宾夕法尼亚州立土木工程拓展署署长

1。课程建设<ol><li>安装过程中地板。当然，尺寸为40英尺长7英尺宽由280 1呎2吋便携地砖（米色事件地砖）。将黑色内饰围绕周长只（ 图1）。 </li><li>粉刷墙壁相邻相匹配的地砖营造一个有些单色的环境。提供我们与灰度值中使用的颜色（ 表5）。如果特定的颜色不可用，我们建议采取平铺到一个五金店颜色匹配。 </li><li>根据照明模板（ 图1）安装的照明。连接灯调光开关。 </li><li>根据绘画指令（ 图2）漆的障碍。 </li></ol> 2。准备测试区<ol><li>调整照明所需的条件和检查用测光表的开头，中间和含课程走廊的末端。 </l我&gt; <li>确保摄像机设置为记录和相机的位置是合适的，因为他们通过步行过程中捕捉到的主题。我们建议在天花板底座或相机可手持。 </li></ol> 3。创纪录的首选步行速度鲜红斑痣<ol><li>在走道的中心（当然栏的"D"）的位置问题。注:脚趾应该是后面的走道边界。读指令给受试者（ 图3）。 </li><li>秒表开始一次跨越脚的黑色边框，走上途径。停止时间，一旦越过脚下的黑色边框在走道的另一端。记录时间为PWS1。打开主题围绕在相反的方向重复过程。记录时间为PWS2。平均PWS1和PWS2和记录作为最终的鲜红斑痣。 </li></ol> 4。障碍赛导航<ol><li>从随机化方案，成立了第一道菜（ 图4）。地砖应该被用作在WHI的网格通道的障碍被映射。参阅的障碍正确映射提供图。这是有帮助的人数瓦片以及一个不可磨灭的标记垂直和水平轴允许的障碍，容易放置。这也有利于根据在一个不显眼的位置所提供的图表标注的障碍。 </li><li>引导受启动40英尺的走道。读指令给受试者（ 图3）。主题应定位在走道中心（列"D"），脚趾后面的边界。秒表开始一次跨越脚的黑色边框，走上途径。停止时间，一旦越过脚下的黑色边框在走道的另一端。记录此时如课程转速（CS）。 </li><li>记录时的障碍被击中，分级命中的严重程度在3分制。在运行过程中应该由一个独立的观察者进行录像后确认。 </li></ol> 5。障碍鉴定<ol><li>腠后完成RSE导航任务，把受周围面对过程和位置，当然中心（D列）。注意:请确保需要重新定位，以便从课程结束时看到正确的颜色任何障碍旋转。阅读说明主题（ 图3）。此时的第一对象识别任务将被执行。让拍摄对象转身告诉助理研究员，他们可以在30秒内分辨物体的总数。这个数字应该被记录下来。 </li><li>请告诉主体往回走走过的历程，并指向每一个障碍，他们可以看到。如果它们与障碍物碰撞不要紧。的障碍，他们可以看到的数量被记录。它是有用的，记录它们能够检测哪些障碍。这是不定时的。 </li></ol>项目4和5应该重复为正在运行的每个进程的版本。

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作者什么都没有透露。

我们描述一个室内，携带方便，容易复制，而相对便宜的课程，可以用来评估避障中谁是盲人或弱视人士。目前大多数的障碍训练场的设计和测试（ 即拖船）难以跨站点和观察员进行比较，或者是不能在备用位置16,17,30容易进行永久滴注。我们的目标是创建一个过程，可以在不同的地点和不同的观察者标准化使用，并能提供一定的预测能力，为采取干预措施（ 即人工视觉装?...

低视力康复评估必须决定是否干预的结果是改进了功能。性能指标通常涉及计算机读取或功能评估1-9，以及生活质量问卷10-15。如果能够同时评估低视力患者来浏览周围障碍物的能力也可能会提供线索的功能改进18特别是在人工视觉装置的情况下。 Geruschat 等人最近发表的导航效果与视网膜植入芯片，强调需要一个标准度量在这一领域17。目前，还没有被广泛接受的，客观的，有效的和全面的标准确定为避障能力。 功能测试，将关联到导航性能与低视力或"超低愿景"为p的人的发展通过人工视觉roduced将是可取的，但仍然是一个可望而不可及的目标。人工视觉设备，如视网膜植入芯片18-24或感官替代设备，如BrainPort 25和语音26的新兴领域，就必须避开障碍物的测试，可能的关联，增加了这些设备所赋予的导航能力。这种评估不仅让受试者了解自己的局限，因为他们穿越他们的周围环境，但可能会提供一个用于测量与改善定向行走训练或视觉增强设备的原型迭代之间。理想的情况下，可能有一些能力，以评估事故下降27个人的风险。 我们的目标是创造一个超越障碍训练场，这将是对在用人工视觉装置的患者的导航能力评价有用和转让到L领域OW视力一般。使用考研资料库上的障碍课程和视力障碍的发表的文献进行了审查。有创造标准化的障碍课程16,17,28-31,34了大量努力。大多数的这些都不是便携式的意义上，这将是很难精确地复制的设定，特别是用于户外课程。马奎尔等人描述了障碍物当然这是用来表明患者勒伯尔先天性黑蒙的移动性性能。本课程具有作为便携式和小的好处，但目前尚不清楚是否不同迭代已提供防止记忆效应，也没有任何条文障碍，这是不是在地板上，纹理的变化，或跨距。真皮休闲包提供了潜在的缺陷的一个精辟的描述，在设计过程中，并提出了一个室外场的描述，遗憾的是不能够被在ALTERN完全复现ative位置30。 Velikay-PAREL 等人描述的移动性测试与视网膜植入芯片的使用。这种设计具有可移植，并易于执行的好处。虽然这门课程可以在不同的地点被复制，没有提供任何关于课程建设的具体细节。此外，多涉及的是，他们表现出的学习效果达到了，由于课程熟悉渐近水平，因此能防止记忆当然完全可以消除的学习效果随着时间的推移亏损18的关注。无到目前为止所描述的课程已被广泛采用的低视力或康复社区。 随后咨询了一队来自宾夕法尼亚州西部盲童学校（匹兹堡，PA）和盲人和匹兹堡视力康复服务（宅基地，PA）分析师6低视力职业治疗师和定向行走专家作者arding提出课程设计。确定了功能性障碍，当然理想的属性包括:便携性，易于装配/拆卸和存储，灵活性既昏暗和明亮的照明条件下进行测试，并通过包括代表患者的家庭环境中的物体的障碍，以反映"现实生活"的情况了是坚固，足以承受反复碰撞而被韧性，以防止病人受伤。此外，它被认为是必要的，以有几种类型的设计环境，如道路的，这样，当在一个随机的顺序给药可防止当然记忆。此外，该课程应证明在多种设置重复的结果，具有很强的内部以及相互信度和可空间意识的客观度量。 这一努力的高潮部分是一个障碍课程，可以合理地预期在一个标准的机构将被再现的发展走廊。本课程的目的是测试不同的技能，所有重要的导航。该课程的每一级会尝试将焦点几种特定类型的日常航行活动遇到的障碍。第一场的计算结果进行导航，它们都放置在地板上相对高的对比度目标的能力，但是需要大量的匝数。在第二场的计算结果进行导航的障碍是高和低对比度，地板纹理的变化，和对象悬浮在空气中的能力。最后当然会评估导航泡沫塑料的障碍是低对比度的能力，表面眩光在地板上的变化，增加了nonStyrofoam障碍（布），地砖的颜色变化，必须要跨过的障碍，而不是在障碍地板。课程被标记为1，2和3为便于标记的，但是这个指定不应该被解释为在难易程度增加。在每个级别中，有THRee值的版本，当然，它可以被随机化，以防止记忆过程。

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a standardized obstacle course for assessment of visual function in ultra low vision and artificial vision

我们描述一个室内，便携，规范化轨道，可用于评估避障中谁拥有超视力的人。六短视控制和36完全失明，但其他健康成年男性（N = 29）和女性（13例）患者（年龄范围19-85岁），被纳入三项研究涉及BrainPort感官替代装置的测试之一。受试者被要求之前浏览的过程中，后，BrainPort培训。它们在两个不同的位置总共837运行过程中完成。均值和标准差分别计算各控件类型，课程，灯光和访问。我们使用了线性混合效应模型在PPWS（百分比首选步行速度）和误差％的数据比较不同类别的证明过程迭代进行适当的设计。过程是相对便宜的，易于管理，并已被证明是测试的移动性功能的可行方法。数据分析正在示威ES，对于百分比误差的结果以及为百分比首选步行速度，即每三个课程是不同的，并且每个级别中，每三个迭代都是平等的。这使得执政期间的课程随机化。 缩写: 首选步行速度（PWS） 当然速度（CS） 百分比首选步行速度（PPWS）

主题六蒙着眼睛近视，近视和36完全失明，但其他健康成人（年龄范围19-85岁），男性（N = 29）和女性（13例）受试者参加的三项研究，涉及的BrainPort感官测试1替代装置（Wicab，威斯康星州麦迪逊）。所有的研究都批准了匹兹堡IRB大学和所有科目签署批准的知情同意书。所有的研究是一个学科内，重复测量设计，使得每个主题充当自己的控制。近视受试者蒙上眼睛来模拟新失明的...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Standardized Obstacle Course for Assessment of Visual Function in Ultra Low Vision and Artificial Vision at JoVE.com

A Standardized Obstacle Course for Assessment of Visual Function in Ultra Low Vision and Artificial Vision

我们描述一个室内，便携，规范化轨道，可用于评估避障中谁拥有超视力的人。过程是相对便宜的，易于管理，并已被证明是可靠的和可重现的。

一个标准化的障碍赛的视觉功能的超低视觉与人工视觉评估

We describe an indoor, portable, standardized course that can be used to evaluate obstacle avoidance in persons who have ultralow vision. Six sighted ...

a-standardized-obstacle-course-for-assessment-visual-function-ultra

Universidad de Cartagena UDEC

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

13.0K 次观看.  University of Pittsburgh. 我们描述一个室内，便携，规范化轨道，可用于评估避障中谁拥有超视力的人。过程是相对便宜的，易于管理，并已被证明是可靠的和可重现的。 

视频: A Standardized Obstacle Course for Assessment of Visual Function in Ultra Low Vision and Artificial Vision

Dynamic Visual Tests to Identify and Quantify Visual Damage and Repair Following Demyelination in Optic Neuritis Patients

In order to follow optic neuritis patients and evaluate the effectiveness of their treatment, a handy, accurate and quantifiable tool is required to assess changes in myelination at the central nervous system (CNS). However, standard measurements, including routine visual tests and MRI scans, are not sensitive enough for this purpose. We present two visual tests addressing dynamic monocular and binocular functions which may closely associate with the extent of myelination along visual pathways. These include Object From Motion (OFM) extraction and Time-constrained stereo protocols. In the OFM test, an array of dots compose an object, by moving the dots within the image rightward while moving the dots outside the image leftward or vice versa. The dot pattern generates a camouflaged object that cannot be detected when the dots are stationary or moving as a whole. Importantly, object recognition is critically dependent on motion perception. In the Time-constrained Stereo protocol, spatially disparate images are presented for a limited length of time, challenging binocular 3-dimensional integration in time. Both tests are appropriate for clinical usage and provide a simple, yet powerful, way to identify and quantify processes of demyelination and remyelination along visual pathways. These protocols may be efficient to diagnose and follow optic neuritis and multiple sclerosis patients.
In the diagnostic process, these protocols may reveal visual deficits that cannot be identified via current standard visual measurements. Moreover, these protocols sensitively identify the basis of the currently unexplained continued visual complaints of patients following recovery of visual acuity. In the longitudinal follow up course, the protocols can be used as a sensitive marker of demyelinating and remyelinating processes along time. These protocols may therefore be used to evaluate the efficacy of current and evolving therapeutic strategies, targeting myelination of the CNS.

Object From Motion (OFM) and Time-constrained stereo protocols are sensitive tools to identify monocular and binocular dynamic visual function deficits, which are uniquely affected in optic neuritis patients. Furthermore, these tests may be used as quantitative noninvasive tools to assess the extent of myelination along visual pathways.

动态视觉测试，以确定和量化视觉损伤与修复继脱髓鞘视神经炎患者

In order to follow optic neuritis patients and evaluate the effectiveness of their treatment, a handy, accurate and quantifiable tool is required to ...

科研

医学

Assessing Binocular Central Visual Field and Binocular Eye Movements in a Dichoptic Viewing Condition

Macular degeneration typically results in heterogeneous binocular central visual defects. Currently available approaches to assess central visual field, like the microperimetry, can test only one eye at a time. Therefore, they cannot explain how the defects in each eye affect the binocular interaction and real-world function. Dichoptic stimulus presentation with a gaze-controlled system could provide a reliable measure of monocular/binocular visual fields. However, dichoptic stimulus presentation and simultaneous eye-tracking are challenging because optical devices of instruments that present stimulus dichoptically (e.g., haploscope) always interfere with eye-trackers (e.g., infrared video-based eye-trackers). Therefore, the goals were 1) to develop a method for dichoptic stimulus presentation with simultaneous eye-tracking, using 3D-shutter glasses and 3D-ready monitors, that is not affected by interference and 2) to use this method to develop a protocol for assessing central visual field in subjects with central vision loss. The results showed that this setup provides a practical solution for reliably measuring eye-movements in dichoptic viewing condition. In addition, it was also demonstrated that this method can assess gaze-controlled binocular central visual field in subjects with central vision loss.

Presented here is a protocol for assessing binocular eye movements and gaze-controlled central visual field screening in participants with central vision loss.

在分选择性观察条件下评估双目中央视场和双目眼运动

Macular degeneration typically results in heterogeneous binocular central visual defects. Currently available approaches to assess central visual field, ...

行为学

Behavioral Assessment of Visual Function via Optomotor Response and Cognitive Function via Y-Maze in Diabetic Rats

The optomotor response and the Y-maze are behavioral tests useful for assessing visual and cognitive function, respectively. The optomotor response is a valuable tool to track changes in spatial frequency (SF) and contrast sensitivity (CS) thresholds over time in a number of retinal disease models, including diabetic retinopathy. Similarly, the Y-maze can be used to monitor spatial cognition (as measured by spontaneous alternation) and exploratory behavior (as measured by a number of entries) in a number of disease models that affect the central nervous system. Advantages of the optomotor response and the Y-maze include sensitivity, speed of testing, the use of innate responses (training is not needed), and the ability to be performed on awake (non-anesthetized) animals. Here, protocols are described for both the optomotor response and the Y-maze and examples of their use shown in models of Type I and Type II diabetes. Methods include preparation of rodents and equipment, performance of the optomotor response and the Y-maze, and post-test data analysis.

Neural degeneration in both eyes and brain as a result of diabetes can be observed through behavioral tests carried out on rodents. The Y-maze, a measure of spatial cognition, and the optomotor response, a measure of visual function, both provide insight into potential diagnoses and treatments.

通过视运动反应进行视觉功能的行为评估，通过Y迷宫对糖尿病大鼠的认知功能进行行为评估

The optomotor response and the Y-maze are behavioral tests useful for assessing visual and cognitive function, respectively. The optomotor response is a ...

A Simple Behavioral Assay for Testing Visual Function in Xenopus laevis

Measurement of the visual function in the tadpoles of the frog, Xenopus laevis, allows screening for blindness in live animals. The optokinetic response is a vision-based, reflexive behavior that has been observed in all vertebrates tested. Tadpole eyes are small so the tail flip response was used as alternative measure, which requires a trained technician to record the subtle response. We developed an alternative behavior assay based on the fact that tadpoles prefer to swim on the white side of a tank when placed in a tank with both black and white sides. The assay presented here is an inexpensive, simple alternative that creates a response that is easily measured. The setup consists of a tripod, webcam and nested testing tanks, readily available in most Xenopus laboratories. This article includes a movie showing the behavior of tadpoles, before and after severing the optic nerve. In order to test the function of one eye, we also include representative results of a tadpole in which each eye underwent retinal axotomy on consecutive days. Future studies could develop an automated version of this assay for testing the vision of many tadpoles at once.

A Simple Behavioral Assay for Testing Visual Function in Xenopus laevis

Xenopus laevis tadpoles prefer swimming on the white side of a black/white tank. This behavior is guided by their vision. Based on this behavior, we present a simple assay to test the visual function of tadpoles.

一个简单的行为分析在检测视觉功能<em&gt;非洲爪蟾</em

Measurement of the visual function in the tadpoles of the frog, Xenopus laevis, allows screening for blindness in live animals. The optokinetic response ...

神经科学

婴幼儿视力的自动评估

An Automated Method for Assessing Visual Acuity in Infants and Toddlers Using an Eye-Tracking System

Visual acuity measurement is an important visual function test to perform in infancy and childhood. However, accurate visual acuity measurement in infants is difficult because of deficiencies in their communication ability. This paper presents a novel automated method to assess visual acuity in children (5-36 months old). This method, the automated acuity card procedure (AACP), uses a webcam for eye tracking and recognizes children's watching behaviors automatically. A two-choice preferential-looking test is performed when the tested child watches the visual stimuli shown on a high-resolution digital display screen. When the tested child watches the stimuli, their facial pictures are recorded by the webcam. These pictures are used by the set computer program to analyze their watching behavior. With this procedure, the child's eye movement responses to different stimuli are measured, and their visual acuity is assessed without communication. By comparing the results with grating acuity obtained by Teller Acuity Cards (TACs), AACP performance is deemed comparable to that of TACs.

作者聚焦:一种使用眼动追踪系统评估婴幼儿视力的自动化方法  

In this paper, we present a novel automated method for assessing visual acuity in infants and toddlers by using an eye-tracking system.

一种使用眼动追踪系统评估婴幼儿视力的自动化方法

Visual acuity measurement is an important visual function test to perform in infancy and childhood. However, accurate visual acuity measurement in infants ...

Using Optical Coherence Tomography and Optokinetic Response As Structural and Functional Visual System Readouts in Mice and Rats

Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a fast, non-invasive, interferometric technique allowing high-resolution retinal imaging. It is an ideal tool for the investigation of processes of neurodegeneration, neuroprotection and neuro-repair involving the visual system, as these often correlate well with retinal changes. As a functional readout, visually evoked compensatory eye and head movements are commonly used in experimental models involving the visual function. Combining both techniques allows a quantitative in vivo investigation of structure and function, which can be used to investigate the pathological conditions or to evaluate the potential of novel therapeutics. A great benefit of the presented techniques is the possibility to perform longitudinal analyses allowing the investigation of dynamic processes, reducing variability and cuts down the number of animals needed for the experiments. The protocol described aims to provide a manual for acquisition and analysis of high quality retinal scans of mice and rats using a low cost customized holder with an option to deliver inhalational anesthesia. Additionally, the proposed guide is intended as an instructional manual for researchers using optokinetic response (OKR) analysis in rodents, which can be adapted to their specific needs and interests.

A detailed protocol for the assessment of structural and visual readouts in rodents by optical coherence tomography and optokinetic response is presented. The results provide valuable insights for ophthalmologic as well as neurologic research.

光学相干层析成像和光运动响应在小鼠和大鼠中的结构和功能视觉系统读数

Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a fast, non-invasive, interferometric technique allowing high-resolution retinal imaging. It is an ideal tool for ...

Quantification of Oculomotor Responses and Accommodation Through Instrumentation and Analysis Toolboxes

Through the purposeful stimulation and recording of eye movements, the fundamental characteristics of the underlying neural mechanisms of eye movements can be observed. VisualEyes2020 (VE2020) was developed based on the lack of customizable software-based visual stimulation available for researchers that does not rely on motors or actuators within a traditional haploscope. This new instrument and methodology have been developed for a novel haploscope configuration utilizing both eye tracking and autorefractor systems. Analysis software that enables the synchronized analysis of eye movement and accommodative responses provides vision researchers and clinicians with a reproducible environment and shareable tool. The Vision and Neural Engineering Laboratory&#39;s (VNEL) Eye Movement Analysis Program (VEMAP) was established to process recordings produced by VE2020&#39;s eye trackers, while the Accommodative Movement Analysis Program (AMAP) was created to process the recording outputs from the corresponding autorefractor system. The VNEL studies three primary stimuli: accommodation (blur-driven changes in the convexity of the intraocular lens), vergence (inward, convergent rotation and outward, divergent rotation of the eyes), and saccades (conjugate eye movements). The VEMAP and AMAP utilize similar data flow processes, manual operator interactions, and interventions where necessary; however, these analysis platforms advance the establishment of an objective software suite that minimizes operator reliance. The utility of a graphical interface and its corresponding algorithms allow for a broad range of visual experiments to be conducted with minimal required prior coding experience from its operator(s).

VisualEyes2020 (VE2020) is a custom scripting language that presents, records, and synchronizes visual eye movement stimuli. VE2020 provides stimuli for conjugate eye movements (saccades and smooth pursuit), disconjugate eye movements (vergence), accommodation, and combinations of each. Two analysis programs unify the data processing from the eye tracking and accommodation recording systems.

通过仪器和分析工具量化动眼神经反应和调节

Through the purposeful stimulation and recording of eye movements, the fundamental characteristics of the underlying neural mechanisms of eye movements ...

生物工程

Assessing Early Stage Open-Angle Glaucoma in Patients by Isolated-Check Visual Evoked Potential

Recently, the isolated-check visual evoked potential (icVEP) technique was designed and has been reported to detect glaucomatous damage earlier and faster. It creates low spatial frequency/high temporal frequency bright stimuli and records cortical activity initiated primarily by afferents in the magnocellular ON pathway. This pathway contains neurons with larger volumes and axonal diameters, and it is preferentially damaged in early glaucoma, which can result in visual field loss. The study presented here uses standard operative procedures (SOP) of icVEP to obtain reliable results. It can detect visual function loss using a signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) corresponding to the defects of retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) in early stage open-angle glaucoma (OAG). A setting of 10 Hz and condition of 15% positive-contrast (bright) are selected to differentiate OAG patients and control subjects, with each check containing eight runs. Each run persists for 2 s (for 20 total cycles). A flowchart is constructed, which consists of pupil size and intraocular pressure over a 30 min rest period before each examination. Additionally, the testing order of eyes is performed to obtain reliable electroencephalographic signals. VEPs are recorded and analyzed automatically by software, and SNRs are derived based on a multivariate statistic. An SNR of &#8804; 1 is considered abnormal. A receiver-operating-characteristic (ROC) curve is applied to analyze the accuracy of group classification. Then, the SOP is applied in a cross-sectional study, showing that icVEP can detect glaucomatous visual function abnormality in the central visual field in the form of SNR. This value also correlates with the thickness thinning of RNFL and produces high classification accuracy for early stage OAG. Thus, it serves as a useful and objective diagnostic technology for the early detection of glaucoma.

The isolated-check visual evoked potential (icVEP) method is implemented here to assess the magnocellular ON pathway that is initially damaged in glaucoma. The study shows standard operative procedures using icVEP to obtain reliable results. It is proved to serve as a useful objective diagnosing technology for the early detection of glaucoma.

通过隔离检查视觉诱发潜力评估患者早期开放角青光眼

Recently, the isolated-check visual evoked potential (icVEP) technique was designed and has been reported to detect glaucomatous damage earlier and ...

一个标准化的障碍赛的视觉功能的超低视觉与人工视觉评估

摘要

探索更多视频

此视频中的章节

动态视觉测试，以确定和量化视觉损伤与修复继脱髓鞘视神经炎患者

在分选择性观察条件下评估双目中央视场和双目眼运动

通过视运动反应进行视觉功能的行为评估，通过Y迷宫对糖尿病大鼠的认知功能进行行为评估

一个简单的行为分析在检测视觉功能

一种使用眼动追踪系统评估婴幼儿视力的自动化方法

一种使用眼动追踪系统评估婴幼儿视力的自动化方法

一种使用眼动追踪系统评估婴幼儿视力的自动化方法

光学相干层析成像和光运动响应在小鼠和大鼠中的结构和功能视觉系统读数

通过仪器和分析工具量化动眼神经反应和调节

通过隔离检查视觉诱发潜力评估患者早期开放角青光眼