支持这项工作是由美国心脏协会（BGIA 7850037周北雁博士）。

1。骨髓细胞的分离<ol><li>隔离6-8周龄小鼠的股骨和胫骨，用清水冲洗干净的头发和然后剖开骨头。 </li><li>使用21G针和10毫升注射器，冲洗出来的骨髓成冷PBS +2％热灭活胎牛血清（FBS）（3-5毫升/鼠标）。 </li><li>通过21G针4-6次通过骨髓细胞分解。 </li><li>通过细胞通过一个70微米的细胞过滤去除细胞团块，骨骼，头发和其他细胞/组织。 </li><li>加入3体积的NH 4 Cl溶液（0.8％NH 4 Cl溶液，干细胞技术），并在冰上孵育10分钟以除去红血细胞。 </li><li>降速细胞在500 XG 5分钟，在4°C。 </li><li>在冷PBS +2％胎牛血清（20-50毫升，根据细胞的数量），重悬细胞沉淀。 </li></ol> 2。感应BMDM形成<ol><li>重悬隔离BMDM生长培养基中的骨髓细胞（2×10 6个细胞/米升）。 </li></ol> BMDM生长培养基: Iscove氏改性的Dulbecco的中等（IMDM）+ 10％FBS + 15％过滤（0.2微米）ł-929细胞（ATCC CCL-1）培养上清液（含有单核细胞集落刺激因子，M-CSF）或10纳克/毫升中号-CSF。 注意:L-929细胞上清液中包含M-CSF 18。 ，以确保有效的活性的条件培养基中，5×10 5 L-929细胞接种在T75厘米2烧瓶中6-7天，收集条件培养基，并通过0.45微米过滤器在使用前。介质的等分试样，可立即使用或储存在-80℃下1-2个月。 <ol start="2"><li>在6或12孔组织培养板（根据实验设计）（科宁Costar）中的种子细胞。 </li><li>变更新鲜BMDM生长培养基，在第3天。 </li><li> 在第7天，形成成熟的BMDM使用流式细胞分析评价荧光标记的抗体检测细胞表达CD11b和F4/80的。 </li></ol> 3。 BMDM极化激活<ol><li>在第7天，改变新鲜刺激培养基:M1激活 ，用IMDM培养基含10％FBS和100 ng / ml的LPS或100 ng / ml的LPS与50毫微克/毫升IFNγ;为M2活化 ，使用含有10％FBS的IMDM与10 ng / ml的IL-4和/或10 ng / ml的IL-13。 </li><li>收藏报错受激BMDMs的使用温暖的0.05％胰蛋白酶从盘分离，其次是含有10％FBS的PBS洗涤细胞两次。 </li></ol> 注意:要分离，重悬后分化成熟的巨噬细胞，0.05％胰蛋白酶溶液（含有0.48 mM的EDTA，Invitrogen公司）或2-5 mM的EDTA钙和Mg的PBS或Hank氏平衡缓冲液（HBSS）中，都可以使用。当使用含胰蛋白酶消化培养基，细胞在37℃下处理小于10分钟，以避免丢失河畔脸蛋白由于过度消化。 <ol start="3"><li>使用抗体检测细胞表面抗原的表达，包括CD11b和F4/80的CD11c，CD206，CD69，CD80或CD86在不同时间点，使用标准的流式细胞仪染色程序。 </li><li>确定M1和M2的巨噬细胞活化的特征，包括IL-1β，TNF-α和IL-6（M1激活）或IL-10，IL-13，精氨酸酵素和PPARγ（M2活化）使用定量RT-PCR的基因的表达。确定激活参与细胞信号转导通路激活M1或M2巨噬细胞的免疫印迹分析。 </li></ol>

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A., Derudas, B., Rigamonti, E., Dievart, R., Brozek, J., Haulon, S., Zawadzki, C., Jude, B., Torpier, G., Marx, N., Staels, B., Chinetti-Gbaguidi, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pparg+activation+primes+human+monocytes+into+alternative+m2+macrophages+with+anti-inflammatory+properties.">Pparg activation primes human monocytes into alternative m2 macrophages with anti-inflammatory properties.</a> Cell Metabolism. 6, 137-143 (2007).</li><li>Bronte, V., Zanovello, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Regulation+of+immune+responses+by+l-arginine+metabolism.">Regulation of immune responses by l-arginine metabolism.</a> Nat. Rev. Immunol. 5, 641-654 (2005).</li><li>Zhuang, G., Meng, C., Guo, X., Cheruku, P. S., Shi, L., Xu, H., Li, H., Wang, G., Evans, A. 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没有利益冲突的声明。

我们在这里报告一个简单而诱导激活巨噬细胞来源于骨髓祖细胞在体外容易适应的过程。此过程可用于调查负责的巨噬细胞极化机制。成熟的巨噬细胞获得使用该协议平均为95％至99％的纯度，需要没有额外的纯化程序。要调查的特定基因的功能利益在巨噬细胞的极化，异位表达或基因特异性敲除的上下文中，可以进行以下的转染的细胞在第7天。此协议也将提供一个7天的培养窗口中的某些?...

有别于经典的炎症反应，巨噬细胞浸润组织通常显示的极化激活状态，起着至关重要的作用，在调节宿主组织的生理功能1-8。刺激后，巨噬细胞活化可以分为经典（M1）和替代（M2）激活2，4，9。 M1巨噬细胞活化取决于Toll样受体（TLRs）和激活核因子κB（NFκB）/ C-Jun氨基末端激酶1（JNK1），导致生产的炎性细胞因子，如TNF-α和IL- 1β，诱导型一氧化氮合酶的激活，导致产量增加的活性氧物种，如氮化氧化氮（NO）10，11。与此相反，M2巨噬细胞的招募的活化PPARγ，PPARδ，或IL-4-STAT6通路，导致替代，消炎（M2）的激活与甘露糖受体上调CD206和精氨酸酶1（Arg1的）6，12 - 14 &lt;/ SUP&gt;。 目前骨髓衍生的巨噬细胞（BMDM），的一个理想的体外模型中了解的机制，活化的巨噬细胞极化控制15。具体而言，M1巨噬细胞的激活可以由脂多糖（LPS）的刺激被诱导，而M2巨噬细胞，可诱导的IL-4和/或IL-13的偏振。成熟骨髓来源的巨噬细胞和活化的巨噬细胞，通过流式细胞术分析，可确定表面抗原的表达，包括F4/80的细胞CD11b，CD11c的，CD206，CD69，CD80和CD86的9，16，17。此外，在细胞因子的产生和细胞与巨噬细胞的极化相关的信号转导通路的变化可以测量通过定量RT-PCR和免疫印迹分别。总之，小鼠骨髓来源的巨噬细胞可以作为一个相关的模型来研究在体外巨噬细胞的极化。

<table border="1">
 <tbody>
 <tr>
 <td>Name of Reagent/Material</td>
 <td>Company</td>
 <td>Catalog Number</td>
 <td>Comments</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>IMDM</td>
 <td>Thermo Scientific</td>
 <td>SH30259.01</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Fetal bovine serum</td>
 <td>Invitrogen</td>
 <td>10438-026</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Murine GM-CSF</td>
 <td>PeproTech</td>
 <td> 315-03</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>NH4Cl</td>
 <td>StemCell Technologies</td>
 <td>7850</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>L-929</td>
 <td>ATCC</td>
 <td>CCL-1</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>70 &mu;m cell strainer</td>
 <td>BD Biosciences</td>
 <td>352350</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>10 x PBS</td>
 <td>Thermo Scientific</td>
 <td>AP-9009-10</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Anti-mouse CD11b-APC</td>
 <td>eBioscience</td>
 <td>17-0112-81</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Anti-mouse F4/80-FITC</td>
 <td>eBioscience</td>
 <td>11-4801-81</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Anti-mouse CD69-PE</td>
 <td>eBioscience</td>
 <td>12-0691-81</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Anti-mouse CD86-PE</td>
 <td>eBioscience</td>
 <td>12-0862-81</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Propidium Iodine</td>
 <td>Invitrogen</td>
 <td>P3566</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 </tbody>
</table>

investigation of macrophage polarization using bone marrow derived macrophages

本文介绍了一种容易容易适应体外模型研究巨噬细胞极化。在存在下GM-CSF/M-CSF，从骨髓中的造血干/祖细胞定向分化成单核细胞，由M1或M2的刺激。激活状态可以跟踪的细胞表面抗原，基因表达和细胞信号转导通路的变化。

BMDM生成过程的示意说明，提出了（ 图1）。在第7天的CD11b + F4/80 +细胞占95％〜99％（ 图2）时，可以观察到成熟的巨噬细胞的高纯度。可以检查使用抗CD11b抗体，F4/80偏光巨噬细胞，CD11c和CD206随​​后通过流式细胞仪分析。 如图3所示，被检测为M1巨噬细胞细胞CD11b + F4/80 + CD11c +细胞CD206-细胞（Q2），而M2巨噬细胞细胞CD11b + F4/80 +的CD11c-CD206 +细胞（Q4）。可以确?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Investigation of Macrophage Polarization Using Bone Marrow Derived Macrophages at JoVE.com

Investigation of Macrophage Polarization Using Bone Marrow Derived Macrophages

本文介绍了一种自适应容易容易<em&gt;在体外</em&gt;模型，探讨巨噬细胞极化。在存在下GM-CSF/M-CSF，从骨髓中的造血干/祖细胞定向分化成单核细胞，由M1或M2的刺激。激活状态可以跟踪的细胞表面抗原，基因表达和细胞信号转导通路的变化。

使用骨髓源性巨噬细胞巨噬细胞极化的调查

The article describes a readily easy adaptive in vitro model to investigate macrophage polarization. In the presence of GM-CSF/M-CSF, hematopoietic ...

investigation-macrophage-polarization-using-bone-marrow-derived

Universidad de Cartagena UDEC

Research

JoVE Journal

Immunology and Infection

65.9K 次观看.  Texas A&M University. 本文介绍了一种自适应容易容易在体外模型，探讨巨噬细胞极化。在存在下GM-CSF/M-CSF，从骨髓中的造血干/祖细胞定向分化成单核细胞，由M1或M2的刺激。激活状态可以跟踪的细胞表面抗原，基因表达和细胞信号转导通路的变化。

视频: Investigation of Macrophage Polarization Using Bone Marrow Derived Macrophages

Toxoplasma gondii Cyst Wall Formation in Activated Bone Marrow-derived Macrophages and Bradyzoite Conditions

Toxoplasma gondii is an obligate intracellular parasite that can invade any nucleated cell of warm-blooded animals. During infection, T. gondii disseminates as a fast replicating form called the tachyzoite. Tachyzoites convert into a slow-growing encysted form called the bradyzoite by a signaling process that is not well characterized. Within animals, bradyzoite cysts are found in the central nervous system and muscle tissue and represent the chronic stage of infection. Conversion to bradyzoites can be simulated in tissue culture by CO2 starvation, using medium with high a pH, or the addition of interferon gamma (IFN&gamma;). Bradyzoites are characterized by the presence of a cyst wall, to which the lectin Dolichos biflorus agglutinin (DBA) binds. Fluorescently labeled DBA is used to visualize the cyst wall in parasites grown in human foreskin fibroblasts (HFFs) that have been exposed to low CO2 and high pH medium. Similarly, parasites residing in murine bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMMs) display a cyst wall detectable by DBA after the BMMs are activated with IFN&gamma; and lipopolysaccharide (LPS). This protocol will demonstrate how to induce conversion of T. gondii to bradyzoites using a high pH growth medium with low CO2 and activation of BMMs. Host cells will be cultured on coverslips, infected with tachyzoites and either activated with addition of IFN&gamma; and LPS (BMMs) or exposed to a high pH growth medium (HFFs) for three days. Upon completion of infections, host cells will be fixed, permeabilized, and blocked. Cyst walls will be visualized using rhodamine DBA with fluorescence microscopy.

Toxoplasma gondii Cyst Wall Formation in Activated Bone Marrow-derived Macrophages and Bradyzoite Conditions

Toxoplasma gondii converts to a cyst form in response to environmental stresses, which can be mimicked in tissue culture models. This video demonstrates techniques to examine cyst wall formation by activating bone marrow-derived macrophages or changing growth medium pH in fibroblast cells.

弓形虫囊肿壁形成激活骨髓衍生的巨噬细胞和Bradyzoite条件

Toxoplasma gondii is an obligate intracellular parasite that can invade any nucleated cell of warm-blooded animals. During infection, T. gondii ...

科研

免疫与感染

Generation and Labeling of Murine Bone Marrow-derived Dendritic Cells with Qdot Nanocrystals for Tracking Studies

Dendritic cells (DCs) are professional antigen presenting cells (APCs) found in peripheral tissues and in immunological organs such as thymus, bone marrow, spleen, lymph nodes and Peyer's patches 1-3. DCs present in peripheral tissues sample the organism for the presence of antigens, which they take up, process and present in their surface in the context of major histocompatibility molecules (MHC). Then, antigen-loaded DCs migrate to immunological organs where they present the processed antigen to T lymphocytes triggering specific immune responses. One way to evaluate the migratory capabilities of DCs is to label them with fluorescent dyes 4.
Herewith we demonstrate the use of Qdot fluorescent nanocrystals to label murine bone marrow-derived DC. The advantage of this labeling is that Qdot nanocrystals possess stable and long lasting fluorescence that make them ideal for detecting labeled cells in recovered tissues. To accomplish this, first cells will be recovered from murine bone marrows and cultured for 8 days in the presence of granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor in order to induce DC differentiation. These cells will be then labeled with fluorescent Qdots by short in vitro incubation. Stained cells can be visualized with a fluorescent microscopy. Cells can be injected into experimental animals at this point or can be into mature cells upon in vitro incubation with inflammatory stimuli. In our hands, DC maturation did not determine loss of fluorescent signal nor does Qdot staining affect the biological properties of DCs. Upon injection, these cells can be identified in immune organs by fluorescent microscopy following typical dissection and fixation procedures.

Dendritic cells uptake antigens and migrate towards immune organs to present processed antigens to T cells. Qdot nanocrystal labeling provides a long-lasting and stable fluorescent signal. This allows tracking of dendritic cells to different organs by fluorescent microscopy.

小鼠骨髓来源的树突状细胞与跟踪研究的Qdot纳米晶的生成及标签

Dendritic cells (DCs) are professional antigen presenting cells (APCs) found in peripheral tissues and in immunological organs such as thymus, bone ...

Bone Marrow-derived Macrophage Production

Macrophages are critical components of the innate and adaptive immune responses, and they are the first line of defense against foreign invaders because of their powerful microbicidal activities. Macrophages are widely distributed throughout the body and are present in the lymphoid organs, liver, lungs, gastrointestinal tract, central nervous system, bone, and skin. Because of their repartition, they participate in a wide range of physiological and pathological processes. Macrophages are highly versatile cells that are able to recognize microenvironmental alterations and to maintain tissue homeostasis. Numerous pathogens have evolved mechanisms to use macrophages as Trojan horses to survive, replicate in, and infect both humans and animals and to propagate throughout the body. The recent explosion of interest in evolutionary, genetic, and biochemical aspects of host-pathogen interactions has renewed scientific attention regarding macrophages. Here, we describe a procedure to isolate and cultivate macrophages from murine bone marrow that will provide large numbers of macrophages for studying host-pathogen interactions as well as other processes.

Macrophages have long been recognized as a critical component of the innate and adaptive immune responses. The recent explosion of knowledge pertaining to evolutionary, genetic, and biochemical aspects of the interaction between macrophages and microbes has renewed scientific attention to macrophages. This article describes a method to differentiate macrophages from mouse bone marrow.

骨髓衍生的巨噬细胞产

Macrophages are critical components of the innate and adaptive immune responses, and they are the first line of defense against foreign invaders because ...

Isolation and Intravenous Injection of Murine Bone Marrow Derived Monocytes

As a subtype of leukocytes and progenitors of macrophages, monocytes are involved in many important processes of organisms and are often the subject of various fields in biomedical science. The method described below is a simple and effective way to isolate murine monocytes from heterogeneous bone marrow.
Bone marrow from the femur and tibia of Balb/c mice is harvested by flushing with phosphate buffered saline (PBS). Cell suspension is supplemented with macrophage-colony stimulating factor (M-CSF) and cultured on ultra-low attachment surfaces to avoid adhesion-triggered differentiation of monocytes. The properties and differentiation of monocytes are characterized at various intervals. Fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS), with markers like CD11b, CD115, and F4/80, is used for phenotyping. At the end of cultivation, the suspension consists of 45%&#177; 12% monocytes. By removing adhesive macrophages, the purity can be raised up to 86%&#177; 6%. After the isolation, monocytes can be utilized in various ways, and one of the most effective and common methods for in vivo delivery is intravenous tail vein injection. 
This technique of isolation and application is important for mouse model studies, especially in the fields of inflammation or immunology. Monocytes can also be used therapeutically in mouse disease models.

Here we present a protocol that generates large amounts of murine monocytes from heterogeneous bone marrow for translational applications. In comparison to others, this new method helps reduce the number of sacrificed animals and lowers costs by avoiding expensive methods such as high gradient magnetic cell separation (MACS).

隔离和小鼠骨髓的静脉注射单核细胞衍生

As a subtype of leukocytes and progenitors of macrophages, monocytes are involved in many important processes of organisms and are often the subject of ...

Metabolic Characterization of Polarized M1 and M2 Bone Marrow-derived Macrophages Using Real-time Extracellular Flux Analysis

Specific metabolic pathways are increasingly being recognized as critical hallmarks of macrophage subsets. While LPS-induced classically activated M1 or M(LPS) macrophages are pro-inflammatory, IL-4 induces alternative macrophage activation and these so-called M2 or M(IL-4) support resolution of inflammation and wound healing. Recent evidence shows the crucial role of metabolic reprogramming in the regulation of M1 and M2 macrophage polarization. 
In this manuscript, an extracellular flux analyzer is applied to assess the metabolic characteristics of naive, M1 and M2 polarized mouse bone marrow-derived macrophages. This instrument uses pH and oxygen sensors to measure the extracellular acidification rate (ECAR) and oxygen consumption rate (OCR), which can be related to glycolytic and mitochondrial oxidative metabolism. As such, both glycolysis and mitochondrial oxidative metabolism can be measured in real-time in one single assay.
Using this technique, we demonstrate here that inflammatory M1 macrophages display enhanced glycolytic metabolism and reduced mitochondrial activity. Conversely, anti-inflammatory M2 macrophages show high mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) and are characterized by an enhanced spare respiratory capacity (SRC). 
The presented functional assay serves as a framework to investigate how particular cytokines, pharmacological compounds, gene knock outs or other interventions affect the macrophage&#8217;s metabolic phenotype and inflammatory status.

Metabolic reprogramming is a characteristic and prerequisite for M1 and M2 macrophage polarization. This manuscript describes an assay for the measurement of fundamental parameters of glycolysis and mitochondrial function in mouse bone marrow-derived macrophages. This tool can be applied to investigate how particular factors affect the macrophage&#8217;s metabolism and phenotype.

偏光M1和M2骨髓来源的巨噬细胞的使用实时外流量分析代谢表征

Specific metabolic pathways are increasingly being recognized as critical hallmarks of macrophage subsets. While LPS-induced classically activated M1 or ...

Murine Hind Limb Long Bone Dissection and Bone Marrow Isolation

Investigation of the bone and the bone marrow is critical in many research fields including basic bone biology, immunology, hematology, cancer metastasis, biomechanics, and stem cell biology. Despite the importance of the bone in healthy and pathologic states, however, it is a largely under-researched organ due to lack of specialized knowledge of bone dissection and bone marrow isolation. Mice are a common model organism to study effects on bone and bone marrow, necessitating a standardized and efficient method for long bone dissection and bone marrow isolation for processing of large experimental cohorts. We describe a straightforward dissection procedure for the removal of the femur and tibia that is suitable for downstream applications, including but not limited to histomorphologic analysis and strength testing. In addition, we outline a rapid procedure for isolation of bone marrow from the long bones via centrifugation with limited handling time, ideal for cell sorting, primary cell culture, or DNA, RNA, and protein extraction. The protocol is streamlined for rapid processing of samples to limit experimental error, and is standardized to minimize user-to-user variability.

Here we present a protocol for the dissection of hind limb long bones (femurs and tibiae) from the laboratory mouse. We further describe a rapid technique for bone marrow isolation from these bones that utilizes centrifugation for removal of bone marrow from the bone marrow space.

鼠后肢长骨解剖和骨髓隔离

Investigation of the bone and the bone marrow is critical in many research fields including basic bone biology, immunology, hematology, cancer metastasis, ...

Generation and Identification of GM-CSF Derived Alveolar-like Macrophages and Dendritic Cells From Mouse Bone Marrow

Macrophages and dendritic cells (DCs) are innate immune cells found in tissues and lymphoid organs that play a key role in the defense against pathogens. However, they are difficult to isolate in sufficient numbers to study them in detail, therefore, in vitro models have been developed. In vitro cultures of bone marrow-derived macrophages and dendritic cells are well-established and valuable methods for immunological studies. Here, a method for culturing and identifying both DCs and macrophages from a single culture of primary mouse bone marrow cells using the cytokine granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) is described. This protocol is based on the established procedure first developed by Lutz et al. in 1999 for bone marrow-derived DCs. The culture is heterogeneous, and MHCII and fluoresceinated hyaluronan (FL-HA) are used to distinguish macrophages from immature and mature DCs. These GM-CSF derived macrophages provide a convenient source of in vitro derived macrophages that closely resemble alveolar macrophages in both phenotype and function.

Bone marrow cells cultured with granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) generate a heterogeneous culture containing macrophages and dendritic cells (DCs). This method highlights using MHCII and hyaluronan (HA) binding to differentiate macrophages from the DCs in the GM-CSF culture. Macrophages in this culture have many similarities to alveolar macrophages.

代和GM-CSF的鉴定源性肺泡状巨噬细胞和树突状细胞从小鼠骨髓

Macrophages and dendritic cells (DCs) are innate immune cells found in tissues and lymphoid organs that play a key role in the defense against pathogens. ...

Culture of Macrophage Colony-stimulating Factor Differentiated Human Monocyte-derived Macrophages

A protocol is presented for cell culture of macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) differentiated human monocyte-derived macrophages. For initiation of experiments, fresh or frozen monocytes are cultured in flasks for 1 week with M-CSF to induce their differentiation into macrophages. Then, the macrophages can be harvested and seeded into culture wells at required cell densities for carrying out experiments. The use of defined numbers of macrophages rather than defined numbers of monocytes to initiate macrophage cultures for experiments yields macrophage cultures in which the desired cell density can be more consistently attained. Use of cryopreserved monocytes reduces dependency on donor availability and produces more homogeneous macrophage cultures.

A protocol is presented for cell culture of macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) differentiated human monocyte-derived macrophages. The protocol utilizes cryopreservation of monocytes coupled with their bulk differentiation into macrophages. Then harvested macrophages can then be seeded into culture wells at required cell densities for carrying out experiments.

巨噬细胞集落刺激因子分化的人单核细胞衍生的巨噬细胞的培养

A protocol is presented for cell culture of macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) differentiated human monocyte-derived macrophages. For initiation ...

Assessment of Antibody-based Drugs Effects on Murine Bone Marrow and Peritoneal Macrophage Activation

Macrophages are phagocytic innate immune cells, which initiate immune responses to pathogens and contribute to healing and tissue restitution. Macrophages are equally important in turning off inflammatory responses. We have shown that macrophages stimulated with intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg) can produce high amounts of the anti-inflammatory cytokine, interleukin 10 (IL-10), and low levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines in response to bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPS). IVIg is a polyvalent antibody, primarily immunoglobulin Gs (IgGs), pooled from the plasma of more than 1,000 blood donors. It is used to supplement antibodies in patients with immune deficiencies or to suppress immune responses in patients with autoimmune or inflammatory conditions. Infliximab, a therapeutic anti-tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF&#945;) antibody, has also been shown to activate macrophages to produce IL-10 in response to inflammatory stimuli. IVIg and other antibody-based biologics can be tested to determine their effects on macrophage activation. This paper describes methods for derivation, stimulation, and assessment of murine bone marrow macrophages activated by antibodies in vitro and murine peritoneal macrophages activated with antibodies in vivo. Finally, we demonstrate the use of western blotting to determine the contribution of specific cell signaling pathways to anti-inflammatory macrophage activity. These protocols can be used with genetically modified mice, to determine the effect of a specific protein(s) on anti-inflammatory macrophage activation. These techniques can also be used to assess whether specific biologics may act by changing macrophages to an IL-10-producing anti-inflammatory activation state that reduces inflammatory responses in vivo. This can provide information on the role of macrophage activation in the efficacy of biologics during disease models in mice, and provide insight into a potential new mechanism of action in people. Conversely, this may caution against the use of specific antibody-based biologics to treat infectious disease, particularly if macrophages play an important role in host defense against that infection.

Antibody-based drugs have revolutionized treatment for inflammatory diseases. In addition to having direct effects on specific targets, antibodies can activate macrophages to become anti-inflammatory. This protocol describes how anti-inflammatory macrophage activation can be assessed in vitro, using mouse bone marrow macrophages, and in vivo, using peritoneal macrophages.

抗体药物对小鼠骨髓及腹腔巨噬细胞活化作用的评价

Macrophages are phagocytic innate immune cells, which initiate immune responses to pathogens and contribute to healing and tissue restitution. Macrophages ...

Detection of Inflammasome Activation and Pyroptotic Cell Death in Murine Bone Marrow-derived Macrophages

Inflammasomes are innate immune signaling platforms that are required for the successful control of many pathogenic organisms, but also promote inflammatory and autoinflammatory diseases. Inflammasomes are activated by cytosolic pattern recognition receptors, including members of the NOD-like receptor (NLR) family. These receptors oligomerize upon the detection of microbial or damage-associated stimuli. Subsequent recruitment of the adaptor protein ASC forms a microscopically visible inflammasome complex, which activates caspase-1 through proximity-induced auto-activation. Following the activation, caspase-1 cleaves pro-IL-1&#946; and pro-IL-18, leading to the activation and secretion of these pro-inflammatory cytokines. Caspase-1 also mediates the inflammatory form of cell death termed pyroptosis, which features the loss of membrane integrity and cell lysis. Caspase-1 cleaves gasdermin D, releasing the N-terminal fragment which forms plasma membrane pores, leading to osmotic lysis.
In vitro, the activation of caspase-1 can be determined by labeling bone marrow-derived macrophages with the caspase-1 activity probe FAM-YVAD-FMK and by labeling the cells with antibodies against the adaptor protein ASC. This technique allows the identification of inflammasome formation and caspase-1 activation in individual cells using fluorescence microscopy. Pyroptotic cell death can be detected by measuring the release of cytosolic lactate dehydrogenase into the medium. This procedure is simple, cost effective and performed in a 96-well plate format, allowing adaptation for screening. In this manuscript, we show that activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome by nigericin leads to the co-localization of the adaptor protein ASC and active caspase-1, leading to pyroptosis.

We describe the detection of NLRP3 inflammasome activation on cellular basis using fluorescence microscopy and staining for active caspase-1 and the adaptor, ASC. A lactate dehydrogenase release assay is presented to detect pyroptotic lysis on a population basis. These techniques can be adapted to study many aspects of inflammasome biology.