This work has been supported by Elizabeth E. Kennedy Research Award.

1. إعداد منتج سلالة <ol style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> خط سلالة المكورات الرئوية لفحصها لإنتاج مبيد جرثومي على 5٪ الأغنام الدم الصويا زيتية لوحة أجار من -80 ° C الأسهم الفريزر. ملاحظة: استخدام لوحات الدم للنمو الأولي من سلالة لفحصها لتثبيط يزيد كثيرا من استنساخ للمقايسة. بالإضافة إلى ذلك، وغيرها من السلالات غير الرئوية التي تنتج bacteriocins يمكن استخدامها على الرغم من أن قد تحتاج إلى تعديل لكائن معين ظروف النمو. وقد استخدمنا العقدية الهينة وLactococcus اللبنية في مقايسة تراكب بنجاح. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> احتضان لوحة بين عشية وضحاها (O / N) عند 37 درجة مئوية مع 5٪ CO 2. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> بعد مرور فترة الحضانة من سلالة منتج، وإعداد زيتية أجار الصويا (TSA) لوحة من قبل pipetting 3،000 إلى 4،000 وحدة من الكاتلاز على لوحات تحتوي على 25 مل من TSA ونشر الحل الكاتلاز باستخدام الخرز الزجاجي معقمة. السماح لوحة جافة لمدة 10 دقيقة تحتخزانة السلامة البيولوجية. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> جمع كمية مرئية من البكتيريا على طرف ماصة. طعن غيض ماصة في لوحة TSA المجففة. ملاحظة: أكثر من سلالة واحدة منتج ويمكن طعن في لوحة واحدة TSA. من المهم أن الفضاء خارج طعنات بحيث الناتجة هالات لا تتداخل. <ol style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> إذا كان ذلك ممكنا، وتشمل يعرف مبيد جرثومي منتج كعنصر تحكم إيجابية والسلالة لاستخدامها في تراكب كعنصر تحكم السلبية. ملاحظة: الضوابط الإيجابية والسلبية هي تم نشرها سابقا ومتاحة عند الطلب 10. </li></ol></li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> احتضان TSA وحة تحتوي طعنات متعددة في 37 درجة مئوية مع 5٪ CO 2 لمدة 6 ساعة. </li></ol> 2. جعل الأسهم الجلسرين من سلالة تراكب <ol style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> إعداد مخزونات الجلسرين (ثقافات نمت إلى مرحلة منتصف الأسي ثم تخزينها في -80 درجة مئوية بعد إضافة الجلسرين) قبل يوم من الفحص تراكب. تطعيم 5-10 مستعمرات شارع المكورات الرئويةعين لفحصها للحساسية أو إفراز فرمون تود هيويت في المتوسط ​​0.5٪ مع مستخلص الخميرة (THY). ملاحظة: بناء BlpC صحفيين محرض وقد وصفت سابقا 2 و هم سلالات متاحة عند الطلب. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> احتضان 5-10 المستعمرات في أنابيب زجاجية مع 5 مل من THY مع الأغطية مغلقة بإحكام في 37 ° C حمام الماء دون أن تهتز. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> احتضان الثقافات في 37 درجة مئوية حتى التوصل الى OD 620 من 0،3-0،5. ملاحظة: هذا سوف يستغرق حوالي 4-5 ساعة اعتمادا على السلالة المستخدمة. <ol style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> عكس بلطف الأنبوب عدة مرات قبل قياس OD. </li></ol></li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> إذا كانت التجربة لا يمكن أن يؤديها في نفس اليوم أو سيتم استخدام سلالة عدة مرات في المستقبل، وجعل الأسهم الجلسرين واستئناف التجربة في وقت لاحق. للأسهم الجلسرين، إضافة الجلسرين على الثقافات إلى تركيز النهائي من 20٪. الثقافات قسامة إلى 1.5 مل أنابيب microcentrifuge وتخزينها في -80 درجة مئوية. ملاحظة: يمكن أن تكون عينات قtored لشهور في -80 درجة مئوية. إن لم يكن جعل الأسهم الجلسرين، واستخدام عينات للفحص مباشرة تراكب. </li></ol> 3. تراكب الفحص <ol style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> قبيل تراكب التطبيق، خلط مكونات تراكب. في 15 مل أنبوب مخروطي الشكل، إضافة 5 مل من THY، 3،000-4،000 U من الكاتلاز، و 200 ميكرولتر من ثقافة مرق سلالة تراكب التي كانت إما نمت ذلك اليوم أو الأسهم الجلسرين من الثقافة التي تم إذابة في درجة حرارة الغرفة. إذا باستخدام سلالة المراسل، إضافة 50 ميكرولتر من X-غال (40 ملغ / مل) إلى الخليط تراكب. استخدام أنبوب مخروطي واحد لكل لوحة. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> تتوازن مزيج تراكب في درجة حرارة الغرفة قبل إضافة المنصهر TSA. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> إزالة لوحة TSA مع سلالة طعن من الحاضنة. تذوب الصلبة TSA في الميكروويف والحفاظ في 55 ° C حمام الماء حتى جاهزة للاستخدام. إضافة 3 مل من المنصهر TSA مع 1.5٪ أجار تبرد إلى 55 درجة مئوية إلى تراكب الخليط. <ol style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> إعداد مزيج تراكب مباشرة قبل pipetting ل، ستبدأ الخليط إلى ترسيخ جدابسرعة. ملاحظة: إذا يبدأ تراكب لترسيخ قبل الطلاء، فإن النتائج ستكون uninterpretable. </li></ol></li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> مزج الخليط تراكب بواسطة pipetting صعودا وهبوطا عدة مرات مع 5 مل الماصة والحرص على عدم إدخال فقاعات في الخليط. ماصة ببطء خليط تراكب مباشرة على لوحة TSA طعن. إبقاء لوحة على الفوق لبضع دقائق مما يسمح للأجار لتتصلب. <ol style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> لا تدوير لوحة لتوزيع الخليط تراكب، وهذا سيسحب من نمو ثقافة طعن في تراكب. </li></ol></li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> وضع بعناية TSA وحة مع تراكب في الحاضنة 37 درجة مئوية تحتوي على 5٪ CO 2 O / N (حوالي 16-18 ساعة). </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> مراقبة لوحات بعد نمو بين عشية وضحاها. يجب أن تظهر لوحات مبهمة من النمو من سلالة تراكب إلا في المناطق التي حدث تثبيط أو فرمون إشارات. سوف تظهر هذه كمناطق إما واضحة أو الزرقاء حول سلالة طعن، على التوالي. ملاحظة: على الرغم من أن قياس آثافةيمكن تحديد تظهر عناصر من القطر من المقاصة زرقاء أو التقييم الكمي، والاختلافات في القطر ويمكن أيضا أن تختلف تبعا لكمية البكتيريا التي طعن في لوحة. الفحص تراكب هو فحص نوعي، ينبغي تفسير أي تقييم كمي بحذر. يعتبر أي المقاصة واضحة بالمقارنة مع سيطرة سلبية والنشاط. </li></ol>

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The authors have nothing to disclose.

هذا الاختبار تراكب هو وسيلة سريعة لتحديد نطاق النشاط للمنتجين مبيد جرثومي وإظهار التفاعلات التنافسية التي قد تحدث بين سلالات المكورات الرئوية. الفحص تراكب يمكن تكييفها لاستخدامها لفحص سلالات متعددة لإنتاج مبيد جرثومي على لوحة واحدة. قمنا بنجاح فحص مجموعات سلالة كب...

العقدية الرئوية، وهي المستعمر المشترك للمجتمع متعدد المكروبات من البلعوم الأنفي، غير قادرة على المنافسة مع الآخرين، والمكورات الرئوية وثيقي الصلة من خلال إنتاج الببتيدات المضادة للميكروبات أنتجت البكتريا (bacteriocins). كل سلالة المكورات الرئوية التسلسل بالكامل بحثت حتى الآن يحتوي على نسخة من ب acteriocin- ل آيك ص eptide موضع، BLP. وقد تجلى إنتاج مبيد جرثومي من المكورات الرئوية إلى أن تكون مهمة في نتائج سواء في المختبر وفي الجسم الحي المنافسة 1-4. وتتأثر ديناميكية تنافسية من خلال التعبير عن bacteriocins المتنوعة جنبا إلى جنب مع البروتينات الحصانة وما شابه ذلك ردا على الببتيد فرمون محددة. يتم التحكم تحريض موضع BLP عن طريق نظام الاستشعار عن النصاب فيه فرمون الببتيد، BlpC، بربط كيناز الاستشعار، BlpH، ويبدأ شلال يشير مما أدى إلىالنسخ من موضع 5،6 BLP. هناك أربعة اختلافات أليلية من BlpC أن كل مأزق لBlpH المشابهة لها 6. للخلية من أجل البقاء آثار مبيد جرثومي الخاص بها، ونسخه الجينات التي تشفر البروتينات الحصانة وما شابه ذلك على نفس الاوبرون حيث أن كل من الجينات مبيد جرثومي. يحدث إذا قتل سلالة منافس غير قادر على upregulate موضع BLP ردا على فرمون خارجي أو، إذا كان يفتقر إلى سلالة الجين الحصانة معين المطلوبة للحماية. مجمع نقل، مطلوب BlpAB عن إفراز وتجهيز فرمون الببتيد والببتيدات مبيد جرثومي 2،4. في الآونة الأخيرة، فقد تبين أن نسبة كبيرة من سلالات المكورات الرئوية هي &quot;الغشاشون&quot; يعني لديهم طفرة في الجين الحفظ blpA مما يجعلها غير قادرة على إفراز الفيرمونات وbacteriocins 1،2. هذه السلالات هي قادرة على الاستجابة لBlpC خارجية المنشأ 2 يفرزها صهيلسلالات مملة السماح لإنتاج البروتينات الحصانة. وعلى الرغم من الاستعدادات الخام من bacteriocins من supernatants يمكن إعداد من سلالات منتج باستخدام أساليب الخطوات البيوكيميائية لتحقيق النقاء، وهذا النهج ليس مفيدا لفحص مجموعات كبيرة من العزلات وإذا كان مستوى التعبير مبيد جرثومي منخفضة في مرق نمت الثقافات 2،7- 9. يستخدم الفحص تراكب كوسيلة سريعة للتحقيق في الديناميات التنافسية بين السلالات التي قد تكون موجودة في المختبر. للقيام بذلك، سلالة المكورات الرئوية هو على لوحة آغار وسمح لتنمو لتحقيق تركيزات البكتيرية محلية كافية لتحريض موضع BLP تلقيح مسبقا. ثم يتم تلقيح سلالة الثاني في حل أجار لينة المنصهر التي يتم بعد ذلك تطبيقها على سلالة تلقيح قبل لاختبار حساسية. لتقييم لنشاط موضع BLP (مستقلة عن النشاط المثبطة)، سلالات يمكن مضافين مع سلسلة من عشرالعناصر الأرضية النادرة التي سبق وصفها سلالات مراسل BlpC. شيدت هذه السلالات لاحتواء واحد من ثلاثة blpH الأليلات المختلفة التي تستجيب لالفيرومونات BlpC الثلاثة الأكثر شيوعا التي يفرزها المكورات الرئوية. سلالات مراسل لها الجين lacZ المتكاملة التي هي تحت سيطرة المروج يعتمد BlpH وتحمل الحذف في الجينات blpC يمنع التحفيز الذاتي 10،11.

<table><tbody><tr><td>Trypticase Soy Agar with 5% Sheep Blood</td><td>Fisher</td><td>B21261X</td><td>For growth from freezer cultures</td></tr><tr><td>Catalase</td><td>Sigma</td><td>C100-500mg</td><td>4,741 Units per plate</td></tr><tr><td>Todd Hewitt Broth + Yeast Extract (THY)</td><td>Fisher</td><td>DF0492-17-6&amp;nbsp;</td><td>30 g of THB, 5 g yeast extract, 1 L ddH&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O autoclave</td></tr><tr><td>Trypticase Soy Broth + Agar plates (TSA)</td><td>Fisher</td><td>B11768&amp;nbsp;</td><td>30 g of TS, 15 g agar, 1 L ddH&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O autoclave</td></tr><tr><td>5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl &amp;beta;-D-galactopyranoside (X-gal)</td><td>Sigma</td><td>B4252-50MG</td><td>Dissolve in dimethylformamide</td></tr><tr><td>Petri dishes</td><td>Fisher</td><td>FB0875712</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Spectrophometer</td><td></td><td></td><td>Measures the OD&lt;sub&gt;620&lt;/sub&gt; of cultures</td></tr><tr><td>37 &amp;deg;C water bath</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>37 &amp;deg;C incubator with 5% CO2</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>15 ml conical tube</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

using the overlay assay to qualitatively measure bacterial production of and sensitivity to pneumococcal bacteriocins

Streptococcus pneumoniae colonizes the highly diverse polymicrobial community of the nasopharynx where it must compete with resident organisms. We have shown that bacterially produced antimicrobial peptides (bacteriocins) dictate the outcome of these competitive interactions. All fully-sequenced pneumococcal strains harbor a bacteriocin-like peptide (blp) locus. The blp locus encodes for a range of diverse bacteriocins and all of the highly conserved components needed for their regulation, processing, and secretion. The diversity of the bacteriocins found in the bacteriocin immunity region (BIR) of the locus is a major contributor of pneumococcal competition. Along with the bacteriocins, immunity genes are found in the BIR and are needed to protect the producer cell from the effects of its own bacteriocin. The overlay assay is a quick method for examining a large number of strains for competitive interactions mediated by bacteriocins. The overlay assay also allows for the characterization of bacteriocin-specific immunity, and detection of secreted quorum sensing peptides. The assay is performed by pre-inoculating an agar plate with a strain to be tested for bacteriocin production followed by application of a soft agar overlay containing a strain to be tested for bacteriocin sensitivity. A zone of clearance surrounding the stab indicates that the overlay strain is sensitive to the bacteriocins produced by the pre-inoculated strain. If no zone of clearance is observed, either the overlay strain is immune to the bacteriocins being produced or the pre-inoculated strain does not produce bacteriocins. To determine if the blp locus is functional in a given strain, the overlay assay can be adapted to evaluate for peptide pheromone secretion by the pre-inoculated strain. In this case, a series of four lacZ-reporter strains with different pheromone specificity are used in the overlay.

هناك نوعان من النتائج المحتملة في مقايسة تراكب. يجب أن يكون من الممكن أن نرى النمو من سلالة طعن بعد الحضانة بين عشية وضحاها. في الشكل 1A، سلالة تراكب حساس لbacteriocins التي يتم إنتاجها. منطقة التخليص يمكن تصور المحيطة سلالة طعن. بالإضافة إلى ذلك، دوامات من سلالة طع?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Using the Overlay Assay to Qualitatively Measure Bacterial Production of and Sensitivity to Pneumococcal Bacteriocins at JoVE.com

Using the Overlay Assay to Qualitatively Measure Bacterial Production of and Sensitivity to Pneumococcal Bacteriocins

Competition in Streptococcus pneumoniae is mediated by bacteriocins, small antimicrobial peptides with inhibitory activity towards pneumococcus and other related species.&#160; Here we describe an optimized bacterial overlay assay that allows for the characterization of bacteriocin activity and inhibitory spectrum, bacteriocin-specific immunity, and detection of secreted quorum sensing peptides.

باستخدام تراكب الفحص لقياس نوعيا الإنتاج الجرثومي من والحساسية للالرئوية Bacteriocins

Streptococcus pneumoniae colonizes the highly diverse polymicrobial community of the nasopharynx where it must compete with resident organisms.  We have ...

using-overlay-assay-to-qualitatively-measure-bacterial-production

Universidad de Cartagena UDEC

Research

JoVE Journal

Immunology and Infection

13.4K Views.  University of Michigan. Competition in Streptococcus pneumoniae is mediated by bacteriocins, small antimicrobial peptides with inhibitory activity towards pneumococcus and other related species.  Here we describe an optimized bacterial overlay assay that allows for the characterization of bacteriocin activity and inhibitory spectrum, bacteriocin-specific immunity, and detection of secreted quorum sensing peptides. 

Video: Using the Overlay Assay to Qualitatively Measure Bacterial Production of and Sensitivity to Pneumococcal Bacteriocins

An Assay for Quantifying Protein-RNA Binding in Bacteria

In the initiation step of protein translation, the ribosome binds to the initiation region of the mRNA. Translation initiation can be blocked by binding of an RNA binding protein (RBP) to the initiation region of the mRNA, which interferes with ribosome binding. In the presented method, we utilize this blocking phenomenon to quantify the binding affinity of RBPs to their cognate and non-cognate binding sites. To do this, we insert a test binding site in the initiation region of a reporter mRNA and induce the expression of the test RBP. In the case of RBP-RNA binding, we observed a sigmoidal repression of the reporter expression as a function of RBP concentration. In the case of no-affinity or very low affinity between binding site and RBP, no significant repression was observed. The method is carried out in live bacterial cells, and does not require expensive or sophisticated machinery. It is useful for quantifying and comparing between the binding affinities of different RBPs that are functional in bacteria to a set of designed binding sites. This method may be inappropriate for binding sites with high structural complexity. This is due to the possibility of repression of ribosomal initiation by complex mRNA structure in the absence of RBP, which would result in lower basal reporter gene expression, and thus less-observable reporter repression upon RBP binding.

In this method, we quantify the binding affinity of RNA binding proteins (RBPs) to cognate and non-cognate binding sites using a simple, live, reporter assay in bacterial cells. The assay is based on repression of a reporter gene.

اختبار لتحديد كمية البروتين-RNA الربط في البكتيريا

In the initiation step of protein translation, the ribosome binds to the initiation region of the mRNA. Translation initiation can be blocked by binding ...

Genetics

A Visual Assay to Monitor T6SS-mediated Bacterial Competition

Type VI secretion systems (T6SSs) are molecular nanomachines allowing Gram-negative bacteria to transport and inject proteins into a wide variety of target cells1,2. The T6SS is composed of 13 core components and displays structural similarities with the tail-tube of bacteriophages3. The phage uses a tube and a puncturing device to penetrate the cell envelope of target bacteria and inject DNA. It is proposed that the T6SS is an inverted bacteriophage device creating a specific path in the bacterial cell envelope to drive effectors and toxins to the surface. The process could be taken further and the T6SS device could perforate other cells with which the bacterium is in contact, thus injecting the effectors into these targets. The tail tube and puncturing device parts of the T6SS are made with Hcp and VgrG proteins, respectively4,5.
The versatility of the T6SS has been demonstrated through studies using various bacterial pathogens. The Vibrio cholerae T6SS can remodel the cytoskeleton of eukaryotic host cells by injecting an "evolved" VgrG carrying a C-terminal actin cross-linking domain6,7. Another striking example was recently documented using Pseudomonas aeruginosa which is able to target and kill bacteria in a T6SS-dependent manner, therefore promoting the establishment of bacteria in specific microbial niches and competitive environment8,9,10.
In the latter case, three T6SS-secreted proteins, namely Tse1, Tse2 and Tse3 have been identified as the toxins injected in the target bacteria (Figure 1). The donor cell is protected from the deleterious effect of these effectors via an anti-toxin mechanism, mediated by the Tsi1, Tsi2 and Tsi3 immunity proteins8,9,10. This antimicrobial activity can be monitored when T6SS-proficient bacteria are co-cultivated on solid surfaces in competition with other bacterial species or with T6SS-inactive bacteria of the same species8,11,12,13.
The data available emphasized a numerical approach to the bacterial competition assay, including time-consuming CFU counting that depends greatly on antibiotic makers. In the case of antibiotic resistant strains like P. aeruginosa, these methods can be inappropriate. Moreover, with the identification of about 200 different T6SS loci in more than 100 bacterial genomes14, a convenient screening tool is highly desirable. We developed an assay that is easy to use and requires standard laboratory material and reagents. The method offers a rapid and qualitative technique to monitor the T6SS-dependent bactericidal/bacteriostasis activity by using a reporter strain as a prey (in this case Escherichia coli DH5&alpha;) allowing a-complementation of the lacZ gene. Overall, this method is graphic and allows rapid identification of T6SS-related phenotypes on agar plates. This experimental protocol may be adapted to other strains or bacterial species taking into account specific conditions such as growth media, temperature or time of contact.

We describe a qualitative assay to monitor bacterial competition mediated by the Pseudomonas aeruginosa type VI secretion system (T6SS). The assay relies on the survival/killing of Escherichia coli target cells carrying a lacZ-reporter. This technique is adjustable to assess the bactericidal/bacteriostasis activity of T6SS-proficient microorganisms.

A الفحص المرئي لمراقبة T6SS بوساطة المسابقة الجرثومي

Type VI secretion systems (T6SSs) are molecular  nanomachines allowing Gram-negative bacteria to transport and inject proteins  into a wide variety of ...

Single Cell Measurements of Vacuolar Rupture Caused by Intracellular Pathogens

Shigella flexneri are pathogenic bacteria that invade host cells entering into an endocytic vacuole. Subsequently, the rupture of this membrane-enclosed compartment allows bacteria to move within the cytosol, proliferate and further invade neighboring cells. Mycobacterium tuberculosis is phagocytosed by immune cells, and has recently been shown to rupture phagosomal membrane in macrophages. We developed a robust assay for tracking phagosomal membrane disruption after host cell entry of Shigella flexneri or Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The approach makes use of CCF4, a FRET reporter sensitive to &beta;-lactamase that equilibrates in the cytosol of host cells. Upon invasion of host cells by bacterial pathogens, the probe remains intact as long as the bacteria reside in membrane-enclosed compartments. After disruption of the vacuole, &beta;-lactamase activity on the surface of the intracellular pathogen cleaves CCF4 instantly leading to a loss of FRET signal and switching its emission spectrum. This robust ratiometric assay yields accurate information about the timing of vacuolar rupture induced by the invading bacteria, and it can be coupled to automated microscopy and image processing by specialized algorithms for the detection of the emission signals of the FRET donor and acceptor. Further, it allows investigating the dynamics of vacuolar disruption elicited by intracellular bacteria in real time in single cells. Finally, it is perfectly suited for high-throughput analysis with a spatio-temporal resolution exceeding previous methods. Here, we provide the experimental details of exemplary protocols for the CCF4 vacuolar rupture assay on HeLa cells and THP-1 macrophages for time-lapse experiments or end points experiments using Shigella flexneri as well as multiple mycobacterial strains such as Mycobacterium marinum, Mycobacterium bovis, and Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

We describe a method for tracking the endomembrane rupture elicited by the intracellular bacteria Shigella flexneri and Mycobacterium tuberculosis upon host cell invasion. Our assay makes use of CCF4, a host cytoplasmic FRET probe in live or fixed cells. This reporter is degraded by an enzyme activity present on the bacterial surface.

القياسات خلية واحدة من تمزق رغوي الناجمة عن مسببات الأمراض بين الخلايا

Shigella flexneri are pathogenic bacteria that invade host cells entering into an endocytic vacuole. Subsequently, the rupture of this membrane-enclosed ...

Monitoring Changes in Membrane Polarity, Membrane Integrity, and Intracellular Ion Concentrations in Streptococcus pneumoniae Using Fluorescent Dyes

Membrane depolarization and ion fluxes are events that have been studied extensively in biological systems due to their ability to profoundly impact cellular functions, including energetics and signal transductions. While both fluorescent and electrophysiological methods, including electrode usage and patch-clamping, have been well developed for measuring these events in eukaryotic cells, methodology for measuring similar events in microorganisms have proven more challenging to develop given their small size in combination with the more complex outer surface of bacteria shielding the membrane. During our studies of death-initiation in Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus), we wanted to elucidate the role of membrane events, including changes in polarity, integrity, and intracellular ion concentrations. Searching the literature, we found that very few studies exist. Other investigators had monitored radioisotope uptake or equilibrium to measure ion fluxes and membrane potential and a limited number of studies, mostly in Gram-negative organisms, had seen some success using carbocyanine or oxonol fluorescent dyes to measure membrane potential, or loading bacteria with cell-permeant acetoxymethyl (AM) ester versions of ion-sensitive fluorescent indicator dyes. We therefore established and optimized protocols for measuring membrane potential, rupture, and ion-transport in the Gram-positive organism S. pneumoniae. We developed protocols using the bis-oxonol dye DiBAC4(3) and the cell-impermeant dye propidium iodide to measure membrane depolarization and rupture, respectively, as well as methods to optimally load the pneumococci with the AM esters of the ratiometric dyes Fura-2, PBFI, and BCECF to detect changes in intracellular concentrations of Ca2+, K+, and H+, respectively, using a fluorescence-detection plate reader. These protocols are the first of their kind for the pneumococcus and the majority of these dyes have not been used in any other bacterial species. Though our protocols have been optimized for S. pneumoniae, we believe these approaches should form an excellent starting-point for similar studies in other bacterial species.

Monitoring Changes in Membrane Polarity, Membrane Integrity, and Intracellular Ion Concentrations in Streptococcus pneumoniae Using Fluorescent Dyes

Unlike that seen for eukaryotes, there is a paucity of studies that detail membrane depolarization and ion concentration changes in bacteria, primarily as their small size makes conventional methods of measurement difficult. Here, we detail protocols for monitoring such events in the significant Gram-positive pathogen Streptococcus pneumoniae utilizing fluorescence techniques.

رصد التغيرات في غشاء التقاطب، غشاء النزاهة، وبين الخلايا ايون التركيزات في<em&gt; العقدية الرئوية</em&gt; استخدام الأصباغ نيون

Membrane depolarization and ion fluxes are events that have been studied extensively in biological systems due to their ability to profoundly impact ...

Investigating the Effects of Probiotics on Pneumococcal Colonization Using an In Vitro Adherence Assay

Adherence of Streptococcus pneumoniae (the pneumococcus) to the epithelial lining of the nasopharynx can result in colonization and is considered a prerequisite for pneumococcal infections such as pneumonia and otitis media. In vitro adherence assays can be used to study the attachment of pneumococci to epithelial cell monolayers and to investigate potential interventions, such as the use of probiotics, to inhibit pneumococcal&#160;colonization.&#160;The protocol described here is used to investigate the effects of the probiotic Streptococcus salivarius on the adherence of pneumococci to the human epithelial cell line CCL-23 (sometimes referred to as HEp-2 cells). The assay involves three main steps: 1) preparation of epithelial and bacterial cells, 2) addition of bacteria to epithelial cell monolayers, and 3) detection of adherent pneumococci by viable counts (serial dilution and plating) or quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR). This technique is relatively straightforward and does not require specialized equipment other than a tissue culture setup. The assay can be used to test other probiotic species and/or potential inhibitors of pneumococcal colonization and can be easily modified to address other scientific questions regarding pneumococcal adherence and invasion.

Investigating the Effects of Probiotics on Pneumococcal Colonization Using an In Vitro Adherence Assay

In vitro adherence assays can be used to study the attachment of Streptococcus pneumoniae to epithelial cell monolayers and to investigate potential interventions such as the use of probiotics for inhibiting pneumococcal colonization.

التحقيق في آثار البروبيوتيك على المكورات الرئوية الاستعمار باستخدام<em&gt; في المختبر</em&gt; الالتزام الفحص

Adherence of Streptococcus pneumoniae (the pneumococcus) to the epithelial lining of the nasopharynx can result in colonization and is considered a ...

Biomimetic Materials to Characterize Bacteria-host Interactions

Bacterial attachment to host cells is one of the earliest events during bacterial colonization of host tissues and thus a key step during infection. The biochemical and functional characterization of adhesins mediating these initial bacteria-host interactions is often compromised by the presence of other bacterial factors, such as cell wall components or secreted molecules, which interfere with the analysis. This protocol describes the production and use of biomimetic materials, consisting of pure recombinant adhesins chemically coupled to commercially available, functionalized polystyrene beads, which have been used successfully to dissect the biochemical and functional interactions between individual bacterial adhesins and host cell receptors. Protocols for different coupling chemistries, allowing directional immobilization of recombinant adhesins on polymer scaffolds, and for assessment of the coupling efficiency of the resulting &#8220;bacteriomimetic&#8221; materials are also discussed. We further describe how these materials can be used as a tool to inhibit pathogen mediated cytotoxicity and discuss scope, limitations and further applications of this approach in studying bacterial - host interactions.

Bacterial attachment to host cells is a key step during host colonization and infection. This protocol describes the generation of polymer-coupled recombinant adhesins as biomimetic materials which allow analysis of the contribution of individual adhesins to these processes, independent of other bacterial factors.

المواد الجزيئية الحيوية لوصف التفاعلات البكتيريا في استضافة

Bacterial attachment to host cells is one of the earliest events during bacterial colonization of host tissues and thus a key step during infection. The ...

Use of the Soft-agar Overlay Technique to Screen for Bacterially Produced Inhibitory Compounds

The soft-agar overlay technique was originally developed over 70 years ago and has been widely used in several areas of microbiological research, including work with bacteriophages and bacteriocins, proteinaceous antibacterial agents. This approach is relatively inexpensive, with minimal resource requirements. This technique consists of spotting supernatant from a donor strain (potentially harboring a toxic compound(s)) onto a solidified soft agar overlay that is seeded with a bacterial test strain (potentially sensitive to the toxic compound(s)). We utilized this technique to screen a library of Pseudomonas syringae strains for intraspecific killing. By combining this approach with a precipitation step and targeted gene deletions, multiple toxic compounds produced by the same strain can be differentiated. The two antagonistic agents commonly recovered using this technique are bacteriophages and bacteriocins. These two agents can be differentiated using two simple additional tests. Performing a serial dilution on a supernatant containing bacteriophage will result in individual plaques becoming less in number with greater dilution, whereas serial dilution of a supernatant containing bacteriocin will result a clearing zone that becomes uniformly more turbid with greater dilution. Additionally, a bacteriophage will produce a clearing zone when spotted onto a fresh soft agar overlay seeded with the same strain, whereas a bacteriocin will not produce a clearing zone when transferred to a fresh soft agar lawn, owing to the dilution of the bacteriocin.

We describe a simple method for screening bacterial cultures for the production of compounds inhibitory towards other bacteria.

استخدام تقنية تراكب لينة أجار للكشف عن المركبات المثبطة إنتاج البكتريا

The soft-agar overlay technique was originally developed over 70 years ago and has been widely used in several areas of microbiological research, ...

A High-throughput Shigella-specific Bactericidal Assay

Serum bactericidal assays (SBAs) measure the functional activity of antibodies and have been used for many decades. SBAs directly measure antibody killing activity by assessing the ability of antibodies in serum to bind to bacteria and activate complement. This complement activation results in the lysis and killing of the target bacteria. These assays are valuable because they go beyond quantifying antibody production to elucidate the biological functions that these antibodies have, allowing researchers to study the role that antibodies may play in preventing infection. SBAs have been used to study immune responses for many human pathogens, but there is no widely accepted methodology for Shigella at present. Historically, SBAs have been very labor-intensive, requiring many time-consuming steps to accurately quantify surviving bacteria. This protocol describes a simple, robust, and high-throughput assay that measures functional antibodies specific for Shigella in serum in vitro. The method described here offers many advantages over traditional SBAs, including the use of frozen bacterial stocks, 96 well assay plates, a micro-culture system, and automated colony-counting. All of these modifications make this assay less labor-intensive and more high-throughput. This protocol is simpler and faster to perform than traditional SBAs while still using simple technologies and readily available reagents. The protocol has been successfully applied in multiple independent laboratories and the assay is robust and reproducible. The assay can be used to assess immune responses in pre-clinical as well as clinical studies. Quantifying shigellacidal antibody titers both before and after antigen exposure (either by immunization or infection) allows for a broader understanding of how functional antibody responses are generated and their contribution to protective immunity. The development of this standardized, well-characterized assay may greatly facilitate Shigella vaccine design.

A High-throughput Shigella-specific Bactericidal Assay

Here we present a protocol to measure Shigellacidal activity of antibodies in serum. Serum is mixed with bacteria and exogenous complement, incubated, and the reaction mixture is plated on agar plates. Viable bacteria form colonies which are counted, using an automated colony enumerator, and used to determine the bactericidal titer.

الفائق دوسنتاريا-مقايسة جراثيم معينة

Serum bactericidal assays (SBAs) measure the functional activity of antibodies and have been used for many decades. SBAs directly measure antibody killing ...

High Throughput Co-culture Assays for the Investigation of Microbial Interactions

The study of interactions between microorganisms has led to numerous discoveries, from novel antimicrobials to insights in microbial ecology. Many approaches used for the study of microbial interactions require specialized equipment and are expensive and time intensive. This paper presents a protocol for co-culture interaction assays that are inexpensive, scalable to large sample numbers, and easily adaptable to numerous experimental designs. Microorganisms are cultured together, with each well representing one pairwise combination of microorganisms. A test organism is cultured on one side of each well and first incubated in monoculture. Subsequently, target organisms are simultaneously inoculated onto the opposite side of each well using a 3D-printed inoculation stamp. After co-culture, the completed assays are scored for visual phenotypes, such as growth or inhibition. These assays can be used to confirm phenotypes or identify patterns among isolates of interest. Using this simple and effective method, users can analyze combinations of microorganisms rapidly and efficiently. This co-culture approach is applicable to antibiotic discovery as well as culture-based microbiome research and has already been successfully applied to both applications.

The co-culture interaction assays presented in this protocol are inexpensive, high throughput, and simple. These assays can be used to observe microbial interactions in co-culture, identify interaction patterns, and characterize the inhibitory potential of a microbial strain of interest against human and environmental pathogens.

اختبارات الثقافة المشتركة عاليه الانتاجيه للتحقيق في التفاعلات الميكروبية

The study of interactions between microorganisms has led to numerous discoveries, from novel antimicrobials to insights in microbial ecology. Many ...

P. aeruginosa Infected 3D Co-Culture of Bronchial Epithelial Cells and Macrophages at Air-Liquid Interface for Preclinical Evaluation of Anti-Infectives

fDrug research for the treatment of lung infections is progressing towards predictive in vitro models of high complexity. The multifaceted presence of bacteria in lung models can re-adapt epithelial arrangement, while immune cells coordinate an inflammatory response against the bacteria in the microenvironment. While in vivo models have been the choice for testing new anti-infectives in the context of cystic fibrosis, they still do not accurately mimic the in vivo conditions of such diseases in humans and the treatment outcomes. Complex in vitro models of the infected airways based on human cells (bronchial epithelial and macrophages) and relevant pathogens could bridge this gap and facilitate the translation of new anti-infectives into the clinic. For such purposes, a co-culture model of the human cystic fibrosis bronchial epithelial cell line CFBE41o- and THP-1 monocyte-derived macrophages has been established, mimicking an infection of the human bronchial mucosa by P. aeruginosa at air-liquid interface (ALI) conditions. This model is set up in seven days, and the following parameters are simultaneously assessed: epithelial barrier integrity, macrophage transmigration, bacterial survival, and inflammation. The present protocol describes a robust and reproducible system for evaluating drug efficacy and host responses that could be relevant for discovering new anti-infectives and optimizing their aerosol delivery to the lungs.

P. aeruginosa Infected 3D Co-Culture of Bronchial Epithelial Cells and Macrophages at Air-Liquid Interface for Preclinical Evaluation of Anti-Infectives

We describe a protocol for a three-dimensional co-culture model of infected airways, using CFBE41o- cells, THP-1 macrophages, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, established at the air-liquid interface. This model provides a new platform to simultaneously test antibiotic efficacy, epithelial barrier function, and inflammatory markers.

ب. ايروجينوسا مصابة 3D شارك الثقافة من الخلايا الظهارية القصبي و الضامة في واجهة الهواء السائل لتقييم ما قبل الإكلينيكي من المضادة للعدوى

fDrug research for the treatment of lung infections is progressing towards predictive in vitro models of high complexity. The multifaceted presence of ...

باستخدام تراكب الفحص لقياس نوعيا الإنتاج الجرثومي من والحساسية للالرئوية Bacteriocins

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