This work was supported with awards from the Chief Scientist&#39;s Office (TCS/16/37) and an MRC PhD scholarship.

1. Seeding Human Pluripotent Stem Cells (hPSCs) Into&#160;96 Well Plates For Hepatocyte Differentiation
NOTE: Reagents and equipment used in this protocol has been listed in Table 1. Media used for this experiment must be sterile and at room temperature for cell culture. All reagent/solution volumes described in this part of the protocol are based on a single well of a 96-well plate unless otherwise specified.
<ol>
	<li>Prepare laminin coated 96 well plates.
	<ol>
		<li>Thaw a vial of recombinant laminin 521 (100 &#181;g/mL) (LN-521) for 2 h to overnight at 4 &#176;C.</li>
		<li>Prepare a 5 &#181;g/mL solution by diluting LN-521 in ice-cold 1x Dulbecco&#39;s phosphate-buffered saline (DPBS) (with Ca2+/Mg2+).</li>
		<li>Use an automatic liquid handling dispenser with a standard tube dispensing cassette to add 50 &#181;L of the LN-521 solution per well of a 96 well plate. 
		NOTE: All volume dispenses are performed with an automatic liquid handling dispenser with a standard tube dispensing cassette unless otherwise specified. Prime the solution until it reaches the dispensing end of the cassette, then proceed to dispense. Multiple 96 well plates can be prepared in the same experiment by repeating the procedure as many times as needed.</li>
		<li>Incubate the LN521-coated plates at 37 &#176;C/5% CO2 for 2 to 4 h. 
		NOTE: LN521-coated plates can be stored up to two weeks at 4 &#176;C. Keep the plates sealed on a flat surface to avoid evaporation and contamination.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>Warm up the required number of pre-coated plates at 37 &#176;C for 30 min to 1 h.</li>
	<li>Aspirate the remaining LN-521 solution of the coated surface using an 8-channel aspiration adapter. 
	NOTE: It is critical to avoid any contact with the coated surface to avoid coating degradation.</li>
	<li>Immediately add 50 &#181;L per well of mTeSR1 medium supplemented with 10 &#181;M Rho-associated kinase (ROCK) inhibitor Y27632 and keep the plate in the incubator until cell seeding at 37 &#176;C/5% CO2. 
	NOTE: Do not allow the laminin-coated wells to dry.</li>
	<li>Prepare a cell suspension of 3 x 105 cells/mL in mTeSR1 medium supplemented with 10 &#181;M ROCK inhibitor Y27632. 
	NOTE: The seeding density for each cell line will require optimization.
	<ol>
		<li>Aspirate the medium from a Petri dish with an undifferentiated culture of hPSCs at about 75% to 85% confluency cultured on LN-521 as previously described12. 
		NOTE: hPSCs are cultured on LN-521 in mTSER1 with the medium changed every 24 h, and passaged regularly once the cells reach 80% of confluency as previously described12.</li>
		<li>Wash the cells with 5 mL of room temperature 1x DPBS (without Ca2+/Mg2+) and aspirate the buffer.</li>
		<li>Add 5 mL of 1x Gentle Cell Dissociation Reagent to the cells and incubate at 37 &#176;C for 6 to 8 min for cell dissociation. 
		NOTE: To stop the reaction, examine the detachment of the cells from the matrix under the microscope. The cells should be partially detached from the plate. If not, extend the incubation for an extra 1 to 2 min.</li>
		<li>Terminate the reaction by aspirating the Gentle Cell Dissociation reagent and add 5 mL of fresh mTeSR1 medium supplemented with 10 &#181;M ROCK inhibitor Y27632 to the cells. Use a cell scraper to lift the cells from the matrix and pipette up and down using a P1000 tip several times to mix.</li>
		<li>Count the viable cells using a hemocytometer based on Trypan Blue staining exclusion method and prepare the cell suspension with required concentrations.</li>
		<li>Pipette the desired number of the cells into a sterile 15 mL or 50 mL centrifuge tube and spin the cells down by centrifuging them at 115 x g for 5 min at room temperature. 
		NOTE: For one 96 well plate, 5 mL of mTeSR1 medium containing 3 x 105 cells/mL is required for the H9 cell line.</li>
		<li>Aspirate the supernatant and gently resuspend the cell pellet until a homogenous solution is obtained at 37 &#176;C in mTeSR1 medium supplemented with 10 &#181;M ROCK inhibitor Y27632. 
		NOTE: The use of ROCK inhibitor is recommended as it improves cell survival post re-plating.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>Add 50 &#181;L of the cell suspension onto the 96 well plate containing 50 &#181;L of mTeSR1 with 10 &#181;M ROCK inhibitor Y27632.</li>
	<li>After seeding, return the plates to the cell incubator at 37 &#176;C/5% CO2 for 24 h to allow the cells to attach.</li>
	<li>Examine the cells the next day and withdraw ROCK inhibitor once the cell to cell contact has been established. At 40% confluency, switch to differentiation medium (Figure 1B). 
	NOTE: If cell confluency is higher than 40%, the plates are not suitable for HLC differentiation with the H9 cell line.</li>
</ol>
2. Differentiating hPSCs to Hepatocyte-like Cells on Recombinant Laminins in&#160;96 Well Plates
<ol>
	<li>Prepare the differentiation medium and growth factors.
	<ol>
		<li>Prepare human Activin A stock solution (100 &#181;g/mL) by dissolving human Activin A powder in sterile 0.2% bovine serum albumin (BSA) in PBS. Aliquot the stock and store at -20 &#176;C. Use at 1:1,000.</li>
		<li>Prepare mouse Wnt3a stock solution (10 &#181;g/mL) by dissolving mouse Wnt3a powder in sterile 0.2% BSA. Aliquot the stock and store at -20 &#176;C. Use at 1:200.</li>
		<li>Prepare human hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) stock solution (10 &#181;g/mL) by dissolving human HGF powder in sterile 0.2% BSA. Aliquot the stock and store at -20 &#176;C. Use at 1:1000.</li>
		<li>Prepare Oncostatin M (OSM) stock solution (20 &#181;g/mL) by dissolving the powder in sterile 0.2% BSA. Aliquot the stock and store at -20 &#176;C. Use at 1:1,000.</li>
		<li>Definitive endoderm: Prepare endoderm differentiation medium, consisting of 2% B27 supplement (50x, without insulin), 1% penicillin/streptomycin (final concentrations: 100 IU/mL and 100 &#181;g/mL, respectively) added to Roswell Park Memorial Institute 1640 (RPMI 1640) basal medium. Store at 4 &#176;C and use within two weeks. At each medium change, supplement the required volume with Activin A and Wnt3a at final concentration of 100 ng/mL and 50 ng/mL, respectively.</li>
		<li>Hepatoblast differentiation: Prepare hepatoblast differentiation medium, consisting of 20% knockout serum replacement (KSR), 0.5% an alternative supplement to L-glutamine, 1% non-essential amino acids (NEAA), 0.1 mM beta-mercaptoethanol, 1% DMSO, and 1% penicillin/streptomycin (final concentrations at 100 IU/mL and 100 &#181;g/mL, respectively) added to knockout DMEM (KO-DMEM). Filter under vacuum and store at 4 &#176;C. Use within two weeks.</li>
		<li>Hepatocyte differentiation: Prepare hepatocyte differentiation medium, consisting of 1% an alternative supplement to L-glutamine, 10 &#181;M hydrocortisone 21-hemisuccinate sodium salt (HCC), 1% penicillin/streptomycin (final concentrations at 100 IU/mL and 100 &#181;g/mL, respectively) added to HepatoZYME medium. Store the stock at 4 &#176;C and use within two weeks. For each medium change, supplement the required volume with HGF and OSM (final concentrations at 10 ng/mL and 20 ng/mL, respectively).</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>24 h post seeding, carefully remove the medium using an automatic hand-held electronic channel pipette system and add 100 &#181;L of fresh endoderm-priming medium supplemented with 100 ng/mL Activin A and 50 ng/mL Wnt3a. 
	NOTE: The differentiation process commences once the definitive endoderm medium has been added. Once cell seeding is optimized, the cellular differentiation is normally initiated within 24 h. All medium changes are performed by removing the medium with an automatic hand-held electronic channel pipette system and dispensing 100 &#181;L of fresh medium using an automatic liquid handling dispenser with a standard tube dispensing cassette unless otherwise specified. An automatic hand-held electronic channel pipette system was used with a 96 well head, using 300 &#181;L tips. In brief, 90 &#181;L were aspirated from the well avoiding any contact with the cells, and it is important to not dry the cells during medium change to reduce cell stress.</li>
	<li>For human embryonic stem cells (hESCs), change the endoderm differentiation medium daily for three days. If the differentiation is performed for human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs), extend the definitive endoderm stage for 2 extra days using Activin A only.</li>
	<li>After definitive endoderm induction, switch to KSR/DMSO medium for hepatoblast specification, and change the medium every 2 days for 5 days. 
	NOTE: If there are a number of non-attached cells in the well, use non-supplemented KO-DMEM to wash the cells once before the next medium change. Due to the duration of the second stage of the protocol (5 days), there will be 3 medium changes with the last one on the last day of the hepatoblast specification.</li>
	<li>Following the hepatoblast differentiation, switch to HepatoZYME medium for hepatocyte maturation. Wash the cells once with HepatoZYME without the supplement after removing KSR/DMSO medium and add 100 &#181;L of HepatoZYME maturation medium supplemented with 10 ng/mL HGF and 20 ng/mL OSM.</li>
	<li>Change the medium every 48 h for 7 to 10 days. At day 18 of the differentiation, characterize HLCs by analyzing the gene expression and CYP P450 metabolic activity.</li>
</ol>
3. Characterization of Hepatocyte-like cells Differentiated On Recombinant Laminins
<ol>
	<li>Detect the expression of hepatocyte-specific markers and polarization markers using immunostaining.</li>
	<li>Test hepatocyte metabolic function using CYP P450 assays as described before12.</li>
	<li>Determine the plate variation, counting the total number of cells per well per plate.</li>
</ol>
4. High Throughput Immunocytochemistry and Image Acquisition
<ol>
	<li>On day 18 of&#160;differentiation, wash the wells three times with 1x DPBS, fix the HLCs by dispensing 50 &#181;L of 4% paraformaldehyde (PFA), and incubate at room temperature for 15 to 30 min. After the fixation, wash three times with PBST (0.1% tween) (without Ca2+/Mg2+) using an automatic plate washer. 
	NOTE: All washes in this section are performed using an automatic plate washer unless otherwise specified. All washes are done following the same protocol.</li>
	<li>Permeabilize the membrane by dispensing 100 &#181;L of PBST (without Ca2+/Mg2+) and incubate for 20 min at room temperature. Next, perform the protein blocking by dispensing 100 &#181;L of 10% BSA in PBST and incubate for 1 h in gentle shaking using a plate shaker. After protein blocking, add 50 &#181;L of 1% BSA in PBST containing the primary antibodies, incubate at 4 &#176;C overnight with gentle shaking using a plate shaker. 
	NOTE: Do not wash between protein block and antibody addition.</li>
	<li>After 24 h, wash three times with 1x DPBS (without Ca2+/Mg2+) and add the secondary antibody by dispensing 50 &#181;L of 1% BSA in PBST. Incubate 1 h at room temperature in the dark.</li>
	<li>After the secondary antibody incubation, wash 3 times with 1x DPBS. Add 50 &#181;L of DPBS with DAPI (10 &#181;g/mL) and incubate for 5&#8211;10 min at room temperature in the dark.</li>
	<li>Finally, wash 3 times with DPBS and leave 100 &#181;L of 1x DPBS in the well. Plates are ready for imaging. 
	NOTE: Plates should be stored at 4 &#176;C in the dark until imaging.</li>
	<li>Image the plate by using a high-content imaging system, and acquire several fields across the well to obtain a good representation of the well. Quantify the expression of the different markers in the HLCs by using Columbus software (High-Content Imaging analysis system software). 
	NOTE: Columbus is a high content analysis software, which offers cell segmentation analysis for cell phenotyping. Similar results can be achieved by using CellProfiler, an open-source software for quantitative analysis of biological images22.</li>
</ol>

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Prof. David C. Hay is a co-founder and director of Stemnovate Limited.
Prof. David C. Hay is a director of HigherSteaks Limited.

Our semi-automated procedure is efficient, reliable and economical, allowing the production of&#160;HLCs at scale&#160;(Figure 1). There was not any significant difference in terms of the number of cells between the wells in the plate, making this platform a suitable approach for cell-based screening (Figure 2). In addition, the semi-automation workflow enables the user to produce large numbers of plates at once, which was not possible before using manual processes5,12.
Importantly, the automation process did not impact on differentiation yields, with the majority of cells expressing HNF4&#945; (89.2%&#177;2) and ALB (92.8%&#177;6)&#160;(Figure 3). HLCs also expressed CYP P450 enzymes CYP2D6 and CYP3A4 and displayed CYP1A2 and CYP3A metabolic activity comparable to previous reported experiments (Figure 3)5. Despite the standardization of the protocol, cell confluency prior to the differentiation is critical for pure HLC differentiation. Therefore, ensuring a good cell distribution across the well is an important consideration (Figure 1). This has proven to be cell line dependent, therefore cell seeding and density optimization is required for each cell line prior to scale-up.
In its current form, this platform is not suitable to produce large quantities of HLCs for clinical applications, and this will most likely be achieved through the use of cell factories and bioreactors. However, the methodology developed does allow for the rapid generation of human liver cells for disease modelling, drug screening and/or drug repurposing studies. Moreover, the assay is amenable to multiplexing, permitting the generation of multiparametric datasets for mechanistic analysis. Going forward, we also believe that this technology could be applied to more complex in vitro systems such as 3D differentiation or as a platform to improve HLC phenotype in vitro.
In conclusion, we believe that our simple and semi-automated system will increase experimental throughput, and reduce experimental variation, thereby improving the quality of biological datasets and their extrapolation toward human physiology.

Primary human hepatocytes (PHHs) represent the current standard for liver biomedical research. Despite their advantages, PHHs represent a limited source of mature hepatocytes with unstable phenotype1. Human embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) have been proposed as a powerful resource for biomedical research, promising a renewable source of human tissue, including liver2,3,4. Current hepatocyte differentiation procedures generate cells that express hepatocyte markers, genes and functions similar to PHHs3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11. More recently, the use of defined materials and matrices such as recombinant laminins, has improved cell phenotype and experimental reproducibility5,12,13,14.
Traditional cell culture techniques rely heavily on manual pipetting, which is both time consuming and error prone. This limits the throughput of the assay and the plate format one can work with. To date, most studies describing the generation of HLCs are labor intensive in nature and therefore small scale in size15,16,17.
Current advances in liquid handling and pipetting systems, in combination with automated microscopy and laboratory analysers, have made it possible to develop procedures which minimize the requirement for human intervention. We have taken advantage of these technologies and developed a semi-automated differentiation system with which to generate large quantities of human liver tissue&#160;for basic and applied biomedical research. This approach can be performed with both human ESC and iPSC lines with minor adjustments necessary, depending on the cell line. Combining this system with high content analysis, we demonstrate that HLC phenotyping can be less time consuming and performed at scale18,19,20,21.
In summary, the automation of cell culture techniques described herein has led to improvements in reliability, experimental time management and assay throughput.

<table><tbody><tr><td>405 LS Washer</td><td>Biotek</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>B27 supplement</td><td>Life Technologies</td><td>12587-010</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>beta-mercaptoethanol</td><td>Life Technologies</td><td>31350</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Bovine Serum Albumin</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>A2058</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>DMSO</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>D5879</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>DPBS with Calcium and Magnesium</td><td>ThermoFisher</td><td>14040133</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Gentle cell dissociation reagent</td><td>STEMCELL Technologies</td><td>7174</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>GlutaMax</td><td>Life Technologies</td><td>35050</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>GripTips for VIAFLO 96</td><td>Integra</td><td>6434</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>HepatoZYME-SFM</td><td>Life Technologies</td><td>&amp;nbsp; 17705021</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Human Activin A</td><td>Peprotech</td><td>120-14E</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Human Hepatocyte Growth Factor</td><td>Peprotech</td><td>100-39</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Human Oncostatin M</td><td>Peprotech</td><td>300-10</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Human Recombinant Laminin 521</td><td>BioLamina</td><td>LN521-02</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Hydrocortisone 21-hemisuccinate sodium salt</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>H4881</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Knockout DMEM</td><td>Life Technologies</td><td>10829</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Knockout Serum Replacement</td><td>Life Technologies</td><td>10828</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>mTeSR1 medium</td><td>STEMCELL Technologies</td><td>5850</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>MultidropCombi Reagent Dispenser</td><td>ThermoFisher</td><td>5840300</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Non-essential amino acids</td><td>Life Technologies</td><td>11140</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Operetta High-Content Imaging System</td><td>PerkinElmer</td><td>HH12000000</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Penicillin-Streptomycin (10,000 U/mL)</td><td>Life Technologies</td><td>15140122</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Recombinant mouse Wnt3a</td><td>R&amp;amp;D Systems</td><td>1324-WN-500/CF</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Rho-associated kinase (ROCK)inhibitor Y27632</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>Y0503-1MG</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>RPMI 1640</td><td>Life Technologies</td><td>21875</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Standard tube dispensing cassette</td><td>ThermoFisher</td><td>24072670</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>TWEEN 20</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>P9416&amp;nbsp;</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>VIAFLO 96 Electronic 96-channel pipette</td><td>Integra</td><td>6001</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>PBS, no calcium, no magnesium</td><td>ThermoFisher</td><td>14190250</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Formaldehyde solution 4%, buffered, pH 6.9</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>1.00496&amp;nbsp;EMD MILLIPORE</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>P450-Glo CYP3A4 Assay and Screening System</td><td>Promega</td><td>V8801</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>P450-Glo CYP1A2 Assay and Screening System</td><td>Promega</td><td>V8771</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>DAPI</td><td>Invitrogen</td><td>D1306</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Antibodies&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Albumin</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>A6684</td><td>1:200 (mouse)</td></tr><tr><td>Alpha-fetoprotein</td><td>Abcam</td><td>ab3980</td><td>1:500 (mouse)</td></tr><tr><td>CYP2D6</td><td>University of Dundee</td><td>University of Dundee</td><td>1:200 (sheep)</td></tr><tr><td>CYP3A4</td><td>University of Dundee</td><td>University of Dundee</td><td>1:200 (sheep)</td></tr><tr><td>HNF-4&amp;alpha;</td><td>Santa Cruz</td><td>sc-8987</td><td>1:400 (rabbit)</td></tr><tr><td>E-cadherin</td><td>Abcam</td><td>ab76055</td><td>1:200 (mouse)</td></tr><tr><td>IgG</td><td>DAKO</td><td></td><td>1:400</td></tr><tr><td>Anti-Mouse 488 (secondary antibody)</td><td>Life technologies</td><td>A-11001</td><td>1:400</td></tr><tr><td>Anti-sheep 488 (secondary antibody)</td><td>Life technologies</td><td>A-11015</td><td>1:400</td></tr><tr><td>Anti-rabbit 488 (secondary antibody)</td><td>Life technologies</td><td>A-11008</td><td>1:400</td></tr></tbody></table>

semi-automated production of hepatocyte like cells from pluripotent stem cells

Human pluripotent stem cells represent a renewable source of human tissue. Our research is focused on generating human liver tissue from human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). Current differentiation procedures generate human hepatocyte-like cells (HLCs) displaying a mixture of fetal and adult traits. To improve cell phenotype, we have fully defined our differentiation procedure and the cell niche, resulting in the generation of cell populations which display improved gene expression and&#160;function. While these studies mark progress, the ability to generate large quantities of multi well plates for screening has been limited by labour intensive procedures and batch to batch variation. To tackle this issue, we have developed a semi-automated platform to differentiate pluripotent stem cells into HLCs. Stem cell seeding and differentiation were performed using liquid handling and automatic pipetting systems in&#160;96-well plate format. Following the differentiation, cell phenotype was analyzed using automated microscopy and a multi well luminometer.

Cell differentiation was performed using an embryonic stem cell line (H9). The semi-automated platform was used to differentiate and characterize the cells (Figure 1A). An automatic liquid handling dispenser was used to coat matrix and seed single cells. Cellular differentiation was initiated when the cells reached 40% confluency (Day 0). Media changes were performed using an automatic hand-held electronic channel pipette system to remove medium and the liquid handling dispenser for medium addition (Figure 1A). Cell fixation and staining were performed using the automatic liquid handling dispenser in combination with the automatic plate washer. Imaging and quantification were performed by using a high-content imaging system and Columbus software. Cytochrome P450 activity was measured using an established assay. Following substrate incubation,&#160;cell supernatants were harvested, and bioluminescence recorded&#160;using a multimode microplate reader (Figure 1A). In addition, conventional phase contrast microscopy was used to measure the changes in cell morphology during hepatocyte differentiation (Figure 1B).
On Day 18, the variability in cell number between wells was examined following DAPI staining (Figure 2A). Seven fields of view were captured per well and the number of nuclei quantified (Figure 2A). We detected no statistical differences between wells with an average of 41,662 &#177;3,366 cells per well (Figure 2B).
At day 18, HLCs were fixed and stained for typical hepatocyte markers (Figure 3A-G) and tested for CYP P450 activity. HLCs expressed hepatocyte markers such as HNF4&#945; (89.2% &#177;2 positive cells), ALB (92.8% &#177;6 positive cells), AFP (61.8% &#177;2 positive cells). HLCs also expressed CYP P450 proteins, CYP2D6 and CYP3A4 and displayed a distinct polygonal appearance as shown by E-Cadherin protein expression. HLCs CYP P450 activity was measured at day 18. HLCs exhibited CYP1A2 activity at 295,906 &#177;45,828 RLU/mL/mg of protein&#160;and CYP3A at 1,066,112 &#177;177,416 RLU/mL/mg of protein&#160;(Figure 3H).
<img alt="Figure 1" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/57995/57995fig1v2.jpg" /> 
Figure 1: Hepatocyte differentiation from PSCs in the 96 well format. (A). Diagram of the equipment used to semi-automate cellular differentiation, fixation, staining, imaging and functional activity. (B). Representative changes in cellular morphology during HLC differentiation. Briefly, PSCs are primed toward definitive endoderm, followed by hepatoblast specification characterized by cells displaying cobblestone-like morphology and prior to hepatocyte maturation with cells acquiring polygonal-shape. Scale bar = 100 &#181;m. <a href="https://jove.unicartagenaproxy.elogim.com/files/ftp_upload/57995/57995fig1v2large.jpg" target="_blank">Please click here to view a larger version of this figure.</a>
<img alt="Figure 2" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/57995/57995fig2v3.jpg" /> 
Figure 2: Assessment of&#160;HLCs well-to-well variability. (A) Representation of a 96 well plate view of HLCs stained with DAPI. Scale bar = 1 mm. (B) Quantification of cell number per well. Average of cell number per wells in columns (top) and rows (bottom), from seven fields of views per well and quantified using Columbus software. Average cell number across the plate is 41,662 &#177; 3,366 SEM cells per well. No statistically significant differences were observed between wells. A One-way ANOVA with Tukey&#39;s post-hoc statistical tests was employed. <a href="https://jove.unicartagenaproxy.elogim.com/files/ftp_upload/57995/57995fig2v2large.jpg" target="_blank">Please click here to view a larger version of this figure.</a>
<img alt="Figure 3" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/57995/57995fig3v2.jpg" /> 
Figure 3: Hepatocyte marker expression and CYP P450 activity measurement in HLCs at day 18. (A) The percentage of hepatocyte nuclear factor 4 alpha (HNF4&#945;) expression &#177; SEM is based on thirty wells with ten fields of view per well. (B) The percentage of albumin (ALB) expression +/- SEM, is based on 3 separate wells with ten fields of view per well. (C) The percentage of alpha fetoprotein (AFP) +/- SEM is based on 3 separate wells with ten fields of view per well.&#160;(D) E-cadherin staining.&#160;(E) CYP2D6 staining. (F) CYP3A4 staining. (G). Immunoglobulin G (IgG)&#160;staining control. Scale bar = 50 &#181;m. (H) CYP P450 1A2 and 3A metabolic activity in HLCs at day 18. The data represents six biological replicates +/- SEM. Activity is quoted as relative light units (RLUs)/mL per 1 mg of protein. <a href="https://jove.unicartagenaproxy.elogim.com/files/ftp_upload/57995/57995fig3v2large.jpg" target="_blank">Please click here to view a larger version of this figure.</a>

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Semi-automated Production of Hepatocyte Like Cells from Pluripotent Stem Cells at JoVE.com

Semi-automated Production of Hepatocyte Like Cells from Pluripotent Stem Cells

This protocol describes a semi-automated approach to produce hepatocyte-like cells from human pluripotent stem cells in a 96 well plate format. This process is rapid and cost-effective, allowing the production of quality assured batches of hepatocyte-like cells for basic and applied human research.

Human pluripotent stem cells represent a renewable source of human tissue. Our research is focused on generating human liver tissue from human embryonic ...

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Universidad de Cartagena UDEC

Research

JoVE Journal

Developmental Biology

8.1K Views.  University of Edinburgh. This protocol describes a semi-automated approach to produce hepatocyte-like cells from human pluripotent stem cells in a 96 well plate format. This process is rapid and cost-effective, allowing the production of quality assured batches of hepatocyte-like cells for basic and applied human research.

Video: Semi-automated Production of Hepatocyte Like Cells from Pluripotent Stem Cells

Defined and Scalable Generation of Hepatocyte-like Cells from Human Pluripotent Stem Cells

Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) possess great value for biomedical research. hPSCs can be scaled and differentiated to all cell types found in the human body. The differentiation of hPSCs to human hepatocyte-like cells (HLCs) has been extensively studied, and efficient differentiation protocols have been established. The combination of extracellular matrix and biological stimuli, including growth factors, cytokines, and small molecules, have made it possible to generate HLCs that resemble primary human hepatocytes. However, the majority of procedures still employ undefined components, giving rise to batch-to-batch variation. This serves as a significant barrier to the application of the technology. To tackle this issue, we developed a defined system for hepatocyte differentiation using human recombinant laminins as extracellular matrices in combination with a serum-free differentiation process. Highly efficient hepatocyte specification was achieved, with demonstrated improvements in both HLC function and phenotype. Importantly, this system is easy to scale up using research and GMP-grade hPSC lines&#160;promising advances in cell-based modelling and therapies.

The method presented here describes a scalable and good manufacturing practice (GMP)-ready differentiation system to generate human hepatocyte-like cells from pluripotent stem cells. It serves as a cost-effective and standardized system to generate human hepatocyte-like cells for basic and applied human liver research.

Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) possess great value for biomedical research. hPSCs can be scaled and differentiated to all cell types found in the ...

Using Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-derived Hepatocyte-like Cells for Drug Discovery

The ability to differentiate human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) into hepatocyte-like cells (HLCs) provides new opportunities to study inborn errors in hepatic metabolism. However, to provide a platform that supports the identification of small molecules that can potentially be used to treat liver disease, the procedure requires a culture format that is compatible with screening thousands of compounds. Here, we describe a protocol using completely defined culture conditions, which allow the reproducible differentiation of human iPSCs to hepatocyte-like cells in 96-well tissue culture plates. We also provide an example of using the platform to screen compounds for their ability to lower Apolipoprotein B (APOB) produced from iPSC-derived hepatocytes generated from a familial hypercholesterolemia patient. The availability of a platform that is compatible with drug discovery should allow researchers to identify novel therapeutics for diseases that affect the liver.

The protocol presented here describes a platform for identifying small molecules for the treatment of liver disease. A step-by-step description is presented detailing how to differentiate iPSCs into cells with hepatocyte characteristics in 96-well plates, and to use the cells to screen for small molecules with potential therapeutic activity.

The ability to differentiate human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) into hepatocyte-like cells (HLCs) provides new opportunities to study inborn ...

Efficient Differentiation of Human Pluripotent Stem Cells into Liver Cells

The liver detoxifies harmful substances, secretes vital proteins, and executes key metabolic activities, thus sustaining life. Consequently, liver failure&#8212;which can be caused by chronic alcohol intake, hepatitis, acute poisoning, or other insults&#8212;is a severe condition that can culminate in bleeding, jaundice, coma, and eventually death. However, approaches to treat liver failure, as well as studies of liver function and disease, have been stymied in part by the lack of a plentiful supply of human liver cells. To this end, this protocol details the efficient differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) into hepatocyte-like cells, guided by a developmental roadmap that describes how liver fate is specified across six consecutive differentiation steps. By manipulating developmental signaling pathways to promote liver differentiation and to explicitly suppress the formation of unwanted cell fates, this method efficiently generates populations of human liver bud progenitors and hepatocyte-like cells by days 6 and 18 of PSC differentiation, respectively. This is achieved through the temporally-precise control of developmental signaling pathways, exerted by small molecules and growth factors in a serum-free culture medium. Differentiation in this system occurs in monolayers and yields hepatocyte-like cells that express characteristic hepatocyte enzymes and have the ability to engraft a mouse model of chronic liver failure. The ability to efficiently generate large numbers of human liver cells in vitro has ramifications for treatment of liver failure, for drug screening, and for mechanistic studies of liver disease.

This protocol details a monolayer, serum-free method to efficiently generate hepatocyte-like cells from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) in 18 days. This entails six steps as hPSCs sequentially differentiate into intermediate cell-types such as the primitive streak, definitive endoderm, posterior foregut and liver bud progenitors before forming hepatocyte-like cells.

The liver detoxifies harmful substances, secretes vital proteins, and executes key metabolic activities, thus sustaining life. Consequently, liver ...

Serum Free Production of Three-dimensional Human Hepatospheres from Pluripotent Stem Cells

The development of renewable sources of liver tissue is required to improve cell-based modelling, and develop human tissue&#160;for transplantation. Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) and human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) represent promising sources of human liver spheres. We have developed a serum free and defined method of cellular differentiation to generate three-dimensional human liver spheres formed from human pluripotent stem cells. A potential limitation of the technology is the production of dense spheres with dead material inside. In order to circumvent this, we have employed agarose microwell technology at defined cell densities to control the size of the 3D spheres, preventing the generation of apoptotic and/or necrotic cores.&#160; Notably, the spheres generated by our approach display liver function and stable phenotype, representing a valuable resource for basic and applied scientific research. We believe that our approach could be used as a platform technology to develop further tissues to model and treat human disease and in the future may permit the generation of human tissue with complex tissue architecture.

This protocol describes an approach to produce hepatospheres from human pluripotent stem cells using a defined culture system and cell self-assembly. This protocol is reproducible in a number of cell lines, cost effective and allows the production of stable human hepatospheres for biomedical application.

The development of renewable sources of liver tissue is required to improve cell-based modelling, and develop human tissue&#160;for transplantation. Human ...

Robust Generation of Hepatocyte-like Cells from Human Embryonic Stem Cell Populations

Despite progress in modelling human drug toxicity, many compounds fail during clinical trials due to unpredicted side effects. The cost of clinical studies are substantial, therefore it is essential that more predictive toxicology screens are developed and deployed early on in drug development (Greenhough et al 2010). Human hepatocytes represent the current gold standard model for evaluating drug toxicity, but are a limited resource that exhibit variable function. Therefore, the use of immortalised cell lines and animal tissue models are routinely employed due to their abundance. While both sources are informative, they are limited by poor function, species variability and/or instability in culture (Dalgetty et al 2009). Pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) are an attractive alternative source of human hepatocyte like cells (HLCs) (Medine et al 2010). PSCs are capable of self renewal and differentiation to all somatic cell types found in the adult and thereby represent a potentially inexhaustible source of differentiated cells. We have developed a procedure that is simple, highly efficient, amenable to automation and yields functional human HLCs (Hay et al 2008 ; Fletcher et al 2008 ; Hannoun et al 2010 ; Payne et al 2011 and Hay et al 2011). We believe our technology will lead to the scalable production of HLCs for drug discovery, disease modeling, the construction of extra-corporeal devices and possibly cell based transplantation therapies.

This article will focus on the generation of human hepatic endoderm from human embryonic stem cell populations.

Despite progress in modelling human drug toxicity, many compounds fail during clinical trials due to unpredicted side effects. The cost of clinical ...

Biology

Integrative Protocol for Generation of iPSC-Derived 3D Human Hepatic Organoids

Obtaining stable hepatic cells in culture poses a significant challenge for liver studies. Bearing this in mind, an optimized method is depicted utilizing human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) to generate 3D cultures of human hepatic organoids (HHOs). The utilization of HHOs offers a valuable approach to understanding liver development, unraveling liver diseases, conducting high-throughput studies for drug development, and exploring the potential for liver transplantation. In the former investigation, through immunofluorescence and quantitative RT-PCR techniques, the progression was monitored, identifying the presence of various cell populations, such as hepatoblasts and the two types of hepatoblast-derived cells: cholangiocytes or hepatocyte-like cells, across different developmental stages. This report presents a straightforward 3D protocol starting from hiPSC to acquire HHOs that mirror the stages of human embryo development. The protocol, spanning 46-50 days, encompasses several steps: (i) meticulous management of hiPSC culture to generate HHOs, (ii) initiation of cell differentiation in 2D and the subsequent transition to 3D, and (iii) an optimized dissociation strategy to break down HHOs into single cells for single-cell RNA sequencing. As an illustration of the broad applications of this approach, the present protocol was previously applied to unravel the role of thyroid hormone signaling in developing liver cells.

Human iPSC-derived 3D hepatic organoids constitute a potential tool for understanding the thyroid hormone's action on liver development.

Obtaining stable hepatic cells in culture poses a significant challenge for liver studies. Bearing this in mind, an optimized method is depicted utilizing ...

Human Liver Spheroids from Peripheral Blood for Liver Disease Studies

Human liver cells can form a three-dimensional (3D) structure capable of growing in culture for some weeks, preserving their functional capacity. Due to their nature to cluster in the culture dishes with low or no adhesive characteristics, they form aggregates of multiple liver cells that are called human liver spheroids. The forming of 3D liver spheroids relies on the natural tendency of hepatic cells to aggregate in the absence of an adhesive substrate. These 3D structures possess better physiological responses than cells, which are closer to an in vivo environment. Using 3D hepatocyte cultures has numerous advantages when compared with classical two-dimensional (2D) cultures, including a more biologically relevant microenvironment, architectural morphology that reassembles natural organs as well as a better prediction regarding disease state and in vivo-like responses to drugs. Various sources can be used to generate spheroids, like primary liver tissue or immortalized cell lines. The 3D liver tissue can also be engineered by using human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) or induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) to derive hepatocytes. We have obtained human liver spheroids using blood-derived pluripotent stem cells (BD-PSCs) generated from unmanipulated peripheral blood by activation of human membrane-bound GPI-linked protein and differentiated to human hepatocytes. The BD-PSCs-derived human liver cells and human liver spheroids were analyzed by light microscopy and immunophenotyping using human hepatocyte markers.

Here we present a non-genetic method to generate human autologous liver spheroids using mononuclear cells isolated from steady-state peripheral blood.

Human liver cells can form a three-dimensional (3D) structure capable of growing in culture for some weeks, preserving their functional capacity. Due to ...

Bioengineering

An Efficient Method for Directed Hepatocyte-Like Cell Induction from Human Embryonic Stem Cells

The potential functions of hepatocyte-like cells (HLCs) derived from human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) hold great promise for disease modeling and drug screening applications. Provided here is an efficient and reproducible method for differentiation of hESCs into functional HLCs. The establishment of an endoderm lineage is a key step in the differentiation to HLCs. By our method, we regulate the key signaling pathways by continuously supplementing Activin A and CHIR99021 during hESC differentiation into definitive endoderm (DE), followed by generation of hepatic progenitor cells, and finally HLCs with typical hepatocyte morphology in a stagewise method with completely defined reagents. The hESC-derived HLCs produced by this method express stage-specific markers (including albumin, HNF4&#945; nuclear receptor, and sodium taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide (NTCP)), and show special characteristics related to mature and functional hepatocytes (including indocyanine green staining, glycogen storage, hematoxylin-eosin staining and CYP3 activity), and can provide a platform for the development of HLC-based applications in the study of liver diseases.

This manuscript describes a detailed protocol for differentiation of human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) into functional hepatocyte-like cells (HLCs) by continuously supplementing Activin A and CHIR99021 during hESC differentiation into definitive endoderm (DE).

The potential functions of hepatocyte-like cells (HLCs) derived from human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) hold great promise for disease modeling and drug ...

Immunology and Infection

Hepatic Progenitor Specification from Pluripotent Stem Cells using a Defined Differentiation System

Liver disease is an escalating global health issue. While liver transplantation is an effective mode of therapy, patient mortality has increased due to shortages in donor organ availability. Organ scarcity also affects the routine supply of human hepatocytes for basic research and the clinic. Therefore, the development of renewable sources of human liver progenitor cells is desirable and is the goal of this study. To be able to effectively generate and deploy human liver progenitors on a large scale, a reproducible hepatic progenitor differentiation system was developed. This protocol aids experimental reproducibility between users in a range of cell cultureware formats and permits differentiations using both, human embryonic and induced pluripotent stem cell lines. These are important advantages over current differentiation systems that will enhance the basic research and may pave the way towards clinical product development.

The goal of this article is to provide a standardized approach to induce human hepatic progenitor differentiation from pluripotent stem cells. The development of this procedure with ready-to-use media formulations offer the user a facile system to generate human liver cells for biomedical research and translation.

Liver disease is an escalating global health issue. While liver transplantation is an effective mode of therapy, patient mortality has increased due to ...

Automated Production of Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Cortical and Dopaminergic Neurons with Integrated Live-Cell Monitoring

Manual culture and differentiation protocols for human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSC) are difficult to standardize, show high variability and are prone to spontaneous differentiation into unwanted cell types. The methods are labor-intensive and are not easily amenable to large-scale experiments. To overcome these limitations, we developed an automated cell culture system coupled to a high-throughput imaging system and implemented protocols for maintaining multiple hiPSC lines in parallel and neuronal differentiation. We describe the automation of a short-term differentiation protocol using Neurogenin-2 (NGN2) over-expression to produce hiPSC-derived cortical neurons within 6&#8210;8 days, and the implementation of a long-term differentiation protocol to generate hiPSC-derived midbrain dopaminergic (mDA) neurons within 65 days. Also, we applied the NGN2 approach to a small molecule-derived neural precursor cells (smNPC)&#160;transduced with GFP lentivirus and established a live-cell automated neurite outgrowth assay. We present an automated system with protocols suitable for routine hiPSC culture and differentiation into cortical and dopaminergic neurons. Our platform is suitable for long term hands-free culture and high-content/high-throughput hiPSC-based compound, RNAi and CRISPR/Cas9 screenings to identify novel disease mechanisms and drug targets.

We show the automation of human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC) cultures and neuronal differentiations compatible with automated imaging and analysis.

Manual culture and differentiation protocols for human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSC) are difficult to standardize, show high variability and are ...