وأيد هذا العمل من قبل R01 NS067417 من المعهد الوطني للاضطرابات العصبية والسكتة الدماغية (مف).

وقد أجريت هذه الدراسات بما يتفق بدقة مع التوصيات الواردة في دليل رعاية واستخدام الحيوانات المختبرية لصحة المعاهد الوطنية. تمت الموافقة على البروتوكول من قبل لجنة رعاية واستخدام الحيوان المؤسسي في جامعة جورج تاون. تم وضع الفئران في منشأة للحيوانات التي تسيطر عليها درجة الحرارة وتم الاحتفاظ بها على مدار 12 ساعة ضوء / 12 ساعة دورة مظلمة. الغذاء والماء المتاحة ليبيتوم الإعلانية . 1. إعداد جهاز متبي ملاحظة: ويشمل الجهاز متبي الحصول على البيانات (داق) مربع للسيطرة على المعلمات تأثير، عالية السرعة هوائي مؤثر لأداء الانعكاس، وقاعدة هلام مصبوب شغل لتباطؤ رأسه بعد تأثير. <ol style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> بدوره على الهواء المضغوط وتهيئة عالية السرعة هوائي المؤثر إلى وضع الضغط من 861.85 كيلو باسكال. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> معايرة نظام مراقبة داق إلى المعلمات التالية - سرعة المكبس من 2.35 م / ث،e من 31،5 مللي ثانية. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> وضع قاعدة مليئة هلام مصبوب (الانضغاطية 64 كيلو باسكال / مم) بحيث يكون خط الوسط عمودي مع مسار طرف المؤثر. </li></ol> 2. متبي إمباكتيون <ol style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> تسجيل الأوزان من جميع الفئران لاستخدامها. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> تخدير الفئران مع 3٪ إيسوفلوران في الأكسجين لمدة 120 ثانية في غرفة الاستقراء. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> نقل الفئران لجهاز متبي، والتخدير المستمر عن طريق مخروط الأنف، غير ثابت طوي. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> بينما في مخروط الأنف، موقف رئيس الماوس على لوحة هلام بحيث يتم عرض سطح مستو من الجمجمة عمودي على طرف المؤثر. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> ضع الشريط فوق رأس الماوس لإنشاء سطح مستو وعقد آذان بعيدا عن موقع التأثير. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> خفض غيض بوليتترافلوروثيلين غيض لمحاذاة مع خط الوسط السهمي في وسط الرأس. إن طرف الغطاء المستخدم هو 10 مم في القطر، وسوف يغطي منطقة فروة الرأس من وراء العينين مباشرة إلى خط الوسط من الأذنين. ضبط المؤثر لذلك هو جوست لمس سطح رأس الماوس. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> قم بسحب طرف الغطاء وقم يدويا بطلب أسفل عمق انحراف المطلوب (7.5 ملم). </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> ذراع نظام التحكم داق وخفض زر الزناد للتأثير على رئيس الماوس، إما آثار المفرد أو المتكررة. وتسلم الآثار المتكررة على التوالي دون أي تأخير بين كل تأثير. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> مباشرة بعد الأثر النهائي، وإزالة الماوس من التخدير وجهاز متبي ومكان في موقف ضعيف. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> استخدام ساعة توقيت قياس الكمون من عودة رد الفعل تصحيح (مستلق للمعرضة)، لتحديد فقدان الوقت وعيه، فضلا عن الوقت إلى أمبولاشيون (المشي دون عوائق). </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> رصد الماوس وعند الانتعاش إلى السلوك العادي، والعودة إلى قفص المنزل. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> الفئران الشام تلقي المناولة والتخدير متطابقة، ولكن الحصول على أي تأثير. </li></ol>

<ol>
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الكتاب ليس لديهم ما يكشف.

في البشر، متبي يتميز ضعف وظيفي في غياب إصابات هيكلية. يمكن أن يحدث هذا مع، أو بدون، فقدان الوعي 1 . ويعتقد حاليا أن التعرض لتكرار الارتجاج يكمن وراء تطور و / أو تطور الأمراض العصبية مثل كت 4 . ومن المؤكد جيدا أن كت توجد عادة في الملاكمين و لاعبي ك...

وتعرف إصابات الدماغ الرضية (تبي) بأنها إصابة في الرأس من قوة بدنية خارجية، مما يؤدي إلى تعطيل وظيفة الدماغ العادية. وهو يمثل عبئا اجتماعيا واقتصاديا وصحيحا كبيرا، مع تقرير مركز مكافحة الأمراض والوقاية منها لعام 2015 إلى الكونغرس الذي يقدر أن 2.5 مليون أميركي يديرون البنك التجاري الهندي كل عام. وهذا لا يؤثر فقط على نوعية حياة المريض، بل يخلق أيضا تكلفة اقتصادية مرتفعة للغاية على المجتمع، تقدر حاليا بمبلغ 76.5 بليون دولار سنويا. كمية تلف الدماغ الفعلي نقلها وأعراض المرحلة الحادة هو ما يعرف تبي خفيفة ومعتدلة وشديدة. إصابة الدماغ الصدمة الخفيفة (متبي)، ويشار إليها أيضا باسم ارتجاج، تمثل أكثر من 70٪ من تبيس ذكرت كل عام 1 . هو الأكثر شيوعا بين الرياضيين الذين يشاركون في الرياضات الاتصال عالية المخاطر بما في ذلك الملاكمة وكرة القدم 2 . على عكس المعتدلأو أشكال حادة من تبي، والأضرار المباشرة والأعراض المرتبطة متبي في بعض الأحيان لا كما وضوحا 3 . على النقيض من ذلك، فإن الآثار طويلة الأجل من متبي يمكن أن تكون مجرد المنهكة مثل تلك التي ينظر إليها في الأشكال المعتدلة والحادة. وقد تبين أن أولئك الذين يعانون من متبي المتكررة لتطوير اعتلال الدماغ الصدمة المزمن (كت)، فضلا عن غيرها من الأمراض المعرفية والتنكسية 4 . ولذلك، من المهم الحصول على فهم أكبر للآليات التي تسهم في الأعراض على المدى القصير والضرر الشامل على المدى الطويل الذي ينشأ بعد متبي. في البشر، فإن تعريف الارتجاج كما حدده المؤتمر الدولي الرابع حول الارتجاج في الرياضة (زيوريخ 2012) 5 يشير إلى أن مستوى الإصابة بالارتجاج الرياضي خفيف، ولا يسبب تغيرات مرضية كبيرة، ولكنه يسبب عجزا عصبيا على المدى القصير التي يتم حلها تلقائيا. في الواقع، استقبالدراسة نت دراسة تأثير متبي على ضعف الادراك في لاعبي كرة القدم في المدرسة الثانوية، وذلك باستخدام أنظمة القياس عن بعد تأثير الرأس. وأظهرت هذه الدراسة مقدار مرات تأثير اللاعبين على الخوذات أكثر من 20 غراما في موسم واحد تراوحت بين 226 (متوسط، 4.7 لكل دورة) إلى 1855 (متوسط، 38.6 لكل جلسة) 6 . معظم هذه الآثار لم يؤدي إلى التشخيص السريري للارتجاج. ولكن يمكن ملاحظة أدلة على التغيرات الوظيفية في وظيفة الدماغ باستخدام الرنين المغناطيسي الوظيفي 6 . التغييرات الدماغ التي تسبب هذه التغييرات وظيفية غير معروفة، وبالتالي هناك حاجة ملحة أن يكون نموذج موثوق بها وقابلة للتكرار لتسهيل البحث في آثار متبي و ارتجاجي متبي. على الرغم من المحاولات السابقة لنموذج متبي في الفئران والجرذان 7 ، وكثير تقرير الآثار السلبية. على وجه الخصوص، معظم النماذج القوارض محدودة في طبيعتها المتكررة باستخدام أقل من ثتأثير خمسة متبيس، فضلا عن وجود الأحداث المرضية السلبية بما في ذلك النزيف داخل المخ، كسور الجمجمة، إصابة محور عصبي شديد، وفاة الخلايا العصبية، وزيادة الوفيات 8 ، 9 ، 10 ، 11 ، 12 . هنا، نحن تصف نموذج الماوس من متبي الذي هو أقرب إلى التعريف الحقيقي للارتجاج في البشر. هذا النموذج يلخص العديد من الأعراض التي لوحظت في متبي الإنسان، مثل القوة الميكانيكية التي تؤدي إلى فقدان عابر للوعي مع عدم وجود علم أمراض الدماغ الإجمالي العلني. وعلاوة على ذلك، فإنه من المفيد في أنه يمكن استخدامها لنماذج تأثير واحد ومتكررة التأثير على مدى فترات زمنية طويلة كما ذكرت سابقا 13 .

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		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
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	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:323px;">Powerlab 8SP data acquisition (DAQ) control box&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:203px;">(AD instruments)</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:323px;">VIP 3000 calibrated vaporizer</td>
			<td style="width:203px;">Matrx</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Isoflurane</td>
			<td style="width:203px;">Henry Schein Animal Health</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">29405</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:323px;">Oxygen</td>
			<td style="width:203px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>Commercially available</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:323px;">Compressed Air</td>
			<td style="width:203px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>Commercially available</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Masking Tape</td>
			<td style="width:203px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>Commercially available</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Stop Watch</td>
			<td style="width:203px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>02-261-840</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">C57 Bl/6 Mice</td>
			<td style="width:203px;">Jackson Laboratories</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:323px;">Digital Scale and weigh container</td>
			<td style="width:203px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>20031</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:323px;">anti-Iba1 antibody</td>
			<td style="width:203px;">Wako</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">019-19741</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:323px;">HRP labelled secondary&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:203px;">Jackson Immunoresearch</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">111-035-003</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
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a mouse model of single and repetitive mild traumatic brain injury

يمكن أن تؤدي إصابات الدماغ الصادمة الخفيفة (متبي) إلى فقدان حاد في وظائف المخ، بما في ذلك فترة من الارتباك وفقدان الوعي (لوك) والعجز العصبي البؤري وحتى فقدان الذاكرة. الرياضيين المشاركين في الرياضة الاتصال هم في خطر كبير من التعرض لعدد كبير من متبيس. من حيث مستوى الإصابة في رياضي رياضي، ويعرف متبي على أنه إصابة خفيفة لا يسبب تغييرات مرضية كبيرة، ولكن يسبب عجزا عصبيا على المدى القصير التي يتم حلها عفويا. على الرغم من المحاولات السابقة لنموذج متبي في الفئران والجرذان، وقد ذكرت العديد من الآثار السلبية الإجمالية بما في ذلك كسور الجمجمة، نزيف داخل المخ، وإصابة محور عصبي وموت الخلايا العصبية. هنا، نحن تصف نموذج الحيوان استنساخه للغاية من متبي أن يستنسخ الأعراض ذات الصلة سريريا. يستخدم هذا النموذج جهاز العاكس الهوائي المخصص لتقديم صدمة مغلقة الرأس. يرصد هذا التأثير تحت سرعة دقيقة ومعلمات تشوه،وخلق نموذج يمكن الاعتماد عليها وقابلة للتكرار لفحص الآليات التي تسهم في آثار متبي واحد متكررة أو متكررة.

استخدام هذا الجهاز متبي الرواية يسمح لإصابات الرأس خفيفة وحيدة ومتكررة دون التعرض لخطر كسر الجمجمة أو تلف الدماغ الهيكلي. يستخدم النموذج العرف هوائي تفلون الجهاز المؤثر لتقديم رئيس مغلقة تأثير الطاقة الميكانيكية. ويتم التأثير تحت سرعة المعلمات دق...

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A Mouse Model of Single and Repetitive Mild Traumatic Brain Injury

الرياضيين تمتص عدة مئات من إصابات الدماغ الصدمة الخفيفة (متبي) / ارتجاج كل عام. ومع ذلك، فإن نتائج هذه على الدماغ غير مفهومة جيدا. ولذلك، نموذج حيواني من متبي واحد ومتكرر الذي يكرر باستمرار الأعراض ذات الصلة سريريا يوفر وسيلة لدفع دراسة متبي وارتجاج.

A نموذج الفأر من إصابات الدماغ الصدمة خفيفة ومتكررة خفيفة

Mild Traumatic Brain Injury (mTBI) can result in the acute loss of brain function, including a period of confusion, a loss of consciousness (LOC), focal ...

a-mouse-model-of-single-and-repetitive-mild-traumatic-brain-injury

Universidad de Cartagena UDEC

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

11.0K Views.  Georgetown University Medical Center.  الرياضيين تمتص عدة مئات من إصابات الدماغ الصدمة الخفيفة (متبي) / ارتجاج كل عام. ومع ذلك، فإن نتائج هذه على الدماغ غير مفهومة جيدا. ولذلك، نموذج حيواني من متبي واحد ومتكرر الذي يكرر باستمرار الأعراض ذات الصلة سريريا يوفر وسيلة لدفع دراسة متبي...

Video: A Mouse Model of Single and Repetitive Mild Traumatic Brain Injury

Normothermic Cardiac Arrest and Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation: A Mouse Model of Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury

Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) is a common, highly lethal, complication of critical illness which has a high mortality1-4 and which is most 
frequently caused by whole-body hypoperfusion.5,6 Successful reproduction of whole-body hypoperfusion in rodent models has been fraught with 
difficulty.7-9,9,10 Models which employ focal ischemia have repeatedly demonstrated results which do not translate to the clinical setting, and larger 
animal models which allow for whole body hypoperfusion lack access to the full toolset of genetic manipulation possible in the mouse.11,12 However, in recent 
years a mouse model of cardiac arrest and cardiopulmonary resuscitation has emerged which can be adapted to model AKI.13 This model reliably reproduces 
physiologic, functional, anatomic, and histologic outcomes seen in clinical AKI, is rapidly repeatable, and offers all of the significant advantages of a murine surgical 
model, including access to genetic manipulative techniques, low cost relative to large animals, and ease of use. Our group has developed extensive experience 
with use of this model to assess a number of organ-specific outcomes in AKI.14,15

A powerful model for perioperative and critical care related acute kidney injury is presented. Using whole body hypoperfusion induced by cardiac arrest it is possible to nearly replicate the histologic and functional changes of clinical AKI.

توقف القلب والإنعاش القلبي Normothermic : نموذج الفأر من نقص التروية ، إعادة إشباع الخلايا الإصابات

Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) is a common, highly lethal, complication of critical illness which has a high mortality1-4 and which is most 
frequently caused ...

Biomarkers in an Animal Model for Revealing Neural, Hematologic, and Behavioral Correlates of PTSD

Identification of biomarkers representing the evolution of the pathophysiology of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is vitally important, not only for objective diagnosis but also for the evaluation of therapeutic efficacy and resilience to trauma. Ongoing research is directed at identifying molecular biomarkers for PTSD, including traumatic stress induced proteins, transcriptomes, genomic variances and genetic modulators, using biologic samples from subjects' blood, saliva, urine, and postmortem brain tissues. However, the correlation of these biomarker molecules in peripheral or postmortem samples to altered brain functions associated with psychiatric symptoms in PTSD remains unresolved. Here, we present an animal model of PTSD in which both peripheral blood and central brain biomarkers, as well as behavioral phenotype, can be collected and measured, thus providing the needed correlation of the central biomarkers of PTSD, which are mechanistic and pathognomonic but cannot be collected from people, with the peripheral biomarkers and behavioral phenotypes, which can.
Our animal model of PTSD employs restraint and tail shocks repeated for three continuous days - the inescapable tail-shock model (ITS) in rats. This ITS model mimics the pathophysiology of PTSD 17, 7, 4, 10. We and others have verified that the ITS model induces behavioral and neurobiological alterations similar to those found in PTSD subjects 17, 7, 10, 9. Specifically, these stressed rats exhibit (1) a delayed and exaggerated startle response appearing several days after stressor cessation, which given the compressed time scale of the rat's life compared to a humans, corresponds to the one to three months delay of symptoms in PTSD patients (DSM-IV-TR PTSD Criterian D/E 13), (2) enhanced plasma corticosterone (CORT) for several days, indicating compromise of the hypothalamopituitary axis (HPA), and (3) retarded body weight gain after stressor cessation, indicating dysfunction of metabolic regulation.
The experimental paradigms employed for this model are: (1) a learned helplessness paradigm in the rat assayed by measurement of acoustic startle response (ASR) and a charting of body mass; (2) microdissection of the rat brain into regions and nuclei; (3) enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for blood levels of CORT; (4) a gene expression microarray plus related bioinformatics tools 18. This microarray, dubbed rMNChip, focuses on mitochondrial and mitochondria-related nuclear genes in the rat so as to specifically address the neuronal bioenergetics hypothesized to be involved in PTSD.

We describe a rat model of post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) that reveals the persistent alterations in neuroendocrine function and the delayed long-term, exaggerated fear response, characteristic of PTSD patients. The animal model and methods described here are useful for correlating biomarkers in brain nuclei, which are mechanistic but cannot be measured in patients, with biomarkers in peripheral white blood cells, which can.

المؤشرات الحيوية في نموذج حيواني لكشف الاقتران العصبية، الدموية، والسلوكية للPTSD

Identification of biomarkers representing the evolution of the pathophysiology of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is vitally important, not only for ...

Stretch in Brain Microvascular Endothelial Cells (cEND) as an In Vitro Traumatic Brain Injury Model of the Blood Brain Barrier

Due to the high mortality incident brought about by traumatic brain injury (TBI), methods that would enable one to better understand the underlying mechanisms involved in it are useful for treatment. There are both in vivo and in vitro methods available for this purpose. In vivo models can mimic actual head injury as it occurs during TBI. However, in vivo techniques may not be exploited for studies at the cell physiology level. Hence, in vitro methods are more advantageous for this purpose since they provide easier access to the cells and the extracellular environment for manipulation.
Our protocol presents an in vitro model of TBI using stretch injury in brain microvascular endothelial cells. It utilizes pressure applied to the cells cultured in flexible-bottomed wells. The pressure applied may easily be controlled and can produce injury that ranges from low to severe. The murine brain microvascular endothelial cells (cEND) generated in our laboratory is a well-suited model for the blood brain barrier (BBB) thus providing an advantage to other systems that employ a similar technique. In addition, due to the simplicity of the method, experimental set-ups are easily duplicated. Thus, this model can be used in studying the cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in TBI at the BBB.

Stretch in Brain Microvascular Endothelial Cells cEND as an In Vitro Traumatic Brain Injury Model of the Blood Brain Barrier

In vitro traumatic brain injury models are being developed to reproduce in vivo brain deformation. Stretch-induced injury has been employed for astrocytes, neurons, glial cells, aortic, and brain endothelial cells. However, our system uses a blood brain barrier (BBB) model that possesses properties constituting a legitimate model of the BBB to establish an in vitro&#160;TBI model.

تمتد في الدماغ الخلايا البطانية الاوعية الدموية الدقيقة (cEND) بوصفه<em&gt; في المختبر</em&gt; صدمة إصابات الدماغ نموذج من حاجز الدم في الدماغ

Due to the high mortality incident brought about by traumatic brain injury (TBI), methods that would enable one to better understand the underlying ...

An Alkali-burn Injury Model of Corneal Neovascularization in the Mouse

Under normal conditions, the cornea is avascular, and this transparency is essential for maintaining good visual acuity. Neovascularization (NV) of the cornea, which can be caused by trauma, keratoplasty or infectious disease, breaks down the so called &lsquo;angiogenic privilege' of the cornea and forms the basis of multiple visual pathologies that may even lead to blindness. Although there are several treatment options available, the fundamental medical need presented by corneal neovascular pathologies remains unmet. In order to develop safe, effective, and targeted therapies, a reliable model of corneal NV and pharmacological intervention is required. Here, we describe an alkali-burn injury corneal neovascularization model in the mouse. This protocol provides a method for the application of a controlled alkali-burn injury to the cornea, administration of a pharmacological compound of interest, and visualization of the result. This method could prove instrumental for studying the mechanisms and opportunities for intervention in corneal NV and other neovascular disorders.

Neovascularization (NV) of the cornea can complicate multiple visual pathologies. Utilizing a controlled, alkali-burn injury model, a quantifiable level of corneal NV can be produced for mechanistic study of corneal NV and evaluation of potential therapies for neovascular disorders.

والقلوي حرق الإصابات نموذج من القرنية اتساع الأوعية الدموية في ماوس

Under normal conditions, the cornea is avascular, and this transparency is essential for maintaining good visual acuity. Neovascularization (NV) of the ...

Controlled Cortical Impact Model for Traumatic Brain Injury

Every year over a million Americans suffer a traumatic brain injury (TBI). Combined with the incidence of TBIs worldwide, the physical, emotional, social, and economical effects are staggering. Therefore, further research into the effects of TBI and effective treatments is necessary. The controlled cortical impact (CCI) model induces traumatic brain injuries ranging from mild to severe. This method uses a rigid impactor to deliver mechanical energy to an intact dura exposed following a craniectomy. Impact is made under precise parameters at a set velocity to achieve a pre-determined deformation depth. Although other TBI models, such as weight drop and fluid percussion, exist, CCI is more accurate, easier to control, and most importantly, produces traumatic brain injuries similar to those seen in humans. However, no TBI model is currently able to reproduce pathological changes identical to those seen in human patients. The CCI model allows investigation into the short-term and long-term effects of TBI, such as neuronal death, memory deficits, and cerebral edema, as well as potential therapeutic treatments for TBI.

Traumatic brain injuries (TBIs) remain a serious health problem. Using the controlled cortical impact surgery model, research on the effects of TBI and possible treatment methods may be performed.

تسيطر الموديل أثر القشرية لإصابات الدماغ الرضية

Every year over a million Americans suffer a traumatic brain injury (TBI).  Combined with the incidence of TBIs worldwide, the physical, emotional, ...

Renal Ischaemia Reperfusion Injury: A Mouse Model of Injury and Regeneration

Renal ischaemia reperfusion injury (IRI) is a common cause of acute kidney injury (AKI) in patients and occlusion of renal blood flow is unavoidable during renal transplantation. Experimental models that accurately and reproducibly recapitulate renal IRI are crucial in dissecting the pathophysiology of AKI and the development of novel therapeutic agents. Presented here is a mouse model of renal IRI that results in reproducible AKI. This is achieved by a midline laparotomy approach for the surgery with one incision allowing both a right nephrectomy that provides control tissue and clamping of the left renal pedicle to induce ischaemia of the left kidney. By careful monitoring of the clamp position and body temperature during the period of ischaemia this model achieves reproducible functional and structural injury. Mice sacrificed 24 hr&#160;following surgery demonstrate loss of renal function with elevation of the serum or plasma creatinine level as well as structural kidney damage with acute tubular necrosis evident. Renal function improves and the acute tissue injury resolves during the course of 7 days following renal IRI such that this model may be used to study renal regeneration. This model of renal IRI has been utilized to study the molecular and cellular pathophysiology of AKI as well as analysis of the subsequent renal regeneration.

The mouse model of renal ischaemia reperfusion injury described here comprises of a right nephrectomy that provides control tissue and clamping of the left renal pedicle to induce ischaemia that results in acute kidney injury. This model uses a midline laparotomy approach with all steps performed via one incision.

الكلوي ونقص الأوكسجين إعادة إشباع الخلايا الإصابات: نموذج الفأر من الإصابات والتجديد

Renal ischaemia reperfusion injury (IRI) is a common cause of acute kidney injury (AKI) in patients and occlusion of renal blood flow is unavoidable ...

A Novel Model of Mild Traumatic Brain Injury for Juvenile Rats

Despite growing evidence that childhood represents a major risk period for mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) from sports-related concussions, motor vehicle accidents, and falls, a reliable animal model of mTBI had previously not been developed for this important aspect of development. The modified weight-drop technique employs a glancing impact to the head of a freely moving rodent transmitting acceleration, deceleration, and rotational forces upon the brain. When applied to juvenile rats, this modified weight-drop technique induced clinically relevant behavioural outcomes that were representative of post-concussion symptomology. The technique is a rapidly applied procedure with an extremely low mortality rate, rendering it ideal for high-throughput studies of therapeutics. In addition, because the procedure involves a mild injury to a closed head, it can easily be used for studies of repetitive brain injury. Owing to the simplistic nature of this technique, and the clinically relevant biomechanics of the injury pathophysiology, the modified weight-drop technique provides researchers with a reliable model of mTBI that can be used in a wide variety of behavioural, molecular, and genetic studies.

The modified weight-drop technique is an easy, cost-effective procedure used for the induction of mild traumatic brain injury in juvenile rats. This novel technique produces clinically relevant symptomology that will advance the study of mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) and concussion.

نموذج رواية خفيفة إصابات الدماغ للالجرذان الأحداث

Despite growing evidence that childhood represents a major risk period for mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) from sports-related concussions, motor ...

A Neonatal Mouse Spinal Cord Compression Injury Model

Spinal cord injury (SCI) typically causes devastating neurological deficits, particularly through damage to fibers descending from the brain to the spinal cord. A major current area of research is focused on the mechanisms of adaptive plasticity that underlie spontaneous or induced functional recovery following SCI. Spontaneous functional recovery is reported to be greater early in life, raising interesting questions about how adaptive plasticity changes as the spinal cord develops. To facilitate investigation of this dynamic, we have developed a SCI model in the neonatal mouse. The model has relevance for pediatric SCI, which is too little studied. Because neural plasticity in the adult involves some of the same mechanisms as neural plasticity in early life1, this model may potentially have some relevance also for adult SCI. Here we describe the entire procedure for generating a reproducible spinal cord compression (SCC) injury in the neonatal mouse as early as postnatal (P) day 1. SCC is achieved by performing a laminectomy at a given spinal level (here described at thoracic levels 9-11) and then using a modified Yasargil aneurysm mini-clip to rapidly compress and decompress the spinal cord. As previously described, the injured neonatal mice can be tested for behavioral deficits or sacrificed for ex vivo physiological analysis of synaptic connectivity using electrophysiological and high-throughput optical recording techniques1. Earlier and ongoing studies using behavioral and physiological assessment have demonstrated a dramatic, acute impairment of hindlimb motility followed by a complete functional recovery within 2 weeks, and the first evidence of changes in functional circuitry at the level of identified descending synaptic connections1.

This article describes a method for generating a reproducible spinal cord compression injury (SCI) in the neonatal mouse. The model provides an advantageous platform for studying mechanisms of adaptive plasticity that underlie spontaneous functional recovery.

وحديثي الولادة ماوس الحبل الشوكي ضغط إصابة نموذج

Spinal cord injury (SCI) typically causes devastating neurological deficits, particularly through damage to fibers descending from the brain to the spinal ...

A Repetitive Concussive Head Injury Model in Mice

Despite the concussion/ mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) being the most frequent occurrence of traumatic brain injury, there is still a lack of knowledge on the injury and its effects. To develop a better understanding of concussions, animals are often used because they provide a controlled, rigorous, and efficient model. Studies have adapted traditional animal models to perform mTBI to stimulate mild injury severity by changing the injury parameters. These models have been used because they can produce morphologically similar brain injuries to the clinical condition and provide a spectrum of injury severities. However, they are limited in their ability to present the identical features of injuries in patients. Using a traditional impact system, a repetitive concussive injury (rCHI) model can induce mild to moderate human-like concussion. The injury degree can be determined by measuring the period of loss of consciousness (LOC) with a sign of a transient termination of breathing. The rCHI model is beneficial to use for its accuracy and simplicity in determining mTBI effects and potential treatments.

Concussion presents the most common type of traumatic brain injury. Therefore, a repetitive concussive animal model, which replicates the important features of an injury in patients, may provide a means to study concussion in a rigorous, controlled, and efficient manner.

والمتكرر الارتجاج إصابات الرأس النموذجي في الفئران

Despite the concussion/ mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) being the most frequent occurrence of traumatic brain injury, there is still a lack of ...

A Tissue Displacement-based Contusive Spinal Cord Injury Model in Mice

Producing a consistent and reproducible contusive spinal cord injury (SCI) is critical to minimizing behavioral and histological variabilities between experimental animals. Several contusive SCI models have been developed to produce injuries using different mechanisms. The severity of the SCI is based on the height that a given weight is dropped, the injury force, or the spinal cord displacement. In the current study, we introduce a novel mouse contusive SCI device, the Louisville Injury System Apparatus (LISA) impactor, which can create a displacement-based SCI with high injury velocity and accuracy. This system utilizes laser distance sensors combined with advanced software to produce graded and highly-reproducible injuries. We performed a contusive SCI at the 10th thoracic vertebral (T10) level in mice to demonstrate the step-by-step procedure. The model can also be applied to the cervical and lumbar spinal levels.

We introduce a tissue displacement-based contusive spinal cord injury model that can produce a consistent contusive spinal cord injury in adult mice.

A النزوح القائم على النزوح النخاع الشوكي نموذج إصابة في الفئران

Producing a consistent and reproducible contusive spinal cord injury (SCI) is critical to minimizing behavioral and histological variabilities between ...