1.6 : 呼吸道的物理评估 II：检查

Inspection is the initial step in assessing the respiratory system. It involves observing the following components.

Initially, the chest configuration is inspected for the ratio of the anteroposterior diameter to the lateral diameter, typically 1:2.

Deviations from this ratio may indicate respiratory distress, which includes the following.

A barrel chest is an increase in anteroposterior diameter due to lung overinflation.

A funnel chest is a depression in the lower sternum.

A pigeon chest is a sternum displacement that increases the anteroposterior diameter.

Kyphoscoliosis is a condition with an elevated scapula and an S-shaped spine, which limits lung expansion.

Next, to assess breathing patterns, observe whether the duration of inspiration is half that of expiration.

Then, the respiratory rate is assessed, which ranges from 12 to 20 breaths per minute in adults.

Skin is then inspected for cyanosis and clubbing of the nails, which are late signs of hypoxemia.

Lastly, accessory muscles such as the sternocleidomastoid, scalene, trapezius, abdominal, and internal intercostal muscles are observed to ensure the patient is breathing effortlessly.