荷兰科学研究组织（NWO-CW）的TOP计划的框架内的化学科学部的财政支持是公认的。

分段银| ZnO纳米线形成的PCTE膜 1。PCTE膜的制备为模板电<ol><li>选择一个轨道蚀刻聚碳酸酯膜的200nm的外孔直径和厚度为6μm（ 图2a）中。这里所用的膜的直径为25毫米。 </li><li>溅射的金层在膜（ 图2b）的背面。在这种情况下，为2×10 -2毫巴的沉积压力，使用用Ar作为溅射气体。用〜13纳米/分钟缓慢的沉积速率。注:电沉积期间该Au层将用作电接触。 </li><li>使用双面胶带附加一个小的载玻片（1.4×2.1公分）上的膜的涂覆金的一侧的顶部。对于这一点，把双面胶带四个小条沿载玻片（ 图2c）的边缘。注意:请确保膜是尽可能顺利，没有任何褶皱。此载玻片是用来确保膜孔内部选择性电镀。 </li><li>贴一小块铜带上，伸出距离为机械稳定性载玻片，膜的一部分。因为铜带导通时，在工作电极的鳄鱼夹可以连接到铜带。 </li><li>如果需要，通过将Teflon带周围的边缘提高膜的粘合性的玻璃载玻片。注:对于沉积在室温下的双面胶带的粘合通常是足够强的，但在高温下它是推荐使用特氟龙胶带为好。 </li></ol> 。银2电| ZnO纳米线<ol><li>银段的制备<ol><li>制备含0.20摩尔AgNO 3（每50ml1.70克）和0.10 MH 3 BO 3（每50ml0.31克）的水溶液。用HNO 3调节pH值至1.5。 </li><li>把准备膜一起用Pt对电极和在所制备的溶液中的Ag / AgCl（3M KCl）中的参比电极。 </li><li>适用的0.10伏的电位与30秒对于Ag / AgCl参比电极（ 图2d和2e）。注意:虽然每个恒电位仪软件会有所不同，所有的程序应该有一个像"设置潜在的"输入线和"持续时间"，而这些数值可以填写。请参考电位手动和附带的软件的更多细节。 </li><li>就拿电极从溶液中，并用Milli-Q水冲洗。 </li></ol></li><li>氧化锌段的制备<ol><li>制备含0.10M的锌（NO 3）2·6H 2 O（1.49克每50ml）的水溶液。 </li><li>加热该溶液至60℃，使用水浴，然后将载有银段一起用Pt对电极和在该加热的溶液中的Ag / AgCl参比电极的膜。 </li><li&gt;应用为-1.00 V，相对于20分钟的银/氯化银参比电极的电位（ 图2d和2e）。注意:虽然每个恒电位仪程序会有所不同，都应该有一个像"设置潜在的"输入线和"持续时间"，而这些数值可以填写。请参考电位手动和附带的软件的更多细节。 </li><li>就拿电极从溶液中，并用Milli-Q水冲洗。 </li></ol></li><li>重复此步骤4倍，获得足够的纳米线的显著信号从H 2传感器。 </li></ol>该纳米线的3。提取和转移到水溶液<ol><li>切含有来自载玻片上的纳米线膜。 </li><li>这部分的膜转移到聚丙烯离心管中。 </li><li>添加约2ml 的 CH 2 Cl 2中以溶解PCTE膜并释放纳米线到溶液中。后〜30分钟后，将膜应完全溶解（ 图2F和2G）。 </li><li>取一小滴含有一个小硅片上纳米线的SEM分析的二氯甲烷溶液中。 </li><li>离心所得到的在〜19,000×g离心溶液5分钟，除去过量的CH 2 Cl 2中 ，并添加新鲜的CH 2 Cl 2。重复上述过程，至少3倍，以确保所有的聚碳酸酯已被删除。 </li><li>毕竟聚碳酸酯已被去除，去除过量的CH 2 Cl 2后，milli-Q水中添加到纳米线。至少3倍再次重复离心完全取代所有的CH 2 Cl 2中通过的Milli-Q水。 </li></ol>同轴的TiO 2银纳米线形成的氧化铝膜 4，阳极氧化铝膜的制备为模板电<ol><li>采取AAO膜具有200nm和60微米厚的孔径（ <sTRONG&gt;图2a）。这里所用的膜的直径为13毫米。 </li><li>溅射的金层上的膜（ 图2b）的背面。在这种情况下为2×10 -2毫巴的沉积压力，使用用Ar作为溅射气体。用〜13纳米/分钟缓慢的沉积速率。注:电沉积期间该Au层将用作电接触。 </li><li>附加的氧化铝膜，以在配置在图2h用特氟龙胶带的Au涂层的载玻片上。注:为了确保膜毛孔内选择性电镀，阳极氧化铝膜需要被附加到一个不同的配置比PCTE膜的小玻璃片上，因为阳极氧化铝膜是太脆与鳄鱼夹连接。时的3.0×2.5厘米的玻璃载片使用时，两种膜可用于一次。 </li><li>把一小块铜带上，易于处理的玻片上的金涂层的部分连接时，电DES。 </li></ol> 5，电化学TiO 2的银纳米线沉积<ol><li>一TiO 2的凝胶的制备<ol><li>制备含有0.02M的TiOSO 4（每50ml0.16克）的水溶液0.03 MH 2 O 2（每50ml0.13毫升），0.05M的HNO 3（每50ml0.15毫升）和0.25M的KNO 3（1.26克每50ml）中。 </li><li>把所制备的膜一起用Pt对电极和在所制备的溶液中的Ag / AgCl（3M KCl）中的参比电极。 </li><li>适用的-1.0 V与3.5小时的Ag / AgCl参考电极的电位（ 图2d和2e）。注意:虽然每个恒电位仪软件会有所不同，所有的程序应该有一个像"设置潜在的"输入线和"持续时间"，而这些数值可以填写。请参考电位手动和附带的软件的更多细节。 </li><li>就拿电极从溶液中和不要冲洗该膜用milli-Q水中，由于TiO 2的凝胶仍然是水溶性的。其它电极可冲洗milli-Q水中。 </li></ol></li><li>同轴二氧化钛-银纳米线的制备<ol><li>热退火用的TiO 2凝胶膜在烘箱中于650℃进行2小时的空气。 </li><li>重新将膜的黄金镀膜玻璃幻灯片。 </li><li>制备含0.20摩尔AgNO 3（每50ml1.70克）和0.10 MH 3 BO 3（每50ml0.31克）的水溶液。用HNO 3调节pH值至1.5。 </li><li>把所制备的膜一起用Pt对电极和在所制备的溶液中的Ag / AgCl（3M KCl）中的参比电极。 </li><li>适用的0.10伏的电位与1.5分钟对于Ag / AgCl参比电极（ 图2d和2e）。注意:虽然每个恒电位仪软件会有所不同，所有的程序应该有一个像"设置POTE输入线微分方程边值问题的"和"持续时间"，而这些数值可以填写请参考电位手动和附带的软件的更多细节。 </li><li>就拿电极从溶液中，并用Milli-Q水冲洗。 </li></ol></li><li>在TiO 2纳米管掺入银纳米粒子的制备<ol><li>加热与TiO 2的凝胶过夜，膜在100℃下</li><li>制备含0.20摩尔AgNO 3（每50ml1.70克）和0.10 MH 3 BO 3（每50ml0.31克）的水溶液。用HNO 3调节pH值至1.5。 </li><li>把所制备的膜一起用Pt对电极和在所制备的溶液中的Ag / AgCl（3M KCl）中的参比电极。 </li><li>适用的0.10伏的电位与1.5分钟对于Ag / AgCl参比电极（ 图2d和2e）。注意:虽然每个恒电位仪软件会有所不同，所有的程序应该有输入线喜欢"集势"和"持续时间"，而这些数值可以填写请参考电位手动和附带的软件的更多细节。 </li><li>就拿电极从溶液中，并用Milli-Q水冲洗。 </li></ol></li><li>重复此过程，以获得至少10膜填充纳米线/纳米管，以获得足够的材料显著信号从H 2传感器。 </li></ol>纳米管和纳米线的6。提取<ol><li>切包含从载玻片上的纳米管或纳米线膜。 </li><li>传输这部分的膜的成聚丙烯离心管中。 </li><li>添加约2ml含1.0 M氢氧化钠来溶解氧化铝膜并释放纳米管或纳米线的成溶液的水溶液。后〜2小时，将膜应完全溶解（ 图2F和2G）。 </li><li>离心得到的〜19,000×g离心溶液中5英里N，除去过量的NaOH溶液，并加入新鲜的milli-Q水中。重复上述过程，至少3倍，以确保所有的NaOH已被删除。 </li><li>毕竟氢氧化钠已被移除，该水性悬浮液可以用于H 2的形成实验。 </li><li>或者，除去过量的水用于制备纳米管或纳米线的SEM的可视化后添加CH 2 Cl 2中或另一挥发性溶剂的纳米管和纳米线。重复离心至少3倍由挥发性溶剂完全取代所有的水。存入一小滴含有纳米管或纳米线的溶液，在小硅片。 </li></ol> H 2组实验氢传感器7，制备<ol><li>采取Pd基氢传感器。 </li><li>将传感器放在一个NS插头适合于石英管的顶部内侧。 </li><li>将传感器连接到一个标准的惠斯登电桥如图所示在图3中。 </li></ol> 8。光催化制氢的形成<ol><li>把水性纳米线的溶液在72毫升石英管。添加更多的水，直到总体积为10ml的水是在石英管内。再加入40ml甲醇。 </li><li>开始记录从钯基于H 2传感器的信号将其放置于石英管的顶部之前和监控信号的变化。 </li><li> 〜200秒稳定的信号后，把H 2传感器在石英管的顶部，同时打开UV光源开始实际测量。注意:在这些实验中，UV光源放置约10-15厘米的距离样品。 </li></ol>

The authors declare that they have no competing financial interests.
The author, Eddy J.B. Rodijk is currently an employee of Twente Solid State Technology B.V., The Netherlands.
The author, Michiel G. Maas is currently an employee of Henkel AG &amp; Co. KGaA, Germany.

在纳米线的模板电沉积非常重要的是，溅射的膜的顶部的金电极的背面侧的隔离。不经分离，该材料会优先沉积在金表面在膜的背面侧，而不是在孔隙内。这是因为离子到平面电极的扩散比扩散到膜孔快得多。沉积在金电极两侧另一个缺点是，所获得的曲线它不能与沉积的纳米线的数量和长度。在图4中 ，分几个阶段可以被识别为Ag的链段（a）或Ag核（B）的沉积。每一电沉积实验的第一阶段充电的双电层，这是伴随着突然增加电流慢慢减小，双电层达到其平衡。由于PCTE膜宝自Whatman水库有一个雪茄形，电流增大，在第二阶段，作为沉积的表面积增大，从而导致更多的材料沉积在同一时间，并且由于纳米线的表面速度供给反应物变得更接近入口的膜孔。在第三阶段中，在表面区域中的变化是最小的，从而导致增加的电流的较小的斜率，因为更快的反应物供应只的效果是明显的在此阶段。 请注意，在沉积同时含有金属和氧化物段分段的纳米线的情况下，电沉积在孔隙内的顺序应该采取的沉积相的溶解度在彼此的溶液明确地考虑确定。在这种情况下，Ag的段中的氧化锌段之前被沉积的ZnO作为将溶解在酸性的AgNO 3溶液。在形成含有贵金属的分段奈米线的情况下和一个更低的Noble 1， 例如 Pt和Ni，镍由铂电偶置换反应应考虑在内。此原电池置换反应可通过使用较大的超电势为在先前的出版物54中讨论被抑制。 使用任一PCTE或纳米线或纳米管的合成阳极氧化铝膜的选择通常是基于热退火步是否是理想的首选材料。未经退火步骤的必要性，PCTE膜更容易处理和相对良好的膜可以从市场上获得的。对于高温退火，采用阳极氧化铝膜是必需的。这些膜是不够灵活的聚碳酸酯膜，并且非常脆。有些商业阳极氧化铝膜是可用的，但使用的是2步自制的阳极氧化阳极氧化铝膜的质量要好得多。对于这一点，几个食谱可供55,56。 在Pd基H 2 </sub&gt;在本研究中使用的传感器是一种简单和相对低廉的方法，用于确定H 2是否已形成与否。不幸的是，它不适合于由于其交叉敏感性，易挥发的溶剂如甲醇，特性无法检测溶解的H 2在甲醇/水的溶液，并且它的非线性响应，在该曲线的形状看出定量测量在图8中 。定量测量可以在一个设置来执行与连接于甲醇/水混合物，它是专用设备，是不是在每个实验室可用上面的顶部空间气相色谱进样口。 H 2形成用银|氧化锌纳米线通常停止后〜48小时紫外线照射可见一斑终止气体形成气泡。这样做的原因的活性损失为ZnO的根据下面的反应57-60光腐蚀: 的ZnO +2 H +→Zn 2 +的+1/2 O 2（8） photocorroded的Ag的SEM图像|。氧化锌纳米线示于图9如从该图中可以看出，在ZnO段的表面变得更粗糙时紫外线照射相比， 图5的合成后原样的电线当悬浮另一个。批次的Ag |中在黑暗中48小时的相同溶液的ZnO纳米线，腐蚀的迹象被发现。这证实了所观察到的腐蚀确实起因于光腐蚀，而不是从电解腐蚀。在文献中，一些方法已被报道用于抑制氧化锌光腐蚀的，包括氧化锌的纳米颗粒与聚苯胺的单层上的TiO 2纳米管59,61,62杂交或C 60和ZnO纳米棒的嫁接。 轴向或径向分段纳米线模板电沉积是多段n的沉积一个完美的平台anowires，能够进行多个功能的一次，其中的Ag |氧化锌段可作为光催化元素的应用。在以前的出版物，包含六个部分的单个纳米线的SEM图像介绍:铂|金|铂|镍|银|氧化锌。这样的纳米线可用于自主运动（铂|金|铂），磁转向（Ni）和光催化的H 2的形成（银|氧化锌）53。 总之，一个简单的协议分割Ag的合成|氧化锌纳米线和同轴的TiO 2纳米线银通过模板化的电提供。利用光催化甲醇和水转化成H 2和CO 2在紫外光照射下的半定量的方法，以确定这些纳米线的光催化活性被证明。可以设想，这些金属氧化物的金属纳米线可以在多功能纳米线和纳米线的其他设备来使用。

由于它们的小尺寸和大的表面-体积比，纳米线是非常有前途的，可以在广泛的生物医学和纳米技术应用1使用一维物体。在文献中，包含具有功能性的单个组件的许多纳米线已经报道2-7。但是，当多个材料（金属，聚合物和金属氧化物）按顺序在单个纳米线结合，多功能的纳米线可以由8,9。当几个分部的单一纳米线内的连接，功能特性可能会出现的时候只使用了单个段中不存在。例如，据报道包含在一个单一的纳米线Au和Pt段纳米马达的自主移动时，放置在过氧化氢​​4。对于多段纳米线的形成合适的技术是渗透和模板电&lt;SUP&gt; 8,9。 1987年，彭纳和马丁是第一个发布使用模板电沉积的金纳米线的聚碳酸酯膜10的形成。从那时起，许多其他研究人员已经开始使用模板电沉积纳米线具有不同尺寸的合成，无论是使用聚碳酸酯轨道蚀刻膜（PCTE）或阳极氧化铝（AAO）膜和模板11。使用模板电沉积于纳米线合成的优点是它的高性价比的性质通常是温和的条件下进行电沉积，无论从金属，金属氧化物和/或聚合物，其创造的精确复制阴模能力形成的纳米线的可能性在模板中使用11。此外，分段的纳米线可以由两个或多个不同相位的连续沉积来形成，并且当两相之一的碳纳米管可以由模板电沉积制成，可制成含两个不同的阶段同轴纳米线。 金属氧化物可电沉积时的各金属离子是不溶于水溶液中的高pH值。供必要的氧，三种不同的前体都可以使用， 例如硝酸根离子12-15，过氧化氢​​13，16，17，和分子氧18。与使用硝酸根离子，如在该协议中，应用的电位高于-0.9V，相对于Ag / AgCl电极更负的导致了由硝酸盐还原在阴极19和20局部增加的pH值: NO 3 - + H 2 O + 2e的- →NO 2 - +2 OH - 。 （1） 当电解质溶液被加热到60-90℃，氧化锌纳米线将形成从沉淀的寻Ç氢氧化: ZN 2 + +2 OH - →氧化锌+ H 2 O。 （2） 在施加电势，以使工作电极，其被定位在模板电沉积孔隙底部，细孔内的pH值局部增加导致局部纳米线的形成。因为ZnO是n型半导体，反应（1）和（2）可以继续在氧化锌/电解质界面，造成结晶和致密氧化锌纳米线21，22的形成。 对于TiO 2的纳米管合成的方法有几种，但对于一个同轴结构的使用顺序电沉积过程中形成的，该电化学诱导溶胶-凝胶法是最合适的。首先由纳塔拉詹等人介绍了该方法的TiO 2薄膜的阴极电泳，于1996年23。并furtheŘ改善由Karuppuchamy 等人于2001年19，24。使用该方法，含氧硫酸钛（TiOSO 4）粉末溶解在过氧化氢 ​​后的peroxotitanate复合物的形成的水溶液（H 2 O 2）（钛（O 2）SO 4）: TiOSO 4 + H 2 O 2→的Ti（O 2）SO 4 + H 2 O。 （3） 在电势大于-0.9V，相对于Ag / AgCl电极更负时，pH在电极表面增加了硝酸盐还原（反应（1）），形成氢氧化钛凝胶19，20: 的Ti（O 2）SO 4 +2 OH - +（X +1）H 2 O→二氧化钛（OH）2 x高2 O + H 2 O 2 + SO 4 2 - 。 （4） Natar·阿贾恩等人使用差示热分析，发现水从周围283℃下的凝胶的热退火，这导致无定形的TiO 2相23的形成过程中除去。为一平面薄膜，当温度高于365℃，23，25增加，而结晶发生在525和550℃时的AAO模板用于25之间的温度下，结晶转变成锐钛矿相发生。 二氧化钛（OH）2·x高2 O→的TiO 2 +（X +1）H 2 O （5） 用AAO模板的孔径决定了固体纳米线或纳米管的开放是否将形成。沉积在具有小孔径（〜50 nm）的结果在纳米线形成20，26，同时施加一个孔里面相同的方法用直径较大（〜200 nm）的结果在一个模板纳米管的形成25。这是因为凝胶崩溃可以采取后去除多余水分的地方。 在70年代初期，藤岛和本田是第一个在紫外光下，这是实现由耦合到铂电极27，28金红石电极发布直接分解水的系统。从那时起，超过130的半导体材料被确定为光催化剂29-31。这些中，二氧化钛32-36，氧化锌37-40和氧化铁41,42是最广泛研究的材料中。这些材料的表面与体积之比可以显着增加时，纳米颗粒或纳米线的使用，从而提高催化效率29，30，43-49。 用于光催化Ag的建设|氧化锌纳米线，氧化锌，这是一种光敏正典型Ë半导体，是与银通过同一模板50内连续电连接。在这样的单个纳米线，ZnO的光电阳极和Ag阴极直接联接，而无需连接电极的外部电路，这是相对于在以往的光电化学电池的情况的需要。这简化了设备结构显着增加，并通过还原的系统中的欧姆损耗的效率。由于氧化锌（4.35 eV的对比真空）的电子亲和力的ZnO和Ag段被加上非常接近银（4.26 eV的对比真空）的功函数。这种诱导的两个阶段51，它允许在ZnO的导带激发的电子流向银，但反之之间的肖特基势垒的形成，从而禁止电子-空穴复合52的机会。可在60-90℃下，它提供了nanow的一种简单和成本有效的方式已经形成ZnO的活性纤锌矿相愤怒的形成。这是相对于那些需要在高温下的中间退火工序时，通过阴极电沉积制成大多数其它光活性氧化物。 甲醇和水转化为氢气和二氧化碳作为模型反应，以证明使用含有金属的分段的纳米线的和为UV光的影响下，自主的H 2形成的金属氧化物相。在该实验中，使用甲醇作为被氧化成CO 2的氧化锌段空穴清除剂，净反应如下 CH 3 OH + H 2 O + H +→CO 2 + H +，（6） 其中h +代表电子空穴。形成在所述的ZnO段中的质子减少到H 2在银表面上，对反应后 2H + + 2e中-594; H 2。 （7） 由于所需的反应（6）和（7）比ZnO的带隙（0.7和3.2电子伏特，分别）小得多的总能量，这一过程可以发生，而不需要外部电源。这个过程是在图1中示意性地示出。 在这个协议中，模板电沉积为同时含有金属和半导体相位分段和同轴纳米线形成的实验程序进行说明。一个程序分割的Ag形成|氧化锌纳米线的概述，以及形成的TiO 2纳米管及其随后的填充用的Ag，得到的同轴二氧化钛-银纳米线。此外，银的光催化活性|氧化锌纳米线被证明在辐照甲醇/水混合物转化成H 2和CO 2气体，紫外线灯采用Pd基传感器对H 2的检测。该协议的重点是两个不同的分段金属氧化物的制备及光催化特性|金属纳米线的模块，和一个更深入的治疗和多功能纳米线的一个例子可以在其他地方53被发现。这是使用同轴二氧化钛-银纳米线所使用的水分解反应也可以在其他地方25找到。

<table><tbody><tr><td>Silver nitrate (AgNO&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;)</td><td>Acros Organics</td><td>419351000</td><td>99+%</td></tr><tr><td>Boric acid (H&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;BO&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;)</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>202878-500G</td><td>99.99%</td></tr><tr><td>Nitric acid (HNO&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;)</td><td>Acros Organics</td><td>124660010</td><td>65%</td></tr><tr><td>Zinc nitrate hexahydrate (Zn(NO&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;)&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;&amp;middot;6H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O)</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>228737-500G</td><td>98%</td></tr><tr><td>Dichloromethane (CH&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;Cl&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;)</td><td>Merck (Boom)</td><td>51006050100</td><td>99%</td></tr><tr><td>Titanium oxysulfate (TiOSO&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;)</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>333980-500G</td><td>Synthesis grade</td></tr><tr><td>Hydrogen peroxide (H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;)</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>349887-500ML</td><td>35%</td></tr><tr><td>Nitric acid (HNO&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;)</td><td>Acros Organics</td><td>124660010</td><td>65%</td></tr><tr><td>Potassium nitrate (KNO&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;)</td><td>Acros Organics</td><td>P/6040/60</td><td>&gt;99%</td></tr><tr><td>Sodium hydroxide (NaOH)</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>20606-0025</td><td>&gt;98%</td></tr><tr><td>Methanol (CH&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;OH)</td><td>Merck</td><td>1060121000</td><td>Dried &amp;ge;99.9%</td></tr><tr><td>Polycarbonate membranes, 200 nm</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>09-300-61</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Anopore AAO membranes, 200 nm</td><td>VWR</td><td>514-0523</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Sputtering system</td><td>Perkin-Elmer</td><td>Model 2400</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Microscope glass slides (Menzel)</td><td>VWR</td><td>631-0704</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Autolab potentiostat with:</td><td>Metrohm-Autolab</td><td>PGSTAT 128N</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>- Pt sheet counter electrode</td><td>PT.SHEET</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>- Ag/AgCl in 3 M KCl reference electrode</td><td>60,733,100</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Polypropylene Nunc centrifuge tubes</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>12-565-286C</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Centrifuge</td><td>Hermle</td><td>Z36HK</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Pd-based hydrogen sensor</td><td>Kebaili</td><td>KHS-100</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>4x 15 W Hg lamp UV source</td><td>Philips</td><td>Philips original home solaria</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

preparation and use of photocatalytically active segmented ag|zno and coaxial tio2-ag nanowires made by templated electrodeposition

光催化活性纳米结构需要一个大的比表面积与许多催化活性位点的氧化还原半反应的存在，并快速电子（空穴）的扩散和电荷分离。纳米线呈现合适的架构来满足这些要求。沿轴向分割的Ag | ZnO和径向分段（同轴）的TiO 2 -银纳米线的直径为200纳米和6-20微米的长度是由模板电沉积的聚碳酸酯履带式蚀刻（PCTE）或阳极化的铝氧化物的细孔内进行（AAO）膜，分别。在光催化实验中，氧化锌和二氧化钛阶段担任光阳极和Ag作为阴极。没有外部电路需要连接两个电极，这是与传统的光电化学电池的一个关键优势。用于制造分段的Ag |氧化锌纳米线，所述Ag盐电解质代替形成的Ag段后，形成的ZnO段一ttached于Ag段。用于制造同轴电缆的TiO 2 -银纳米线，一TiO 2的凝胶首先由电化学诱导溶胶-凝胶法形成的。干燥和作为形成TiO 2的凝胶的热退火造成的结晶的TiO 2纳米管的形成。在TiO 2纳米管内随后的银电沉积工序导致形成的同轴二氧化钛-银纳米线。由于n型半导体（氧化锌或二氧化钛）和相同的纳米线中的金属（Ag）的组合，肖特基势垒是在两相之间的界面创建。为了证明这些纳米线的光催化活性，银|氧化锌纳米线的其中H 2气体后，分散在甲醇/水混合物的纳米线的紫外光照射检测光催化实验中使用。后照射17分钟，约0.2体积％的H 2气体被从悬浮液中〜0.1克的Ag检测|氧化锌纳米线在50毫升80％（体积）的甲醇水溶液。

电沉积过程中，也就是在工作电极和对电极之间测量的电流可以被可视化在它的曲线。由于电流是直接关系到沉积材料通过法拉第定律的量，观察到的电流是如何沉积所得的重要标志。典型的是曲线为Ag的沉积|氧化锌和二氧化钛-银纳米线示于图4中的Ag的典型SEM图像|氧化锌纳米线的TiO 2纳米管，同轴二氧化钛-银纳米线和TiO 2 /银纳米管可以是在图5和图6中发现，分别为。 使用电化学诱导溶胶 - 凝胶法对模板和Ag的顺序电镀内二氧化钛凝胶的沉积可导致取决于用于干燥凝胶的温度两种不同的结构。凝胶过夜，在100℃的结果孔德干燥nsation的凝胶，防止它在水中重新溶解。因为没有致密管状尚未形成在该温度下，银核被沉积在二氧化钛凝胶的内部。随后的退火在650℃下的结果在TiO 2的纳米管（ 图6c）掺入银纳米颗粒的形成中，由于二氧化钛凝胶的瓦解导致的Ag纳米粒子被运送到孔壁上。与此相反，前向银电沉积的二氧化钛凝胶的高温退火导致了固体的TiO 2纳米管的形成。在这种情况下，银纳米线可能这些管道内的沉积，导致形成的TiO 2的银纳米线具有同轴结构（ 图6b）。 分段的Ag的活动|在光催化分解水的ZnO纳米线可以使用在紫外光照射下，用甲醇/水的溶液进行调查，其中甲醇作为空穴清除剂。技术上SIMP是通过将一个H 2传感器的溶液的正上方（ 图7）中得到乐的方法来检测气态氢从溶液中不断变化的。该实验只检测H 2到达传感器的数量，从而形成H 2的实际量可能会更高一些的 H 2将保持溶解在甲醇/水相。由传感器检测出的信号是如图8a所示 。 图8b显示了变换到的实际的H 2形成的时限后的信号相同。当UV光源被接通（在图8a吨= 17.5分钟），所述信号大幅度下降，由于传感器的光灵敏度。这个下降信号后右，反应开始，因此此刻被定义为t = 0分钟在图8b中，对应的信号被定义为0 V.在试管的紫外线照射，这是可见的还小的气体bubblES形成的。由于所使用的传感器是轻度交敏感甲醇中，也包括没有纳米线的参比样品的测量。在紫外光照射下， 图8示出了从与纳米线的样品的信号比来自参考样品的信号更高。 在电势的增加为气态的H 2的形成，并从溶液中进化的量的相对度量。为了给定量估计为进化的 H 2的量，该传感器从光催化实验的潜在响应，用其在4％（体积） 的 H 2的N 2气流中的反应相比较。从比较中，据估计，所述Ag的紫外线照射17分钟|氧化锌纳米线导致约0.2体积％ 的 H 2中的气体体积在溶液上方的形成。由于〜是用来0.1克纳米线，这等于6.92×10 H 2释放速率<html> -6摩尔/小时·克作为参考，也进行单相或氧化锌纳米线的Ag实验。这些实验，这里没有显示，没有给出任何指示H 2的形成;既不是从气体形成气泡，也不从传感器信号。 <img alt="图1" fo:content-width="5in" src="/files/ftp_upload/51547/51547fig1highres.jpg" width="500" /> 图1分段银的工作原理|氧化锌纳米线的光催化分解水:（一 ）示意图，及（b）能量图。当紫外光被氧化锌吸收段，一个电子 - 空穴对被形成。在这样形成的电子流向的Ag相在那里它们被消耗的电化学还原半反应。空穴滞留在那里它被消耗在氧化半反应的氧化锌段。获得="_blank"&gt;点击这里查看大图。 <img alt="图2" fo:content-width="5in" src="/files/ftp_upload/51547/51547fig2highres.jpg" width="500" /> 图2。采取的纳米线合成的连续步骤的示意图。 <img alt="图3" fo:content-width="5in" src="/files/ftp_upload/51547/51547fig3highres.jpg" width="500" /> 图3中的H 2传感器与惠斯登电桥的典型的工作电路。在这个方案中，针1至4指传感器的布线（引脚1为黑色，引脚2为蓝色，针3是白色的，引脚4为褐色）中，R h是加热器（150±50Ω）的电阻，R r是参考（1500±500Ω）的电阻，R s是所述传感器的电阻值（1，000±250Ω）。该传感器被连接到12伏电源，使0.5〜1.0 V施加到加热器和2.7 V施加到惠斯登电桥。V 出被连接到万用表/恒电位仪。旁边销2的电阻是可变的，并且可以以得到一个适当的基准进行调整。 <img alt="图4" fo:content-width="5in" src="/files/ftp_upload/51547/51547fig4highres.jpg" width="500" /> 图4的（A）的Ag典型它曲线|。氧化锌纳米线沉积，以及（b）TiO 2的银纳米线沉积的插图显示了银段（a）或Ag核的沉积的放大的曲线（b）。 <a href="https://jove.unicartagenaproxy.elogim.com/files/ftp_upload/51547/51547fig4highres.jpg" target="_blank">点击此处查看大图。</a> 。轴向分段的ZnO图5扫描电子显微镜（SEM）图片|银纳米线。 <img alt="图6" fo:content-width="5in" src="/files/ftp_upload/51547/51547fig6highres.jpg" width="500" /> 图6。SEM照片（一）TiO 2纳米管，（B）同轴的TiO 2银纳米线及（c）的TiO 2 /银纳米管。 <a href="https://jove.unicartagenaproxy.elogim.com/files/ftp_upload/51547/51547fig6highres.jpg" target="_blank">点击这里查看大图。</a> <img alt="图7" fo:content-width="5in" src="/files/ftp_upload/51547/51547fig7highres.jpg" width="500" /> 图7。典型设置的检测的H 2气体从光催化纳米线演变的基于钯的H 2传感器被放置在石英比色皿中的NS插头，并连接到放大器（参见图3）。该放大器是由一个12伏电源和信号从传感器被连接到一台电脑所获得的信号的图形表示万用表（或电位）读操作。 <a href="https://jove.unicartagenaproxy.elogim.com/files/ftp_upload/51547/51547fig7highres.jpg" target="_blank">点击这里查看大图。</a> <img alt="图8" fo:content-width="5in" src="/files/ftp_upload/51547/51547fig8highres.jpg" width="500" /> 图8选自Ag的紫外线照射在H 2传感器响应|。氧化锌纳米线在甲醇/水的溶液（红色线）和参照实验没有纳米线（蓝线）（a）信号作为由所测量的传感器; （二 ）信号在H 2的形成，其中在t的数据点=（ 一 ）17.5分钟被定义为（b）中的反应开始。 <a href="https://jove.unicartagenaproxy.elogim.com/files/ftp_upload/51547/51547fig8highres.jpg" target="_blank">点击这里查看大图。</a> <img alt="图9" fo:content-width="5in" src="/files/ftp_upload/51547/51547fig9highres.jpg" width="500" /> 图9 photocorroded银的SEM图像|后氧化锌纳米线48小时紫外线照射。

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Preparation and Use of Photocatalytically Active Segmented Ag|ZnO and Coaxial TiO2-Ag Nanowires Made by Templated Electrodeposition at JoVE.com

Preparation and Use of Photocatalytically Active Segmented Ag|ZnO and Coaxial TiO2-Ag Nanowires Made by Templated Electrodeposition

Procedures are outlined to prepare segmented and coaxial nanowires via templated electrodeposition in nanopores. As examples, segmented nanowires consisting of Ag and ZnO segments, and coaxial nanowires consisting of a TiO2 shell and a Ag core were made. The nanowires were used in photocatalytic hydrogen formation experiments.

制备和使用光催化活性分段银|氧化锌和二氧化钛同轴<sub&gt; 2</sub&gt;银纳米线制成由模板电

Photocatalytically active nanostructures require a large specific surface area with the presence of many catalytically active sites for the oxidation and ...

preparation-use-photocatalytically-active-segmented-agzno-coaxial

Universidad de Cartagena UDEC

Research

JoVE Journal

Engineering

Preparation and Use of Photocatalytically Active Segmented Ag|ZnO and Coaxial TiO2-Ag Nanowires Made by Templated Electrodeposition

21.7K 次观看.  University of Twente. Procedures are outlined to prepare segmented and coaxial nanowires via templated electrodeposition in nanopores. As examples, segmented nanowires consisting of Ag and ZnO segments, and coaxial nanowires consisting of a TiO2 shell and a Ag core were made. The nanowires were used in photocatalytic hydrogen formation experiments.

视频: Preparation and Use of Photocatalytically Active Segmented Ag|ZnO and Coaxial TiO2-Ag Nanowires Made by Templated Electrodeposition

Template Directed Synthesis of Plasmonic Gold Nanotubes with Tunable IR Absorbance

A nearly parallel array of pores can be produced by anodizing aluminum foils in acidic environments1, 2. Applications of anodic aluminum oxide (AAO) membranes have been under development since the 1990's and have become a common method to template the synthesis of high aspect ratio nanostructures, mostly by electrochemical growth or pore-wetting. Recently, these membranes have become commercially available in a wide range of pore sizes and densities, leading to an extensive library of functional nanostructures being synthesized from AAO membranes. These include composite nanorods, nanowires and nanotubes made of metals, inorganic materials or polymers 3-10. Nanoporous membranes have been used to synthesize nanoparticle and nanotube arrays that perform well as refractive index sensors, plasmonic biosensors, or surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) substrates 11-16, as well as a wide range of other fields such as photo-thermal heating 17, permselective transport 18, 19, catalysis 20, microfluidics 21, and electrochemical sensing 22, 23. Here, we report a novel procedure to prepare gold nanotubes in AAO membranes. Hollow nanostructures have potential application in plasmonic and SERS sensing, and we anticipate these gold nanotubes will allow for high sensitivity and strong plasmon signals, arising from decreased material dampening 15.

Solution-suspendable gold nanotubes with controlled dimensions can be synthesized by electrochemical deposition in porous anodic aluminum oxide (AAO) membranes using a hydrophobic polymer core. Gold nanotubes and nanotube arrays hold promise for applications in plasmonic biosensing, surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy, photo-thermal heating, ionic and molecular transport, microfluidics, catalysis and electrochemical sensing.

的模板导演电浆黄金纳米管的合成与可调谐红外吸收

A nearly parallel array of pores can be produced by anodizing aluminum foils in acidic environments1, 2. Applications of anodic aluminum oxide (AAO) ...

科研

化学

Fabrication of Nano-engineered Transparent Conducting Oxides by Pulsed Laser Deposition

Nanosecond Pulsed Laser Deposition (PLD) in the presence of a background gas allows the deposition of metal oxides with tunable morphology, structure, density and stoichiometry by a proper control of the plasma plume expansion dynamics. Such versatility can be exploited to produce nanostructured films from compact and dense to nanoporous characterized by a hierarchical assembly of nano-sized clusters. In particular we describe the detailed methodology to fabricate two types of Al-doped ZnO (AZO) films as transparent electrodes in photovoltaic devices: 1) at low O2 pressure, compact films with electrical conductivity and optical transparency close to the state of the art transparent conducting oxides (TCO) can be deposited at room temperature, to be compatible with thermally sensitive materials such as polymers used in organic photovoltaics (OPVs); 2) highly light scattering hierarchical structures resembling a forest of nano-trees are produced at higher pressures. Such structures show high Haze factor (&gt;80%) and may be exploited to enhance the light trapping capability. The method here described for AZO films can be applied to other metal oxides relevant for technological applications such as TiO2, Al2O3, WO3 and Ag4O4.

We describe the experimental method to deposit nanostructured oxide thin films by nanosecond Pulsed Laser Deposition (PLD) in the presence of a background gas. By using this method Al-doped ZnO (AZO) films, from compact to hierarchically structured as nano-tree forests, can be deposited.

制备纳米设计的脉冲激光沉积透明导电氧化物

Nanosecond Pulsed  Laser Deposition (PLD) in the presence of a background gas allows the deposition  of metal oxides with tunable morphology, structure, ...

工程学

Photochemical Oxidative Growth of Iridium Oxide Nanoparticles on CdSe@CdS Nanorods

We demonstrate a procedure for the photochemical oxidative growth of iridium oxide catalysts on the surface of seeded cadmium selenide-cadmium sulfide (CdSe@CdS) nanorod photocatalysts. Seeded rods are grown using a colloidal hot-injection method and then moved to an aqueous medium by ligand exchange. CdSe@CdS nanorods, an iridium precursor and other salts are mixed and illuminated. The deposition process is initiated by absorption of photons by the semiconductor particle, which results with formation of charge carriers that are used to promote redox reactions. To insure photochemical oxidative growth we used an electron scavenger. The photogenerated holes oxidize the iridium precursor, apparently in a mediated oxidative pathway. This results in the growth of high quality crystalline iridium oxide particles, ranging from 0.5 nm to about 3 nm, along the surface of the rod. Iridium oxide grown on CdSe@CdS heterostructures was studied by a variety of characterization methods, in order to evaluate its characteristics and quality. We explored means for control over particle size, crystallinity, deposition location on the CdS rod, and composition. Illumination time and excitation wavelength were found to be key parameters for such control. The influence of different growth conditions and the characterization of these heterostructures are described alongside a detailed description of their synthesis. Of significance is the fact that the addition of iridium oxide afforded the rods astounding photochemical stability under prolonged illumination in pure water (alleviating the requirement for hole scavengers).

A protocol for the photochemical oxidative growth of small crystalline iridium oxide nanoparticles on the surface of CdSe@CdS seeded rod nanoparticles is presented.

铱氧化物纳米颗粒对硒化镉硫化镉@纳米棒光化学氧化增长

We demonstrate a procedure for the photochemical oxidative growth of iridium oxide catalysts on the surface of seeded cadmium selenide-cadmium sulfide ...

Preparation of ZnO Nanorod/Graphene/ZnO Nanorod Epitaxial Double Heterostructure for Piezoelectrical Nanogenerator by Using Preheating Hydrothermal

Well-aligned ZnO nanostructures have been intensively studied over the last decade for remarkable physical properties and enormous applications. Here, we describe a one-step fabrication technique to synthesis freestanding ZnO nanorod/graphene/ZnO nanorod double heterostructure. The preparation of the double heterostructure is performed by using thermal chemical vapor deposition (CVD) and preheating hydrothermal technique. In addition, the morphological properties were characterized by using the scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The utility of freestanding double heterostructure is demonstrated by fabricating the piezoelectric nanogenerator. The electrical output is improved up to 200% compared to that of a single heterostructure owing to the coupling effect of the piezoelectricity between the arrays of ZnO nanorods on the top and bottom of graphene. This unique double heterostructure have a tremendous potential for applications of electrical and optoelectrical devices where the high number density and specific surface area of nanorod are needed, such as pressure sensor, immuno-biosensor and dye-sensitized solar cells.

One-step fabrication method for obtaining freestanding epitaxial double heterostructure is presented. This approach could achieve ZnO coverage with a higher number density than that of the epitaxial single heterostructure, leading to a piezoelectric nanogenerator with an increased output electrical performance.

利用预热水热氧化锌纳米棒/石墨烯/氧化锌纳米棒外延双异质结的机压电纳米发电机的研制

Well-aligned ZnO nanostructures have been intensively studied over the last decade for remarkable physical properties and enormous applications. Here, we ...

In Situ Synthesis of Gold Nanoparticles without Aggregation in the Interlayer Space of Layered Titanate Transparent Films

Combinations of metal oxide semiconductors and gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) have been investigated as new types of materials. The in situ synthesis of AuNPs within the interlayer space of semiconducting layered titania nanosheet (TNS) films was investigated here. Two types of intermediate films (i.e., TNS films containing methyl viologen (TNS/MV2+) and 2-ammoniumethanethiol (TNS/2-AET+)) were prepared. The two intermediate films were soaked in an aqueous tetrachloroauric(III) acid (HAuCl4) solution, whereby considerable amounts of Au(III) species were accommodated within the interlayer spaces of the TNS films. The two types of obtained films were then soaked in an aqueous sodium tetrahydroborate (NaBH4) solution, whereupon the color of the films immediately changed from colorless to purple, suggesting the formation of AuNPs within the TNS interlayer. When only TNS/MV2+ was used as the intermediate film, the color of the film gradually changed from metallic purple to dusty purple within 30 min, suggesting that aggregation of AuNPs had occurred. In contrast, this color change was suppressed by using the TNS/2-AET+ intermediate film, and the AuNPs were stabilized for over 4 months, as evidenced by the characteristic extinction (absorption and scattering) band from the AuNPs.

In Situ Synthesis of Gold Nanoparticles without Aggregation in the Interlayer Space of Layered Titanate Transparent Films

Here, we present a protocol for the in situ synthesis of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) within the interlayer space of layered titanate films without the aggregation of AuNPs. No spectral change was observed even after 4 months. The synthesized material has expected applications in catalysis, photo-catalysis, and the development of cost-effective plasmonic devices.

在没有聚集的层状钛酸盐薄膜透明的层间金纳米粒子的原位合成

Combinations of metal oxide semiconductors and gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) have been investigated as new types of materials. The in situ synthesis of AuNPs ...

Electrospinning of Photocatalytic Electrodes for Dye-sensitized Solar Cells

This work demonstrates a protocol to fabricate a fiber-based photoanode for dye-sensitized solar cells, consisting of a light-scattering layer made of electrospun titanium dioxide nanofibers (TiO2-NFs) on top of a blocking layer made of commercially available titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2-NPs). This is achieved by first electrospinning a solution of titanium (IV) butoxide, polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), and glacial acetic acid in ethanol to obtain composite PVP/TiO2 nanofibers. These are then calcined at 500 &#176;C to remove the PVP and to obtain pure anatase-phase titania nanofibers. This material is characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and powder X-ray diffraction (XRD). The photoanode is prepared by first creating a blocking layer through the deposition of a TiO2-NPs/terpineol slurry on a fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) glass slide using doctor blading techniques. A subsequent thermal treatment is performed at 500 &#176;C. Then, the light-scattering layer is formed by depositing a TiO2-NFs/terpineol slurry on the same slide, using the same technique, and calcinating again at 500 &#176;C. The performance of the photoanode is tested by fabricating a dye-sensitized solar cell and measuring its efficiency through J-V curves under a range of incident light densities, from 0.25-1 Sun.

The overall goal of this project was to use electrospinning to fabricate a photoanode with improved performance for dye-sensitized solar cells.

染料敏化太阳能电池的光催化电极的电纺丝

This work demonstrates a protocol to fabricate a fiber-based photoanode for dye-sensitized solar cells, consisting of a light-scattering layer made of ...

Well-aligned Vertically Oriented ZnO Nanorod Arrays and their Application in Inverted Small Molecule Solar Cells

This manuscript describes how to design and fabricate efficient inverted solar cells, which are based on a two-dimensional conjugated small molecule (SMPV1) and [6,6]-phenyl-C71-butyric acid methyl ester (PC71BM), by utilizing ZnO nanorods (NRs) grown on a high quality Al-doped ZnO (AZO) seed layer. The inverted SMPV1:PC71BM solar cells with ZnO NRs that grew on both a sputtered and sol-gel processed AZO seed layer are fabricated. Compared with the AZO thin film prepared by the sol-gel method, the sputtered AZO thin film exhibits better crystallization and lower surface roughness, according to X-ray diffraction (XRD) and atomic force microscope (AFM) measurements. The orientation of the ZnO NRs grown on a sputtered AZO seed layer shows better vertical alignment, which is beneficial for the deposition of the subsequent active layer, forming better surface morphologies. Generally, the surface morphology of the active layer mainly dominates the fill factor (FF) of the devices. Consequently, the well-aligned ZnO NRs can be used to improve the carrier collection of the active layer and to increase the FF of the solar cells. Moreover, as an anti-reflection structure, it can also be utilized to enhance the light harvesting of the absorption layer, with the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of solar cells reaching 6.01%, higher than the sol-gel based solar cells with an efficiency of 4.74%.

This manuscript describes how to design and fabricate efficient inverted SMPV1:PC71BM solar cells with ZnO nanorods (NRs) grown on a high quality Al-doped ZnO (AZO) seed layer. The well-aligned vertically oriented ZnO NRs exhibit high crystalline properties. The power conversion efficiency of solar cells can reach 6.01%.

定向定向 ZnO 纳米阵列及其在倒小分子太阳电池中的应用

This manuscript describes how to design and fabricate efficient inverted solar cells, which are based on a two-dimensional conjugated small molecule ...

Synthesis of Platinum-nickel Nanowires and Optimization for Oxygen Reduction Performance

Platinum-nickel (Pt-Ni) nanowires were developed as fuel cell electrocatalysts, and were optimized for the performance and durability in the oxygen reduction reaction. Spontaneous galvanic displacement was used to deposit Pt layers onto Ni nanowire substrates. The synthesis approach produced catalysts with high specific activities and high Pt surface areas. Hydrogen annealing improved Pt and Ni mixing and specific activity. Acid leaching was used to preferentially remove Ni near the nanowire surface, and oxygen annealing was used to stabilize near-surface Ni, improving durability and minimizing Ni dissolution. These protocols detail the optimization of each post-synthesis processing step, including hydrogen annealing to 250 &#176;C, exposure to 0.1 M nitric acid, and oxygen annealing to 175 &#176;C. Through these steps, Pt-Ni nanowires produced increased activities more than an order of magnitude than Pt nanoparticles, while offering significant durability improvements. The presented protocols are based on Pt-Ni systems in the development of fuel cell catalysts. These techniques have also been used for a variety of metal combinations, and can be applied to develop catalysts for a number of electrochemical processes.

&#160; The protocol describes the synthesis and electrochemical testing of platinum-nickel nanowires. Nanowires were synthesized by the galvanic displacement of a nickel nanowire template. Post-synthesis processing, including hydrogen annealing, acid leaching, and oxygen annealing were used to optimize nanowire performance and durability in the oxygen reduction reaction.

铂镍纳米线的合成及减氧性能优化

Platinum-nickel (Pt-Ni) nanowires were developed as fuel cell electrocatalysts, and were optimized for the performance and durability in the oxygen ...

Photopatterning Proteins and Cells in Aqueous Environment Using TiO2 Photocatalysis

Organic contaminants adsorbed on the surface of titanium dioxide (TiO2) can be decomposed by photocatalysis under ultraviolet (UV) light. Here we describe a novel protocol employing the TiO2 photocatalysis to locally alter cell affinity of the substrate surface. For this experiment, a thin TiO2 film was sputter-coated on a glass coverslip, and the TiO2 surface was subsequently modified with an organosilane monolayer derived from octadecyltrichlorosilane (OTS), which inhibits cell adhesion. The sample was immersed in a cell culture medium, and focused UV light was irradiated to an octagonal region. When a neuronal cell line PC12 cells were plated on the sample, cells adhered only on the UV-irradiated area. We further show that this surface modification can also be performed in situ, i.e., even when cells are growing on the substrate. Proper modification of the surface required an extracellular matrix protein collagen to be present in the medium at the time of UV irradiation. The technique presented here can potentially be employed in patterning multiple cell types for constructing coculture systems or to arbitrarily manipulate cells under culture.

Photopatterning Proteins and Cells in Aqueous Environment Using TiO2 Photocatalysis

We describe a protocol for modifying cell affinity of a scaffold surface in aqueous environment. The method takes advantage of titanium dioxide photocatalysis to decompose organic film in the photo-irradiated region. We show that it can be used to create microdomains of scaffolding proteins, both ex situ and in situ.

光图案蛋白质和细胞中的水环境中使用二氧化钛<sub&gt; 2</sub&gt;光催化

Organic contaminants adsorbed on the surface of titanium dioxide (TiO2) can be decomposed by photocatalysis under ultraviolet (UV) light. Here we describe ...

生物工程

A Continuous-flow Photocatalytic Reactor for the Precisely Controlled Deposition of Metallic Nanoparticles

In this work, a novel photocatalytic reactor for the pulsed and controlled excitation of the photocatalyst and the precise deposition of metallic nanoparticles is developed. Guidelines for the replication of the reactor and its operation are provided in detail. Three different composite systems (Pt/graphene, Pt/TiO2, and Au/TiO2) with monodisperse and uniformly distributed particles are produced by this reactor, and the photodeposition mechanism, as well as the synthesis optimization strategy, are discussed. The synthesis methods and their technical aspects are described comprehensively. The role of the ultraviolet (UV) dose (in each excitation pulse) on the photodeposition process is investigated and the optimum values for each composite system are provided.

For a continuous and scalable synthesis of noble-metal-based nanocomposites, a novel photocatalytic reactor is developed and its structure, operation principles, and product quality optimization strategies are described.

制备和使用光催化活性分段银|氧化锌和二氧化钛同轴

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