我们感谢劳拉克拉克，她的宝贵援助。这项工作是由罗富国:干细胞网络，CIHR和美国国立卫生研究院支持。

1。准备解剖的解决方案和酶解决方案<ol><li>设为人工脑脊髓液（学联）和无血清培养基提前和冷藏。 </li><li>称量Kynurenic酸（0.2毫克/毫升），溶解在10毫升的希洛学联在37℃水浴时间提前，因为它不容​​易溶解。 </li><li>称出的胰蛋白酶（1.33毫克/毫升）和透明质酸（0.67毫克/毫升）和15毫升管的地方，并保持在-20 ° C，直到需要。添加的Kynurenic柠檬酸溶液管过滤器使用22微米的注射器过滤器在使用前。 </li><li>称取胰蛋白酶抑制剂（Ovamucoid 1毫克/毫升），溶解在温暖的无血清培养基和使用22μm注射器过滤器的过滤。 </li><li>使电镀媒体:无血清培养基含有FGF2组（10毫微克/毫升）和肝素（2微克/毫升）。 </li></ol> 2。隔离从鼠眼视网膜干细胞<ol><li>视网膜干细胞的分离是在一个特定的无菌室专用原代培养实验。开始此过程之前，成立剖析镜和冷光源，然后铺陈无菌剖析仪器。每个罩有一个热珠灭菌消毒步骤之间的文书。 </li><li>我们会从眼睛的视网膜干细胞已立即放置在无菌的Petri菜后，他们根据协议批准的动物伦理牺牲的小鼠去除含有人工脑脊髓液（学联）隔离。 </li><li>解剖显微镜下，干净的镊子的眼睛:摆脱头发和结缔组织附着在角膜/巩膜边界。然后，将眼睛与学联的新菜。 </li><li>同时轻轻按住眼与锯齿钳固定，使用角度微解剖剪刀去除眼部肌肉。取出视神经以及如果它仍是贴在眼睛上。在此过程中尽量不要压扁眼。将眼睛与学联的新菜。 </li><li>接下来，使用弧形微解剖剪刀将削减一半的眼睛:开始在视神经及角膜中间穿过，会议开始削减在视神经。它是理想的眼两片的大小大致相等，因为这将使下一步更容易。 </li><li>除了控股的眼角膜用两个镊子，轻轻剥离两眼半。删除和丢弃的镜头，内脏，神经视网膜从眼壳。将炮弹与学联的新菜。 </li><li>现在，我们已经准备好隔离纤毛上皮。首先，东方的眼睛外壳，使您的权利，角膜和视网膜色素上皮（RPE）是在左边。轻轻针的眼壳下的RPE方直钳。 </li><li>接下来，使用手术刀削减，从眼睛的睫状肌上皮角膜和虹膜，轻轻推了手术刀，而不是用锯议案。 </li><li>之后，切离的视网膜色素上皮的纤毛上皮。使用无锯齿钳纤毛上皮细胞的地带转移到一个新的35毫米的菜含有学联。 </li><li>以同样的方式，从另一只眼睛壳隔离的纤毛上皮细胞。 </li><li>一旦双方的纤毛上皮条已收集，转移到一个35毫米，含2毫升的Dispase盘条。放置10分钟，在37℃培养箱条菜。 </li><li> 10分钟后，从Dispase转移到含有2毫升过滤胰蛋白酶，透明质酸酶和Kynurenic酸性，菜条。菜放置在37 ° C为10分钟。 </li><li>现在，返回到解剖显微镜。虽然直钳巩膜，使用底部的弧形无锯齿钳轻轻刮去远离巩膜睫状体上皮。 </li><li>从盘中取出巩膜。应该在现在剩下的菜的兴趣和酶液的细胞。 </li><li>使用一个火抛光棉插吸管，这个解决方案转移到14毫升的管。磨碎这个解决方案的30倍，掰开的解决方案和移液器轻轻迫使上皮细胞。 </li><li> 5分钟1500转离心管。当离心完成后，取出离心管小心，因为细胞很容易在这个阶段的试管底部。 </li><li>轻轻吸去大部分上清，使用火抛光的吸管，然后在无血清培养基中添加1毫升的胰蛋白酶抑制剂的细胞。使用一个小的钻孔棉花插吸管磨碎的样品约50倍，直到它是一种单细胞悬液。 </li><li>再次为5分钟1500转离心管。 </li><li>去除上清，用1毫升电镀中型替换。轻轻磨碎使用火抛光的玻璃吸管悬浮CELLS。 </li><li>计数后所需的密度在24孔板中的细胞，板。我们通常盘10个细胞/微升灌装与介质，然后每孔加入细胞悬液500μL媒体得到的最终成交量。 </li><li>它不会移动，直到你算7天之后出现的领域，将在37℃CO 2培养箱板。 </li></ol> 3。视网膜干细胞的分离结果<ol><li>当此过程是成功执行，解剖纤毛上皮细胞看起来应该像这样，在低密度（图1）的分离和镀后。 </li><li>经过7天中文化，出现视网膜干细胞领域也计算在内。一个球体，应超过75微米，直径作为干细胞来源的领域内自由浮动。 （图2）。然而，某些细胞将有限的扩散，并形成球体不符合大小的标准，不会干细胞衍生的领域内;，这样一个球体的示例如下所示（图2）。 </li></ol> 4。代表性的成果<img src="/files/ftp_upload/2209/2209fig1.jpg" alt="图1" / > 图1。 <img src="/files/ftp_upload/2209/2209fig2.jpg" alt="图2" / > 图2。

<ol>
	<li>Tropepe, V., Coles, B. L., Chiasson, B. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Retinal+stem+cells+in+the+adult+mammalian+eye.">Retinal stem cells in the adult mammalian eye.</a> Science. 287, 2032-2036 (2000).</li><li>Ahmad, I., Tang, L., Pham, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Identification+of+neural+progenitors+in+the+adult+mammalian+eye.">Identification of neural progenitors in the adult mammalian eye.</a> Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 270, 517-521 (2000).</li><li>Coles, B. L., Angenieux, B., Inoue, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Facile+isolation+and+the+characterization+of+human+retinal+stem+cells.">Facile isolation and the characterization of human retinal stem cells.</a> Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 101, 15772-15777 (2004).</li><li>Cicero, S. A., Johnson, D., Reyntjens, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cells+previously+identified+as+retinal+stem+cells+are+pigmented+ciliary+epithelial+cells.">Cells previously identified as retinal stem cells are pigmented ciliary epithelial cells.</a> Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 106, 6685-6690 (2009).</li><li>Lamba, D., Karl, M., Reh, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Neural+regeneration+and+cell+replacement:+a+view+from+the+eye.">Neural regeneration and cell replacement: a view from the eye.</a> Cell Stem Cell. 2 (6), 538-549 (2008).</li><li>Coles, B. L., Horsford, D. J., McInnes, R. R., van der Kooy, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Loss+of+retinal+progenitor+cells+leads+to+an+increase+in+the+retinal+stem+cell+population+in+vivo.">Loss of retinal progenitor cells leads to an increase in the retinal stem cell population in vivo.</a> Eur J Neurosci. 23, 75-82 (2006).</li><li>Ang&#233;nieux, B., Schorderet, F. D., Arsenijevic, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Epidermal+growth+factor+is+a+neuronal+differentiation+factor+for+retinal+stem+cells+in+vitro.">Epidermal growth factor is a neuronal differentiation factor for retinal stem cells in vitro.</a> Stem Cells. 24 (3), 696-706 (2006).</li><li>Xu, S., Sunderland, M. E., Coles, B. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+proliferation+and+expansion+of+retinal+stem+cells+require+functional+Pax6.">The proliferation and expansion of retinal stem cells require functional Pax6.</a> Dev Biol. 304, 713-721 (2007).</li><li>Canola, K., Ang&#233;nieux, B., Tekaya, M., Quiambao, A., Naash, M. I., Munier, F. L., Schorderet, D. F., Arsenijevic, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Retinal+stem+cells+transplanted+into+models+of+late+stages+of+retinitis+pigmentosa+preferentially+adopt+a+glial+or+a+retinal+ganglion+cell+fate.">Retinal stem cells transplanted into models of late stages of retinitis pigmentosa preferentially adopt a glial or a retinal ganglion cell fate.</a> Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 48 (1), 446-4454 (2007).</li><li>Canola, K., Arsenijevic, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Generation+of+cells+committed+towards+the+photoreceptor+fate+for+retinal+transplantation.">Generation of cells committed towards the photoreceptor fate for retinal transplantation.</a> Neuroreport. 18 (9), 851-855 (2007).</li><li>Djojosubroto, M. W., Arsenijevic, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Retinal+stem+cells:+promising+candidates+for+retina+transplantation.">Retinal stem cells: promising candidates for retina transplantation.</a> Cell Tissue Res. 331 (1), 347-357 (2008).</li><li>Inoue, T., Coles, B. L., Dorval, K., Bremner, R., Bessho, Y., Kageyama, R., Hino, S., Matsuoka, M., Craft, C. M., McInnes, R. R., Tremblay, F., Prusky, G. T., van der Kooy, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Maximizing+functional+photoreceptor+differentiation+from+adult+human+retinal+stem+cells.">Maximizing functional photoreceptor differentiation from adult human retinal stem cells.</a> Stem Cells. 28 (3), 489-500 (2010).</li><li>Tropepe, V., Sibilia, M., Ciruna, B. G., Rossant, J., Wagner, E. 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本协议描述了如何从鼠标的眼睛1-3纤毛上皮细胞的视网膜干细胞的分离。隔离纤毛上皮细胞的条的方法可以有所不同，但是实现一个单细胞悬液，酶和方法已在本议定书的优化。同样重要的是纤毛上皮已被隔离带不包含大量的视网膜色素上皮或角膜，因为这些似乎有一个可从每只眼睛孤立的领域总数的负面影响。此外，我们脑部神经球13的最初制定的，在无血清培养基是日益增长的视网膜干细胞领域的理想选择。人们还应该确保这些细胞不受到干扰后，他们已镀上和放置在孵化器，使不断增长的领域不聚合在一起14。 一旦视网膜干细胞形成克隆领域，他们可以算作得到每眼干细胞的一个准数。球体，然后就可以被分离为单个细胞，并代确定的自我更新能力，或到不同的细胞类型的神经视网膜和视网膜色素上皮生长因子的不同组合和/或蛋白质有区别的。

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		<div>
		<table border="1">
		<thead>
		<tr>
		<th>Material Name</th>
		<th>Type</th>
		<th>Company</th>
		<th>Catalogue Number</th>
		<th>Comment</th>
		</tr>
		</thead>
		<tbody>
		
<tr>
<td>Stemi 2000 Microscope</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Zeiss</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Cold Light Source</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Zeiss</td>
<td>KL1500 </td>
<td>dual arm optic light</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Curved Mini Vannas scissors</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>FST</td>
<td>15000-10</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Angled Vannas scissors</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>FST</td>
<td>15005-08</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>#7 Dumont forceps</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>FST</td>
<td>11272-30</td>
<td>non-serrated</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>#5 Dumont forceps</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>FST</td>
<td>11251-10</td>
<td>straight</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Fine forceps</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>FST</td>
<td>11051-10</td>
<td>serrated curved</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>#3 Scalpel handle</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Almedic</td>
<td>2586-M36-10</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>#10 Scalpel blades</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Almedic</td>
<td>2580-M90-10</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Hot Bead Sterilizer</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>FST</td>
<td>18000-45</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Dispase</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>VWR/BD </td>
<td>CACB354235</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Trypsin</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Sigma</td>
<td>T1005</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Hyaluronidase</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Sigma</td>
<td>H6254</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Kynurenic Acid</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Sigma</td>
<td>K3375</td>
<td>1000 IU</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Trypsin Inhibitor</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Roche</td>
<td>10109878001</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>35 mm dishes</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>VWR/Nunc</td>
<td>CA354235</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>24-well plate</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>VWR/Nunc</td>
<td>CA73521-004</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Cotton-plugged pipettes</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>VWR</td>
<td>14672-400</td>
<td>fire-polish</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>14 mL Tubes</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Falcon</td>
<td>352057</td>
<td>Polystyrene</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Serum-free Media</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Ref# 13 for formulation</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>FGF2</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Sigma</td>
<td>F0291</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Heparin</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Sigma</td>
<td>H3149</td>
<td>100 IU</td>
</tr>		</tbody>
		</table>
		</div>

isolation of retinal stem cells from the mouse eye

成年鼠的视网膜干细胞（RSC）是一种罕见的的静态细胞内的纤毛上皮细胞的哺乳动物的眼睛 1,2,3（CE） 。行政长官是由无色素的内层和色素外层细胞层，并从单一的行政长官的色素细胞克隆产生的RSC殖民地可分化的细胞色素和非色素形成的所有神经视网膜和色素上皮细胞类型。有一些争议，关于是否所有的领域内的细胞中都含有至少有一些色素4;然而，细胞仍然能够形成不同的细胞类型的神经视网膜1-3内发现。在一些物种，如两栖类和鱼类，他们的眼睛能在伤后5再生的，但是，哺乳动物的眼睛显示没有这样的再生性能。我们设法确定在体内的干细胞和理解的机制，使哺乳动物的视网膜干细胞的静态6-8，甚至伤后，以及使用它们作为一个潜在的细胞来源，以帮助修复眼外伤的物 ​​理或遗传模型通过移植9-12。在这里，我们介绍了如何以隔离从小鼠眼纤毛上皮细胞，并在文化中成长，才能形成克隆视网膜干细胞领域。既然有没有已知的标记的干细胞在体内 ，这些领域是唯一已知的方法来前瞻性地识别内眼睫状体上皮干细胞群。

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Isolation of Retinal Stem Cells from the Mouse Eye at JoVE.com

Isolation of Retinal Stem Cells from the Mouse Eye

在这段视频中，我们将演示如何隔离鼠标眼睫状体上皮视网膜干细胞，并在文化中成长，他们形成克隆视网膜领域。被隔离的领域拥有的干细胞的大是大非特性:自我更新和multipotentiality。

从鼠眼视网膜干细胞的分离

The adult mouse retinal stem cell (RSC) is a rare quiescent cell found within the ciliary epithelium (CE) of the mammalian eye1,2,3. The CE is made up of ...

isolation-of-retinal-stem-cells-from-the-mouse-eye

Universidad de Cartagena UDEC

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

24.7K 次观看.  University of Toronto. 在这段视频中，我们将演示如何隔离鼠标眼睫状体上皮视网膜干细胞，并在文化中成长，他们形成克隆视网膜领域。被隔离的领域拥有的干细胞的大是大非特性:自我更新和multipotentiality。

视频: Isolation of Retinal Stem Cells from the Mouse Eye

Isolation and Analysis of Hematopoietic Stem Cells from the Placenta

Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) have the ability to self-renew and generate all cell types of the blood lineages throughout the lifetime of an individual. All HSCs emerge during embryonic development, after which their pool size is maintained by self-renewing cell divisions. Identifying the anatomical origin of HSCs and the critical developmental events regulating the process of HSC development has been complicated as many anatomical sites participate during fetal hematopoiesis. Recently, we identified the placenta as a major hematopoietic organ where HSCs are generated and expanded in unique microenvironmental niches (Gekas, et al 2005, Rhodes, et al 2008). Consequently, the placenta is an important source of HSCs during their emergence and initial expansion.
In this article, we show dissection techniques for the isolation of murine placenta from E10.5 and E12.5 embryos, corresponding to the developmental stages of initiation of HSCs and the peak in the size of the HSC pool in the placenta, respectively. In addition, we present an optimized protocol for enzymatic and mechanical dissociation of placental tissue into single-cell suspension for use in flow cytometry or functional assays. We have found that use of collagenase for single-cell suspension of placenta gives sufficient yields of HSCs. An important factor affecting HSC yield from the placenta is the degree of mechanical dissociation prior to, and duration of, enzymatic treatment.
We also provide a protocol for the preparation of fixed-frozen placental tissue sections for the visualization of developing HSCs by immunohistochemistry in their precise cellular niches. As hematopoietic specific antigens are not preserved during preparation of paraffin embedded sections, we routinely use fixed frozen sections for localizing placental HSCs and progenitors.

We have identified the placenta as a major hematopoietic organ during development. We found that hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) are both generated and expanded in the placenta in unique microenvironmental niches. Here, we describe experimental techniques required for isolation and visualization of HSCs in the mouse placenta.

从胎盘中的造血干细胞的分离和分析

Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) have the ability to self-renew and generate all cell types of the blood lineages throughout the lifetime of an individual. ...

科研

生物学

Isolation and Derivation of Mouse Embryonic Germinal Cells

The ability of embryonic germinal cells (EG) to differentiate into primordial germinal cells (PGCs) and later into gametes during early developmental stages is a perfect model to address our hypothesis about cancer and infertility. This protocol shows how to isolate primordial germinal cells from developing gonads in 10.5-11.5 days post coitum (dpc) mouse embryos.  Developing gonadal ridges from mouse embryos (C57BL6J) were dissociated by mechanical disruption with collagenase, then plated in a mouse embryo fibroblast feeder layer (MEF-CF1) that was previously mitotically inactivated with mitomycin C in the presence of knockout media and supplemented with Leukemia Inhibitor Factor (LIF), basic Fibroblast Growth Factor (bFGF), and Stem Cell Factor (SCF).  Using these optimized methods for PCG identification, isolation, and establishment of culture conditions permits long term cultures of EG cells for more than 40 days.  The embryonic germinal cell lines showed embryonic phenotype and expression of common used markers of the pluripotent state.  Isolation and derivation of germinal cells in culture provide a tool to understand their development in vitro and offer the opportunity to monitor cumulative damage at genetic and epigenetic levels after exposure to oxidative stress.

The ability of embryonic germinal cells to differentiate into primordial germinal cells during early development stages is a perfect model to address our hypothesis about cancer and infertility. This protocol shows how to isolate primordial germinal cells from developing gonads in 10.5-11.5 days post coitum mouse embryos.

小鼠胚胎生殖细胞的分离和推导

The ability of embryonic germinal cells (EG) to differentiate into primordial germinal cells (PGCs) and later into gametes during early developmental ...

Isolation of Mouse Salivary Gland Stem Cells

Mature salivary glands of both human and mouse origin comprise a minimum of five cell types, each of which facilitates the production and excretion of saliva into the oral cavity. Serous and mucous acinar cells are the protein and mucous producing factories of the gland respectively, and represent the origin of saliva production. Once synthesised, the various enzymatic and other proteinaceous components of saliva are secreted through a series of ductal cells bearing epithelial-type morphology, until the eventual expulsion of the saliva through one major duct into the cavity of the mouth. The composition of saliva is also modified by the ductal cells during this process.
In the manifestation of diseases such as Sj&ouml;gren's syndrome, and in some clinical situations such as radiotherapy treatment for head and neck cancers, saliva production by the glands is dramatically reduced 1,2. The resulting xerostomia, a subjective feeling of dry mouth, affects not only the ability of the patient to swallow and speak, but also encourages the development of dental caries and can be socially debilitating for the sufferer.
The restoration of saliva production in the above-mentioned clinical conditions therefore represents an unmet clinical need, and as such several studies have demonstrated the regenerative capacity of the salivary glands 3-5. Further to the isolation of stem cell-like populations of cells from various tissues within the mouse and human bodies 6-8, we have shown using the described method that stem cells isolated from mouse salivary glands can be used to rescue saliva production in irradiated salivary glands 9,10. This discovery paves the way for the development of stem cell-based therapies for the treatment of xerostomic conditions in humans, and also for the exploration of the salivary gland as a microenvironment containing cells with multipotent self-renewing capabilities.

An optimized protocol for the isolation of stem cells from the mouse salivary gland is described. The method employs enzymatic and mechanical digestion, and permits isolation of salispheres containing cells with characteristics of stem cells.

鼠标涎腺干细胞的分离

Mature salivary glands of both human and mouse origin comprise a minimum of five cell types, each of which facilitates the production and excretion of ...

Generation of Mice Derived from Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

The production of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) from somatic cells provides a means to create valuable tools for basic research and may also produce a source of patient-matched cells for regenerative therapies. iPSCs may be generated using multiple protocols and derived from multiple cell sources. Once generated, iPSCs are tested using a variety of assays including immunostaining for pluripotency markers, generation of three germ layers in embryoid bodies and teratomas, comparisons of gene expression with embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and production of chimeric mice with or without germline contribution2. Importantly, iPSC lines that pass these tests still vary in their capacity to produce different differentiated cell types2. This has made it difficult to establish which iPSC derivation protocols, donor cell sources or selection methods are most useful for different applications.
The most stringent test of whether a stem cell line has sufficient developmental potential to generate all tissues required for survival of an organism (termed full pluripotency) is tetraploid embryo complementation (TEC)3-5. Technically, TEC involves electrofusion of two-cell embryos to generate tetraploid (4n) one-cell embryos that can be cultured in vitro to the blastocyst stage6. Diploid (2n) pluripotent stem cells (e.g. ESCs or iPSCs) are then injected into the blastocoel cavity of the tetraploid blastocyst and transferred to a recipient female for gestation (see Figure 1). The tetraploid component of the complemented embryo contributes almost exclusively to the extraembryonic tissues (placenta, yolk sac), whereas the diploid cells constitute the embryo proper, resulting in a fetus derived entirely from the injected stem cell line.
Recently, we reported the derivation of iPSC lines that reproducibly generate adult mice via TEC1. These iPSC lines give rise to viable pups with efficiencies of 5-13%, which is comparable to ESCs3,4,7 and higher than that reported for most other iPSC lines8-12. These reports show that direct reprogramming can produce fully pluripotent iPSCs that match ESCs in their developmental potential and efficiency of generating pups in TEC tests. At present, it is not clear what distinguishes between fully pluripotent iPSCs and less potent lines13-15. Nor is it clear which reprogramming methods will produce these lines with the highest efficiency. Here we describe one method that produces fully pluripotent iPSCs and "all- iPSC" mice, which may be helpful for investigators wishing to compare the pluripotency of iPSC lines or establish the equivalence of different reprogramming methods.

Generating induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) lines produces lines of differing developmental potential even when they pass standard tests for pluripotency. Here we describe a protocol to produce mice derived entirely from iPSCs, which defines the iPSC lines as possessing full pluripotency1.

诱导多能干细胞来源于小鼠的生成

The production of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) from somatic cells provides a means to create valuable tools for basic research and may also ...

Isolation and Culture of Dental Epithelial Stem Cells from the Adult Mouse Incisor

Understanding the cellular and molecular mechanisms that underlie tooth regeneration and renewal has become a topic of great interest1-4, and the mouse incisor provides a model for these processes. This remarkable organ grows continuously throughout the animal&#39;s life and generates all the necessary cell types from active pools of adult stem cells housed in the labial (toward the lip) and lingual (toward the tongue) cervical loop (CL) regions. Only the dental stem cells from the labial CL give rise to ameloblasts that generate enamel, the outer covering of teeth, on the labial surface. This asymmetric enamel formation allows abrasion at the incisor tip, and progenitors and stem cells in the proximal incisor ensure that the dental tissues are constantly replenished. The ability to isolate and grow these progenitor or stem cells in vitro allows their expansion and opens doors to numerous experiments not achievable in vivo, such as high throughput testing of potential stem cell regulatory factors. Here, we describe and demonstrate a reliable and consistent method to culture cells from the labial CL of the mouse incisor.

The continuously growing mouse incisor provides a model for studying renewal of dental tissues from dental epithelial stem cells (DESCs). A robust system for consistently and reliably obtaining these cells from the incisor and expanding them in vitro is reported here.

从成年小鼠切牙牙源性上皮干细胞的分离和培养

Understanding the cellular and molecular mechanisms that underlie tooth regeneration and renewal has become a topic of great interest1-4, and the mouse ...

Trans-inner Cell Mass Injection of Embryonic Stem Cells Leads to Higher Chimerism Rates

In an effort to increase efficiency in the creation of genetically modified mice via ES Cell methodologies, we present an adaptation to the current blastocyst injection protocol. Here we report that a simple rotation of the embryo, and injection through Trans-Inner cell mass (TICM) increased the percentage of chimeric mice from 31% to 50%, with no additional equipment or further specialized training. 26 different inbred clones, and 35 total clones were injected over a period of 9 months. There was no significant difference in either pregnancy rate or recovery rate of embryos between traditional injection techniques and TICM. Therefore, without any major alteration in the injection process and a simple positioning of the blastocyst and injecting through the ICM, releasing the ES cells into the blastocoel cavity can potentially improve the quantity of chimeric production and subsequent germline transmission.

Here we present a protocol to increase chimera production without the use of new equipment. A simple orientation change of the embryo for injection can increase the number of embryos produced, and potentially reduce the timeline to germline transmission.

胚胎干细胞的跨内细胞质量注射导致嵌合体率增高

In an effort to increase efficiency in the creation of genetically modified mice via ES Cell methodologies, we present an adaptation to the current ...

Primary Cell Cultures from the Mouse Retinal Pigment Epithelium

The retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) is a highly polarized multi-functional epithelium that is located between the neural retina and the choroid of the eye. It is a single sheet of pigmented cells that are hexagonally packed and connected by tight junctions. The main functions of the RPE include absorption of light, phagocytosis of the shed photoreceptor outer segments, spatial buffering of ions, transport of nutrients, ions and water as well as active involvement in the visual cycle. With such important and diverse functions, it is critically important to study the biology of RPE cells. A number of RPE cell lines have been established; however, passaged and immortalized cells are known to quickly lose some of the morphological and physiological characteristics of natural RPE cells. Thus, primary cells are more suitable for studying different aspects of RPE cell biology and function. Mouse primary RPE cell culture is very useful to researchers since mouse models are widely used in biological studies, however collecting RPE cells from mouse is also very challenging due to their small size. Here, we present a protocol for establishing primary mouse RPE cell cultures which includes enucleation and dissection of the eyes and isolation of the RPE sheets to yield the cells for culturing. This method enables efficient cell recovery. The RPE cells obtained from two mice&#160;can reach confluency on one 12 mm polyester membrane insert pre-loaded in culture plate after one week of culture and display some of the original properties of bona fide RPE cells such as hexagonal shape and pigmentation after two weeks of culture.

The retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) is a multi-functional epithelium of the eye. Here we present a protocol to establish primary cell cultures derived from the murine RPE.

小鼠视网膜色素上皮细胞的原代培养

The retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) is a highly polarized multi-functional epithelium that is located between the neural retina and the choroid of the ...

Isolation, Characterization, and Differentiation of Cardiac Stem Cells from the Adult Mouse Heart

Myocardial infarction (MI) is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality around the world. A major goal of regenerative medicine is to replenish the dead myocardium after MI. Although several strategies have been used to regenerate myocardium, stem cell therapy remains a major approach to replenish the dead myocardium of an MI heart. Accumulating evidence suggests the presence of resident cardiac stem cells (CSCs) in the adult heart and their endocrine and/or paracrine effects on cardiac regeneration. However, CSC isolation and their characterization and differentiation toward myocardial cells, especially cardiomyocytes, remains a technical challenge. In the present study, we provided a simple method for the isolation, characterization, and differentiation of CSCs from the adult mouse heart. Here, we describe a density gradient method for the isolation of CSCs, where the heart is digested by a 0.2% collagenase II solution. To characterize the isolated CSCs, we evaluated the expression of CSCs/cardiac markers Sca-1, NKX2-5, and GATA4, and pluripotency/stemness markers OCT4, SOX2, and Nanog. We also determined the proliferation potential of isolated CSCs by culturing them in a Petri dish and assessing the expression of the proliferation marker Ki-67. For evaluating the differentiation potential of CSCs, we selected seven- to ten-days cultured CSCs. We transferred them to a new plate with a cardiomyocyte differentiation medium. They are incubated in a cell culture incubator for 12 days, while the differentiation medium is changed every three days. The differentiated CSCs express cardiomyocyte-specific markers: actinin and troponin I. Thus, CSCs isolated with this protocol have stemness and cardiac markers, and they have a potential for proliferation and differentiation toward cardiomyocyte lineage.

The overall goal of this article is to standardize the protocol for the isolation, characterization, and differentiation of cardiac stem cells (CSCs) from the adult mouse heart. Here, we describe a density gradient centrifugation method to isolate murine CSCs and elaborated methods for CSC culture, proliferation, and differentiation into cardiomyocytes.

成人小鼠心脏干细胞的分离、鉴定及分化

Myocardial infarction (MI) is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality around the world. A major goal of regenerative medicine is to replenish the dead ...

Efficient Dissection and Culture of Primary Mouse Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells

Eye disorders affect millions of people worldwide, but the limited availability of human tissues hinders their study. Mouse models are powerful tools to understand the pathophysiology of ocular diseases because of their similarities with human anatomy and physiology. Alterations in the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), including changes in morphology and function, are common features shared by many ocular disorders. However, successful isolation and culture of primary mouse RPE cells is very challenging. This paper is an updated audiovisual version of the protocol previously published by Fernandez-Godino et al. in 2016 to efficiently isolate and culture primary mouse RPE cells. This method is highly reproducible and results in robust cultures of highly polarized and pigmented RPE monolayers that can be maintained for several weeks on Transwells. This model opens new avenues for the study of the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying eye diseases. Moreover, it provides a platform to test therapeutic approaches that can be used to treat important eye diseases with unmet medical needs, including inherited retinal disorders and macular degenerations.

This protocol, which was originally reported by Fernandez-Godino et al. in 20161, describes a method to efficiently isolate and culture mouse RPE cells, which form a functional and polarized RPE monolayer within one week on Transwell plates. The procedure takes approximately 3 hours.

原发性小鼠视网膜色素上皮细胞的有效解剖与培养

Eye disorders affect millions of people worldwide, but the limited availability of human tissues hinders their study. Mouse models are powerful tools to ...

Primary Culture of Porcine Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells

The retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) is a monolayer of polarized pigmented epithelial cells, located between the choroid and neuroretina in the retina. Multiple functions, including phagocytosis, nutrient/metabolite transportation, vitamin A metabolism, etc., are conducted by the RPE on a daily basis. RPE cells are terminally differentiated epithelial cells with little or no regenerative capacity. Loss of RPE cells results in multiple eye diseases leading to visual impairment, such as age-related macular degeneration. Therefore, the establishment of an in vitro culture model of primary RPE cells, which more closely resembles the RPE in vivo than cell lines, is critical for the characteristic and mechanistic studies of RPE cells. Considering the fact that the source of human eyeballs is limited, we create a protocol to culture primary porcine RPE cells. By using this protocol, RPE cells can be easily dissociated from adult porcine eyeballs. Subsequently, these dissociated cells attach to culture dishes/inserts, proliferate to form a confluent monolayer, and quickly re-establish key features of epithelial tissue in vivo within 2 wks. By qRT-PCR, it is demonstrated that primary porcine RPE cells express multiple signature genes at comparable levels with native RPE tissue, while the expressions of most of these genes are lost/highly reduced in human RPE-like cells, ARPE-19. Moreover, the immunofluorescence staining shows the distribution of tight junction, tissue polarity, and cytoskeleton proteins, as well as the presence of RPE65, an isomerase critical for vitamin A metabolism, in cultured primary cells. Altogether, we have developed an easy-to-follow approach to culture primary porcine RPE cells with high purity and native RPE features, which could serve as a good model to understand RPE physiology, study cell toxicities, and facilitate drug screenings.

Here, an easy-to-follow method to culture primary porcine retinal pigment epithelial cells in vitro is presented.

猪视网膜色素上皮细胞原代培养

The retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) is a monolayer of polarized pigmented epithelial cells, located between the choroid and neuroretina in the retina. ...