照片的最佳位置。如果需要，可使用箭头按钮的右侧照相机的移动灯光。定位在绿色光的方式，视盘为中心的照相机显示器上。 </li><li>搜索2的白色斑点的出现switchi后ng到视网膜（在步骤2.7）。要找到点，移动设备在XY平面上。这些点是作为一个模糊的色斑明显。移动单元向前或向后，直到模糊污点变成明亮的白色斑点。在明亮的圆斑，画面的质量越好。定位点，直到两个是可见的。使用操纵杆上的小轮带来的斑点到相机显示屏的中间。 </li><li>确认两行（步骤2.8），形成一条连续的线。视盘为中心的照相机显示器上，并通过两个明亮的白点侧接。采取了射击上的操纵杆顶部的按钮视网膜照片。 </li><li>通过按电脑屏幕右下角的"研究完成"按钮来保存照片。完成研究会自动保存在地图画面，并关闭研究。 </li></ol>视网膜照片3。分析<ol><li>确定由MEAS规模比例uring的黄斑（黄斑）的中心之间以及视神经盘中心（盲区）的距离。解剖学这个距离被确定为4500微米或2.5倍视盘的直径，而后者是约1800微米。确保该距离测量像素。由黄斑和盲区之间除以4500的距离（以像素为单位）计算的缩放比例。 </li><li>打开视网膜血管分析软件"伊万"。 注:该软件是在美国威斯康星大学麦迪逊分校创建。详细信息伊万的使用是从手册。 </li><li>在规模比例填充，然后继续完成配置。 </li><li>验证三黄圈出现在视网膜照片。缩放比例确定的内圆的半径，并且包围视盘。验证该中间点的内圈是在中间点的视盘。如果不是这种情况，调整圆的，使用光标键位置。中间和外层圆的半径分别为2倍和3倍比内侧圆的半径大，分别为。在这种方式中，区域A和B在从视盘的固定距离被创建。 </li><li>检查视网膜图像中，在照片的中央视盘。这可确保在区域B中的图像的锐聚焦，这将有利于分级处理（ 图4A）。 </li><li>注意，该软件会自动检测血管和分配这些船只为小静脉（ 图4B）。 </li><li>区分的基础上的生理差异小动脉和微静脉之间的血管。动脉将被指示在红色和小静脉中的蓝色（ 图4C）。使用以下准则来确定每艘船: <ol><li>确定容器颜色。动脉有一个打火机橙红色具有强烈的中心光反射。脉有较深的紫色- 红颜色很少或没有中央对光反射消失。 </li><li>确定容器中的过程。动脉往往是直的，更流畅的轮廓;他们都是路径和轮廓更加规整。静脉一般都比较曲折，而在外形和直径更不规则。静脉是更广泛的，直径在盘缘比相应的动脉。 </li><li>通过观察前述容器的注释识别容器。原则上，小动脉相间的小静脉。因此，如果在不同的微静脉被测量，下一容器是更可能是一个小动脉。 </li><li>定义交叉的方式。作为一般规则，小动脉不交叉小动脉和小静脉不交叉的小静脉。如果不明身份的船只穿过内静脉分支或远端B区，则未知船只的动脉。如果它穿过内动脉分支或远端B区，那么它是一个小静脉。 </li><li>通过跟踪他们找出更小的分支proximally的从母体血管分支，它的身份可以是显而易见的，从前两个准则。使用船舶之间的角度来区分通道和支化。 注意:关卡常常几乎垂直（90°），或者，如果两个容器都追猎平行，相交的角可以是非常浅的（小于30°）。支化通常比垂直稍差（与从30°到45°的两个分支之间的角度）。 </li><li>选择在分级区域中的容器的整个长度上。确保所选容器的标准偏差不超过10小于标准偏差的值指示了良好的测量。 </li></ol></li><li>使用软件工具来选择未由软件本身选择的船只。同样的规则也适用于这些船只是由软件自动选择的船只。 </li><li>确定中央视网膜小动脉和小静脉当量（CRAE和CRVE自动伊凡）。 </li><li>使用帕尔和哈伯德28日修订后的公式各自的分支血管的女儿计算CRAE和CRVE。 注:树干和树枝之间的关系，用实验导出的支化系数，给出了下面的两个公式来近似容器当量。 IVAN使用六大小动脉和小静脉计算CRAE和CRVE。该公式应用在迭代过程来配对六大动脉（或静脉）获得中央动脉（或小静脉）血管相当于罚金。 动脉: <img alt="式（1）" fo:content-width="1in" src="/files/ftp_upload/51904/51904eq1.jpg" /> （1） 静脉: <img alt="式（2）" fo:content-width="1in" src="/files/ftp_upload/51904/51904eq2.jpg" /> （2） 其中W 1，W 2和W的窄分支部，该宽分支部，并且父躯干的宽度，分别。 注:假设塔吨视网膜照片六大动脉是120，110，100，90，80，和70微米宽。放120和70代入式（1），以及110和80，和100和90的第一次迭代之后有三个值:122.2，120.0和118.4。通过配对122.2和118.4，得到149.8执行下一次迭代。携带在中间数（120.0）的最后一次迭代。对149.8和120.0，得到168.7的CRAE。 </li></ol>

作者宣称，他们没有实际的或潜在竞争的经济利益。

<html>视网膜图像分析，提出作为一个方便的工具，用于研究在流行病学研究微血管反应。当操作者经验丰富，只需不到5分钟取眼底照片。此外，可用于从幼年到老年参与者这个不显眼的过程可视化的微循环。 文献在增加相对于形态学变化之间的关联，在视网膜脉管系统（例如改变在容器口径，几何图案等）和可修改的生活方式和环境风险因素15,16。实验和流行病学的...

微循环是由血管直径小于150微米，并且包括最小的阻力动脉，小动脉，毛细血管和小静脉。这些血管弥补循环系统的很大一部分并在维持心血管健康具有重要作用。 150微米的血管直径是一种生理和物理限制。容器，直径小于150微米的流变学特性，从大动脉不同。此外，大多数的自动调节的电阻发生变化，从150微米的下游在血管床表现出血流自动调节1。微循环有两个重要的功能。其主要功能是提供细胞与氧和代谢底物以匹配组织需求和排出废物和二氧化碳。在交换血管和微血管血流模式的数目的改变降低了有效交换的表面积，并且可以LEAd，来次优的组织灌注，未能满足代谢需求2。此外，静压力降低的血管床内的微循环在调节整体外周阻力3的作用。 视网膜是层状组织衬眼睛内部。它的主要功能是将入射光转换成被进一步传播到视觉皮层用于处理视觉信息的神经信号。视网膜的功能是看外界和所有参与该过程的眼结构是光学透明的。这使得视网膜组织访问的微血管4的非侵入性的成像。视网膜成像被用来识别眼疾。例如，黄斑变性的一种高级形式可以导致由于异常的血管生长成黄斑视力丧失。这些血管往往更可渗透的，可能会流血克和内或下方的视网膜渗漏血液和蛋白质。后者的事件是负责向光感受器的不可逆损伤。青光眼的相关发展具有破坏性的神经节细胞及其轴突。这一过程的作用导致拔罐视盘，它可以在视网膜图像5可以观察到的。糖尿病视网膜病变是高血糖导致的视网膜血管壁损伤造成的。这可能导致局部缺血，新血管的生长和在血管几何网络的变化。此外，血-视网膜屏障可能会受到破坏，从而引起扩张hyperpermeable毛细血管和动脉瘤6的泄漏。 视网膜微血管显示同源性在心脏，肺和大脑7中发现的微血管床。经确定了影响大脑的微循环全身性疾病可引起视网膜平行的变化。动脉NArrowing和视网膜小动脉增强光的反射与血管发育异常，脑白质病变与腔隙是由脑小血管病变引起的8有关。 à显著关系较窄视网膜静脉，改变的视网膜微血管网络和早老性痴呆症的发生之间被发现。因此建议患者大脑具有改变的脑微血管那也是可观察到的视网膜中的9。 证据也越来越多关于视网膜血管的改变与冠状动脉心脏疾病10,11之间的相关性。视网膜动脉与视网膜静脉（A / V）的直径之间的比例已被证明是一个敏感的代理，以反映高血压和动脉粥样硬化12。变窄的动脉和静脉增宽，导致降低的A / V比，证实了中风和心肌梗死的风险13。高血压可以引起直接的视网膜缺血，视网膜梗塞的变得像棉絮斑和深层视网膜白斑14可见。塞尔和Sasongko最近总结了文献中，他们得出的结论是暴露在生活方式和环境危险因素（ 如饮食，体力活动，吸烟和空气污染），可诱导的视网膜微血管床15的形态变化。重要的是，这样的眼底改变与心血管危险因素有关，甚至在疾病的16个临床表现。 显著增加心血管疾病发病率和死亡率的发生归因于长期和短期暴露于颗粒物质空气污染17,18。研究表明，颗粒物（PM），空气污染的一个重要部分，导致心血管病的发展和诱发心血管事件19,20。功能的损害微血管床认为在观察协会的作用。在这方面，暴露于空气污染和动脉变窄的视网膜之间的关联已经报道由亚达和同事21。视网膜动脉管径较窄和小静脉管径是4607参与者动脉粥样硬化（MESA）是生活在地区增加长期和短期暴露于PM 2.5（颗粒物的多种族研究之间更广泛≤2.5微米直径）21。引起的慢性空气污染暴露全身性炎症可导致较宽的小静脉的直径22。这证实了报道吸烟对视网膜微血管床23的影响研究。短期空气污染暴露与健康成人微血管的变化（22-63岁）与视网膜眼底照相24测量之间的关系最近出版的报告。一个increa本身在PM 10（粒子状物质≤10微米的直径）和BC（黑碳，燃烧副产物可以被用作用于与交通有关的柴油机废气的代理）用在小动脉口径24,25的减少相关联。 在这个科学视频协议，该程序的描述来收集眼睛的眼底图像，进行图像分析，以获得小动脉和小静脉血管的口径，并且计算中央视网膜小动脉当量（CRAE）和中央视网膜小静脉当量（CRVE）。视网膜成像是获得越来越多的关注，因为视网膜，使微血管和图像的一个不显眼的分析，可以从早期收集到老年26,27的唯一组织。 CRAE和CRVE似乎反映改变的生活方式和环境的心血管疾病危险因素对微血管的影响敏感的参数。在手稿中，可重复性容器的分析论证。此外，在流行病学研究视网膜微血管分析的应用如通过总结我们在重复测量设计，获得了专注于微粒空气污染暴露24的影响的研究结果。

<table><tbody><tr><td>Canon CR-2 nonmydriatic retinal camera&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Hospithera (Brussels, Belgium)</td><td></td><td>http://www.usa.canon.com/cusa/healthcare/products/eyecare/digital_non_mydriatic_retinal_cameras/cr_2. Any other retinal camera with comparable resolution and specifications can be used for the analysis of the retinal microvasculature. Compatibility should&amp;nbsp; be checked before starting a study.</td></tr><tr><td>IVAN: Vessel Measurement Software</td><td></td><td></td><td>This software can be used without charge for scientific purpose. It can be obtained by contacting Dr. Nicola Ferrier (Madison School of Engineering and the Fundus Photograph Reading&lt;br/&gt; Center, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin&amp;ndash;Madison). http://directory.engr.wisc.edu/me/faculty/ferrier_nicola. Phone: (608) 265-8793,&lt;br/&gt; Fax: (608) 265-2316 or e-mail: ferrier@engr.wisc.edu&lt;br/&gt; &amp;nbsp;</td></tr></tbody></table>

fundus photography as a convenient tool to study microvascular responses to cardiovascular disease risk factors in epidemiological studies

微循环是由血管直径小于150微米。它构成了循环系统的很大一部分并在维持心血管健康具有重要作用。视网膜是一种组织的线眼的内部，这是允许的微血管的非侵入性分析的唯一组织。现在，高品质的眼底图像可以使用数码相机来获取。视网膜图像可以被收集在5分钟或更少，即使没有瞳孔的扩张。这不显眼的和快速的程序的可视化微循环是有吸引力的流行病学研究应用，并从幼年到老年监测心血管的健康。 影响循环全身性疾病可以导致在视网膜脉管渐进的形态学变化。例如，改变在视网膜动脉和静脉的血管口径已患有高血压，动脉粥样相关硬化和中风和心肌梗死的风险增加。容器的宽度是使用图像分析软件和六个最大的动脉的宽度衍生和静脉总结在中央视网膜小动脉当量（CRAE）和中央视网膜小静脉当量（CRVE）。后者的功能已经显示，研究可修改的生活方式和环境心血管疾病的危险因素的影响是有用的。 该程序以获取眼底图像和分析步骤，以获得CRAE和CRVE描述。的CRAE和CRVE重复测量的变异系数是小于2％，并在信度是非常高的。使用面板的研究中，视网膜血管口径在微粒空气污染的短期变化的快速反应，对心脑血管发病率和死亡率的一个已知危险因素，报道。总之，视网膜成像提议作为一种方便的工具的工具流行病学studies到学习微血管应对心血管疾病的危险因素。

的CRAE和CRVE测定重复性 22〜56岁，无临床诊断心血管疾病的61个人的小组被招募研究技术的可重复性和中央视网膜小动脉当量（CRAE）和视网膜中央小静脉当量（CRVE）确定的范围内评价者变异。每个单独的右眼睛眼底是5分钟使用眼底相机（ 图1和2）的时间内拍摄到的两倍。这个过程已完成的连续4天，大约在一天的同一时间。变化在±CRAE的标准偏差和5分钟...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Fundus Photography as a Convenient Tool to Study Microvascular Responses to Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors in Epidemiological Studies at JoVE.com

Fundus Photography as a Convenient Tool to Study Microvascular Responses to Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors in Epidemiological Studies

视网膜图像分析是一个不显眼的过程可视化微循环。心血管疾病危险因素的影响，可能会导致视网膜血管口径的变化。的程序，以取得眼底图像和步骤，用于计算口径是所述的容器中。

眼底摄影作为一种方便的工具，研究微血管回应流行病学研究心血管疾病的风险因素

The microcirculation consists of blood vessels with diameters less than 150 &#181;m. It makes up a large part of the circulatory system and plays an ...

fundus-photography-as-convenient-tool-to-study-microvascular

Universidad de Cartagena UDEC

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JoVE Journal

Medicine

19.0K 次观看.  Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO). 视网膜图像分析是一个不显眼的过程可视化微循环。心血管疾病危险因素的影响，可能会导致视网膜血管口径的变化。的程序，以取得眼底图像和步骤，用于计算口径是所述的容器中。 

视频: Fundus Photography as a Convenient Tool to Study Microvascular Responses to Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors in Epidemiological Studies

Retrograde Perfusion and Filling of Mouse Coronary Vasculature as Preparation for Micro Computed Tomography Imaging

Visualization of the vasculature is becoming increasingly important for understanding many different disease states. While several techniques exist for imaging vasculature, few are able to visualize the vascular network as a whole while extending to a resolution that includes the smaller vessels1,2. Additionally, many vascular casting techniques destroy the surrounding tissue, preventing further analysis of the sample3-5. One method which circumvents these issues is micro-Computed Tomography (&mu;CT). &mu;CT imaging can scan at resolutions &lt;10 microns, is capable of producing 3D reconstructions of the vascular network, and leaves the tissue intact for subsequent analysis (e.g., histology and morphometry)6-11. However, imaging vessels by ex vivo &mu;CT methods requires that the vessels be filled with a radiopaque compound. As such, the accurate representation of vasculature produced by &mu;CT imaging is contingent upon reliable and complete filling of the vessels. In this protocol, we describe a technique for filling mouse coronary vessels in preparation for &mu;CT imaging.
Two predominate techniques exist for filling the coronary vasculature: in vivo via cannulation and retrograde perfusion of the aorta (or a branch off the aortic arch) 12-14, or ex vivo via a Langendorff perfusion system 15-17. Here we describe an in vivo aortic cannulation method which has been specifically designed to ensure filling of all vessels. We use a low viscosity radiopaque compound called Microfil which can perfuse through the smallest vessels to fill all the capillaries, as well as both the arterial and venous sides of the vascular network. Vessels are perfused with buffer using a pressurized perfusion system, and then filled with Microfil. To ensure that Microfil fills the small higher resistance vessels, we ligate the large branches emanating from the aorta, which diverts the Microfil into the coronaries. Once filling is complete, to prevent the elastic nature of cardiac tissue from squeezing Microfil out of some vessels, we ligate accessible major vascular exit points immediately after filling. Therefore, our technique is optimized for complete filling and maximum retention of the filling agent, enabling visualization of the complete coronary vascular network &#x2013; arteries, capillaries, and veins alike.

Visualization of the coronary vessels is critical to advancing our understanding of cardiovascular diseases. Here we describe a method for perfusing murine coronary vasculature with a radiopaque silicone rubber (Microfil), in preparation for micro-Computed Tomography (&mu;CT) imaging.

微型计算机断层扫描成像制备小鼠冠状动脉血管逆行灌注和灌装

Visualization of the vasculature is becoming increasingly important for understanding many different disease states. While several techniques exist for ...

科研

医学

Non-invasive Assessment of Microvascular and Endothelial Function

The authors have utilized capillaroscopy and forearm blood flow techniques to investigate the role of microvascular dysfunction in pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease. Capillaroscopy is a non-invasive, relatively inexpensive methodology for directly visualizing the microcirculation. Percent capillary recruitment is assessed by dividing the increase in capillary density induced by postocclusive reactive hyperemia (postocclusive reactive hyperemia capillary density minus baseline capillary density), by the maximal capillary density (observed during passive venous occlusion). Percent perfused capillaries represents the proportion of all capillaries present that are perfused (functionally active), and is calculated by dividing postocclusive reactive hyperemia capillary density by the maximal capillary density. Both percent capillary recruitment and percent perfused capillaries reflect the number of functional capillaries. The forearm blood flow (FBF) technique provides accepted non-invasive measures of endothelial function: The ratio FBFmax/FBFbase is computed as an estimate of vasodilation, by dividing the mean of the four FBFmax values by the mean of the four FBFbase values. Forearm vascular resistance at maximal vasodilation (FVRmax) is calculated as the mean arterial pressure (MAP) divided by FBFmax. Both the capillaroscopy and forearm techniques are readily acceptable to patients and can be learned quickly.
The microvascular and endothelial function measures obtained using the methodologies described in this paper may have future utility in clinical patient cardiovascular risk-reduction strategies. As we have published reports demonstrating that microvascular and endothelial dysfunction are found in initial stages of hypertension including prehypertension, microvascular and endothelial function measures may eventually aid in early identification, risk-stratification and prevention of end-stage vascular pathology, with its potentially fatal consequences.

Capillaroscopy is a non-invasive, relatively inexpensive methodology for directly visualizing the microcirculation. The forearm blood flow technique provides accepted non-invasive measures of endothelial function.

非侵入性的评估微血管和内皮功能

The authors have utilized capillaroscopy and forearm blood flow techniques to investigate the role of microvascular dysfunction in pathogenesis of ...

Intravital Video Microscopy Measurements of Retinal Blood Flow in Mice

Alterations in retinal blood flow can contribute to, or be a consequence of, ocular disease and visual dysfunction. Therefore, quantitation of altered perfusion can aid research into the mechanisms of retinal pathologies. Intravital video microscopy of fluorescent tracers can be used to measure vascular diameters and bloodstream velocities of the retinal vasculature, specifically the arterioles branching from the central retinal artery and of the venules leading into the central retinal vein. Blood flow rates can be calculated from the diameters and velocities, with the summation of arteriolar flow, and separately venular flow, providing values of total retinal blood flow. This paper and associated video describe the methods for applying this technique to mice, which includes 1) the preparation of the eye for intravital microscopy of the anesthetized animal, 2) the intravenous infusion of fluorescent microspheres to measure bloodstream velocity, 3) the intravenous infusion of a high molecular weight fluorescent dextran, to aid the microscopic visualization of the retinal microvasculature, 4) the use of a digital microscope camera to obtain videos of the perfused retina, and 5) the use of image processing software to analyze the video. The same techniques can be used for measuring retinal blood flow rates in rats.

Intravital microscopy can be used in animals to visualize and measure retinal vascular diameters, bloodstream velocities, and total retinal blood flow.

视网膜血流小鼠活体视频显微镜测量

Alterations in retinal blood flow can contribute to, or be a consequence of, ocular disease and visual dysfunction. Therefore, quantitation of altered ...

A Methodological Approach to Non-invasive Assessments of Vascular Function and Morphology

The endothelium is the innermost lining of the vasculature and is involved in the maintenance of vascular homeostasis. Damage to the endothelium may predispose the vessel to atherosclerosis and increase the risk for cardiovascular disease. Assessments of peripheral endothelial function are good indicators of early abnormalities in the vascular wall and correlate well with assessments of coronary endothelial function. The present manuscript details the important methodological steps necessary for the assessment of microvascular endothelial function using laser Doppler imaging with iontophoresis, large vessel endothelial function using flow-mediated dilatation, and carotid atherosclerosis using carotid artery ultrasound. A discussion on the methodological considerations for each of the techniques is also presented, and recommendations are made for future research.

The present article describes the methodological considerations for several non-invasive assessments of vascular function and morphology that are commonly used in medical research to assess different stages of atherosclerosis.

方法论方法血管功能和形态的非侵入性评估

The endothelium is the innermost lining of the vasculature and is involved in the maintenance of vascular homeostasis.  Damage to the endothelium may ...

A Reproducible Computerized Method for Quantitation of Capillary Density using Nailfold Capillaroscopy

Capillaroscopy is a non-invasive, efficient, relatively inexpensive and easy to learn methodology for directly visualizing the microcirculation. The capillaroscopy technique can provide insight into a patient&#8217;s microvascular health, leading to a variety of potentially valuable dermatologic, ophthalmologic, rheumatologic and cardiovascular clinical applications. In addition, tumor growth may be dependent on angiogenesis, which can be quantitated by measuring microvessel density within the tumor. However, there is currently little to no standardization of techniques, and only one publication to date reports the reliability of a currently available, complex computer based algorithms for quantitating capillaroscopy data.1 This paper describes a new, simpler, reliable, standardized capillary counting algorithm for quantitating nailfold capillaroscopy data. A simple, reproducible computerized capillaroscopy algorithm such as this would facilitate more widespread use of the technique among researchers and clinicians. Many researchers currently analyze capillaroscopy images by hand, promoting user fatigue and subjectivity of the results. This paper describes a novel, easy-to-use automated image processing algorithm in addition to a reproducible, semi-automated counting algorithm. This algorithm enables analysis of images in minutes while reducing subjectivity; only a minimal amount of training time (in our experience, less than 1 hr) is needed to learn the technique.

Capillaroscopy is a non-invasive, efficient, relatively inexpensive and easy-to-learn methodology for directly visualizing capillaries in the microcirculation. However, only one publication to date describes the reliability of a complex software program available for quantitating capillaroscopy data. Here, we present a simple, reliable protocol for quantitating capillaries using a standardized algorithm.

对于毛细血管密度的定量使用甲襞Capillaroscopy可再生的计算机化方法

Capillaroscopy is a non-invasive, efficient, relatively inexpensive and easy to learn methodology for directly visualizing the microcirculation. The ...

Transcutaneous Microcirculatory Imaging in Preterm Neonates

Microcirculatory imaging (MI) is a relatively new research tool mainly used in the intensive care setting. MI provides a clear view of the smallest capillaries, arterioles and venules. The magnifying effect visualizes the flow pattern of erythrocytes through these vessels.
It's non-invasive character makes it suitable to apply in (preterm) neonates, even in cardiorespiratory unstable patients. In adults and children, MI is mainly performed sublingually, but this is not possible in preterm infants as these cannot cooperate and the size of the probe is problematic. In preterm infants, MI is therefore performed transcutaneously. Their thin skin makes it possible to obtain high quality images of peripheral microcirculation. 
In this manuscript we will demonstrate the method of transcutaneous MI in preterm infants. We will focus on the different techniques and provide tips to optimize image quality. The highlights of software settings, safety and offline analysis are also addressed.

Microcirculatory imaging (MI) is used to monitor peripheral perfusion in critically ill or preterm neonates. This manuscript and video demonstrates the optimal approach for obtaining high-quality images.

经皮微循环成像在早产儿

Microcirculatory imaging (MI) is a relatively new research tool mainly used in the intensive care setting. MI provides a clear view of the smallest ...

Assessment of Human Adipose Tissue Microvascular Function Using Videomicroscopy

While obesity is closely linked to the development of metabolic and cardiovascular disease, little is known about mechanisms that govern these processes. It is hypothesized that pro-atherogenic mediators released from fat tissues particularly in association with central/visceral adiposity may promote pathogenic vascular changes locally and systemically, and the notion that cardiovascular disease may be the consequence of adipose tissue dysfunction continues to evolve. Here, we describe a unique method of videomicroscopy that involves analysis of vasodilator and vasoconstrictor responses of intact small human arterioles removed from the adipose depot of living human subjects. Videomicroscopy is used to examine functional properties of isolated microvessels in response to pharmacological or physiological stimuli using a pressured system that mimics in vivo conditions. The technique is a useful approach to gain understanding of the pathophysiology and molecular mechanisms that contribute to vascular dysfunction locally within the adipose tissue milieu. Moreover, abnormalities in the adipose tissue microvasculature have also been linked with systemic diseases. We applied this technique to examine depot-specific vascular responses in obese subjects. We assessed endothelium-dependent vasodilation to both increased flow and acetylcholine in adipose arterioles (50 - 350 &#181;m internal diameter, 2 - 3 mm in length) isolated from two different adipose depots during bariatric surgery from the same individual. We demonstrated that arterioles from visceral fat exhibit impaired endothelium-dependent vasodilation compared to vessels isolated from the subcutaneous depot. The findings suggest that the visceral microenvironment is associated with vascular endothelial dysfunction which may be relevant to clinical observation linking increased visceral adiposity to systemic disease mechanisms. The videomicroscopy technique can be used to examine vascular phenotypes from different fat depots as well as compare findings across individuals with different degrees of obesity and metabolic dysfunction. The method can also be used to examine vascular responses longitudinally in response to clinical interventions.

Videomicroscopy systems are used to examine functional properties of isolated adipose tissue arterioles in response to physiological and pharmacological stimuli. This technique can be used to examine microvascular phenotypes in different adipose tissue domains in obese humans.

应用 Videomicroscopy 评价人脂肪组织微血管功能

While obesity is closely linked to the development of metabolic and cardiovascular disease, little is known about mechanisms that govern these processes. ...

Using Retinal Imaging to Study Dementia

The retina offers a unique &#8220;window&#8221; to study pathophysiological processes of dementia in the brain, as it is an extension of the central nervous system (CNS) and shares prominent similarities with the brain in terms of embryological origin, anatomical features and physiological properties.&#160; The vascular and neuronal structure in the retina can now be visualized easily and non-invasively using retinal imaging techniques, including fundus photography and optical coherence tomography (OCT), and quantified semi-automatically using computer-assisted analysis programs. Studying the associations between vascular and neuronal changes in the retina and dementia could improve our understanding of dementia and, potentially, aid in diagnosis and risk assessment.&#160; This protocol aims to describe a method of quantifying and analyzing retinal vasculature and neuronal structure, which are potentially associated with dementia. This protocol also provides examples of retinal changes in subjects with dementia, and discusses technical issues and current limitations of retinal imaging.

The retina shares prominent similarities with the brain and thus represents a unique window to study vasculature and neuronal structure in the brain non-invasively. This protocol describes a method to study dementia using retinal imaging techniques. This method can potentially aid in diagnosis and risk assessment of dementia.

利用视网膜成像研究痴呆

The retina offers a unique &#8220;window&#8221; to study pathophysiological processes of dementia in the brain, as it is an extension of the central ...

研究人类微血管功能障碍的新机制

Intradermal Microdialysis: An Approach to Investigating Novel Mechanisms of Microvascular Dysfunction in Humans

The cutaneous vasculature is an accessible tissue that can be used to assess microvascular function in humans. Intradermal microdialysis is a minimally invasive technique used to investigate mechanisms of vascular smooth muscle and endothelial function in the cutaneous circulation. This technique allows for the pharmacological dissection of the pathophysiology of microvascular endothelial dysfunction as indexed by decreased nitric oxide-mediated vasodilation, an indicator of cardiovascular disease development risk. In this technique, a microdialysis probe is placed in the dermal layer of the skin, and a local heating unit with a laser Doppler flowmetry probe is placed over the probe to measure the red blood cell flux. The local skin temperature is clamped or stimulated with direct heat application, and pharmacological agents are perfused through the probe to stimulate or inhibit intracellular signaling pathways in order to induce vasodilation or vasoconstriction or to interrogate mechanisms of interest (co-factors, antioxidants, etc.). The cutaneous vascular conductance is quantified, and mechanisms of endothelial dysfunction in disease states can be delineated.

作者聚焦:一种揭示心血管疾病风险人群机制的药物解剖方法 

Intradermal microdialysis is a minimally invasive technique used to investigate microvascular function in health and disease. Both dose-response and local heating protocols can be utilized for this technique to explore mechanisms of vasodilation and vasoconstriction in the cutaneous circulation.

皮内微透析:研究人类微血管功能障碍新机制的方法

The cutaneous vasculature is an accessible tissue that can be used to assess microvascular function in humans. Intradermal microdialysis is a minimally ...

眼底摄影作为一种方便的工具，研究微血管回应流行病学研究心血管疾病的风险因素

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此视频中的章节

微型计算机断层扫描成像制备小鼠冠状动脉血管逆行灌注和灌装

非侵入性的评估微血管和内皮功能

视网膜血流小鼠活体视频显微镜测量

方法论方法血管功能和形态的非侵入性评估

对于毛细血管密度的定量使用甲襞Capillaroscopy可再生的计算机化方法

经皮微循环成像在早产儿

应用 Videomicroscopy 评价人脂肪组织微血管功能

利用视网膜成像研究痴呆

皮内微透析:研究人类微血管功能障碍新机制的方法

皮内微透析:研究人类微血管功能障碍新机制的方法