وأيد AV من قبل EMBO على المدى الطويل زمالة ما بعد الدكتوراه. ويتم تمويل البحوث في مختبر مارتن من منحة ERC البداية (GeometryCellCycle) ومنحة مؤسسة العلوم الوطنية السويسرية (31003A_155944) إلى SGM.

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The authors declare that they have no competing financial interests.

الظروف البيئية، وتوافر المواد الغذائية على وجه الخصوص، تؤثر بقوة على علم وظائف الأعضاء الانشطار الخميرة. النيتروجين المجاعة ضروري للالتزام التكاثر الجنسي ويؤدي إلى ضرب التغيرات في الإنقسامية تقدم دورة الخلية (المرجع 21) والشكل (2) في البداية. على إزالة...

على الرغم من صرف الجيني بين خليتين هو الحدث المركزي في التكاثر الجنسي، فإنه يعتمد على سلسلة من الفعاليات التي تعزز تمايز الخلايا، والسماح للاختيار الشريك، والقيام الانصهار خلية خلية والحفاظ على الاستقرار الجيني. وهكذا تقدم دورة الحياة الجنسية نفسها كنظام نموذج لدراسة عدد من المسائل الحيوية المتعلقة مفاتيح التنموية، والاستجابة للمؤثرات خارجي، والانصهار غشاء البلازما والعزل الصبغي، الخ استكشاف الانشطار الخميرة دورة الجنسية لدراسة هذه الظواهر يجلب فوائد لل علم الوراثة قوية نظام النموذج، راسخة النهج الإنتاجية العالية والفحص المجهري متطورة. الجنس في الخميرة الانشطار هو حدث مغاير بين P-خلية وM-خلية من أنواع التزاوج متميزة. أنواع الخلايا اثنين من التعبير عن تفاضلي عدد من الجينات 1،2 بما في ذلك لإنتاج P- يفرز وM-الفيرومونات، فرمون مستقبلات Map3 وMam2 وكذلك فرمون-بروتيإس إي إس Sxa1 وSxa2. سلالات Homothallic، مثل سلالة H90 شيوعا، وتحمل المعلومات الوراثية لكلا النوعين التزاوج في الجينوم واحد والخلايا الخضوع لنمط معقد من نوع التزاوج التبديل طوال دورة حياة الإنقسامية (إعادة النظر في المرجع 3). كما تستخدم عزلة متعددة من الخميرة الانشطار heterothallic التي نادرا أو أبدا تبديل نوع التزاوج عادة 4، أبرزها ح + N (P-نوع) وح -S (M-نوع) السلالات. في الخميرة الانشطار، دخول دورة حياة جنسية قيد التنظيم الغذائي الصارم. فقط خلايا الخميرة الانشطار المتعطشة النيتروجين تعتقل الاستنساخ الإنقسامية وتنتج الفيرومونات إنتشاري للإشارة إلى وجود شريك التزاوج وتشجيع المزيد من الخطوات للدورة الجنسية (إعادة النظر في المرجع 5). الحرمان من النيتروجين دي يقمع المنظم النسخي رئيسيا من Ste11 التزاوج الذي يعمل بمثابة مفتاح التنمية ويعزز هxpression من التزاوج جينات معينة بما في ذلك مستقبلات فرمون وفرمون جينات إنتاج 6،7. مشاركة فرمون مستقبلات ينشط يقترن مستقبلات البروتين G-ألفا والمصب إشارات MAPK الذي يعزز ذلك من Ste11 النشاط النسخي 8-10، وبالتالي زيادة إنتاج فرمون في ردود الفعل الإيجابية بين شركاء التزاوج. مستويات فرمون حاسمة للحث على مختلف الدول خلية الاستقطاب من خلال تنظيم منظم سيد قطبية الخلية، رو-عائلة GTPase Cdc42 11. عند التعرض لتركيزات منخفضة فرمون، هو تصور نشط Cdc42 في بقع حيوية استكشاف محيط الخلية، ويلاحظ أي نمو الخلايا في هذه المرحلة. زيادة مستويات فرمون تعزيز استقرار النشاط Cdc42 إلى منطقة واحدة ونمو إسقاط الاستقطاب، ووصف shmoo، الذي يجمع خلايا شريك في الاتصال. وفي وقت لاحق، وهما شركاء التزاوج فرداني تلتحم لتشكل البيضة الملقحة مضاعفا. العمل الأخير يكشف عشرالبريد جود هيكل الأكتين رواية ضروري لالانصهار التي يتم تجميعها من قبل formin الناجم عن التزاوج Fus1 12. هذا التركيز الانصهار يركز العمليات تعتمد نوع-V الميوسين ومواقف آلية تدهور جدار الخلية، مما يتيح إعادة تشكيل جدار الخلية للسماح البلازما غشاء الاتصال دون خلية تحلل 12. على الانصهار خلية خلية، ونوى تأتي في اتصال وتخضع تزاوج نووي. والتي تعتمد على داينين ​​بارزة حركة ذهابا وإيابا للنواة داخل البيضة الملقحة (حركة ذيل حصان) ثم يشجع على المزاوجة بين homologs كروموسوم 13،14، والتي تبعتها الانقسام الاختزالي. وأخيرا، يتم تعبئتها المنتجات أربعة من الانقسام الاختزالي إلى جراثيم الفردية خلال تبوغ. بسبب تعقيدها والخطوات العديدة المشاركة، ورصد تفصيلي من التزاوج تم تحديا. اثنين من الصعوبات البارزة هي أن العملية برمتها تستغرق ما يزيد على خمس عشرة ساعة وأن الخلايا هي صعبة لمزامنة. هذه دالالتفاف ifficulties بنهج المجهر وحيدة الخلية. هنا بروتوكول العام للتحقيق وتقديم دورة حياة الجنسية في الخميرة الانشطار. مع تعديلات طفيفة، يسمح هذا البروتوكول دراسة جميع الخطوات المختلفة لهذه العملية، وهي تحريض منتج الجين التزاوج، الاستقطاب الخلية والاقتران بين خلايا شقيقته بعد نوع التزاوج التحويل وبين شركاء غير شقيقة، والانصهار خلية خلية، وبعد الانصهار الحصان ذيل الحركة، الانقسام الاختزالي والتجرثم. يسمح هذا الأسلوب ل1) بسهولة الموسومة تصور fluorescently البروتينات مع مرور الوقت ما قبل وأثناء وبعد الانصهار. 2) تميز سلوك خلايا المعاكس نوع التزاوج. و3) قياس وتحديد المعايير مثل shmooing، التزاوج، والانصهار أو كفاءة تبوغ.

<table><tbody><tr><td>Glucose</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>G8270-10KG</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>KH&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;PO&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>1.05108.0050</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>NaCl</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>71381</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>MgSO&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;&amp;#8226;7H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>63140</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>CaCl&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>12095</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Pantothenate</td><td>AppliChem</td><td>A2088,0025</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Nicotinic Acid</td><td>AppliChem</td><td>A0963,0100</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Inositol</td><td>AppliChem</td><td>A1716,0100</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Biotin</td><td>AppliChem</td><td>A0967,0250</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Boric Acid</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>B6768-1KG</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>MnSO&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;</td><td>AppliChem</td><td>A1038,0250</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>ZnSO&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;&amp;#8226;7H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>Z4750</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>FeCl&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;&amp;#8226;6H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O</td><td>AppliChem</td><td>A3514,0250</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Molybdenum oxide (VI) (MoO&lt;sub&gt;3)&lt;/sub&gt;</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>69850</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>KI</td><td>AppliChem</td><td>A3872,0100</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>CuSO&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;&amp;#8226;5H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O</td><td>AppliChem</td><td>A1034,0500</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Citric Acid&amp;nbsp;</td><td>AppliChem</td><td>A2344,0500</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Agarose</td><td>Promega</td><td>V3125</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>(NH&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;)&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;SO&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Merck</td><td>1.01217.1000</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>L-Leucine</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>L8000-100G</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Adenine Hemisulfat Salt, mini 99%</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>A9126-100G</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Uracil&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>U0750</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Lanolin</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>L7387</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Vaseline</td><td>Reactolab</td><td>92045-74-4</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Paraffin</td><td>Reactolab</td><td>7005600</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

microscopy of fission yeast sexual lifecycle

The fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe has been an invaluable model system in studying the regulation of the mitotic cell cycle progression, the mechanics of cell division and cell polarity. Furthermore, classical experiments on its sexual reproduction have yielded results pivotal to current understanding of DNA recombination and meiosis. More recent analysis of fission yeast mating has raised interesting questions on extrinsic stimuli response mechanisms, polarized cell growth and cell-cell fusion. To study these topics in detail we have developed a simple protocol for microscopy of the entire sexual lifecycle. The method described here is easily adjusted to study specific mating stages. Briefly, after being grown to exponential phase in a nitrogen-rich medium, cell cultures are shifted to a nitrogen-deprived medium for periods of time suited to the stage of the sexual lifecycle that will be explored. Cells are then mounted on custom, easily built agarose pad chambers for imaging. This approach allows cells to be monitored from the onset of mating to the final formation of spores.

الانشطار نمو الخميرة والتزاوج حيوية عند إزالة مصدر النيتروجين كما النيتروجين التجويع هو شرط أساسي لبدء التكاثر الجنسي في الخميرة الانشطار، تم رصد نوع السلالة البرية H90 homothallic على التحول من النيتروجين الغنية والمتوسطة الذين حرموا من النيت?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Microscopy of Fission Yeast Sexual Lifecycle at JoVE.com

الفحص المجهري لدورة الحياة الجنسية للخميرة الانشطارية | الأحياء | فيديو

Microscopy of Fission Yeast Sexual Lifecycle

We provide a reproducible basic method for the long-term microscopy of the fission yeast sexual lifecycle. With minor adjustments described, the presented protocol allows research focus on different steps of the reproductive process.

المجهر من دورة حياة الجنسية الانشطار الخميرة

The fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe has been an invaluable model system in studying the regulation of the mitotic cell cycle progression, the ...

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14.5K Views.  University of Lausanne. We provide a reproducible basic method for the long-term microscopy of the fission yeast sexual lifecycle. With minor adjustments described, the presented protocol allows research focus on different steps of the reproductive process. 

Video: Microscopy of Fission Yeast Sexual Lifecycle

Single Molecule Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization (smFISH) Analysis in Budding Yeast Vegetative Growth and Meiosis

Single molecule fluorescence in situ hybridization (smFISH) is a powerful technique to study gene expression in single cells due to its ability to detect and count individual RNA molecules. Complementary to deep sequencing-based methods, smFISH provides information about the cell-to-cell variation in transcript abundance and the subcellular localization of a given RNA. Recently, we have used smFISH to study the expression of the gene&#160;NDC80&#160;during meiosis in budding yeast, in which two transcript isoforms exist and the short transcript isoform has its entire sequence shared with the long isoform. To confidently identify each transcript isoform, we optimized known smFISH protocols and obtained high consistency and quality of smFISH data for the samples acquired during budding yeast meiosis. Here, we describe this optimized protocol, the criteria that we use to determine whether high quality of smFISH data is obtained, and some tips for implementing this protocol in&#160;other yeast strains and growth conditions.

Single Molecule Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization smFISH Analysis in Budding Yeast Vegetative Growth and Meiosis

This single molecule fluorescence in situ hybridization protocol is optimized to quantify the number of RNA molecules in budding yeast during vegetative growth and meiosis.

التهجين في الموقع Fluorescence جزيء واحد (سمفيش) التحليل في مهدها الخميرة النمو الخضري والانقسام الاختزالي

Single molecule fluorescence in situ hybridization (smFISH) is a powerful technique to study gene expression in single cells due to its ability to detect ...

Genetics

Analysis of the Development of a Morphological Phenotype as a Function of Protein Concentration in Budding Yeast

Gene deletion and protein overexpression are common methods for studying functions of proteins. In this article, we describe a protocol for analysis of phenotype development as a function of protein concentration at population and single-cell levels in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Although this protocol is based on the overexpression of a protein, it can easily be adapted for morphological phenotypes dependent on suppression of protein expression. Our lab is interested in studying the signaling properties of the endocytic adaptor protein epsin. To that purpose we used a dominant negative approach in which we over-expressed the conserved Epsin N-Terminal Homology (ENTH) domain in order to interfere with the functions of endogenous epsin-2 (Ent2 or YLR206W). We observed that overexpression of the ENTH domain of Ent2 (ENTH2) in wild type cells led to a cell division defect that is dependent on the mislocalization of a family of scaffolding proteins, septins.

Gene deletion and protein overexpression are common methods for studying functions of proteins. In this article, we describe a protocol for analysis of phenotype development as a function of protein concentration at population and single-cell levels in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

تحليل للوضع النمط الظاهري المورفولوجية كدالة للتركيز البروتين في الخميرة الناشيء.

Gene deletion and protein overexpression are common methods for studying functions of proteins. In this article, we describe a protocol for analysis of ...

Visualizing Yeast Organelles with Fluorescent Protein Markers

The budding yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, is a classic model system in studying organelle function and dynamics. In our previous works, we have constructed fluorescent protein-based markers for major organelles and endomembrane structures, including the nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum (ER), Golgi apparatus, endosomes, vacuoles, mitochondria, peroxisomes, lipid droplets, and autophagosomes. The protocol presented here describes the procedures for using these markers in yeast, including DNA preparation for yeast transformation, selection and evaluation of transformants, fluorescent microscopic observation, and the expected outcomes. The text is geared toward researchers who are entering the field of yeast organelle study from other backgrounds. Essential steps are covered, as well as technical notes about microscope hardware considerations and several common pitfalls. It provides a starting point for people to observe yeast subcellular entities by live-cell fluorescent microscopy. These tools and methods can be used to identify protein subcellular localization and track organelles of interest in time-lapse imaging.

<meta charset="utf8"></head><body>تصور عضيات الخميرة بعلامات البروتين الفلوري

Here we describe the use of a set of fluorescent protein-based organelle markers in live-cell imaging of the budding yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

تصور عضيات الخميرة بعلامات البروتين الفلوري

The budding yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, is a classic model system in studying organelle function and dynamics. In our previous works, we have ...

Biochemistry

Quantitative Live Cell Fluorescence-microscopy Analysis of Fission Yeast

Several microscopy techniques are available today that can detect a specific protein within the cell. During the last decade live cell imaging using fluorochromes like Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP) directly attached to the protein of interest has become increasingly popular 1. Using GFP and similar fluorochromes the subcellular localisations and movements of proteins can be detected in a fluorescent microscope. Moreover, also the subnuclear localisation of a certain region of a chromosome can be studied using this technique. GFP is fused to the Lac Repressor protein (LacR) and ectopically expressed in the cell where tandem repeats of the lacO sequence has been inserted into the region of interest on the chromosome2. The LacR-GFP will bind to the lacO repeats and that area of the genome will be visible as a green dot in the fluorescence microscope. Yeast is especially suited for this type of manipulation since homologous recombination is very efficient and thereby enables targeted integration of the lacO repeats and engineered fusion proteins with GFP 3. Here we describe a quantitative method for live cell analysis of fission yeast. Additional protocols for live cell analysis of fission yeast can be found, for example on how to make a movie of the meiotic chromosomal behaviour 4. In this particular experiment we focus on subnuclear organisation and how it is affected during gene induction. We have labelled a gene cluster, named Chr1, by the introduction of lacO binding sites in the vicinity of the genes. The gene cluster is enriched for genes that are induced early during nitrogen starvation of fission yeast 5. In the strain the nuclear membrane (NM) is labelled by the attachment of mCherry to the NM protein Cut11 giving rise to a red fluorescent signal. The Spindle Pole body (SPB) compound Sid4 is fused to Red Fluorescent Protein (Sid4-mRFP) 6. In vegetatively growing yeast cells the centromeres are always attached to the SPB that is embedded in the NM 7. The SPB is identified as a large round structure in the NM. By imaging before and 20 minutes after depletion of the nitrogen source we can determine the distance between the gene cluster (GFP) and the NM/SPB. The mean or median distances before and after nitrogen depletion are compared and we can thus quantify whether or not there is a shift in subcellular localisation of the gene cluster after nitrogen depletion.

The fission yeast, Schizosaccharomyces pombe, is a good model system to study basic cellular processes. Here we describe a method to perform quantitative live cell analysis of fission yeast. In this particular experiment we focus on organisation of the genome within the cell nucleus, but the method can also be used to study cytosolic factors.

الكمية خلية حية الإسفار - المجهري تحليل الخميرة الانشطار

Several microscopy techniques are available today that can detect a specific protein within the cell. During the last decade live cell imaging using ...

Spatiotemporal Analysis of Cytokinetic Events in Fission Yeast

Cytokinesis, the final step in cell division is critical for maintaining genome integrity. Proper cytokinesis is important for cell differentiation and development. Cytokinesis involves a series of events that are well coordinated in time and space. Cytokinesis involves the formation of an actomyosin ring at the division site, followed by ring constriction, membrane furrow formation and extra cellular matrix remodeling. The fission yeast, Schizosaccharomyces pombe (S.&#160;pombe)&#160;is a well-studied model system that has revealed with substantial clarity the initial events in cytokinesis. However, we do not understand clearly how different cytokinetic events are coordinated spatiotemporally. To determine this, one needs to analyze the different cytokinetic events in great details in both time and in space. Here we describe a microscopy approach to examine different cytokinetic events in live cells. With this approach it is possible to time different cytokinetic events and determine the time of recruitment of different proteins during cytokinesis. In addition, we describe protocols to compare protein localization, and distribution at the site of cell division. This is a basic protocol to study cytokinesis in fission yeast and can also be used for other yeasts and fungal systems.

The fission yeast, Schizosaccharomyces pombe&#160;is an excellent model system to study cytokinesis, the final stage in cell division. Here we describe a microscopy approach to analyze different cytokinetic events in live fission yeast cells.

تحليل الزمانية المكانية من Cytokinetic الأحداث في الخميرة الانشطار

Cytokinesis, the final step in cell division is critical for maintaining genome integrity. Proper cytokinesis is important for cell differentiation and ...

High-resolution Imaging and Analysis of Individual Astral Microtubule Dynamics in Budding Yeast

Dynamic microtubules are fundamental to many cellular processes, and accurate measurements of microtubule dynamics can provide insight into how cells regulate these processes and how genetic mutations impact regulation. The quantification of microtubule dynamics in metazoan models has a number of associated challenges, including a high microtubule density and limitations on genetic manipulations. In contrast, the budding yeast model offers advantages that overcome these challenges. This protocol describes a method to measure the dynamics of single microtubules in living yeast cells. Cells expressing fluorescently tagged tubulin are adhered to assembled slide chambers, allowing for stable time-lapse image acquisition. A detailed guide for high-speed, four-dimensional image acquisition is also provided, as well as a protocol for quantifying the properties of dynamic microtubules in confocal image stacks. This method, combined with conventional yeast genetics, provides an approach that is uniquely suited for quantitatively assessing the effects of microtubule regulators or mutations that alter the activity of tubulin subunits.

Budding yeast is an advantageous model for studying microtubule dynamics in vivo due to its powerful genetics and the simplicity of its microtubule cytoskeleton. The following protocol describes how to transform and culture yeast cells, acquire confocal microscopy images, and quantitatively analyze microtubule dynamics in living yeast cells.

عالية الدقة التصوير والتحليل من الأفراد بالنجوم أنيبيب حيوية في مهدها الخميرة

Dynamic microtubules are fundamental to many cellular processes, and accurate measurements of microtubule dynamics can provide insight into how cells ...

Examination of Mitotic and Meiotic Fission Yeast Nuclear Dynamics by Fluorescence Live-cell Microscopy

Live-cell imaging is a microscopy technique used to examine cell and protein dynamics in living cells. This imaging method is not toxic, generally does not interfere with cell physiology, and requires minimal experimental handling. The low levels of technical interference enable researchers to study cells across multiple cycles of mitosis and to observe meiosis from beginning to end. Using fluorescent tags such as Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP) and Red Fluorescent Protein (RFP), researchers can analyze different factors whose functions are important for processes like transcription, DNA replication, cohesion, and segregation. Coupled with data analysis using Fiji (a free, optimized ImageJ version), live-cell imaging offers various ways of assessing protein movement, localization, stability, and timing, as well as nuclear dynamics and chromosome segregation. However, as is the case with other microscopy methods, live-cell imaging is limited by the intrinsic properties of light, which put a limit to the resolution power at high magnifications, and is also sensitive to photobleaching or phototoxicity at high wavelength frequencies. However, with some care, investigators can bypass these physical limitations by carefully choosing the right conditions, strains, and fluorescent markers to allow for the appropriate visualization of mitotic and meiotic events.

Here, we present live-cell imaging which is a non-toxic microscopy method that allows researchers to study protein behavior and nuclear dynamics in living fission yeast cells during mitosis and meiosis.

فحص الديناميات النووية الخميرة الانشطارية الميتومية وMeiotic عن طريق الفلورة الخلية الحية المجهرية

Live-cell imaging is a microscopy technique used to examine cell and protein dynamics in living cells. This imaging method is not toxic, generally does ...

Rapid Freezing using Sandwich Freezing Device for Good Ultrastructural Preservation of Biological Specimens in Electron Microscopy

Chemical fixation has been used for observing the ultrastructure of cells and tissues. However, this method does not adequately preserve the ultrastructure of cells; artifacts and extraction of cell contents are usually observed. Rapid freezing is a better alternative for the preservation of cell structure. Sandwich freezing of living yeast or bacteria followed by freeze-substitution has been used for observing the exquisite natural ultrastructure of cells. Recently, sandwich freezing of glutaraldehyde-fixed cultured cells or human tissues has also been used to reveal the ultrastructure of cells and tissues. 
These studies have thus far been carried out with a handmade sandwich freezing device, and applications to studies in other laboratories have been limited. A new sandwich freezing device has recently been fabricated and is now commercially available. The present paper shows how to use the sandwich freezing device for rapid freezing of biological specimens, including bacteria, yeast, cultured cells, isolated cells, animal and human tissues, and viruses. Also shown is the preparation of specimens for ultrathin sectioning after rapid freezing and procedures for freeze-substitution, resin embedding, trimming of blocks, cutting of ultrathin sections, recovering of sections, staining, and covering of grids with support films.

Here we show how to use the sandwich freezing device for rapid freezing of biological specimens, including bacteria, yeast, cultured cells, isolated cells, animal and human tissues, and viruses. We also show how to prepare specimens for ultrathin sectioning after rapid freezing.

التجميد السريع باستخدام جهاز تجميد ساندويتش للحفاظ على البنية الفائقة جيدة من العينات البيولوجية في المجهر الإلكترون

Chemical fixation has been used for observing the ultrastructure of cells and tissues. However, this method does not adequately preserve the ...

Use of Time-Lapse Microscopy and Stage-Specific Nuclear Depletion of Proteins to Study Meiosis in S. cerevisiae

Time-lapse fluorescence microscopy has revolutionized the understanding of meiotic cell-cycle events by providing temporal and spatial data that is often not seen by imaging fixed cells. Budding yeast has proved to be an important model organism to study meiotic chromosome segregation because many meiotic genes are highly conserved. Time-lapse microscopy of meiosis in budding yeast allows the monitoring of different meiotic mutants to show how the mutation disrupts meiotic processes. However, many proteins function at multiple points in meiosis. The use of loss-of-function or meiotic null mutants can therefore disrupt an early process, blocking or disturbing the later process and making it difficult to determine the phenotypes associated with each individual role. To circumvent this challenge, this protocol describes how the proteins can be conditionally depleted from the nucleus at specific stages of meiosis while monitoring meiotic events using time-lapse microscopy. Specifically, this protocol describes how the cells are synchronized in prophase I, how the anchor away technique is used to deplete proteins from the nucleus at specific meiotic stages, and how time-lapse imaging is used to monitor meiotic chromosome segregation. As an example of the usefulness of the technique, the kinetochore protein Ctf19 was depleted from the nucleus at different time points during meiosis, and the number of chromatin masses was analyzed at the end of meiosis II. Overall, this protocol can be adapted to deplete different nuclear proteins from the nucleus while monitoring the meiotic divisions.

Use of Time-Lapse Microscopy and Stage-Specific Nuclear Depletion of Proteins to Study Meiosis in S. cerevisiae

Time-lapse microscopy is a valuable tool for studying meiosis in budding yeast. This protocol describes a method that combines cell-cycle synchronization, time-lapse microscopy, and conditional depletion of a target protein to demonstrate how to study the function of a specific protein during meiotic chromosome segregation.

استخدام الفحص المجهري بفاصل زمني والاستنفاد النووي للبروتينات في مرحلة محددة لدراسة الانقسام الاختزالي في S. cerevisiae

Time-lapse fluorescence microscopy has revolutionized the understanding of meiotic cell-cycle events by providing temporal and spatial data that is often ...

المجهر من دورة حياة الجنسية الانشطار الخميرة

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التهجين في الموقع Fluorescence جزيء واحد (سمفيش) التحليل في مهدها الخميرة النمو الخضري والانقسام الاختزالي

تحليل للوضع النمط الظاهري المورفولوجية كدالة للتركيز البروتين في الخميرة الناشيء.

تصور عضيات الخميرة بعلامات البروتين الفلوري

تصور عضيات الخميرة بعلامات البروتين الفلوري

الكمية خلية حية الإسفار - المجهري تحليل الخميرة الانشطار

تحليل الزمانية المكانية من Cytokinetic الأحداث في الخميرة الانشطار

عالية الدقة التصوير والتحليل من الأفراد بالنجوم أنيبيب حيوية في مهدها الخميرة

فحص الديناميات النووية الخميرة الانشطارية الميتومية وMeiotic عن طريق الفلورة الخلية الحية المجهرية

التجميد السريع باستخدام جهاز تجميد ساندويتش للحفاظ على البنية الفائقة جيدة من العينات البيولوجية في المجهر الإلكترون

استخدام الفحص المجهري بفاصل زمني والاستنفاد النووي للبروتينات في مرحلة محددة لدراسة الانقسام الاختزالي في S. cerevisiae