这项工作是由R01 GM088156和T32 HL007713-18的支持。我们要感谢比尔彭涅和迈克尔·卡曼来自宾夕法尼亚州研究仪器中心的大学为他们在我们的组装翻正反射装置的帮助。

所有涉及此概括动物的程序已获宾夕法尼亚州的机构动物护理和使用委员会的大学。 1。该测试装置的概述<ol><li>该试验装置由24个透明的丙烯酸圆柱形腔室10厘米的长度和直径5厘米（2​​00毫升总体积）。这个尺寸适用于典型的25克成年小鼠。钱伯斯有端口每端的气体入口和出口。出口端是可移动的，这样的动物可以被很容易地装入腔室中。气口开口仔细密封带聚四氟乙烯生料带，而橡胶O型圈垫片用来密封的圆柱形腔的可拆卸的。 </li><li>每个室被安装在一个机架上，它位于内部的水浴中。齿条配合，使得腔室（下面进气口），仅下部被淹没。为稳定，该腔室的后端靠在支承，这样整个CHAMB呃坐镇水平。这将确保同浴的整个腔甚至接触。 </li><li>聚乙烯管材氧气罐连接到麻醉剂蒸发器，然后通过一个10升/分钟流量仪表。管子分成长度相等的25小直径的电阻，以确保相等的流量输送到各腔室24中和至代理分析器。 </li><li>真空管线退出每个腔室在气体入口的另一端。这促进了单向流动，消除呼出的二氧化碳的再呼吸。真空线结合在一个歧管连接到一个内部的吸入管路。沿主真空线的弹出式截止阀，确保每个腔室中的大气压力条件。 </li><li>浴填充有足够的水充分接触的每个腔室的底部。的水通过浴用泵循环，并保持在一恒定37℃。 </li></ol> 2。检查系统之前曝光<ol><li> Ç赫克说水浴的温度在整个浴37℃。 </li><li>氧气流的速度为5升/分（200毫升/每室+代理分析器分钟）。淹没每个腔室在水中，寻找气泡或水进入室内，这两者是指示泄漏。在开始实验前封住泄漏。 </li><li>对于每个腔室，连接在线路500毫升/分钟的流量计腔后，以确保流在每个25个气体管道的平衡。这确保了输入5升/分钟流量将被均匀地分布，使得每个室接收200毫升/分钟流动。没有收到预期的任何流室应该有它的流入和流出管道检查障碍物。 </li><li>校准试剂分析仪，以确保当100％的氧气流过0.00％的异氟醚的读数。 </li></ol> 3。注入温度转发<ol><li>前一星期习惯，麻醉每只小鼠用2％异氟醚。 </li><li>消毒用优碘背颈部。 </li><li>注射用无菌的，预包装注射器针头肩胛骨之间的温度下转发皮下注射。 </li><li>监视注射部位每日进行感染和应答器的迁移。 </li></ol> 4。习惯于对动物测试钱伯斯<ol><li>第一次评估前四天，将所有小鼠成2小时100％的氧气流单独的腔室。 </li><li>四个日前评估，避免因新的环境压力的影响因子重复步骤4.1日。 </li></ol> 5。进行药物干预是您希望测试效果上麻醉灵敏度<ol><li>这种干预可能是一个立体定位注射入脑24，静脉内或腹膜内注射25或递送药物至特定脑区域的一个特定的部分通过套管26。 </li><li>因为相对于一个天真的动物这些程序本身可能会改变麻醉剂的敏感性，适当的对照组应该接受同样的程序与车辆注射。 </li><li>确保药物干预行动有一个适当的时间长，如果你打算做一个逐步提高和/或降低测定灵敏度麻醉剂如步骤6所示，否则，请跳到步骤7。 </li></ol> 6。采用逐步EC 50测定感应和出苗评估麻醉灵敏度<ol><li>将每个动物成单独的腔室与100％的氧气流动。 </li><li>设置在异氟醚浓度为0.4％* 15分钟。在此期间的最后2分钟，轻轻滚动腔直到鼠标被放置在它的后面评估每个动物的翻正反射。该翻正反射被认为是完整的，当且仅当鼠标能够恢复所有它的爪子在2分钟内室的地板上。 <ol><li> *请注意，0.4％异氟醚是一种subhypnotic剂量C57BL/6J小鼠。如果任何小鼠失去其翻正反射在第一步骤中，初始剂量为过大，应减少后的日子。 </li></ol></li><li>记录翻正反射为每个鼠标的状态，并扫描每个小鼠为温度数据。模板记录如表1所示。 </li><li>增加的异氟烷浓度〜0.05％，持续15分钟，并重复步骤7.2。继续这样做，直到所有的动物已经失去了它们的翻正反射。 </li><li>可选:重复相同的步骤，以减少分步进行异氟醚的剂量，直到所有的动物都恢复了其翻正反射（见步骤6.3）。 </li><li>要结束实验，关闭异氟醚和冲洗整个系统与100％氧气15分钟。这将有助于防止缺氧的小鼠被送回他们的家笼前恢复，并会保护experimeNTER从任何麻醉风险。 </li><li>可选:如果动物或麻醉剂浓度的数的个数是由于资源或时间约束的限制，曲线拟合参数估计值，尤其是山的斜坡，可能有低估的，虚假的低误差估计。在这种情况下，可能有必要重复在上最多两个额外的实验日步骤6.1-6.6充分获得真实Hill斜率的参数和其相应的误差估计中描述的麻醉剂敏感性测定。 </li></ol> 7。评估麻醉灵敏度的短期变化与时间的出现<ol><li>将每个动物成单独的腔室与100％的氧气流动。 </li><li>设置在异氟醚浓度为1.2％，其对应于感应ED 99为野生型C57BL/6J小鼠20。保持30-60分钟取决于急性干预行动的预期持续时间。 </li><li>在确认翻正反射消失所有的动物轻轻滚动每个腔室，直到老鼠被放置在他们的后面。 </li><li>关闭异氟醚和流量100％的氧气。测量时间，直到每个动物恢复其翻正反射。这是由所有4爪放置在腔室的地板上定义并通过三个连续的测试，一个完整的翻正反射的存在证实。 </li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>Meyer, H. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Zur+theorie+der+alkoholnarkose.+I.+Mittheilung.+Welche+Eigenschaft+der+An#228;sthetica+bedingt+ihre+narkotische+Wirkung?.">Zur theorie der alkoholnarkose. I. Mittheilung. Welche Eigenschaft der An#228;sthetica bedingt ihre narkotische Wirkung?.</a> Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch. Exp. Pathol. Pharmakol. 42, 109-137 .</li><li>Overton, C. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Studien &#252;ber die Narkose: Zugleich ein Beitrag zur allgemeinen Pharmakologie. , (1901).</li><li>Bignall, K. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ontogeny+of+levels+of+neural+organization:+the+righting+reflex+as+a+model.">Ontogeny of levels of neural organization: the righting reflex as a model.</a> Exp. Neurol. 3 (3), 566-573 (1974).</li><li>Franks, N. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=General+anaesthesia:+from+molecular+targets+to+neuronal+pathways+of+sleep+and+arousal.">General anaesthesia: from molecular targets to neuronal pathways of sleep and arousal.</a> Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 9 (5), 370-386 (2008).</li><li>Smith, W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Responses+of+laboratory+animals+to+some+injectable+anaesthetics.">Responses of laboratory animals to some injectable anaesthetics.</a> Lab. Anim. 27 (1), 30-39 (1993).</li><li>Schernthaner, A., Lendl, C., Busch, R., Henke, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Clinical+evaluation+of+three+medetomidine--midazolam--ketamine+combinations+for+neutering+of+ferrets+(Mustela+putorius+furo)].">Clinical evaluation of three medetomidine--midazolam--ketamine combinations for neutering of ferrets (Mustela putorius furo)].</a> Berliner und M&#252;nchener tier&#228;rztliche Wochenschrift. 121 (1-2), 1-10 (2008).</li><li>Mohammad, F. K., Zangana, I. K., Abdul-Latif, A. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Medetomidine+sedation+in+sheep.">Medetomidine sedation in sheep.</a> Zentralblatt f&#252;r Veterin&#228;rmedizin. Reihe A. 40 (5), 328-331 (1993).</li><li>Nicholls, E. A., Louie, G. L., Prokocimer, P. G., Maze, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Halothane+anesthetic+requirements+are+not+affected+by+aminophylline+treatment+in+rats+and+dogs.">Halothane anesthetic requirements are not affected by aminophylline treatment in rats and dogs.</a> Anesthesiology. 65 (6), 637-641 (1986).</li><li>Tung, A., Szafran, M. J., Bluhm, B., Mendelson, W. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sleep+Deprivation+Potentiates+the+Onset+and+Duration+of+Loss+of+Righting+Reflex+Induced+by+Propofol+and+Isoflurane.">Sleep Deprivation Potentiates the Onset and Duration of Loss of Righting Reflex Induced by Propofol and Isoflurane.</a> Anesthesiology. 97 (4), 906-911 (2002).</li><li>Pal, D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Determination+of+Minimum+Alveolar+Concentration+for+Isoflurane+and+Sevoflurane+in+a+Rodent+Model+of+Human+Metabolic+Syndrome.">Determination of Minimum Alveolar Concentration for Isoflurane and Sevoflurane in a Rodent Model of Human Metabolic Syndrome.</a> Anesth. 2 (2), 297-302 (2012).</li><li>Eger, E. I., Saidman 2nd, ., J, L., Brandstater, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Temperature+dependence+of+halothane+and+cyclopropane+anesthesia+in+dogs:+correlation+with+some+theories+of+anesthetic+action.">Temperature dependence of halothane and cyclopropane anesthesia in dogs: correlation with some theories of anesthetic action.</a> Anesthesiology. 26 (6), 764-770 (1965).</li><li>Vitez, T. S., White, P. F., Eger, E. I. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=2nd+Effects+of+hypothermia+on+halothane+MAC+and+isoflurane+MAC+in+the+rat.">2nd Effects of hypothermia on halothane MAC and isoflurane MAC in the rat.</a> Anesthesiology. 41 (1), 80-81 (1974).</li><li>Antognini, J. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Hypothermia+eliminates+isoflurane+requirements+at+20+degrees+C.">Hypothermia eliminates isoflurane requirements at 20 degrees C.</a> Anesthesiology. 78 (6), 1152-1156 (1993).</li><li>McKenzie, J. D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effects+of+temperature+on+the+anaesthetic+potency+of+halothane,+enflurane+and+ethanol+in+Daphnia+magna+(Cladocera:+Crustacea).">Effects of temperature on the anaesthetic potency of halothane, enflurane and ethanol in Daphnia magna (Cladocera: Crustacea).</a> Comp. Biochem. Physiol. C. 101 (1), 15-19 (1992).</li><li>Icaza, E. E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Isoflurane-Induced+Changes+in+Righting+Response+and+Breathing+are+Modulated+by+RGS+Proteins.">Isoflurane-Induced Changes in Righting Response and Breathing are Modulated by RGS Proteins.</a> Anesth. Analg. 109 (5), 1500-1505 (2009).</li><li>Drexler, B., Antkowiak, B., Engin, E., Rudolph, U. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Identification+and+characterization+of+anesthetic+targets+by+mouse+molecular+genetics+approaches.">Identification and characterization of anesthetic targets by mouse molecular genetics approaches.</a> Can. 2 (2), 178-190 (2011).</li><li>Wafford, K. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Differentiating+the+role+of+gamma-aminobutyric+acid+type+A+(GABAA)+receptor+subtypes.">Differentiating the role of gamma-aminobutyric acid type A (GABAA) receptor subtypes.</a> Biochem. 32 (Pt3), 553-556 (2004).</li><li>Lakhlani, P. P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Substitution+of+a+mutant+&#945;2a-adrenergic+receptor+via+"hit+and+run"+gene+targeting+reveals+the+role+of+this+subtype+in+sedative,+analgesic,+and+anesthetic-sparing+responses+in.">Substitution of a mutant &#945;2a-adrenergic receptor via "hit and run" gene targeting reveals the role of this subtype in sedative, analgesic, and anesthetic-sparing responses in.</a> Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 94 (18), 9950-9955 (1997).</li><li>Sonner, J. M., Gong, D., Eger, E. I. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Naturally+Occurring+Variability+in+Anesthetic+Potency+Among+Inbred+Mouse+Strains.">Naturally Occurring Variability in Anesthetic Potency Among Inbred Mouse Strains.</a> Anesth. 91 (3), 720-726 (2000).</li><li>Sun, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=High+throughput+modular+chambers+for+rapid+evaluation+of+anesthetic+sensitivity.">High throughput modular chambers for rapid evaluation of anesthetic sensitivity.</a> BMC Anesthesiol. 6 (1), 13 (2006).</li><li>Hu, F. Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Hypnotic+Hypersensitivity+to+Volatile+Anesthetics+and+Dexmedetomidine+in+Dopamine+&#946;-Hydroxylase+Knockout+Mice.">Hypnotic Hypersensitivity to Volatile Anesthetics and Dexmedetomidine in Dopamine &#946;-Hydroxylase Knockout Mice.</a> Anesthesiology. , (2012).</li><li>Kelz, M. B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+essential+role+for+orexins+in+emergence+from+general+anesthesia.">An essential role for orexins in emergence from general anesthesia.</a> Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 105 (4), 1309-1314 (2008).</li><li>Moore, J. T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Direct+Activation+of+Sleep-Promoting+VLPO+Neurons+by+Volatile+Anesthetics+Contributes+to+Anesthetic+Hypnosis.">Direct Activation of Sleep-Promoting VLPO Neurons by Volatile Anesthetics Contributes to Anesthetic Hypnosis.</a> Curr. 22 (21), 2008-2016 (2012).</li><li>Kirby, E. D., Jensen, K., Goosens, K. A., Kaufer, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Stereotaxic+Surgery+for+Excitotoxic+Lesion+of+Specific+Brain+Areas+in+the+Adult+Rat.">Stereotaxic Surgery for Excitotoxic Lesion of Specific Brain Areas in the Adult Rat.</a> J. Vis. Exp. (65), e4079 (2012).</li><li>Machholz, E., Mulder, G., Ruiz, C., Corning, B. F., Pritchett-Corning, K. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Manual+Restraint+and+Common+Compound+Administration+Routes+in+Mice+and+Rats.">Manual Restraint and Common Compound Administration Routes in Mice and Rats.</a> J. Vis. Exp. (67), e2771 (2012).</li><li>Geiger, B. M., Frank, L. E., Caldera-Siu, A. D., Pothos, E. N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Survivable+Stereotaxic+Surgery+in+Rodents.">Survivable Stereotaxic Surgery in Rodents.</a> J. Vis. Exp. (20), e880 (2008).</li><li>Szymusiak, R., Alam, N., Steininger, T. L., McGinty, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sleep-waking+discharge+patterns+of+ventrolateral+preoptic/anterior+hypothalamic+neurons+in+rats.">Sleep-waking discharge patterns of ventrolateral preoptic/anterior hypothalamic neurons in rats.</a> Brain Res. (1-2), 178-188 (1998).</li><li>Nelson, L. E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+sedative+component+of+anesthesia+is+mediated+by+GABAA+receptors+in+an+endogenous+sleep+pathway.">The sedative component of anesthesia is mediated by GABAA receptors in an endogenous sleep pathway.</a> Nat. Neurosci. 5 (10), 979-984 (2002).</li><li>Li, K. Y., Guan, Y., Krnjevi&#263;, K., Ye, J. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Propofol+Facilitates+Glutamatergic+Transmission+to+Neurons+of+the+Ventrolateral+Preoptic+Nucleus.">Propofol Facilitates Glutamatergic Transmission to Neurons of the Ventrolateral Preoptic Nucleus.</a> Anesthesiology. 111 (6), 1271-1278 (2009).</li><li>Friedman, E. B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+Conserved+Behavioral+State+Barrier+Impedes+Transitions+between+Anesthetic-Induced+Unconsciousness+and+Wakefulness:+Evidence+for+Neural+Inertia.">A Conserved Behavioral State Barrier Impedes Transitions between Anesthetic-Induced Unconsciousness and Wakefulness: Evidence for Neural Inertia.</a> PLoS ONE. 5 (7), e11903 (2010).</li><li>Lu, J., Greco, M. A., Shiromani, P., Saper, C. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effect+of+lesions+of+the+ventrolateral+preoptic+nucleus+on+NREM+and+REM+sleep.">Effect of lesions of the ventrolateral preoptic nucleus on NREM and REM sleep.</a> J. Neurosci. 20 (10), 3830-3842 (2000).</li><li>Sun, X., Whitefield, S., Rusak, B., Semba, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Electrophysiological+analysis+of+suprachiasmatic+nucleus+projections+to+the+ventrolateral+preoptic+area+in+the+rat.">Electrophysiological analysis of suprachiasmatic nucleus projections to the ventrolateral preoptic area in the rat.</a> Eur. J. Neurosci. 14 (8), 1257-1274 (2001).</li><li>Ma, J., Shen, B., Stewart, L. S., Herrick, I. A., Leung, L. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+septohippocampal+system+participates+in+general+anesthesia.">The septohippocampal system participates in general anesthesia.</a> J. Neurosci. 22 (2), RC200 (2002).</li><li>Leung, L. S., Ma, J., Shen, B., Nachim, I., Luo, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Medial+septal+lesion+enhances+general+anesthesia+response.">Medial septal lesion enhances general anesthesia response.</a> Exp. Neurol. , (2013).</li><li>Solt, K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Methylphenidate+Actively+Induces+Emergence+from+General+Anesthesia.">Methylphenidate Actively Induces Emergence from General Anesthesia.</a> Anesthesiology. 115 (4), 791-803 (2011).</li></ol>

作者什么都没有透露。

虽然在一个单一的鼠标评估LORR的是一个看似简单的任务，但它仍然是必不可少的，以保持学科之间是相同的生理条件，以便收集从一组动物的可靠数据。这里提出的严格调控，高容量翻正反射消失设备提供了一种标准化的实验和最大限度地提高效率。按照体温调节和平等的流量分配的基本原则，这个系统可以很容易地重新创建和定制，以适应个人的实验者的需求。室尺寸可以按比例用于其它物种...

全身麻醉是由他们造成的各种各样的品种，但在解释如何毒品这样一个多样化的类都可以引出一个单一的端点仍然遥遥无期催眠的可逆状态的能力来定义。一些理论已经假定多年来，从麻醉效能和脂溶性的迈耶-奥弗顿的相关性，这表明一般膜破坏为基础进行催眠1,2。最近的证据表明，影响神经信号蛋白指标来麻醉作用作出贡献。小鼠已被证明是探索这些理论，因为小鼠和人的麻醉剂响应之间的同源性的一个不可缺少的模型。虽然鼠标不能询问其在全身麻醉下的主观意识，某些原始反射服务啮齿动物催眠作为有用的替代措施。在出生后的头几天，老鼠制定一个反身扶正RESPONSE，防止他们从被动地被放置在仰卧位3。麻醉的剂量在哪个鼠标失去其翻正反射以及相关人类催眠剂量4。 翻正反射（翻正反射消失）的损失评估，已经成为一种广泛使用的实验室标准在小鼠试验麻醉药的敏感性，以及其他多种物种，包括大鼠，豚鼠，兔，雪貂，羊，狗5-8。一个给定的麻醉剂在其翻正反射消失将发生一个物种的成员的剂量是非常一致的，但它可以显著由环境因素进行移位。例如，睡眠剥夺大鼠是易失性和静脉麻醉药9和大鼠高的有氧代谢能力更敏感是异氟醚10不太敏感。低温也已经显示减少的物种11-14的一个大范围所需的催眠许多麻醉药的剂量。为了可靠地识别麻醉剂的剂量在该LORR发生在一组实验动物，这是至关重要的评估环境被严格控制，以最大限度地减少应力，保持euthermia，并提供药物等量的所有受试者。这并不奇怪，遗传因素也被称为改变麻醉剂灵敏度15-18。因此，应认真考虑并给予控制的遗传背景19。 我们已经制定，以确保相同的麻醉气体输送到每个24小鼠的同时保持恒定37℃环境下的设备。我们的曝光室的透明圆柱形设计允许快速翻正反射消失评估和易于集成的遥测生理测量。此系统已被证明是准确测量的异氟醚，氟烷，七氟醚诱导EC 50和时间出现在野生型小鼠20。我们也使用这个系统观察小鼠的变化麻醉敏感性与基因突变和有针对性的下丘脑病变21-23。这里我们描述了两种方法，其中麻醉剂的敏感性可能以后使用我们的控制环境装置的药物干预进行评估。挥发性麻醉诱导和苏醒灵敏度稳态表型，需要8-10个小时，并因此最好专门针对研究中，实验条件不改变，如慢性或长效药物干预。然而，对于短效的治疗，其效果显著随时间消散，我们也提出了一个简单的程序，以评估下列立体定位，有针对性的显微注射或静脉注射药物治疗的显著影响麻醉中出现翻正反射的变化。这些测试代表一个小的子集的此受控环境系统中的潜在应用，这可以适用于任何数量的主旨的各种品种的学分收取任何类型的吸入治疗的。

<table><tbody><tr><td>Name of the Reagent</td><td>Company</td><td>Catalogue Number</td><td>Comments</td></tr><tr><td>Oxygen</td><td>Airgas</td><td>OX300</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Isoflurane</td><td>Butler Schein</td><td></td><td>Any volatile anesthetic of interest may be substituted</td></tr><tr><td>Name of Material</td><td>Company</td><td>Catalogue Number</td><td>Comments</td></tr><tr><td>Mass flow meter- 10 SLPM</td><td>Omega Engineering</td><td>FMA-A2309</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Mass flow meter- 500 SCCM</td><td>Omega Engineering</td><td>FMA-A2305</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Anesthetic agent analyzer/gas indicator</td><td>AM Bickford</td><td>FI-21 Riken</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Heating water pump</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>13-874-175</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Temperature transponders</td><td>BMDS</td><td>IPTT-300</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>RF temperature reader</td><td>BMDS</td><td>DAS-6007</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

assessing changes in volatile general anesthetic sensitivity of mice after local or systemic pharmacological intervention

全身麻醉的一个理想的端点是无意识的状态，也称为催眠。限定在动物催眠状态是较复杂的比它是在人类患者。在啮齿类动物中广泛使用的代孕行为对催眠是翻正反射（翻正反射消失），或在哪个动物不再响应自己与生俱来的本能，以避免背部斜卧的脆弱点的损失。我们已经开发了一个系统，在24只小鼠同时评估翻正反射消失，同时小心地控制潜在的困惑，包括温度波动和变化的气流。这些商会允许麻药敏感性可靠的评估，通过延迟测量以下一个固定的麻醉曝光返回翻正反射（RORR）的。可替代地，在麻醉浓度采用逐步增加（或减少）时，腔室还能够确定一个群体的灵敏度感应（或出现），作为由测量EC 50和希尔斜率。最后，这里所描述的控制的环境腔室可适于用于各种其他用途，包括吸入输送的其他药物，毒物学研究及生命体征的同时实时监控。

图1显示了逐步LORR测定用于确定药物干预的长期效果的工具。鹅膏蕈氨酸（IBA）是谷氨酸的N-甲基-D-天冬氨酸（NMDA）受体是经常被用来作为兴奋性毒素引起永久性神经病变的激动剂。在这里，我们注入的10 NL 1％IBA的双边入C57BL/6J小鼠的腹外侧视前区（VLPO）前一周的测试。在这个核心的大多数神经元具有发射率低清醒时和在非快速眼动睡眠，快速眼动睡眠，并与接触催眠剂量的全身麻?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Assessing Changes in Volatile General Anesthetic Sensitivity of Mice after Local or Systemic Pharmacological Intervention at JoVE.com

Assessing Changes in Volatile General Anesthetic Sensitivity of Mice after Local or Systemic Pharmacological Intervention

翻正反射消失长期以来一直作为一个标准的代孕行为的无意识，也叫催眠，在实验室动物。改变中的挥发性麻醉剂的敏感性引起的药理学干预可以仔细控制的高通量的评估系统，该系统可适合用于递送任何吸入治疗进行检测。

局部或全身药物干预后评估的变化小鼠中挥发性全身麻醉药敏感性

One desirable endpoint of general anesthesia is  the state of unconsciousness, also known as hypnosis. Defining the hypnotic state in animals is  less ...

assessing-changes-volatile-general-anesthetic-sensitivity-mice-after

Universidad de Cartagena UDEC

Research

Education

JoVE Journal

JoVE Core

Pharmacology

Medicine

Unit 1

Local Anesthetics

Drugs for Pain Management: Opioid Analgesics and General Anesthetics

SCIENTISTS IN ACTION

13.5K 次观看.  Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania. 翻正反射消失长期以来一直作为一个标准的代孕行为的无意识，也叫催眠，在实验室动物。改变中的挥发性麻醉剂的敏感性引起的药理学干预可以仔细控制的高通量的评估系统，该系统可适合用于递送任何吸入治疗进行检测。 

视频: Assessing Changes in Volatile General Anesthetic Sensitivity of Mice after Local or Systemic Pharmacological Intervention

Implantation of Radiotelemetry Transmitters Yielding Data on ECG, Heart Rate, Core Body Temperature and Activity in Free-moving Laboratory Mice

The laboratory mouse is the animal species of choice for most biomedical research, in both the academic sphere and the pharmaceutical industry. Mice are a manageable size and relatively easy to house. These factors, together with the availability of a wealth of spontaneous and experimentally induced mutants, make laboratory mice ideally suited to a wide variety of research areas.
In cardiovascular, pharmacological and toxicological research, accurate measurement of parameters relating to the circulatory system of laboratory animals is often required. Determination of heart rate, heart rate variability, and duration of PQ and QT intervals are based on electrocardiogram (ECG) recordings. However, obtaining reliable ECG curves as well as physiological data such as core body temperature in mice can be difficult using conventional measurement techniques, which require connecting sensors and lead wires to a restrained, tethered, or even anaesthetized animal. Data obtained in this fashion must be interpreted with caution, as it is well known that restraining and anesthesia can have a major artifactual influence on physiological parameters1, 2.
Radiotelemetry enables data to be collected from conscious and untethered animals. Measurements can be conducted even in freely moving animals, and without requiring the investigator to be in the proximity of the animal. Thus, known sources of artifacts are avoided, and accurate and reliable measurements are assured. This methodology also reduces interanimal variability, thus reducing the number of animals used, rendering this technology the most humane method of monitoring physiological parameters in laboratory animals3, 4. Constant advancements in data acquisition technology and implant miniaturization mean that it is now possible to record physiological parameters and locomotor activity continuously and in realtime over longer periods such as hours, days or even weeks3, 5.
Here, we describe a surgical technique for implantation of a commercially available telemetry transmitter used for continuous measurements of core body temperature, locomotor activity and biopotential (i.e. onelead ECG), from which heart rate, heart rate variability, and PQ and QT intervals can be established in freeroaming, untethered mice. We also present pre-operative procedures and protocols for post-operative intensive care and pain treatment that improve recovery, well-being and survival rates in implanted mice5, 6.

A surgical technique for implantation of commercially available telemetry transmitters used for continuous measurement of biopotential (one-lead ECG), heart rate, core body temperature and locomotor activity in freely moving mice is shown. Recommendations and protocols for post-operative care and pain relief, improving recovery, well being and survival rate are also presented.

植入的无线电遥测发射器产生心电图，心率，身体核心温度和自由移动的实验室小鼠的活动上的数据

The laboratory mouse is the animal species of choice for most biomedical research, in both the academic sphere and the pharmaceutical industry. Mice are a ...

科研

医学

Assessment of Cocaine-induced Behavioral Sensitization and Conditioned Place Preference in Mice

It is thought that rewarding experiences with drugs create strong contextual associations and encourage repeated intake. In turn, repeated exposures to drugs of abuse make lasting alterations in the brain function of vulnerable individuals, and these persistent alterations likely serve to maintain the maladaptive drug seeking and taking behaviors characteristic of addiction/dependence2. In rodents, reward experience and contextual associations are frequently measured using the conditioned place preference assay, or CPP, wherein preference for a previously drug-paired context is measured. Behavioral sensitization, on the other hand, is an increase in a drug-induced behavior that develops progressively over repeated exposures. Since sensitized behaviors can often be measured after several months of drug abstinence, depending on the dose and length of initial exposure, they are considered observable correlates of lasting drug-induced plasticity. Researchers have found these assays useful in determining the neurobiological substrates mediating aspects of addiction as well as assessing the potential of different interventions in disrupting these behaviors. This manuscript describes basic, effective protocols for mouse CPP and locomotor behavioral sensitization to cocaine.

This protocol is intended to enable researchers to conduct experiments designed to test these aspects of addiction using the conditioned place preference and locomotor behavioral sensitization assays.

可卡因诱导行为敏和小鼠位置偏爱评估

It is thought that rewarding experiences with drugs create strong contextual associations and encourage repeated intake. In turn, repeated exposures to ...

行为学

Systematic Assessment of Well-Being in Mice for Procedures Using General Anesthesia

In keeping with the 3R Principle (Replacement, Reduction, Refinement) developed by Russel and Burch, scientific research should use alternatives to animal experimentation whenever possible. When there is no alternative to animal experimentation, the total number of laboratory animals used should be the minimum needed to obtain valuable data. Moreover, appropriate refinement measures should be applied to minimize pain, suffering, and distress accompanying the experimental procedure. The categories used to classify the degree of pain, suffering, and distress are non-recovery, mild, moderate, or severe (EU Directive 2010/63). To determine which categories apply in individual cases, it is crucial to use scientifically sound tools.
The well-being-assessment protocol presented here is designed for procedures during which general anesthesia is used. The protocol focuses on home cage activity, the Mouse Grimace Scale, and luxury behaviors such as burrowing and nest building behavior as indicators of well-being. It also uses the free exploratory paradigm for trait anxiety-related behavior. Fecal corticosterone metabolites as indicators of acute stress are measured over the 24-h post-anesthetic period.
The protocol provides scientifically solid information on the well-being of mice following general anesthesia. Due to its simplicity, the protocol can easily be adapted and integrated in a planned study. Although it does not provide a scale to classify distress in categories according to the EU Directive 2010/63, it can help researchers estimate the degree of severity of a procedure using scientifically sound data. It provides a way to improve the assessment of well-being in a scientific, animal-centered manner.

We developed a protocol to assess well-being in mice during procedures using general anesthesia. A series of behavioral parameters indicating levels of well-being as well as glucocorticoid metabolites were analyzed. The protocol can serve as a general aid to estimate the degree of severity in a scientific, animal-centered manner.

全身麻醉下小鼠幸福度的系统评价

In keeping with the 3R Principle (Replacement, Reduction, Refinement) developed by Russel and Burch, scientific research should use alternatives to animal ...

The Serial Anesthesia Array for the High-Throughput Investigation of Volatile Agents Using Drosophila melanogaster

Volatile general anesthetics (VGAs) are used worldwide on millions of people of all ages and medical conditions. High concentrations of VGAs (hundreds of micromolar to low millimolar) are necessary to achieve a profound and unphysiological suppression of brain function presenting as "anesthesia" to the observer. The full spectrum of the collateral effects triggered by such high concentrations of lipophilic agents is not known, but interactions with the immune-inflammatory system have been noted, although their biological significance is not understood.
To investigate the biological effects of VGAs in animals, we developed a system termed the serial anesthesia array (SAA) to exploit the experimental advantages offered by the fruit fly (Drosophila melanogaster). The SAA consists of eight chambers arranged in series and connected to a common inflow. Some parts are available in the lab, and others can be easily fabricated or purchased. A vaporizer, which is necessary for the calibrated administration of VGAs, is the only commercially manufactured component. VGAs constitute only a small percentage of the atmosphere flowing through the SAA during operation, as the bulk (typically over 95%) is carrier gas; the default carrier is air. However, oxygen and any other gases can be investigated. 
The SAA's principal advantage over prior systems is that it allows the simultaneous exposure of multiple cohorts of flies to exactly titrable doses of VGAs. Identical concentrations of VGAs are achieved within minutes in all the chambers, thus providing indistinguishable experimental conditions. Each chamber can contain from a single fly to hundreds of flies. For example, the SAA can simultaneously examine eight different genotypes or four genotypes with different biological variables (e.g., male vs. female, old vs. young). We have used the SAA to investigate the pharmacodynamics of VGAs and their pharmacogenetic interactions in two experimental fly models associated with neuroinflammation-mitochondrial mutants and traumatic brain injury (TBI).

The Serial Anesthesia Array for the High-Throughput Investigation of Volatile Agents Using Drosophila melanogaster

The fruit fly (Drosophila melanogaster) is widely used for biological and toxicological research. To expand the utility of flies, we developed an instrument, the serial anesthesia array, that simultaneously exposes multiple fly samples to volatile general anesthetics (VGAs), making it possible to investigate the collateral effects (toxic and protective) of VGAs.

使用黑腹果蝇高通量研究挥发性药物的连续麻醉阵列

Volatile general anesthetics (VGAs) are used worldwide on millions of people of all ages and medical conditions. High concentrations of VGAs (hundreds of ...

遗传学

A Simple and Inexpensive Method for Determining Cold Sensitivity and Adaptation in Mice

Cold hypersensitivity is a serious clinical problem, affecting a broad subset of patients and causing significant decreases in quality of life. The cold plantar assay allows the objective and inexpensive assessment of cold sensitivity in mice, and can quantify both analgesia and hypersensitivity. Mice are acclimated on a glass plate, and a compressed dry ice pellet is held against the glass surface underneath the hindpaw. The latency to withdrawal from the cooling glass is used as a measure of cold sensitivity.
Cold sensation is also important for survival in regions with seasonal temperature shifts, and in order to maintain sensitivity animals must be able to adjust their thermal response thresholds to match the ambient temperature. The Cold Plantar Assay (CPA) also allows the study of adaptation to changes in ambient temperature by testing the cold sensitivity of mice at temperatures ranging from 30 &#176;C to 5 &#176;C. Mice are acclimated as described above, but the glass plate is cooled to the desired starting temperature using aluminum boxes (or aluminum foil packets) filled with hot water, wet ice, or dry ice. The temperature of the plate is measured at the center using a filament T-type thermocouple probe. Once the plate has reached the desired starting temperature, the animals are tested as described above.
This assay allows testing of mice at temperatures ranging from innocuous to noxious. The CPA yields unambiguous and consistent behavioral responses in uninjured mice and can be used to quantify both hypersensitivity and analgesia. This protocol describes how to use the CPA to measure cold hypersensitivity, analgesia, and adaptation in mice.

The Cold Plantar Assay (CPA) measures cold responsiveness between 30 &#176;C and 5 &#176;C, and can also measure cold adaptation. This protocol describes how to use the CPA to measure cold hypersensitivity, analgesia, and adaptation in mice.

测定冷灵敏度和适应小鼠一种简单廉价的方法

Cold hypersensitivity is a serious clinical problem, affecting a broad subset of patients and causing significant decreases in quality of life.  The cold ...

神经科学

Increased Recovery Time and Decreased LPS Administration to Study the Vagus Nerve Stimulation Mechanisms in Limited Inflammatory Responses

Inflammation is a local response to infection and tissue damage mediated by activated macrophages, monocytes, and other immune cells that release cytokines and other mediators of inflammation. For a long time, humoral and cellular mechanisms have been studied for their role in regulating the immune response, but recent advances in the field of immunology and neuroscience have also unraveled specific neural mechanisms with interesting therapeutic potential. The so-called cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway (CAP) has been described to control innate immune responses and inflammation in a very potent manner. In the early 2000s, Tracey and collaborators developed a technique that stimulates the vagus nerve and mimics the effect of the pathway. The methodology is based on the electrical stimulation of the vagus nerve at low voltage and frequency, in order to avoid any side effects of overstimulation, such as deregulation of heart rate variability. Electrical devices for stimulation are now available, making it easy to set up the methodology in the laboratory. The goal of this research was to investigate the potential involvement of prostaglandins in the CAP. Unfortunately, based on earlier attempts, we failed to use the original protocol, as the induced inflammatory response either was too high or was not suitable for enzymatic metabolism properties. The different settings of the original surgery protocol remained mostly unchanged, but the conditions regarding inflammatory induction and the time point before sacrifice were improved to fit our purposes (i.e., to investigate the involvement of the CAP in more limited inflammatory responses). 
The modified version of the original protocol, presented here, includes a longer time range between vagus nerve stimulation and analysis, which is associated with a lower induction of inflammatory responses. Additionally, while decreasing the level of lipopolysaccharides (LPS) to inject, we also came across new observations regarding mechanistic properties in the spleen.

Vagus nerve stimulation has proven to have a strong efficacy for decreasing peripheral inflammation. Here, we present a modified vagus nerve stimulation protocol that allows for further examinations of the cholinergic anti-inflammatory mechanisms in limited inflammatory responses.

增加了恢复时间，并减少LPS管理研究迷走神经刺激机制的有限炎症反应

Inflammation is a local response to infection and tissue damage mediated by activated macrophages, monocytes, and other immune cells that release ...

免疫与感染

Use of a Low-flow Digital Anesthesia System for Mice and Rats

A traditional vaporizer depends on flowing gas and atmospheric pressure for passive anesthetic vaporization. Newly developed direct injection vaporizers utilize a syringe pump to directly administer volatile anesthetics into a gas stream. Unlike a traditional vaporizer, it can be used at very low flow rates, making it ideal for use on mice and rats. 
The equipment's capability to use low flow rates could result in a substantial cost savings due to the reduced need for anesthetic agents, compressed gas, and charcoal scavenging filters1. A lower flow rate means less waste of anesthetic gas and likely reduces the risk of anesthetic exposure to laboratory personnel. Thus, the high levels of precision and safety associated with direct injection vaporizers, along with a reduced need for anesthetic agents, compressed gas, and charcoal filters are beneficial for research requiring small animal anesthesia. 
The goal of this protocol is to demonstrate the use of a syringe-driven direct injection vaporizer as part of a digital, low-flow anesthesia system. The direct injection vaporizer is capable of accurately delivering anesthesia at very low flow rates compared to a traditional vaporizer, making it a promising alternative for controlled gas anesthetic delivery to rodents.

Here, we present a protocol to more safely and efficiently administer anesthetic gas to mice using a digital, low flow anesthesia system utilizing a syringe-driven direct injection vaporizer.

低流量数字麻醉系统的小鼠和大鼠的用途

A traditional vaporizer depends on flowing gas and atmospheric pressure for passive anesthetic vaporization. Newly developed direct injection vaporizers ...

Optogenetic Activation of Afferent Pathways in Brain Slices and Modulation of Responses by Volatile Anesthetics

Anesthetics influence consciousness in part via their actions on thalamocortical circuits. However, the extent to which volatile anesthetics affect distinct cellular and network components of these circuits remains unclear. Ex vivo brain slices provide a means by which investigators may probe discrete components of complex networks and disentangle potential mechanisms underlying the effects of volatile anesthetics on evoked responses. To isolate potential cell type- and pathway-specific drug effects in brain slices, investigators must be able to independently activate afferent fiber pathways, identify non-overlapping populations of cells, and apply volatile anesthetics to the tissue in aqueous solution. In this protocol, methods to measure optogenetically-evoked responses to two independent afferent pathways to neocortex in ex vivo brain slices are described. Extracellular responses are recorded to assay network activity and targeted whole-cell patch clamp recordings are conducted in somatostatin- and parvalbumin-positive interneurons. Delivery of physiologically relevant concentrations of isoflurane via artificial cerebral spinal fluid to modulate cellular and network responses is described.

Ex vivo brain slices can be used to study the effects of volatile anesthetics on evoked responses to afferent inputs. Optogenetics are employed to independently activate thalamocortical and corticocortical afferents to non-primary neocortex, and synaptic and network responses are modulated with isoflurane.

脑切片中传入通路的光遗传学激活和挥发性麻醉剂对反应的调节

Anesthetics influence consciousness in part via their actions on thalamocortical circuits. However, the extent to which volatile anesthetics affect ...

Hyperpolarized 129Xe Lung MRI and Spectroscopy in Mechanically Ventilated Mice

Hyperpolarized (HP) xenon-129 (129Xe) is an inhaled magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast agent with unique spectral and physical properties that can be exploited to quantify pulmonary physiology, including ventilation, restricted diffusion (alveolar-airspace size), and gas exchange. In humans, it has been used to evaluate disease severity and progression in a variety of pulmonary disorders and is approved for clinical use in the United States and United Kingdom. Beyond its clinical applications, the ability of 129Xe MRI to noninvasively assess pulmonary pathophysiology and provide spatially resolved information is valuable for preclinical research. Among animal models, mice are the most widely used due to the accessibility of genetically modified disease models. Here, 129Xe MRI is promising as a minimally invasive, radiation-free, and sensitive technique to longitudinally monitor lung disease progression and therapy response (e.g., in drug discovery). This technique can extend to preclinical applications by incorporating an MRI-triggered, free-breathing apparatus or mechanical ventilator to deliver gas. Here, we describe the steps and provide checklists to ensure robust data collection and analysis, including creating a thermally polarized xenon gas phantom for quality control, optimizing polarization, animal handling (sedation, intubation, ventilation, and care for mice), and protocols for ventilation, restricted diffusion, and gas exchange data. While preclinical 129Xe MRI can be applied in various animal models (e.g., rats, pigs, sheep), this protocol focuses on mice due to the challenges posed by their small anatomy, which are balanced by their affordability and the availability of many disease models.

Hyperpolarized xenon MRI can quantify regional lung microstructure (air-space dimensions) and physiology (ventilation and gas exchange) in translational research and clinical care. Although challenging, it can provide comparable pulmonary insights in preclinical studies. This protocol describes the infrastructure and procedures needed to perform routine xenon lung MRI in mice.

Hyperpolarized (HP) xenon-129 (129Xe) is an inhaled magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast agent with unique spectral and physical properties that can ...

生物工程

Topographical EEG Recordings of Visual Evoked Potentials in Mice using Multichannel Thin-film Electrodes

Visual evoked potentials (VEP) allow the characterization of visual function in preclinical mouse models. Various methods exist to measure VEPs in mice, from non-invasive EEG, subcutaneous single-electrodes, and ECoG to fully invasive intracortical multichannel visual cortex recordings. It can be useful to acquire a global, topographical EEG-level characterization of visual responses previous to local intracortical microelectrode measurements in acute experimental settings. For example, one use case is&#160;to assess global cross-modal changes in VEP topography in deafness models before studying its effects on a local intracortical level. Multichannel epicranial EEG is a robust method to acquire such an overview measure of cortical visual activity.&#160;Multichannel epicranial EEG provides comparable results through a standardized, consistent approach to, for example, identify cross-modal, pathological, or age-related changes in cortical visual function. The current study presents a method to obtain the topographical distribution of flash-evoked VEPs with a 32-channel thin-film EEG electrode array in anesthetized mice. Combined with analysis in the time and frequency domain, this approach allows fast characterization and screening of the topography and basic visual properties of mouse cortical visual function, which can be combined with various acute experimental settings.

The present protocol describes a simple procedure to acquire and analyze the topography of epicranial visual evoked potentials with 32-multichannel thin-film electrodes in the mouse.

Visual evoked potentials (VEP) allow the characterization of visual function in preclinical mouse models. Various methods exist to measure VEPs in mice, ...