这项研究工作是支持作为中心原子级催化剂设计，由美国能源部，科学，基础能源科学根据奖号码DE-SC0001058办公室办公室资助的能源前沿研究中心的一部分，也支持董事会根据补助奖励数量LEQSF（2009-14）EFRC-match和LEDSF - 每股收益（2012）-OPT-IN-15摄政。 MRCAT业务由能源部和MRCAT成员机构的支持。采用先进光子源在ANL是由美国能源部，科学，基础能源科学办公室的办公室，合同号DE-AC02-06CH11357支持。对于JTM财政支持作为研究所的凌动高效化学转换（IACT），由​​美国能源署资助的能源前沿研究中心，科技处，基础能源科学办公室的一部分。

Millifluidics设置:从Microplumbers Microsciences有限责任公司，其中有蛇形通道2毫米（宽）x0.15毫米（高）的尺寸购买一个millifluidic芯片（由聚对苯二甲酸酯聚合物）×220 mm（长）。使用FEP管0.25毫米内径的尺寸，在外径1/16，为芯片连接到泵。使用两种不同的泵，用于在两个不同的实验。使用P-泵的第一个实验（铜纳米颗粒）和millifluidic装置的第二个实验（金纳米粒子）。向通道内的最小化气泡的问题，新鲜制备的NaBH 4溶液悬空抽入芯片之前静置〜10-15分钟，以使气泡从溶液中逸出。此步骤之后，接着进行所有的实验。 1。超小型铜纳米团簇（UCNCs）合成<ol><li> 所需的化学品:获取铜（II）尼特拉特水合物，硼氢化钠，氢氧化钠颗粒和O-[2 - （3 - mercaptopropionylamino）乙基]-O&#39;-甲基聚乙二醇（MW = 5000）[MPEG]，使用的所有化学品未经进一步纯化。使用超纯水（18.2MΩ-cm）的实验。 </li><li>在氮气压力下使用P-泵调节实验。测试与水的泵作为溶剂在实验之前，不同的压力关联与对应的流率（毫升/小时）。在实验开始前冲洗millifluidic反应器及管线中使用去离子水。 </li><li>溶解铜174毫克（0.95毫摩尔）（II）硝酸盐和O-[2 - （3 - mercaptopropionylamino）乙基] 610毫克（0.122毫摩尔）-O&#39;-甲基聚乙二醇在28毫升超纯水，并让他们在一个小瓶用一个输入通道连接</li><li>保持的111毫克的硼氢化钠另一溶液（2.93毫摩尔）和102毫克（2.78毫摩尔）氢氧化28毫升酸钠（pH〜13）在不同的小瓶中，并与它连接其他的输入通道。 </li><li>在不同的流动速率（以下给出）的millifluidic反应器内同时进行双向流动的溶液，并收集所得到的UCNCs在玻璃小瓶中的插座。吹扫该溶液用氮气，并将其存储在氮气氛下。 </li><li>操作下的50毫巴（6​​.81毫升/小时），100毫巴（14.31毫升/小时），200毫巴（32.7毫升/小时）和300毫巴（51.4毫升/小时），在室温下合成的不同恒定压力的泵UCNCs在不同流率。 </li></ol>而在合成过程中使用millifluidic的建立使用P-泵证实，它也可以使用从Millifluidica手持millifluidic设备进行。 2。时间分辨在纳米金原位形成的动力学研究<ol><li> 所需的化学品:获取氯金酸（ 氯金酸3H 2 O）的内消旋-2,3 -二巯基丁二酸（DMSA）和硼氢化钠＆＃160;和使用的所有化学品未经进一步纯化。使用超纯水（18.2MΩ-cm）的实验。 </li><li>采用高精度，全自动化，无脉动注射泵到芯片内流动的液体。测试与水的泵作为溶剂，在不同流率的实验之前，以优化所需的流率。 </li><li>制备（ⅰ） 氯金酸的标准溶液。3H 2 O（10毫摩尔，118.2 mg/30毫升）及（ii）DMSA（20毫摩尔，109.2 mg/30毫升）与在毫微纯50毫克氢氧化钠（pH为12）水。 </li><li>通过两个独立的注射器喂2溶液加入到在使用自动泵以恒定流速为10毫升/小时的millifluidic芯片。 </li><li>耦合millifluidic芯片使用金属阶段能够访问移动在XYZ方向和在芯片上的不同区域收集的XAS数据作为溶液通过芯片泵送同步加速器束线。 </li></ol>而&lt;em&gt;的原位分析过程，使用的millifluidic的建立使用P-泵证实，它也可以使用一个手持millifluidic设备进行。 3。连续流金催化使用手持设备millifluidic此过程被证明。 <ol><li> 所需的化学品:获取氯金酸（ 氯金酸3H 2 O），内消旋-2,3 -二巯基琥珀酸（DMSA），硼氢化钠，4 -硝基苯酚，4 -氨基苯酚，并使用所有的化学品，无需进一步纯化。使用超纯水（18.2MΩ-cm）的实验。 </li><li> 催化剂制备:制备氯金酸标准溶液3H 2 O（10毫摩尔，118.2 mg/30毫升），DMSA（20毫摩尔，109.2 mg/30毫升）和硼氢化钠（10毫摩尔，11.34 mg/30毫升）的毫微纯水。 </li><li>采取每10毫升氯金酸和二巯基丁二酸的解决方案分为两个独立的小瓶和流量日烯使用手持millifluidic器件具有均匀的流速为12毫升/小时45分钟内的芯片。 </li><li>流10毫摩尔的NaBH 4在芯片内以12毫升/小时的流速为15分钟，以减少在Au（I）与金（0）。 </li><li>最后，用超纯水进行催化实验前在相同的流速洗片30分钟。 </li><li> 催化反应:执行的4 -硝基苯酚的化学转化反应（还原），（4-NP）为4 -氨基苯酚（4-AP）的金催化剂（上面制备的）内涂millifluidic通道如下面给出的。 </li><li>拌将15ml的4-NP 9×10 -5摩尔溶液与3.3毫升0.65摩尔的NaBH 4溶液以形成4 -硝基苯酚离子（4 - NPI）。 </li><li>传递过来的金催化剂以恒定的流速为5毫升/小时来评价催化剂活性沉积于芯片所得到的溶液。的250-50的波长范围内进行分析所收集的产物的UV-Vis光谱0 nm到确认的4-NP的转换。 </li><li>估计通过获得的4 - NPI校准曲线的反应的催化活性。校正曲线可以通过绘制的4 - NPI实验观察到的吸收强度（I）的不同标准浓度获得。峰高（399纳米）的紫外-可见吸收曲线表示的吸收强度（I）的值，并根据啤酒朗伯定律，在峰高价值的任何变动将显示在它的浓度相应的变化。因此，预计通过寻找差异在从校准曲线的反应物的初始和最终浓度的催化活性。例如，如果峰值高度为1个单位（ 图6），它对应于催化剂的90％转化率（基于校准曲线）。 </li></ol>

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除了CSSR库马尔所有作者宣称，他们有没有竞争的财务权益。角SSR库马尔是公司Millifluidica LLC的创始人。

-O&#39;-甲基聚乙二醇（MW = 5000）[MPEG] - 的UCNCs由硝酸铜与硼氢化钠在聚合物封端剂O-[（3 - Mercaptopropionylamino）乙基2]的存在下进行还原反应而形成。在不同的流动速率，例如6.8毫升/小时，14.3毫升/小时，32.7毫升/小时，和51.4毫升/小时，研究了在形成于UCNCs流率的效果millifluidic芯片反应器内进行反应。各自的停留时间为上述流率是47.49，24.44，16.56和9.02秒。在所有这些流动速率所得到的胶体铜团簇是...

用于化学合成上实验室芯片（LOC）设备已经证明显著优点在增加传质和传热，优于反应控制，高吞吐量和更安全的操作环境1表示。这些装置可大致分为基于芯片流体和基于nonchip流体器件。其中基于芯片的流体，微流体被充分调查和主题以及覆盖在文献2-5。 Nonchip基于LOC系统使用管式反应器6。传统上，微流体系统用于精确控制和操纵那些几何约束到亚毫米尺度的流体。我们最近推出的基于芯片的millifluidics，它可以用于操作在毫米尺度的流体通道的概念（宽度或深度或两个信道是至少在一个尺寸毫米）7-9。此外，millifluidic芯片是相对容易制造WHI的乐提供类似控制流动速率和操纵试剂。这些芯片还可以在更高的流速操作，创建更小的停留时间，从而提供了可能性，规模化纳米粒子的控制合成与较窄的粒径分布。作为一个例子，我们最近展示了超小型的铜纳米团簇合成和表征他们利用原位 X射线吸收光谱和透射电子显微镜。能力之内与使用MPEG，这是非常有效的二齿PEG化稳定剂为铜纳米团簇7的稳定胶体的形成组合millifluidic渠道获得小的停留时间。 除了化学品和纳米材料的合成中，millifluidics可以提供，由于较高的体积和浓度在探针区域，合成平台，它是更普遍的和有效的时间分辨动力学研究和也achieVES更好的信噪比比微流体系统7,10。我们展示了使用millifluidic芯片作为金的纳米结构从溶液用原位 XAS与时间分辨率小至5毫秒11的生长的时间分辨分析的例子。 此外，大多数开发日期催化应用的微反应器的基于硅12,13。除了产生少量的昂贵的制造使得它们不适合大规模生产。用于涂覆的频道与纳米催化剂的两种通用方法-化学和物理的，通常被称为硅涂覆的程序，是目前流行14,15。除了昂贵的微加工中，通道的堵塞，使微反应器催化可能不适合于大规模生产。虽然微反应器已被用于非均相催化中微连续流通过程EARLI呃16-18，控制尺寸的能力，以及在连续的流动通道的嵌入金纳米结构催化剂的形态，以前从未探讨。我们最近开发出一种技术，用于涂覆millifluidic渠道与金催化剂，具有可控的纳米形貌和尺寸（ 图5）11，用于开展的重要的工业化学反应的催化作用。作为一个例子，我们展示了转换4 - 硝基苯酚为4 - 氨基苯酚经纳米黄金millifluidic通道内涂层的催化。考虑到单millifluidic反应器芯片可以产生流率50-60毫升/小时，7高通量和化学品的控制合成是可能的无论是通过连续流动操作或并行处理。 为了把握millifluidics提供的，具有被描述为上述几个例子的可能性，我们也展示出一种用户友好millifluidic装置是便携式的，并具有所需的所有部件，如millifluidic芯片，歧管，流量控制器，泵和电连接集成。这样的millifluidic装置，如图所示图7，现在可以从该公司Millifluidica有限责任公司（ <a href="http://www.millifluidica.com" target="_blank">www.millifluidica.com</a> ）。手稿还提供了使用所述手持式millifluidic设备协议，如下所述，纳米材料，反应机理和连续流动催化反应的时间分辨分析的控制合成。

<table border="1">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Copper (II) nitrate hydrate</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>13778-31-9</td>
			<td>99.999% pure</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>O-[2-(3-mercaptopropionylamino)ethyl]-O&#8242;-methylpolyethylene glycol</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>401916-61-8&#160;</td>
			<td>MW=5,000</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HAuCl4.3H2O (Chloroauric acid)</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>27988-77-8&#160;</td>
			<td>99.999% pure</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>meso-2,3-dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA)</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>304-55-2</td>
			<td>~98% pure</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>4-Nitrophenol</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>100-02-7&#160;</td>
			<td>spectrophotometric grade</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>4-Aminophenol</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>123-30-8&#160;</td>
			<td>&#62;99% pure (HPLC grade)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium borohydride</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>16940-66-2&#160;</td>
			<td>98% pure</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium hydroxide pellets</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>1310-73-2&#160;</td>
			<td>99.99% pure</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>[header]</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>EQUIPMENT</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Millifluidic Chips</td>
			<td>Microplumbers Microsciences LLC</td>
			<td>SDC-01</td>
			<td>Made from polyester terephthalate polymer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pressure Pump</td>
			<td>Mitos P-Pump, Dolomite</td>
			<td>3200016</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Automated Syringe Pump</td>
			<td>Cetoni Automation and Microsystems, GmbH</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Syringe pump neMESYS</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>UV-3600 UV-VIS-NIR Spectrophotometer</td>
			<td>Shimadzu</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hand-held Millifluidic Device</td>
			<td>Millifluidica</td>
			<td>SCMD-1008</td>
			<td>Figure 7</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

millifluidics for chemical synthesis and time-resolved mechanistic studies

利用化学合成和时间分辨的机理研究millifluidic设备程序通过取3实施例中所述。在第一，合成的超小型铜纳米团簇进行说明。第二个示例提供的实用程序，用于通过利用原位 X射线吸收光谱仪分析金纳米粒子的形成研究化学反应的时间分辨动力学。最后一个示例演示millifluidic通道内反应涂有纳米结构催化剂的连续流动催化。

良好的分散性和均匀尺寸的铜纳米团簇具有窄的粒度分布使用millifluidic芯片安装（图1a）中获得。用于合成的不同的流率并没有对簇的大小显著作用。然而，随着增加的流动速率，有一个在尺寸分布变窄可观察到改善。 UCNCs具有最好的窄粒径分布在流速为32.7毫升/小时获得的。形成于32.7毫升/小时的流速UCNCs的尺寸为1.2纳米（图1b）的平均直径。 时间分辨原位 XAS设置示于...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Millifluidics for Chemical Synthesis and Time-resolved Mechanistic Studies at JoVE.com

Millifluidics for Chemical Synthesis and Time-resolved Mechanistic Studies

Millifluidic设备被用于纳米材料的反应机制和连续流动催化时间分辨分析的可控合成。

Millifluidics的化学合成和时间分辨机理研究

Procedures utilizing millifluidic devices for chemical synthesis and time-resolved mechanistic studies are described by taking three examples. In the ...

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11.1K 次观看.  Louisiana State University.  Millifluidic设备被用于纳米材料的反应机制和连续流动催化时间分辨分析的可控合成。 

视频: Millifluidics for Chemical Synthesis and Time-resolved Mechanistic Studies

Combinatorial Synthesis of and High-throughput Protein Release from Polymer Film and Nanoparticle Libraries

Polyanhydrides are a class of biomaterials with excellent biocompatibility and drug delivery capabilities. While they have been studied extensively with conventional one-sample-at-a-time synthesis techniques, a more recent high-throughput approach has been developed enabling the synthesis and testing of large libraries of polyanhydrides1. This will facilitate more efficient optimization and design process of these biomaterials for drug and vaccine delivery applications. The method in this work describes the combinatorial synthesis of biodegradable polyanhydride film and nanoparticle libraries and the high-throughput detection of protein release from these libraries. In this robotically operated method (Figure 1), linear actuators and syringe pumps are controlled by LabVIEW, which enables a hands-free automated protocol, eliminating user error. Furthermore, this method enables the rapid fabrication of micro-scale polymer libraries, reducing the batch size while resulting in the creation of multivariant polymer systems. This combinatorial approach to polymer synthesis facilitates the synthesis of up to 15 different polymers in an equivalent amount of time it would take to synthesize one polymer conventionally. In addition, the combinatorial polymer library can be fabricated into blank or protein-loaded geometries including films or nanoparticles upon dissolution of the polymer library in a solvent and precipitation into a non-solvent (for nanoparticles) or by vacuum drying (for films). Upon loading a fluorochrome-conjugated protein into the polymer libraries, protein release kinetics can be assessed at high-throughput using a fluorescence-based detection method (Figures 2 and 3) as described previously1. This combinatorial platform has been validated with conventional methods2 and the polyanhydride film and nanoparticle libraries have been characterized with 1H NMR and FTIR. The libraries have been screened for protein release kinetics, stability and antigenicity; in vitro cellular toxicity, cytokine production, surface marker expression, adhesion, proliferation and differentiation; and in vivo biodistribution and mucoadhesion1-11. The combinatorial method developed herein enables high-throughput polymer synthesis and fabrication of protein-loaded nanoparticle and film libraries, which can, in turn, be screened in vitro and in vivo for optimization of biomaterial performance.

This method describes the combinatorial synthesis of biodegradable polyanhydride film and nanoparticle libraries and the high-throughput detection of protein release from these libraries.

组合合成和高通量的蛋白质释放的聚合物薄膜和纳米粒子库

Polyanhydrides are a class of biomaterials with excellent biocompatibility and drug delivery capabilities. While they have been studied extensively with ...

科研

生物工程

High-throughput Synthesis of Carbohydrates and Functionalization of Polyanhydride Nanoparticles

Transdisciplinary approaches involving areas such as material design, nanotechnology, chemistry, and immunology have to be utilized to rationally design efficacious vaccines carriers. Nanoparticle-based platforms can prolong the persistence of vaccine antigens, which could improve vaccine immunogenicity1. Several biodegradable polymers have been studied as vaccine delivery vehicles1; in particular, polyanhydride particles have demonstrated the ability to provide sustained release of stable protein antigens and to activate antigen presenting cells and modulate immune responses2-12.
The molecular design of these vaccine carriers needs to integrate the rational selection of polymer properties as well as the incorporation of appropriate targeting agents. High throughput automated fabrication of targeting ligands and functionalized particles is a powerful tool that will enhance the ability to study a wide range of properties and will lead to the design of reproducible vaccine delivery devices.
The addition of targeting ligands capable of being recognized by specific receptors on immune cells has been shown to modulate and tailor immune responses10,11,13 C-type lectin receptors (CLRs) are pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) that recognize carbohydrates present on the surface of pathogens. The stimulation of immune cells via CLRs allows for enhanced internalization of antigen and subsequent presentation for further T cell activation14,15. Therefore, carbohydrate molecules play an important role in the study of immune responses; however, the use of these biomolecules often suffers from the lack of availability of structurally well-defined and pure carbohydrates. An automation platform based on iterative solution-phase reactions can enable rapid and controlled synthesis of these synthetically challenging molecules using significantly lower building block quantities than traditional solid-phase methods16,17.
Herein we report a protocol for the automated solution-phase synthesis of oligosaccharides such as mannose-based targeting ligands with fluorous solid-phase extraction for intermediate purification. After development of automated methods to make the carbohydrate-based targeting agent, we describe methods for their attachment on the surface of polyanhydride nanoparticles employing an automated robotic set up operated by LabVIEW as previously described10. Surface functionalization with carbohydrates has shown efficacy in targeting CLRs10,11 and increasing the throughput of the fabrication method to unearth the complexities associated with a multi-parametric system will be of great value (Figure 1a).

In this article, a high throughput method is presented for the synthesis of oligosaccharides and their attachment to the surface of polyanhydride nanoparticles for further use in targeting specific receptors on antigen presenting cells.

碳水化合物和聚酸酐纳米粒子功能化的高通量合成

Transdisciplinary approaches involving areas such as material design, nanotechnology, chemistry, and immunology have to be utilized to rationally design ...

Microfabrication of Nanoporous Gold Patterns for Cell-material Interaction Studies

Nanostructured materials with feature sizes in tens of nanometers have enhanced the performance of several technologies, including fuel cells, biosensors, biomedical device coatings, and drug delivery tools. Nanoporous gold (np-Au), produced by a nano-scale self-assembly process, is a relatively new material that exhibits large effective surface area, high electrical conductivity, and catalytic activity. These properties have made np-Au an attractive material to scientific community. Most studies on np-Au employ macro-scale specimens and focus on fundamental science of the material and its catalytic and sensor applications. The macro-scale specimens limit np-Au's potential in miniaturized systems, including biomedical devices. In order to address these issues, we initially describe two different methods to micropattern np-Au thin films on rigid substrates. The first method employs manually-produced stencil masks for creating millimeter-scale np-Au patterns, while the second method uses lift-off photolithography to pattern sub-millimeter-scale patterns. As the np-Au thin films are obtained by sputter-deposition process, they are compatible with conventional microfabrication techniques, thereby amenable to facile integration into microsystems. These systems include electrically-addressable biosensor platforms that benefit from high effective surface area, electrical conductivity, and gold-thiol-based surface bioconjugation. We describe cell culture, immunostaining, and image processing techniques to quantify np-Au's interaction with mammalian cells, which is an important performance parameter for some biosensors. We expect that the techniques illustrated here will assist the integration of np-Au in platforms at various length-scales and in numerous applications, including biosensors, energy storage systems, and catalysts.

We report on techniques to micropattern nanoporous gold thin films via stencil printing and photolithography, as well as methods to culture cells on the microfabricated patterns. In addition, we describe image analysis methods to characterize morphology of the material and the cultured cells using scanning electron and fluorescence microscopy techniques.

细胞物质相互作用研究微细的纳米多孔金模式

Nanostructured materials with feature sizes in tens of nanometers have enhanced the performance of several technologies, including fuel cells, biosensors, ...

Synthesis of an Intein-mediated Artificial Protein Hydrogel

We present the synthesis of a highly stable protein hydrogel mediated by a split-intein-catalyzed protein trans-splicing reaction. The building blocks of this hydrogel are two protein block-copolymers each containing a subunit of a trimeric protein that serves as a crosslinker and one half of a split intein. A highly hydrophilic random coil is inserted into one of the block-copolymers for water retention. Mixing of the two protein block copolymers triggers an intein trans-splicing reaction, yielding a polypeptide unit with crosslinkers at either end that rapidly self-assembles into a hydrogel. This hydrogel is very stable under both acidic and basic conditions, at temperatures up to 50 &#176;C, and in organic solvents. The hydrogel rapidly reforms after shear-induced rupture. Incorporation of a &#34;docking station peptide&#34; into the hydrogel building block enables convenient incorporation of &#34;docking protein&#34;-tagged target proteins. The hydrogel is compatible with tissue culture growth media, supports the diffusion of 20 kDa molecules, and enables the immobilization of bioactive globular proteins. The application of the intein-mediated protein hydrogel as an organic-solvent-compatible biocatalyst was demonstrated by encapsulating the horseradish peroxidase enzyme and corroborating its activity.

We present the synthesis of a split-intein-mediated protein hydrogel. The building blocks of this hydrogel are two protein copolymers each containing a subunit of a trimeric protein that serves as a crosslinker and one half of a split intein. Mixing of the two protein copolymers triggers an intein trans-splicing reaction, yielding a polypeptide unit that self-assembles into a hydrogel. This hydrogel is highly pH- and temperature-stable, compatible with organic solvents, and easily incorporates functional globular proteins.

内含肽介导的人工蛋白水凝胶的合成

We present the synthesis of a highly stable protein hydrogel mediated by a split-intein-catalyzed protein trans-splicing reaction. The building blocks of ...

Synthesis of Keratin-based Nanofiber for Biomedical Engineering

Electrospinning, due to its versatility and potential for applications in various fields, is being frequently used to fabricate nanofibers. Production of these porous nanofibers is of great interest due to their unique physiochemical properties. Here we elaborate on the fabrication of keratin containing poly (&#949;-caprolactone) (PCL) nanofibers (i.e., PCL/keratin composite fiber). Water soluble keratin was first extracted from human hair and mixed with PCL in different ratios. The blended solution of PCL/keratin was transformed into nanofibrous membranes using a laboratory designed electrospinning set up. Fiber morphology and mechanical properties of the obtained nanofiber were observed and measured using scanning electron microscopy and tensile tester. Furthermore, degradability and chemical properties of the nanofiber were studied by FTIR. SEM images showed uniform surface morphology for PCL/keratin fibers of different compositions. These PCL/keratin fibers also showed excellent mechanical properties such as Young&#39;s modulus and failure point. Fibroblast cells were able to attach and proliferate thus proving good cell viability. Based on the characteristics discussed above, we can strongly argue that the blended nanofibers of natural and synthetic polymers can represent an excellent development of composite materials that can be used for different biomedical applications.

Electrospun nanofibers have a high surface area to weight ratio, excellent mechanical integrity, and support cell growth and proliferation. These nanofibers have a wide range of biomedical applications. Here we fabricate keratin/ PCL nanofibers, using the electrospinning technique, and characterize the fibers for possible applications in tissue engineering.

基于角蛋白纳米纤维生物医学工程合成

Electrospinning, due to its versatility and potential for applications in various fields, is being frequently used to fabricate nanofibers. Production of ...

Synthesis of Thermogelling Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide)-graft-chondroitin Sulfate Composites with Alginate Microparticles for Tissue Engineering

Injectable biomaterials are defined as implantable materials that can be introduced into the body as a liquid and solidify in situ. Such materials offer the clinical advantages of being implanted minimally invasively and easily forming space-filling solids in irregularly shaped defects. Injectable biomaterials have been widely investigated as scaffolds for tissue engineering. However, for the repair of certain load-bearing areas in the body, such as the intervertebral disc, scaffolds should possess adhesive properties. This will minimize the risk of dislocation during motion and ensure intimate contact with the surrounding tissue, providing adequate transmission of forces. Here, we describe the preparation and characterization of a scaffold composed of thermally sensitive poly(N-isopropylacrylamide)-graft-chondroitin sulfate (PNIPAAM-g-CS) and alginate microparticles. The PNIPAAm-g-CS copolymer forms a viscous solution in water at RT, into which alginate particles are suspended to enhance adhesion. Above the lower critical solution temperature (LCST), around 30 &#176;C, the copolymer forms a solid gel around the microparticles. We have adapted standard biomaterials characterization procedures to take into account the reversible phase transition of PNIPAAm-g-CS. Results indicate that the incorporation of 50 or 75 mg/ml&#160;alginate particles into 5% (w/v) PNIPAAm-g-CS solutions quadruple the adhesive tensile strength of PNIPAAm-gCS alone (p&#60;0.05). The incorporation of alginate microparticles also significantly increases swelling capacity of PNIPAAm-g-CS (p&#60;0.05), helping to maintain a space-filling gel within tissue defects. Finally, results of the in vitro toxicology assay kit, 2,3-bis-(2-methoxy-4-nitro-5-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium-5-carboxanilide (XTT) and Live/Dead viability assay indicate that the adhesive is capable of supporting the survival and proliferation of encapsulated Human Embryonic Kidney (HEK) 293 cells over 5 days.

Synthesis of Thermogelling PolyN-isopropylacrylamide-graft-chondroitin Sulfate Composites with Alginate Microparticles for Tissue Engineering

An injectable tissue engineering scaffold composed of poly(N-isopropylacrylamide)-graft-chondroitin sulfate (PNIPAAm-g-CS)-containing alginate microparticles was prepared. The adhesive strength, swelling properties and in vitro biocompatibility are analyzed in this study. The characterization techniques developed here may be applicable to other thermogelling systems.

组织工程热胶凝聚（N-异丙基丙烯酰胺） - 接枝 - 硫酸软骨素复合材料的海藻酸钠微粒的合成

Injectable biomaterials are defined as implantable materials that can be introduced into the body as a liquid and solidify in situ. Such materials offer ...

The Synthesis of RGD-functionalized Hydrogels as a Tool for Therapeutic Applications

The use of polymers as biomaterials has provided significant advantages in therapeutic applications. In particular, the possibility to modify and functionalize polymer chains with compounds that are able to improve biocompatibility, mechanical properties, or cell viability allows the design of novel materials to meet new challenges in the biomedical field. With the polymer functionalization strategies, click chemistry is a powerful tool to improve cell-compatibility and drug delivery properties of polymeric devices. Similarly, the fundamental need of biomedicine to use sterile tools to avoid potential adverse-side effects, such as toxicity or contamination of the biological environment, gives rise to increasing interest in the microwave-assisted strategy.
The combination of click chemistry and the microwave-assisted method is suitable to produce biocompatible hydrogels with desired functionalities and improved performances in biomedical applications. This work aims to synthesize RGD-functionalized hydrogels. RGD (arginylglycylaspartic acid) is a tripeptide that can mimic cell adhesion proteins and bind to cell-surface receptors, creating a hospitable microenvironment for cells within the 3D polymeric network of the hydrogels. RGD functionalization occurs through Huisgen 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition. Some PAA carboxyl groups are modified with an alkyne moiety, whereas RGD is functionalized with azido acid as the terminal residue of the peptide sequence. Finally, both products are used in a copper catalyzed click reaction to permanently link the peptide to PAA. This modified polymer is used with carbomer, agarose and polyethylene glycol (PEG) to synthesize a hydrogel matrix. The 3D structure is formed due to an esterification reaction involving carboxyl groups from PAA and carbomer and hydroxyl groups from agarose and PEG through microwave-assisted polycondensation. The efficiency of the gelation mechanism ensures a high degree of RGD functionalization. In addition, the procedure to load therapeutic compounds or biological tools within this functionalized network is very simple and reproducible.

We present a protocol for the synthesis of RGD-functionalized hydrogels as devices for cell and drug delivery. The procedure involves copper catalyzed alkyne-azide cycloaddition (CuAAC) between alkyne-modified polyacrylic acid (PAA) and a RGD-azide derivative. The hydrogels are formed using microwave-assisted polycondensation and their physicochemical properties are investigated.

RGD功能化水凝胶作为治疗应用的工具合成

The use of polymers as biomaterials has provided significant advantages in therapeutic applications. In particular, the possibility to modify and ...

Polydimethylsiloxane-polycarbonate Microfluidic Devices for Cell Migration Studies Under Perpendicular Chemical and Oxygen Gradients

This paper reports a microfluidic device made of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) with an embedded polycarbonate (PC) thin film to study cell migration under combinations of chemical and oxygen gradients. Both chemical and oxygen gradients can greatly affect cell migration in vivo; however, due to technical limitations, very little research has been performed to investigate their effects in vitro. The device developed in this research takes advantage of a series of serpentine-shaped channels to generate the desired chemical gradients and exploits a spatially confined chemical reaction method for oxygen gradient generation. The directions of the chemical and oxygen gradients are perpendicular to each other to enable straightforward migration result interpretation. In order to efficiently generate the oxygen gradients with minimal chemical consumption, the embedded PC thin film is utilized as a gas diffusion barrier. The developed microfluidic device can be actuated by syringe pumps and placed into a conventional cell incubator during cell migration experiments to allow for setup simplification and optimized cell culture conditions. In cell experiments, we used the device to study migrations of adenocarcinomic human alveolar basal epithelial cells, A549, under combinations of chemokine (stromal cell-derived factor, SDF-1&#945;) and oxygen gradients. The experimental results show that the device can stably generate perpendicular chemokine and oxygen gradients and is compatible with cells. The migration study results indicate that oxygen gradients may play an essential role in guiding cell migration, and cellular behavior under combinations of gradients cannot be predicted from those under single gradients. The device provides a powerful and practical tool for researchers to study interactions between chemical and oxygen gradients in cell culture, which can promote better cell migration studies in more in vivo-like microenvironments.

The control of chemical and oxygen gradients is essential for cell cultures. This paper reports a polydimethylsiloxane-polycarbonate (PDMS-PC) microfluidic device capable of reliably generating combinations of chemical and oxygen gradients for cell migration studies, which can be practically utilized in biological labs without sophisticated instrumentation.

细胞迁移研究在垂直化学和氧梯度聚二甲基硅氧烷的聚碳酸酯微流体装置

This paper reports a microfluidic device made of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) with an embedded polycarbonate (PC) thin film to study cell migration under ...

Synthesis of Hydrogels with Antifouling Properties As Membranes for Water Purification

Hydrogels have been widely utilized to enhance the surface hydrophilicity of membranes for water purification, increasing the antifouling properties and thus achieving stable water permeability through membranes over time. Here, we report a facile method to prepare hydrogels based on zwitterions for membrane applications. Freestanding films can be prepared from sulfobetaine methacrylate (SBMA) with a crosslinker of poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate (PEGDA) via photopolymerization. The hydrogels can also be prepared by impregnation into hydrophobic porous supports to enhance the mechanical strength. These films can be characterized by attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) to determine the degree of conversion of the (meth)acrylate groups, using goniometers for hydrophilicity and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) for polymer chain dynamics. We also report protocols to determine the water permeability in dead-end filtration systems and the effect of foulants (bovine serum albumin, BSA) on membrane performance.

This paper reports practical methods to prepare hydrogels in freestanding films and impregnated membranes and to characterize their physical properties, including water transport properties.

水凝胶的合成与防污性能作为膜的净水

Hydrogels have been widely utilized to enhance the surface hydrophilicity of membranes for water purification, increasing the antifouling properties and ...

Ammonia Synthesis at Low Pressure

Ammonia can be synthesized at low pressure by the use of an ammonia selective absorbent. The process can be driven with wind energy, available locally in areas requiring ammonia for synthetic fertilizer. Such wind energy is often called &#34;stranded,&#34; because it is only available far from population centers where it can be directly used.
In the proposed low pressure process, nitrogen is made from air using pressure swing absorption, and hydrogen is produced by electrolysis of water. While these gases can react at approximately 400 &#176;C in the presence of a promoted conventional catalyst, the conversion is often limited by the reverse reaction, which makes this reaction only feasible at high pressures. This limitation can be removed by absorption on an ammine-like calcium or magnesium chloride. Such alkaline metal halides can effectively remove ammonia, thus suppressing the equilibrium constraints of the reaction. In the proposed absorption-enhanced ammonia synthesis process, the rate of reaction may then be controlled not by the chemical kinetics nor the absorption rates, but by the rate of the recycle of unreacted gases. The results compare favorably with ammonia made from a conventional small scale Haber-Bosch process.

Ammonia can be synthesized at low pressure by using a conventional catalyst and an ammonia selective absorbent.

低压氨合成

Ammonia can be synthesized at low pressure by the use of an ammonia selective absorbent. The process can be driven with wind energy, available locally in ...