PS短斗篷，巴西获得资金支持。这部分工作是CIMIT的赠款支持。编者还感谢他的技术援助Uri Fligil的和奥利维亚Gozel诺伊尔Chiavetta为他们的帮助下，在编辑这篇稿子。

1。物料<ol><li>检查，如果所有的材料都是可用的（ 图1），然后再开始下面步骤。 </li><li>有3种尺寸的氯丁橡胶帽，根据受试者的头（小，中和大）的大小。瓶盖有27孔即脑电图位置上的10/20系统:前额叶，F7（F8，AF8，FP2，FPZ，FP1，AF7），额叶（F4，F3，FZ），中央（C3，C1，CZ， （P7，P3，PZ，P4，P8）C2，C4），顶叶，颞（T7，T8）枕部（PO7，O1，奥兹，O2，PO8）。 </li><li>电极具有2个不同的用途，它们可以被用于脑电图（6频道），为的TDCS的（两个通道海绵电极，在阳极和阴极）。在某些情况下，两个以上的站点的刺激都可以使用。在这种情况下，将需要四个海绵电极，因此，只有4个通道将保持脑电图记录。 </li><li> TDCS电极尺寸的变化导致的变化焦点影响11。无线个电极尺寸减少了，更多的焦点刺激才能实现。另一方面，通过增加电极的大小，有可能有一个功能无效电极。最常用的比例是25厘米2（5厘米×5厘米）或35厘米2（5厘米×7厘米）。在本文中，为25cm 2的海绵电极将被使用。 </li><li>所有的电极通过导线被连接到控制盒的移动设备。该器件具有周期性地使用控制盒充电器进行充电。出于安全原因，这是不可能的充电控制盒，在积极的刺激。 </li><li>需要USB蓝牙连接配对控制箱的笔记本电脑/电脑（见下文）。 </li></ol> 2。皮肤准备<ol><li>检查任何预先存在的病变皮肤 - 避免电刺激/脑电记录受损的皮肤或超过颅骨病变。 </li><li>为了提高电导，将头发远离电刺激/脑电图注册和地方的塑料发夹，以保持头发远离现场，清洁皮肤表面，以去除任何迹象洗剂，污垢，油脂等，并允许它干。 </li></ol> 3。头测量<ol><li>查找和标记的本地化的顶点或CZ（ 图2），通过测量距离鼻根INION的半标志着使用皮肤标记11。 </li></ol> 4。电极定位在Cap <ol><li>将生理盐水的TDCS海绵电极。海绵电极应戴头帽前用盐水浸泡11。对于25-35厘米2海绵，溶液每边约6毫升的应该是足够的。重要的是周期性地填充在延长的刺激协议的情况下，用生理盐水溶液的海绵电极。 </li><li>脑电图和TDCS的电极必须被固定在帽前的主题是physically穿着它。 </li><li> TDCS电极的制备和定位的进一步详情，请参阅11。 </li></ol> 5。穿着上限及控制箱固定<ol><li>请确定主体坐在舒适。 </li><li>帽放置在顶点（测量头）匹配的方式，对CZ点上限。 重要:这是唯一有效的平均大小头。三种不同的上限尺寸可供选择，如有必要。 </li><li>脑电图电极填充凝胶使用弯曲注射器。 </li><li>连接的脑电图和TDCS电极的到控制箱线。控制盒被固定到在盖的后部。使用刺激和其余的（3〜8）的脑电图记录的通道1和2。所需的记录和刺激（ 表1）实验方法将取决于它们的位置在帽。作为示范，传统的左派正极TDCS成立将显示，，YED:阳极= M1;阴极=眶上对侧。对于这一蒙太奇，连接正极（红色海绵电极）的C3和阴极（黑色海绵电极）FP2。 </li><li>将参比电极，以确保他们不互相接触，连接线（CMS，普通的模式检测和DRL，带动右腿），从控制盒的乳突之一。 </li></ol> 6。刺激和记录设置<ol><li>为了配置参数的刺激和检查记录，要正确安装的软件需要根据制造商的指示。 </li><li>按"刺激"在单杠上屏（ 图3）。 </li><li>上部屏幕中选择"编辑"选项，并选择"TDCS"或"假"的其他电刺激技术，如"经颅交流电刺激（TACS）"和"经颅刺激的随机噪声"（TRNS）（ 图3a ）。 DET这种办法的苦 ​​恼是本文的范围，更好地讨论其他地方12，13。 </li><li>选择电刺激的总持续时间，通常为20分钟（ 图3b），在强度为2mA。注:该设备是能够电刺激和记录EEG信号为1小时，如果需要的话。 </li><li>选择电极的定位，根据信道（ 图3c）。 </li><li>配置TDCS的和脑电的实验方法（ 表1）的通道（ 图3d）。 DRL和CMS标记为参比电极。一定要选择正确的每个通道的功能。 重要:标签的积极刺激电极，"阳极"或"阴极"和"回归"（ 图3D）作为其参考。 </li><li>在酒吧菜单位于屏幕下部选择斜坡的持续时间和上升期，通常为30秒（FIGU重新3E）。在此步骤中，您也将预先选择的时间和交脑电图记录（ 图3F）。的EEG记录是不依赖于刺激，并且可以通过编程开始之前，期间或结束后的TDCS的。 </li><li>要检查电极阻抗按"刺激"，在屏幕的上半部分，然后在屏幕左侧的"摩的"，然后在"启动阻抗检查"（ 图4）。 </li></ol> 7。启动设备<ol><li>主体应在轻松，舒适，在手术过程中醒来。 </li><li>按下"发射"，在屏幕下部（ 图5a）。 </li><li>检查垂直灰条向前移动前（ 图5b），在此期间（5C）和后（5D）TDCS。 </li><li>重新检查电极阻抗（ 图5e）。 </li><li>按"中止"暂停的刺激，在任何时刻，如果需要的话（ 图5f）。 </LI&gt; </ol> 8。记录脑电图数据<ol><li>按"脑电图"上部屏幕中的，检查脑电图信号是可见的，没有任何文物（ 图6，黄支架）。从2到15赫兹的信号可以被过滤，以澄清脑电图的痕迹。 </li><li>脑电记录将自动启动，只要按下图标启动。 </li><li>在刺激过程中，可以在三个不同的板，定位在垂直菜单栏（ 图6）检查正在进行的EEG。 <ol><li>时域（ 图6）:看，因为它正在接收数据，选择不同的时间和电压表。 </li><li>谱（ 图7）:选择一个频道和可视化的功率谱， 即在屏幕上在线实时快速傅立叶变换（FFT）分析显示每个脑电功率。 </li><li>频谱图（ 图8）:功率谱图网上得到的信息可视化频率有关的内容的记录，可作为​​时间的函数的时频分析脑电图重刑。 </li></ol></li><li>在任何上述选项中的研究人员是能够过滤的EEG活性（ 图6，黄色矩形）到特定的频带（ 表2）。大多数研究处理TDCS脑电活动的影响已经用这种方法对数据进行分析（ 表3）。 </li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>Fregni, F., Pascual-Leone, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Technology+insight:+noninvasive+brain+stimulation+in+neurology-perspectives+on+the+therapeutic+potential+of+rTMS+and+tDCS.">Technology insight: noninvasive brain stimulation in neurology-perspectives on the therapeutic potential of rTMS and tDCS.</a> Nat. Clin. Pract. Neurol. 3, 383-393 (2007).</li><li>Nitsche, M. A., Cohen, L. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Transcranial+direct+current+stimulation:+State+of+the+art.">Transcranial direct current stimulation: State of the art.</a> Brain Stimul. 1, 206-223 (2008).</li><li>Nitsche, M. A., Paulus, W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sustained+excitability+elevations+induced+by+transcranial+DC+motor+cortex+stimulation+in+humans.">Sustained excitability elevations induced by transcranial DC motor cortex stimulation in humans.</a> Neurology. 57, 1899-1901 (2001).</li><li>Kwon, Y. H., Ko, M. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Primary+motor+cortex+activation+by+transcranial+direct+current+stimulation+in+the+human+brain.">Primary motor cortex activation by transcranial direct current stimulation in the human brain.</a> Neurosci. Lett. 435, 56-59 (2008).</li><li>Ardolino, G., Bossi, B., Barbieri, S., Priori, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Non-synaptic+mechanisms+underlie+the+after-effects+of+cathodal+transcutaneous+direct+current+stimulation+of+the+human+brain.">Non-synaptic mechanisms underlie the after-effects of cathodal transcutaneous direct current stimulation of the human brain.</a> J. Physiol. 568, 653-663 (2005).</li><li>Marshall, L., Kirov, R., Brade, J., M&#246;lle, M., Born, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Transcranial+electrical+currents+to+probe+EEG+brain+rhythms+and+memory+consolidation+during+sleep+in+humans.">Transcranial electrical currents to probe EEG brain rhythms and memory consolidation during sleep in humans.</a> PLoS One. 6, 16905 (2011).</li><li>Brunoni, A. R., Nitsche, M. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Clinical+research+with+transcranial+direct+current+stimulation+(tDCS):+challenges+and+future+directions.">Clinical research with transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS): challenges and future directions.</a> Brain Stimul. 5, 175-195 (2012).</li><li>Nuwer, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Assessment+of+digital+EEG,+quantitative+EEG,+and+EEG+brain+mapping:+report+of+the+American+Academy+of+Neurology+and+the+American+Clinical+Neurophysiology+Society.">Assessment of digital EEG, quantitative EEG, and EEG brain mapping: report of the American Academy of Neurology and the American Clinical Neurophysiology Society.</a> Neurology. 49, 277-292 (1997).</li><li>Morrell, M. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=RNS+System+in+Epilepsy+Study+Group.+Responsive+cortical+stimulation+for+the+treatment+of+medically+intractable+partial+epilepsy.">RNS System in Epilepsy Study Group. Responsive cortical stimulation for the treatment of medically intractable partial epilepsy.</a> Neurology. 77, 1295-1304 (2011).</li><li>Ber&#233;nyi, A., Belluscio, M., Mao, D., Buzs&#225;ki, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Closed-loop+control+of+epilepsy+by+transcranial+electrical+stimulation.">Closed-loop control of epilepsy by transcranial electrical stimulation.</a> Science. 337, 735-737 (2012).</li><li>DaSilva, A. F., Volz, M. S., Bikson, M., Fregni, F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Electrode+positioning+and+montage+in+transcranial+direct+current+stimulation.">Electrode positioning and montage in transcranial direct current stimulation.</a> J. Vis. Exp. (51), e2744 (2011).</li><li>Antal, A., Boros, K., Poreisz, C., Chaieb, L., Terney, D., Paulus, W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Comparatively+weak+after-effects+of+transcranial+alternating+current+stimulation+(tACS)+on+cortical+excitability+in+humans.">Comparatively weak after-effects of transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) on cortical excitability in humans.</a> Brain Stimul. 1, 97-105 (2008).</li><li>Terney, D., Chaieb, L., Moliadze, V., Antal, A., Paulus, W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Increasing+human+brain+excitability+by+transcranial+high-frequency+random+noise+stimulation.">Increasing human brain excitability by transcranial high-frequency random noise stimulation.</a> J. Neurosci. 28, 14147-14155 (2008).</li><li>Boggio, P. S., Rigonatti, S. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+randomized,+double-blind+clinical+trial+on+the+efficacy+of+cortical+direct+current+stimulation+for+the+treatment+of+major+depression.">A randomized, double-blind clinical trial on the efficacy of cortical direct current stimulation for the treatment of major depression.</a> Int. J. Neuropsychopharmacol. 11, 249-254 (2008).</li><li>Loo, C. K., Alonzo, A., Martin, D., Mitchell, P. B., Galvez, V., Sachdev, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Transcranial+direct+current+stimulation+for+depression:+3-week,+randomised,+sham-controlled+trial.">Transcranial direct current stimulation for depression: 3-week, randomised, sham-controlled trial.</a> Br. J. Psychiatry. 200, 52-59 (2012).</li><li>Boggio, P. S., Rocha, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Noninvasive+brain+stimulation+with+high-frequency+and+low-intensity+repetitive+transcranial+magnetic+stimulation+treatment+for+posttraumatic+stress+disorder.">Noninvasive brain stimulation with high-frequency and low-intensity repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation treatment for posttraumatic stress disorder.</a> J. Clin. Psychiatry. 71, 992-999 (2010).</li><li>Goldman, R. L., Borckardt, J. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Prefrontal+cortex+transcranial+direct+current+stimulation+(tDCS)+temporarily+reduces+food+cravings+and+increases+the+self-reported+ability+to+resist+food+in+adults+with+frequent+food+craving.">Prefrontal cortex transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) temporarily reduces food cravings and increases the self-reported ability to resist food in adults with frequent food craving.</a> Appetite. 56, 741-746 (2011).</li><li>Boggio, P. S., Zaghi, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Modulation+of+risk-taking+in+marijuana+users+by+transcranial+direct+current+stimulation+(tDCS)+of+the+dorsolateral+prefrontal+cortex+(DLPFC).">Modulation of risk-taking in marijuana users by transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC).</a> Drug Alcohol Depend. 112, 220-225 (2010).</li><li>Boggio, P. S., Sultani, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Prefrontal+cortex+modulation+using+transcranial+DC+stimulation+reduces+alcohol+craving:+a+double-blind,+sham-controlled+study.">Prefrontal cortex modulation using transcranial DC stimulation reduces alcohol craving: a double-blind, sham-controlled study.</a> Drug Alcohol Depend. 92, 55-60 (2008).</li><li>Fregni, F., Liguori, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cortical+stimulation+of+the+prefrontal+cortex+with+transcranial+direct+current+stimulation+reduces+cue-provoked+smoking+craving:+a+randomized,+sham-controlled+study.">Cortical stimulation of the prefrontal cortex with transcranial direct current stimulation reduces cue-provoked smoking craving: a randomized, sham-controlled study.</a> J. Clin. Psychiatry. 69, 32-40 (2008).</li><li>Fregni, F., Gimenes, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+randomized,+sham-controlled,+proof+of+principle+study+of+transcranial+direct+current+stimulation+for+the+treatment+of+pain+in+fibromyalgia.">A randomized, sham-controlled, proof of principle study of transcranial direct current stimulation for the treatment of pain in fibromyalgia.</a> Arthritis Rheum. 54, 3988-3998 (2006).</li><li>Fregni, F., Marcondes, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Transient+tinnitus+suppression+induced+by+repetitive+transcranial+magnetic+stimulation+and+transcranial+direct+current+stimulation.">Transient tinnitus suppression induced by repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation and transcranial direct current stimulation.</a> Eur. J. Neurol. 13, 996-1001 (2006).</li><li>Antal, A., Kriener, N., Lang, N., Boros, K., Paulus, W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cathodal+transcranial+direct+current+stimulation+of+the+visual+cortex+in+the+prophylactic+treatment+of+migraine.">Cathodal transcranial direct current stimulation of the visual cortex in the prophylactic treatment of migraine.</a> Cephalalgia. 31, 820-828 (2011).</li><li>Fregni, F., Otachi, P. T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+randomized+clinical+trial+of+repetitive+transcranial+magnetic+stimulation+in+patients+with+refractory+epilepsy.">A randomized clinical trial of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in patients with refractory epilepsy.</a> Ann. Neurol. 60, 447-455 (2006).</li><li>Benninger, D. H., Lomarev, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Transcranial+direct+current+stimulation+for+the+treatment+of+Parkinson's+disease.">Transcranial direct current stimulation for the treatment of Parkinson's disease.</a> J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry. 81, 1105-1111 (2010).</li><li>Boggio, P. S., Nunes, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Repeated+sessions+of+noninvasive+brain+DC+stimulation+is+associated+with+motor+function+improvement+in+stroke+patients.">Repeated sessions of noninvasive brain DC stimulation is associated with motor function improvement in stroke patients.</a> Restor. Neurol. Neurosci. 25, 123-129 (2007).</li><li>Lindenberg, R., Renga, V., Zhu, L. L., Nair, D., Schlaug, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Bihemispheric+brain+stimulation+facilitates+motor+recovery+in+chronic+stroke+patients.">Bihemispheric brain stimulation facilitates motor recovery in chronic stroke patients.</a> Neurology. 75, 2176-2184 (2010).</li><li>Fregni, F., Boggio, P. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Anodal+transcranial+direct+current+stimulation+of+prefrontal+cortex+enhances+working+memory.">Anodal transcranial direct current stimulation of prefrontal cortex enhances working memory.</a> Exp. Brain Res. 166, 23-30 (2005).</li><li>Shafi, M. M., Westover, M. B., Fox, M. D., Pascual-Leone, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Exploration+and+modulation+of+brain+network+interactions+with+noninvasive+brain+stimulation+in+combination+with+neuroimaging.">Exploration and modulation of brain network interactions with noninvasive brain stimulation in combination with neuroimaging.</a> Eur. J. Neurosci. 35, 805-825 (2012).</li><li>Wirth, M., Rahman, R. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effects+of+transcranial+direct+current+stimulation+(tDCS)+on+behaviour+and+electrophysiology+of+language+production.">Effects of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) on behaviour and electrophysiology of language production.</a> Neuropsychologia. 49, 3989-3998 (2011).</li><li>Keeser, D., Padberg, F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Prefrontal+direct+current+stimulation+modulates+resting+EEG+and+event-related+potentials+in+healthy+subjects:+a+standardized+low+resolution+tomography+(sLORETA)+study.">Prefrontal direct current stimulation modulates resting EEG and event-related potentials in healthy subjects: a standardized low resolution tomography (sLORETA) study.</a> Neuroimage. 55, 644-657 (2011).</li><li>Zaehle, T., Sandmann, P., Thorne, J. D., J&#228;ncke, L., Herrmann, C. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Transcranial+direct+current+stimulation+of+the+prefrontal+cortex+modulates+working+memory+performance:+combined+behavioral+and+electrophysiological+evidence.">Transcranial direct current stimulation of the prefrontal cortex modulates working memory performance: combined behavioral and electrophysiological evidence.</a> BMC Neurosci. 12, 979-984 (2011).</li><li>Polan&#237;a, R., Nitsche, M. A., Paulus, W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Modulating+functional+connectivity+patterns+and+topological+functional+organization+of+the+human+brain+with+transcranial+direct+current+stimulation.">Modulating functional connectivity patterns and topological functional organization of the human brain with transcranial direct current stimulation.</a> Hum. Brain Mapp. 32, 1236-1249 (2011).</li><li>Maeoka, H., Matsuo, A., Hiyamizu, M., Morioka, S., Ando, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Influence+of+transcranial+direct+current+stimulation+of+the+dorsolateral+prefrontal+cortex+on+pain+related+emotions:+a+study+using+electroencephalographic+power+spectrum+analysis.">Influence of transcranial direct current stimulation of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex on pain related emotions: a study using electroencephalographic power spectrum analysis.</a> Neurosci. Lett. 512, 12-16 (2012).</li><li>Isley, M. R., Edmonds, H. L., Stecker, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=American+Society+of+Neurophysiological+Monitoring.+Guidelines+for+intraoperative+neuromonitoring+using+raw+(analog+or+digital+waveforms)+and+quantitative+electroencephalography:+a+position+statement+by+the+American+Society+of+Neurophysiological+Monitoring.">American Society of Neurophysiological Monitoring. Guidelines for intraoperative neuromonitoring using raw (analog or digital waveforms) and quantitative electroencephalography: a position statement by the American Society of Neurophysiological Monitoring.</a> J. Clin. Monit. Comput. 23, 369-390 (2009).</li><li>Faria, P., Leal, A., Miranda, P. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Comparing+different+electrode+configurations+using+the+10-10+international+system+in+tDCS:+a+finite+element+model+analysis.">Comparing different electrode configurations using the 10-10 international system in tDCS: a finite element model analysis.</a> Conf Proc. IEEE Eng. Med. Biol. Soc. , 1596-1599 (2009).</li><li>Dmochowski, J. P., Datta, A., Bikson, M., Su, Y., Parra, L. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Optimized+multi-electrode+stimulation+increases+focality+and+intensity+at+target.">Optimized multi-electrode stimulation increases focality and intensity at target.</a> J. Neural. Eng. 8, 046011 (2011).</li><li>Flink, R., Pedersen, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Guidelines+for+the+use+of+EEG+methodology+in+the+diagnosis+of+epilepsy.">Guidelines for the use of EEG methodology in the diagnosis of epilepsy.</a> International League Against Epilepsy: commission report. Acta Neurol. Scand. 106, 1-7 (2002).</li></ol>

这部分工作是支持的，西班牙巴塞罗那，神经电产生在这篇文章中所使用的仪器。

安全问题一开始，受试者应筛查任何禁忌TDCS 11。同时检查皮肤损伤或疾病，因为有证据TDCS引起的病变，根据皮肤的完整性。 TDCS的强烈表示在病变的区域，这是可以做到这一点在强度降低， 即 0.5〜1.0毫安。但是，它并不能完全保证，这将防止皮肤刺激或病变。因此，在电极下的皮肤条件应检查TDCS的2之前和之后。 阻抗和电极电极阻抗应尽可能低。这减少了为内部和外部噪音的干扰或失真的信号的风险。阻抗也应进行复核，每当有任何信号37的神器。 所有的电极必须是完整的表面质量好。重新可用电极表面不一致，会产生不均匀的电流密度。所有的表面电极应具有足够的导电胶，以确保低阻抗，阻抗应检查文物37。 闭环系统一个封闭的回路系统是一个能够电生理异常的诊断和治疗及时，10。一个例证是的脑电图棘探测器，迎面而来的扣押。这一原则已成功应用于严重的癫痫患者。莫雷尔和他的同事9收治的191名顽固性癫痫，使用植入大脑的刺激，并观察到了显着性发作频率减少，以及改善生活质量。尽管成功，侵入性操作相关的风险和并发症，如局部感染或不必要的情绪或认知效果，因此ALTERN的积极行动，非侵入性的方法是可取的。因此，目前的设备可能会代表谁的病人需要快速的神经电生理诊断和及时治疗，如癫痫患者的一个有趣的选择。 闭环系统的应用可能并不局限于仅癫痫患者。一些最近的研究表明，脑电图的改变可能是各种神经精神疾病的标志物30。使用TDCS的和脑电的组合也可以是用于优化的参数的刺激。这种算法仍然不发达，但是结合脑电图和TDCS研究的发现可能有助于在这方面的发展。 TDCS的TMS，这是另一种非侵入性脑刺激技术相比，被认为是更适合以治疗为目的，主要是因为其成本低，相对的便携性。此外，有一个系统，它使用头帽，与预先设定的电的位置可以标准化的刺激位置和改进结果。在此装置中的另一个优点是在同一时间，这已被发现在临床上优于传统的刺激，根据一些作者38，39的可能性，以刺激多个站点。 虽然该设备显示了明显的优势，需要一定的局限性，要处理的，以提高为未来的移动设备。首先，设备不能刺激和记录EEG信号同时在相同的位置（ 见图9）。其次，记录脑电图的可用信道的数量是低的。通常的建议是使用足够的脑电图研究40和渠道更电oculography的检测眼球运动文物至少有16个通道。事实上，在过去数年中一直有增大的趋势在EEG / TDCS的研究中（ 表3）的数目的信道。虽然低通道数英里GHT影响的敏感性检测大脑皮质兴奋性的动态变化，这样的系统可能仍然是有用的特定电极位置查找算法。

经颅直流电刺激（TDCS）是一种技术，使用连续交付的电流通过头皮薄弱，直接诱导皮质兴奋1，2的变化。使用作为标记物的运动皮层的兴奋性，运动诱发电位NITSCHE和Paulus 3表明，在大脑TDCS的影响的方向是特定的极性:阴极刺激诱 ​​导在皮层的兴奋性降低，而阳极刺激诱 ​​导皮质兴奋性增加。这种对皮质兴奋持续了一个多小时后，刺激。这些TDCS皮质兴奋引起的变化可能会导致行为的影响显着。其中一个重要的问题是TDCS对行为的影响的变化。有几个原因来解释这种变化。功能磁共振成像和脑电图（EEG）5,6研究表明，虽然TDCS具有活化EFFECT对底层皮质，刺激唤起广泛的变化在其他的大脑区域。此外，它已被证明，TDCS的效果取决于基线皮质活动7的状态。因此，鉴于这些变异的来源，更好的代用项测量的影响TDCS的使用是可取的。 在此背景下，我们建议使用伴随脑电图监测，TDCS皮质兴奋的影响提供实时数据，有以下几个原因。首先，要优化的TDCS的刺激参数。二，提供洞察的新目标疗法。第三，要确保安全，在大脑的刺激，尤其是儿童。四，以帮助在早期发现和治疗的癫痫患者的难治性癫痫， 即闭环系统。最后，该器件也可能具有潜在的应用在脑机接口系统。 由于关键的作用监测相关的非侵入性的刺激大脑皮质兴奋性改变，这篇文章的目的是演示如何结合使用的TDCS脑电图通过一种新型设备（StarstimÒ - Neuroelectrics仪器控制器，V 1.0版本2012-08 -01，Neurolelectrics，巴塞罗那，西班牙）。应该指出的是，这篇文章并没有提供详细的TDCS应用。对于一个完整的了解这项技术的应用，我们建议您阅读文章11 TDCS达席尔瓦等 。

<table border="1">
<tbody>
 <tr>
 <td>Name</td>
 <td>Company</td>
 <td>Catalog Number</td>
 <td>Comments</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td></td>
 <td></td>
 <td></td>
 <td>Material</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Neoprene HeadCap </td>
 <td>Neuroelectrics</td>
 <td>NE019 </td>
 <td>1</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Neoprene Headband</td>
 <td>Neuroelectrics</td>
 <td>NE020</td>
 <td>1</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Frontal dry electrode front-end</td>
 <td>Neuroelectrics</td>
 <td>NE021</td>
 <td>4</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Gel electrode front-end</td>
 <td>Neuroelectrics</td>
 <td>NE022</td>
 <td>8</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Gel Bottle 60cl</td>
 <td>Neuroelectrics</td>
 <td>NE016</td>
 <td>1</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Stimulation electrode Pi cm2</td>
 <td>Neuroelectrics</td>
 <td>NE024</td>
 <td>8</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Saline solution bottle 100ml</td>
 <td>Neuroelectrics</td>
 <td>NE033</td>
 <td>1</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Sponge electrode fron-end 25 cm2</td>
 <td>Neuroelectrics</td>
 <td>NE026</td>
 <td>4</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Adhesive Electrode Front-end</td>
 <td>Neuroelectrics</td>
 <td>NE025</td>
 <td>25</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>USB Bluetooth Dongle</td>
 <td>Neuroelectrics</td>
 <td>NE031</td>
 <td>1</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>USB card with software</td>
 <td>Neuroelectrics</td>
 <td>NE015</td>
 <td>1</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Curved Syringe</td>
 <td>Neuroelectrics</td>
 <td>NE014</td>
 <td>1</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>microUSB NECBOX charger</td>
 <td>Neuroelectrics</td>
 <td>NE013 </td>
 <td>1</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Electrode cable</td>
 <td>Neuroelectrics</td>
 <td>NE017 10</td>
 <td>1</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td></td>
 <td></td>
 <td></td>
 <td>Material Name</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>StarStim NECBOX </td>
 <td>Neuroelectrics</td>
 <td>NE012 </td>
 <td>1</td>
 </tr>
 </tbody>
</table>

simultaneous eeg monitoring during transcranial direct current stimulation

经颅直流电刺激（TDCS）是一种技术，它提供了微弱的电流通过头皮。这种恒定电流诱导神经细胞膜的兴奋性的变化，从而导致继发性改变皮质活动。虽然TDCS的有其相关皮质的神经调节作用，TDCS的影响也可以被观察到在遥远的神经网络。因此，伴随脑电图监测TDCS的影响TDCS机制可以提供有价值的信息。此外，脑电图检查结果可以是一个重要的替代标志物的影响TDCS的，因此可用于优化的参数。这种结合脑电图TDCS的系统也可以使用，其特征在于皮层的兴奋性异常峰，如癫痫发作的神经系统疾病的预防性治疗。这样一个系统，是一种非侵入性的闭环的移动设备的基础。在这篇文章中，我们提出了一个新颖的设备util的是能够同时定义TDCS和脑电图。对于这一点，我们在一步一步地描述此设备使用的应用原理图，表和视频演示的主要程序。此外，我们提供了一个文学评论TDCS和测量其大脑皮质的影响脑电图技术的临床使用。

目前正在调查TDCS作为多样的神经系统疾病，包括抑郁症14，15，创伤后应激障碍16，食品，大麻17 19 18，酒精和吸烟20的渴求，以及21疼痛，耳鸣治疗仪22 23，偏头痛，癫痫症，帕金森氏症25，26，中风康复27日，28日和认知功能障碍，29。 表1显示了基于证据的的TDCS电极蒙太奇被用作治疗不同的临床条件。 在大多数情况下，临床症状改善后TDCS主要是由于其大脑皮质的影响。有几种方法可以量化皮质的变化和最经常使用的功能性磁共振成像（fMRI），TMS索引皮质兴奋和electroencepha再运用Monte Carlo（EEG）。比较功能磁共振成像，脑电图有差的空间分辨率，时间分辨率，但优于30，更准确地反映神经元活动的时间。此外，相对于TMS索引皮质兴奋，脑电图提供了更大的空间分辨率。 TDCS的使用/ EEG的移动设备的，比如，它可以检测到TDCS的原料脑电图上正在发生的变化， 图9显示了衰减皮质活动，主要是对顶区，后TDCS的打开（通道C3和C4）。需要注意的是，在刺激过程中是不可能的，记录在相同的信道，用于刺激大脑活动的。 TDCS的影响脑电图最近一些作者研究（ 见表3），但只有一个应用TDCS和脑电图伴随31。大多数研究显示显著脑电图变化对TDCS主动与脑电功率谱分析假TDCS。 EEG信号的功率谱分析，可以分解成纯的频率成分的总和，用FFT分析。以这种方式，可以分析的信号及其功率谱，这提供了有关在每个频率的信号的功率（ 表2）中。 图7显示了一个持续的脑电图活动期间TDCS的（红色，底部支架）和FFT分析后（红色圆圈）的代表性示例。第一个峰的活动对应的θ（5-7赫兹）和第二α（8-10赫兹）频带频率。脑电图峰的幅度是衡量μV2。 另一个例子来自前冈等人的研究中。36，作者找到了当地减少α和增长后，在测试波段振幅的背外侧前额叶皮层与情绪压力相结合的阳极刺激。 图10 </str翁&gt;示出了一个说明性的例子的的TDCS的上定量脑电图（功率谱）的影响。响应积极TDCS额叶阿尔法幅度的大小显着高于相比假TDCS的左背外侧前额叶皮层。 因此，采用自动FFT分析（ 图7）的研究者TDCS的期间和之后，能够确定和测量的振幅的主要脑电活动（δ，θ，α，β，γ）。根据刺激和其它实验条件的区域，特定的脑电图频带的振幅变动，TDCS的（ 表3）。事实上，FFT分析功能添加到脑电记录在TDCS提供了一个独特的机会来了解实时的的皮质神经调节影响。 最后，EEG信号，可以分析的技术称为基于时间 - 频率或频谱伊马GE。这项技术已被认为是有前途的研究目的，但是，这种类型的脑电图分析仍然是不充分的验证诊断意图的解释应谨慎就此而言，8。 图8示出了一个说明性的例子，由同一设备处理的EEG频谱图。 <img alt="图1" src="/files/ftp_upload/50426/50426fig1.jpg" /> 图1。在TDCS同步脑电图监测所需材料清单:氯丁橡胶帽，控制箱，电缆，电极，测量胶带，生理盐水和蓝牙USB。 <img alt="图2" src="/files/ftp_upload/50426/50426fig2.jpg" /> 图2。本地化的顶点（CZ）在头皮上11:测量鼻根点至INION的距离和马克中途用皮肤标记。 <img alt="图3" src="/files/ftp_upload/50426/50426fig3.jpg" /> 图3。刺激截图）电刺激模式（TDCS，TACS，TRNS，假）; b）总额持续电刺激; 三）根据电极定位渠道; D）TDCS和EEG通道配置; 五）TDCS斜坡持续时间，F）脑电图记录的时间。 <img alt="图4" src="/files/ftp_upload/50426/50426fig4.jpg" /> 图4。安装截图:刺激开始前，检查电极阻抗。 <img alt="图5" src="/files/ftp_upload/50426/50426fig5.jpg" /> 图5。启动截图:1）发射对接<html> ; 二）垂直灰色条前TDCS）垂直灰色条TDCS期间; 四）垂直灰色条TDCS后，E）阻抗重新检查六）中止"按钮。 <img alt="图6" src="/files/ftp_upload/50426/50426fig6.jpg" /> 图6。脑电时域:检查基线持续的脑电活动，如果需要选择脑电图波段频率（右下角的黄色箭头）。 <img alt="图7" src="/files/ftp_upload/50426/50426fig7.jpg" /> 图7。脑电功率谱:脑电图检查的主要频段（红圈）后自动快速傅立叶变换（FFT）分析，在原材料持续的脑电活动（红色矩形底部）。 oad/50426/50426fig8.jpg"/&gt; 图8。脑电频谱:EEG信号（红色矩形的底部），也可以转化为使用的技术称为基于时频图像（红圈）。 <img alt="图9" src="/files/ftp_upload/50426/50426fig9.jpg" /> 图9所示。衰减顶叶正极TDCS（阳极= C3阴极= C4）的脑电活动 。需要注意的是在刺激过程中无法记录在同一通道，用于刺激大脑活动。 <a href="https://jove.unicartagenaproxy.elogim.com/files/ftp_upload/50426/50426fig9large.jpg" target="_blank">点击这里查看大图</a> 。 <img alt="图10" src="/files/ftp_upload/50426/50426fig10.jpg" /> 图10。 TDCS脑电功率谱的影响:注意差异额叶阿尔法（A）和β（二） </s阮富仲&gt;活跃TDCS幅度相比，假TDCS的左背外侧前额叶皮层。 <table border="1"><tbody><tr><td> 疾病 </td><td> 作者 </td><td> 阳极电极定位 </td><td> 阴极电极的定位 </td></tr><tr><td>萧条</td><td> Boggio 等 ，2008年，卢等人 ，2012年</td><td> DLPFC </td><td>眶上</td></tr><tr><td>疼痛</td><td> fregni 等人，2006 </td><td> M1 </td><td>眶上</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="3">行程</td><td>林登贝格等人，2010年</td><td> M1 </td><td> M1 </td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2"> Boggio 等人，2007年</td><td> M1（患侧） </td><td>眶上</td></tr><tr><td>眶上</td><td> MI（非患侧） </td></tr><tr><td>耳鸣</td><td> fregni 等人，2006 &lt;/ TD&gt; <td> LTA </td><td>眶上</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2">帕金森</td><td>贝宁格等人，2010年</td><td> M1/D​​LPFC </td><td>乳突</td></tr><tr><td> fregni 等人，2006 </td><td> M1 </td><td>眶上</td></tr><tr><td>偏头痛</td><td>安塔尔等人，2011年</td><td> V1 </td><td>奥兹</td></tr><tr><td>酒精滥用</td><td> Boggio 等人，2008年</td><td> R / L - DLPFC </td><td> L / R - DLPFC </td></tr></tbody></table> 表1中。的TDCS电极蒙太奇在不同的临床条件。传说:LTA，左颞区;视觉皮层V1，DLPFC，背外侧前额叶皮层; M1，运动皮层，R，右，L，左。 <table border="1"><tbody><tr><td> 乐队 </td><td> 符号 </td><td> 频率（Hz） </td><td> 最佳录制现场 </td><td><strong&gt;更多突出在... </td></tr><tr><td>三角洲</td><td> δ </td><td> 1-4 </td><td>前腰（成人），后（孩子） </td><td>深睡眠阶段（3和4） </td></tr><tr><td>西塔</td><td> θ </td><td> 5-7 </td><td>弥漫在头皮</td><td>睡意</td></tr><tr><td>阿尔法</td><td> α </td><td> 8-12 </td><td>后部区域</td><td>醒来时，闭眼</td></tr><tr><td>贝塔</td><td> β </td><td> 13-30 </td><td>前面的</td><td>脑力劳动，深度​​睡眠</td></tr><tr><td>伽玛</td><td> γ </td><td> 31-45 </td><td>躯体感觉皮层</td><td>短期记忆任务和触觉刺激</td></tr></tbody></table> 表2中。脑电图频段。 <table border="1"><tbody><tr><td> 作者 </td><td> 阳极电极定位 </td><td&gt; 阴极电极定位 </td><td> EEG频道（数） </td><td> 主要结论 </td></tr><tr><td>阿尔多利诺等人，2005 </td><td> FP1 </td><td> C4 </td><td> 4 </td><td>双边正面三角洲和θ波段上升。 </td></tr><tr><td> Keeser 等人，2011年</td><td> F3 </td><td> FP2 </td><td> 25 </td><td>在额叶和前额叶三角洲带减少。 </td></tr><tr><td>马歇尔等人，2011年</td><td> F3/F4 </td><td>乳突</td><td> 7 </td><td> - 非REM睡眠:三角洲波段额减少。 - REM睡眠:全球增长的伽玛带。 </td></tr><tr><td>维尔特等人，2011年</td><td> F3 </td><td>右肩</td><td> 52 </td><td>全球三角洲波段下跌。 </td></tr><tr><td> Zaehle 等人，2011年</td><td> F3 </td><td>乳突</td><td> 32 </td><td> - 正极:本地增加的t赫塔和alpha波段。 - 阴极:当地减少西塔和alpha波段。 </td></tr><tr><td> Jacobson 等人，2011年</td><td> T4-FZ之间</td><td> FP1 </td><td> 27 </td><td>在右额叶THETA乐队减少。 </td></tr><tr><td> Polania 等人，2011年</td><td> C3 </td><td> FP3 </td><td> 62 </td><td> - 全球同步所有研究带。 </td></tr><tr><td>前冈等人，2012 </td><td> F3 </td><td> FP2 </td><td> 128 </td><td>局部增加β和阿尔法波段下降。 </td></tr></tbody></table> 表3中。 TDCS的影响分析脑电图记录研究。

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Simultaneous EEG Monitoring During Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation at JoVE.com

Simultaneous EEG Monitoring During Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation

经颅直流电刺激（TDCS的）是一种非侵入性脑刺激技术，已初步在一些神经系统疾病的治疗效果。这些治疗效果的主要机制是皮质的兴奋性调节。因此，皮质兴奋性的在线监测，将有助于引导刺激参数，优化其治疗效果。在本文中，我们使用的一种新型设备，同时结合TDCS和脑电图监测实时。

同时脑电图监测在经颅直流电刺激

Transcranial  direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a technique that delivers weak electric  currents through the scalp. This constant electric current ...

simultaneous-eeg-monitoring-during-transcranial-direct-current

Universidad de Cartagena UDEC

Research

JoVE Journal

Behavior

39.5K 次观看.  Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul. 经颅直流电刺激（TDCS的）是一种非侵入性脑刺激技术，已初步在一些神经系统疾病的治疗效果。这些治疗效果的主要机制是皮质的兴奋性调节。因此，皮质兴奋性的在线监测，将有助于引导刺激参数，优化其治疗效果。在本文中，我们使用的一种新型设备，同时结合TDCS和脑电图监测实时。

视频: Simultaneous EEG Monitoring During Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation

Method for Simultaneous fMRI/EEG Data Collection during a Focused Attention Suggestion for Differential Thermal Sensation

In the present work, we demonstrate a method for concurrent collection of EEG/fMRI data. In our setup, EEG data are collected using a high-density 256-channel sensor net. The EEG amplifier itself is contained in a field isolation containment system (FICS), and MRI clock signals are synchronized with EEG data collection for subsequent MR artifact characterization and removal. We demonstrate this method first for resting state data collection. Thereafter, we demonstrate a protocol for EEG/fMRI data recording, while subjects listen to a tape asking them to visualize that their left hand is immersed in a cold-water bath and referred to, here, as the cold glove paradigm. Thermal differentials between each hand are measured throughout EEG/fMRI data collection using an MR compatible temperature sensor that we developed for this purpose. We collect cold glove EEG/fMRI data along with simultaneous differential hand temperature measurements both before and after hypnotic induction. Between pre and post sessions, single modality EEG data are collected during the hypnotic induction and depth assessment process. Our representative results demonstrate that significant changes in the EEG power spectrum can be measured during hypnotic induction, and that hand temperature changes during the cold glove paradigm can be detected rapidly using our MR compatible differential thermometry device.

We present a protocol for concurrent collection of EEG/fMRI data, and synchronized MR clock signal recording. We demonstrate this method using a unique paradigm whereby subjects receive &#x2018;cold glove&#x2019; instructions during scanning, and EEG/fMRI data are recorded along with hand temperature measurements both before and after hypnotic induction.

微分热感集中注意建议期间同步 fMRI/EEG 数据收集方法

In the present work, we demonstrate a method for concurrent collection of EEG/fMRI data. In our setup, EEG data are collected using a high-density ...

科研

行为学

Best Current Practice for Obtaining High Quality EEG Data During Simultaneous fMRI

Simultaneous EEG-fMRI allows the excellent temporal resolution of EEG to be combined with the high spatial accuracy of fMRI. The data from these two modalities can be combined in a number of ways, but all rely on the acquisition of high quality EEG and fMRI data. EEG data acquired during simultaneous fMRI are affected by several artifacts, including the gradient artefact (due to the changing magnetic field gradients required for fMRI), the pulse artefact (linked to the cardiac cycle) and movement artifacts (resulting from movements in the strong magnetic field of the scanner, and muscle activity). Post-processing methods for successfully correcting the gradient and pulse artifacts require a number of criteria to be satisfied during data acquisition. Minimizing head motion during EEG-fMRI is also imperative for limiting the generation of artifacts.
Interactions between the radio frequency (RF) pulses required for MRI and the EEG hardware may occur and can cause heating. This is only a significant risk if safety guidelines are not satisfied. Hardware design and set-up, as well as careful selection of which MR sequences are run with the EEG hardware present must therefore be considered.
The above issues highlight the importance of the choice of the experimental protocol employed when performing a simultaneous EEG-fMRI experiment. Based on previous research we describe an optimal experimental set-up. This provides high quality EEG data during simultaneous fMRI when using commercial EEG and fMRI systems, with safety risks to the subject minimized. We demonstrate this set-up in an EEG-fMRI experiment using a simple visual stimulus. However, much more complex stimuli can be used. Here we show the EEG-fMRI set-up using a Brain Products GmbH (Gilching, Germany) MRplus, 32 channel EEG system in conjunction with a Philips Achieva (Best, Netherlands) 3T MR scanner, although many of the techniques are transferable to other systems.

Simultaneous electroencephalography (EEG) and functional Magnetic Resonance imaging (fMRI) is a powerful neuroimaging tool. However, the inside of an MRI scanner forms a difficult environment for EEG data recording and safety must be considered whenever operating EEG equipment inside a scanner. Here, we present an optimised EEG-fMRI data acquisition protocol.

获得高质量的脑电数据在同步功能磁共振成像的当前最佳实践

Simultaneous  EEG-fMRI allows the excellent temporal resolution of EEG to be combined with the  high spatial accuracy of fMRI. The data  from these two ...

Simultaneous Scalp Electroencephalography (EEG), Electromyography (EMG), and Whole-body Segmental Inertial Recording for Multi-modal Neural Decoding

Recent studies support the involvement of supraspinal networks in control of bipedal human walking. Part of this evidence encompasses studies, including our previous work, demonstrating that gait kinematics and limb coordination during treadmill walking can be inferred from the scalp electroencephalogram (EEG) with reasonably high decoding accuracies. These results provide impetus for development of non-invasive brain-machine-interface (BMI) systems for use in restoration and/or augmentation of gait- a primary goal of rehabilitation research. To date, studies examining EEG decoding of activity during gait have been limited to treadmill walking in a controlled environment. However, to be practically viable a BMI system must be applicable for use in everyday locomotor tasks such as over ground walking and turning. Here, we present a novel protocol for non-invasive collection of brain activity (EEG), muscle activity (electromyography (EMG)), and whole-body kinematic data (head, torso, and limb trajectories) during both treadmill and over ground walking tasks. By collecting these data in the uncontrolled environment insight can be gained regarding the feasibility of decoding unconstrained gait and surface EMG from scalp EEG.

Simultaneous Scalp Electroencephalography EEG, Electromyography EMG, and Whole-body Segmental Inertial Recording for Multi-modal Neural Decoding

Development of an effective brain-machine-interface (BMI) system for restoration and rehabilitation of bipedal locomotion requires accurate decoding of user's intent. Here we present a novel experimental protocol and data collection technique for simultaneous non-invasive acquisition of neural activity, muscle activity, and whole-body kinematics during various locomotion tasks and conditions.

同时头皮脑电图（EEG），肌电图（EMG）和全身分部惯性录制多模态神经解码

Recent  studies support the involvement of supraspinal networks in control of bipedal  human walking. Part of this evidence  encompasses studies, ...

Stimulating the Lip Motor Cortex with Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) has proven to be a useful tool in investigating the role of the articulatory motor cortex in speech perception. Researchers have used single-pulse and repetitive TMS to stimulate the lip representation in the motor cortex. The excitability of the lip motor representation can be investigated by applying single TMS pulses over this cortical area and recording TMS-induced motor evoked potentials (MEPs) via electrodes attached to the lip muscles (electromyography; EMG). Larger MEPs reflect increased cortical excitability. Studies have shown that excitability increases during listening to speech as well as during&#160;viewing speech-related movements. TMS can be used also to disrupt the lip motor representation. A 15-min train of low-frequency sub-threshold repetitive stimulation has been shown to suppress motor excitability for a further 15-20 min. This TMS-induced disruption of the motor lip representation impairs subsequent performance in demanding speech perception tasks and modulates auditory-cortex responses to speech sounds. These findings are consistent with the suggestion that the motor cortex contributes to speech perception. This article describes how to localize the lip representation in the motor cortex and how to define the appropriate stimulation intensity for carrying out both single-pulse and repetitive TMS experiments.

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) has proven to be a useful tool in investigating the role of the articulatory motor cortex in speech perception.&#160; This article describes how to record motor evoked potentials (MEPs) from the lip muscles and how to disrupt the motor lip representation using repetitive TMS.

刺激唇部运动皮层与经颅磁刺激

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) has proven to be a useful tool in investigating the role of the articulatory motor cortex in speech perception. ...

Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation and Simultaneous  Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a noninvasive brain stimulation technique that uses weak electrical currents administered to the scalp to manipulate cortical excitability and, consequently, behavior and brain function. In the last decade, numerous studies have addressed short-term and long-term effects of tDCS on different measures of behavioral performance during motor and cognitive tasks, both in healthy individuals and in a number of different patient populations. So far, however, little is known about the neural underpinnings of tDCS-action in humans with regard to large-scale brain networks. This issue can be addressed by combining tDCS with functional brain imaging techniques like functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) or electroencephalography (EEG).
In particular, fMRI is the most widely used brain imaging technique to investigate the neural mechanisms underlying cognition and motor functions. Application of tDCS during fMRI allows analysis of the neural mechanisms underlying behavioral tDCS effects with high spatial resolution across the entire brain. Recent studies using this technique identified stimulation induced changes in task-related functional brain activity at the stimulation site&#160;and also in more distant brain regions, which were associated with behavioral improvement. In addition, tDCS administered during resting-state fMRI allowed identification of widespread changes in whole brain functional connectivity.
Future studies using this combined protocol should yield new insights into the mechanisms of tDCS action in health and disease and new options for more targeted application of tDCS in research and clinical settings. The present manuscript describes this novel technique in a step-by-step fashion, with a focus on technical aspects of tDCS administered during fMRI.

Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a noninvasive brain stimulation technique. It has successfully been used in basic research and clinical settings to modulate brain function in humans. This article describes the implementation of tDCS and simultaneous functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), to investigate the neural basis of tDCS effects.

经颅直流电刺激和同步功能磁共振成像

Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a noninvasive brain stimulation technique that uses weak electrical currents administered to the scalp ...

Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation for Investigating Causal Brain-behavioral Relationships and their Time Course

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a safe, non-invasive brain stimulation technique that uses a strong electromagnet in order to temporarily disrupt information processing in a brain region, generating a short-lived &#8220;virtual lesion.&#8221; Stimulation that interferes with task performance indicates that the affected brain region is necessary to perform the task normally. In other words, unlike neuroimaging methods such as functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) that indicate correlations between brain and behavior, TMS can be used to demonstrate causal brain-behavior relations. Furthermore, by varying the duration and onset of the virtual lesion, TMS can also reveal the time course of normal processing. As a result, TMS has become an important tool in cognitive neuroscience. Advantages of the technique over lesion-deficit studies include better spatial-temporal precision of the disruption effect, the ability to use participants as their own control subjects, and the accessibility of participants. Limitations include concurrent auditory and somatosensory stimulation that may influence task performance, limited access to structures more than a few centimeters from the surface of the scalp, and the relatively large space of free parameters that need to be optimized in order for the experiment to work. Experimental designs that give careful consideration to appropriate control conditions help to address these concerns. This article illustrates these issues with TMS results that investigate the spatial and temporal contributions of the left supramarginal gyrus (SMG) to reading.

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a technique for non-invasively disrupting neural information processing and measuring its effect on behavior. When TMS interferes with a task, it indicates that the stimulated brain region is necessary for normal task performance, allowing one to systematically relate brain regions to cognitive functions.

经颅磁刺激对调查因果脑 - 行为关系及其时间进程

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a safe, non-invasive brain stimulation technique that uses a strong electromagnet in order to temporarily ...

Modulating Cognition Using Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation of the Cerebellum

Numerous studies have emerged recently that demonstrate the possibility of modulating, and in some cases enhancing, cognitive processes by exciting brain regions involved in working memory and attention using transcranial electrical brain stimulation. Some researchers now believe the cerebellum supports cognition, possibly via a remote neuromodulatory effect on the prefrontal cortex. This paper describes a procedure for investigating a role for the cerebellum in cognition using transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), and a selection of information-processing tasks of varying task difficulty, which have previously been shown to involve working memory, attention and cerebellar functioning. One task is called the Paced Auditory Serial Addition Task (PASAT) and the other a novel variant of this task called the Paced Auditory Serial Subtraction Task (PASST). A verb generation task and its two controls (noun and verb reading) were also investigated. All five tasks were performed by three separate groups of participants, before and after the modulation of cortico-cerebellar connectivity using anodal, cathodal or sham tDCS over the right cerebellar cortex. The procedure demonstrates how performance (accuracy, verbal response latency and variability) could be selectively improved after cathodal stimulation, but only during tasks that the participants rated as difficult, and not easy. Performance was unchanged by anodal or sham stimulation. These findings demonstrate a role for the cerebellum in cognition, whereby activity in the left prefrontal cortex is likely dis-inhibited by cathodal tDCS over the right cerebellar cortex. Transcranial brain stimulation is growing in popularity in various labs and clinics. However, the after-effects of tDCS are inconsistent between individuals and not always polarity-specific, and may even be task- or load-specific, all of which requires further study. Future efforts might also be guided towards neuro-enhancement in cerebellar patients presenting with cognitive impairment once a better understanding of brain stimulation mechanisms has emerged.

Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) over the cerebellum exerts a remote effect on the prefrontal cortex, which can modulate cognition and performance. This was demonstrated using two information-processing tasks of varying complexity, whereby only cathodal tDCS improved performance when the task was difficult, but not easy.

调节认知使用小脑经颅直流电刺激

Numerous studies have emerged recently that demonstrate the possibility of modulating, and in some cases enhancing, cognitive processes by exciting brain ...

Functional Near Infrared Spectroscopy of the Sensory and Motor Brain Regions with Simultaneous Kinematic and EMG Monitoring During Motor Tasks

There are several advantages that functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) presents in the study of the neural control of human movement. It is relatively flexible with respect to participant positioning and allows for some head movements during tasks. Additionally, it is inexpensive, light weight, and portable, with very few contraindications to its use. This presents a unique opportunity to study functional brain activity during motor tasks in individuals who are typically developing, as well as those with movement disorders, such as cerebral palsy. An additional consideration when studying movement disorders, however, is the quality of actual movements performed and the potential for additional, unintended movements. Therefore, concurrent monitoring of both blood flow changes in the brain and actual movements of the body during testing is required for appropriate interpretation of fNIRS results. Here, we show a protocol for the combination of fNIRS with muscle and kinematic monitoring during motor tasks. We explore gait, a unilateral multi-joint movement (cycling), and two unilateral single-joint movements (isolated ankle dorsiflexion, and isolated hand squeezing). The techniques presented can be useful in studying both typical and atypical motor control, and can be modified to investigate a broad range of tasks and scientific questions.

Monitoring brain activity during upright motor tasks is of great value when investigating the neural source of movement disorders. Here, we demonstrate a protocol that combines functional near infrared spectroscopy with continuous monitoring of muscle and kinematic activity during 4 types of motor tasks.

感觉和运动脑区与运动同步和肌电图监测功能近红外光谱在运动任务

There are several advantages that functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) presents in the study of the neural control of human movement. It is ...

Neuronavigation-guided Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation for Aphasia

Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) is widely used for several neurological conditions, as it has gained acknowledgement for its potential therapeutic effects. Brain excitability is non-invasively modulated by rTMS, and rTMS to the language areas has proved its potential effects on treatment of aphasia. In our protocol, we aim to artificially induce virtual aphasia in healthy subjects by inhibiting Brodmann area 44 and 45 using neuronavigational TMS (nTMS), and F3 of the International 10-20 EEG system for conventional TMS (cTMS). To measure the degree of aphasia, changes in reaction time to a picture naming task pre- and post-stimulation are measured and compare the delay in reaction time between nTMS and cTMS. Accuracy of the two TMS stimulation methods is compared by averaging the Talairach coordinates of the target and the actual stimulation. Consistency of stimulation is demonstrated by the error range from the target. The purpose of this study is to demonstrate use of nTMS and to describe the benefits and limitations of the nTMS compared to those of cTMS.

This study is designed to test the hypothesis that neuronavigational system-guided transcranial magnetic stimulation has higher accuracy for targeting the intended target as demonstrated by eliciting a greater degree of virtual aphasia in healthy subjects, measured by delay in reaction time to picture naming.

神经导航引导下重复经颅磁刺激的失语

Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) is widely used for several neurological conditions, as it has gained acknowledgement for its potential ...

Concurrent Electroencephalography Recording During Transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation (tACS)

Oscillatory brain activities are considered to reflect the basis of rhythmic changes in transmission efficacy across brain networks and are assumed to integrate cognitive neural processes. Transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) holds the promise to elucidate the causal link between specific frequencies of oscillatory brain activity and cognitive processes. Simultaneous electroencephalography (EEG) recording during tACS would offer an opportunity to directly explore immediate neurophysiological effects of tACS. However, it is not trivial to measure EEG signals during tACS, as tACS creates a huge artifact in EEG data. Here we explain how to set up concurrent tACS-EEG experiments. Two necessary considerations for successful EEG recording while applying tACS are highlighted. First, bridging of the tACS and EEG electrodes via leaking EEG gel immediately saturates the EEG amplifier. To avoid bridging via gel, the viscosity of the EEG gel is the most important parameter. The EEG gel must be viscous to avoid bridging, but at the same time sufficiently fluid to create contact between the tACS electrode and the scalp. Second, due to the large amplitude of the tACS artifact, it is important to consider using an EEG system with a high resolution analog-to-digital (A/D) converter. In particular, the magnitude of the tACS artifact can exceed 100 mV at the vicinity of a stimulation electrode when 1 mA tACS is applied. The resolution of the A/D converter is of importance to measure good quality EEG data from the vicinity of the stimulation site. By following these guidelines for the procedures and technical considerations, successful concurrent EEG recording during tACS will be realized.

Concurrent Electroencephalography Recording During Transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation tACS

In this article we explain how to set up a concurrent transcranial alternating current stimulation and EEG experiment.

并行脑电图记录在经颅交流电刺激（TACS）

Oscillatory brain activities are considered to reflect the basis of rhythmic changes in transmission efficacy across brain networks and are assumed to ...