We would like to thank A. Resemann, F. J. Mayer, and D. Suckau from Bruker Daltonics GmbH Bremen; D. Tietze, A. A. Tietze, V. Schmidts and C. Thiele from the Darmstadt University of Technology; O. Ohlenschl&#228;ger from the FLI Jena, M. Engeser from the University of Bonn; K. Kramer, A. Harzen, and H. Nakagami from the Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne; Susanne Neupert from the Institute for Zoology, Cologne; and the Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy Facilities of the University of Frankfurt for technical support, training modules, and access to instruments. Financial support by the University of Bonn to D.I. is gratefully acknowledged.

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Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Diverse+pathways+of+oxidative+folding+of+disulfide+proteins:+Underlying+causes+and+folding+models.">Diverse pathways of oxidative folding of disulfide proteins: Underlying causes and folding models.</a> Biochemistry. 50 (17), 3414-3431 (2011).</li><li>B&#246;hm, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Novel+insights+into+structure+and+function+of+factor+XIIIa-inhibitor+tridegin.">Novel insights into structure and function of factor XIIIa-inhibitor tridegin.</a> Journal of Medicinal Chemistry. 57 (24), 10355-10365 (2014).</li><li>Postma, T. 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The authors have nothing to disclose.

The method described herein for the synthesis of cysteine-rich peptides such as &#181;-PIIIA represents a possibility to selectively produce disulfide-bonded isomers from the same amino acid sequence. Therefore, established methods such as Fmoc-based solid phase peptide synthesis18 and a defined protecting group strategy for the regioselective formation of disulfide bonds were used16. The solid-phase peptide synthesis can produce amino acid sequences on a polymer support (r...

An erratum was issued for: <a href="https://jove.unicartagenaproxy.elogim.com/video/58368/synthesis-structure-determination-conotoxin-piiia-isomers-with">Synthesis and Structure Determination of &#181;-Conotoxin PIIIA Isomers with Different Disulfide Connectivities</a>. The Protocol and Materials sections were updated.
Step 1.1.3 in the Protocol section was updated from:
Weigh the individual reagents (amino acids, HBTU (2-(1H-benzotriazol-1-yl)-1,1,3,3-tetramethyluronium hexafluorophosphate)) according to the protocol and dissolve them in dimethylformamide (DMF) to a final concentration of 2.4 M (amino acids) and 0.6 M (HBTU), respectively.
to:
Weigh the individual reagents (amino acids, HBTU (2-(1H-benzotriazol-1-yl)-1,1,3,3-tetramethyluronium hexafluorophosphate)) according to the protocol and dissolve them in dimethylformamide (DMF) to a final concentration of 0.6 M (amino acids) and 0.6 M (HBTU), respectively.
Step 1.2 in the Protocol section was updated from:
NOTE: The protocol applies to 100 mg of resin (loading: 0.28 mmol/g) added to one reaction column for 28 &#956;mol scale.
to:
NOTE: The standardized protocol usually applies to 100 mg of resin (loading: 0.53 mmol/g) added to one reaction column for 53 &#956;mol scale leading to the following equivalents: 5 eq. HBTU, 10 eq. NMM, 5 eq. amino acid. In case of PIIIA, however, a loading of 0.28 mmol/g (28 &#181;mol scale) is used, which results in the specified higher equivalents.
Step 1.2.3.1 in the Protocol section was updated from:
HBTU (450 &#181;L; 0.6 M in DMF; 270 &#181;mol; 9.6 eq.), NMM (125 &#181;L; 50% in DMF; 568 &#181;mol; 20 eq.), Fmoc-amino acid (420 &#181;L; 2.4 M in DMF; 1.01 mmol; 36 eq.).
to:
HBTU (415 &#181;L; 0.6 M in DMF; 249 &#181;mol; 9 eq.), NMM (112 &#181;L; 50% in DMF; 510 &#181;mol; 18 eq.), Fmoc-amino acid (420 &#181;L; 0.6 M in DMF; 252 &#181;mol; 9 eq.).
The first item in the Materials table was updated from:
<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Fmoc Rink amide resin</td>
			<td>Novabiochem</td>
			<td>855001</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>
to:
<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>PS PEG2000 Fmoc Rink-amide Resin</td>
			<td>Varian, Inc.</td>
			<td>PL3867-3764</td>
			<td>AmphiSpheres 40 RAM</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

An erratum was issued for: <a href="https://jove.unicartagenaproxy.elogim.com/video/58368/synthesis-structure-determination-conotoxin-piiia-isomers-with">Synthesis and Structure Determination of &#181;-Conotoxin PIIIA Isomers with Different Disulfide Connectivities</a>. The Protocol and Materials sections were updated.

Erratum: Synthesis and Structure Determination of &#181;-Conotoxin PIIIA Isomers with Different Disulfide Connectivities

The use of bioactive peptides in pharmaceutical research and development is highly recognized, because they represent potent and highly selective compounds for specific biological targets1. For their bioactivity, however, the three-dimensional structure is of great importance in order to perform structure-activity relationship studies2,3,4. Apart from the primary amino acid sequence that influences the overall conformation, disulfide bonds significantly stabilize the structure of cysteine-rich peptides5. Multiple disulfide-bridged peptides include conotoxins such as &#181;-PIIIA from Conus purpurascens which contains six cysteines in its sequence. This high cysteine content theoretically allows the formation of 15 disulfide isomers. The correct disulfide connectivity is very important for the biological activity6,7. However, the question that arises is whether there is more than one bioactive conformation of naturally occurring peptides and if so, which of those isomers possesses the highest biological activity? In the case of &#181;-conotoxins, the biological targets are voltage-gated sodium ion channels, and &#181;-PIIIA in particular is most potent for subtypes NaV1.2, NaV1.4 and NaV1.73.
The synthesis of disulfide-bridged peptides can be achieved using various methods. The most convenient method for the formation of disulfide bonds within a peptide is the so-called oxidative self-folding approach. Here, the linear precursor of the desired cyclic peptide is synthesized first using solid-phase peptide synthesis, which is after the cleavage from the polymeric support subjected to oxidation in a buffer system. Redox-active agents such as reduced and oxidized glutathione (GSH/GSSG) are often added to promote the formation of the disulfide bonds. The main disadvantage of buffer-supported self-folding is that the disulfide bonds are not formed selectively in a stepwise fashion. Compared to the native peptide, for which often only one specific disulfide isomer is described, it is possible to obtain numerous other isomers with this approach8. &#181;-PIIIA has already been shown to result in at least three differently folded isomers upon self-folding in a previous study3. The separation of such an isomer mixture is rather difficult due to similar retention times if using chromatographic purification methods9. The targeted synthesis of a specific isomer is therefore advantageous. To specifically produce an isomer with defined disulfide connectivity, a special strategy is required in which the disulfide bonds are successively closed. Therefore, the linear precursor carrying distinct protecting groups at the individual cysteine pairs is synthesized on the polymer support. After the elimination, the cysteine pairs are individually and successively deprotected and linked in an oxidation reaction to yield the desired disulfide bonds10,11,12,13,14,15,16. After the synthesis and the purification of the reaction product, it is required to confirm the identity and the disulfide connectivity by suitable analytical methods. Numerous analytical methods are available for the elucidation of the primary amino acid sequence, e.g., MS/MS, while the determination of the disulfide connectivity still remains much less investigated. Apart from the complexity of such multiple disulfide-bonded peptides, product-related impurities (e.g., from disulfide scrambling), due to sample preparation and work-up can further complicate analysis. In this paper, we show that the use of a combination of different analytical techniques is necessary to unequivocally clarify the identity of the disulfide bonds in the &#181;-PIIIA isomers. We have combined chromatographic methods with mass spectrometry and provided the same samples to NMR spectroscopy. In matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization(MALDI) MS/MS analysis, we identified the disulfide bonds by using partial reduction and iodoacetamide derivatization because top-down analysis is not possible for this peptide. 2D NMR experiments were performed in order to obtain a three-dimensional structure of each isomer. Thus, by combining distinct sophisticated analytical methods, it is possible to elucidate properly the disulfide connectivity and three-dimensional structure of complex multiple disulfide-bonded peptides7.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width:979px;" width="979">
	<colgroup>
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
	</colgroup>
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:340px;">Fmoc Rink amide resin</td>
			<td style="width:185px;">Novabiochem</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">855001</td>
			<td style="width:263px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:340px;">Pyr(Boc)</td>
			<td style="width:185px;">Bachem</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">A-3850</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:340px;">Arg(Pbf)</td>
			<td style="width:185px;">Iris Biotech</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">FSC1010</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:340px;">Asn(Trt)</td>
			<td style="width:185px;">Bachem</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">B-1785</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:340px;">Asp(tBu)</td>
			<td style="width:185px;">Iris Biotech</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">FSP1020</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:340px;">Hyp(tBu)</td>
			<td style="width:185px;">Iris Biotech</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">FAA1627</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:340px;">Lys(Boc)</td>
			<td style="width:185px;">Bachem</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">B-1080</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:340px;">Ser(tBu)</td>
			<td style="width:185px;">Iris Biotech</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">FSC1190</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:340px;">Gln(Trt)</td>
			<td style="width:185px;">Iris Biotech</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">FSC1043</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:340px;">Glu(tBu)</td>
			<td style="width:185px;">Iris Biotech</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">FSP1045</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:340px;">Trp(Boc)</td>
			<td style="width:185px;">Iris Biotech</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">FSC1225</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:340px;">Tyr(tBu)</td>
			<td style="width:185px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">47623</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:340px;">Thr(tBu)</td>
			<td style="width:185px;">Iris Biotech</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">FSP1210</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:340px;">His(Trt)</td>
			<td style="width:185px;">Iris Biotech</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">FDP1200</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">2-(1H-Benzotriazol-1-yl)-1,1,3,3-tetramethyluroniumhexafluorphosphat</td>
			<td style="width:185px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">8510060</td>
			<td>Flammable</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:340px;">DMF</td>
			<td style="width:185px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">D119</td>
			<td>Flammable, Toxic</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:340px;">DCM</td>
			<td style="width:185px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>D37</td>
			<td>Carcinogenic</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:340px;">Piperidine</td>
			<td style="width:185px;">Alfa Aesar</td>
			<td>A12442</td>
			<td>Flammable, Toxic, Corrosive</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:340px;">N-Methyl-Morpholin</td>
			<td style="width:185px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">224286</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:340px;">Cys(Acm)</td>
			<td style="width:185px;">Iris Biotech</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">FAA1506</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:340px;">Cys(Trt)</td>
			<td style="width:185px;">Bachem</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">E-2495</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:340px;">Cys(tBu)</td>
			<td style="width:185px;">Bachem</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">B-1220</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:340px;">trifluoruacetic acid</td>
			<td style="width:185px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">74564</td>
			<td>Toxic, Corrosive</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:340px;">phenol</td>
			<td style="width:185px;">Merck</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">1002060</td>
			<td>Toxic</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:340px;">thioanisol</td>
			<td style="width:185px;">Alfa Aesar</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">A14846</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:340px;">ethanedithiol</td>
			<td style="width:185px;">Fluka Analytical</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">2390</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:340px;">diethyl ether</td>
			<td style="width:185px;">VWR</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">100,921</td>
			<td>Flammable</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:340px;">tert-butanol</td>
			<td style="width:185px;">Alfa Aesar</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">L12338</td>
			<td>Flammable</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:340px;">acetonitrile</td>
			<td style="width:185px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">A998</td>
			<td>Flammable</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:340px;">water</td>
			<td style="width:185px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">W5</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:340px;">isopropanol</td>
			<td style="width:185px;">VWR</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">ACRO42383</td>
			<td>Flammable</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:340px;">sodium hydroxide</td>
			<td style="width:185px;">AppliChem</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">A6579,1000</td>
			<td>Corrosive</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:340px;">iodoacetamide</td>
			<td style="width:185px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">I6125</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:340px;">iodine</td>
			<td style="width:185px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">I0385</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:340px;">Hydrochloric acid</td>
			<td style="width:185px;">Merck</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">110165</td>
			<td>Corrosive</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:340px;">ascorbic acid</td>
			<td style="width:185px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">A4403</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:340px;">diphenylsulfoxide</td>
			<td style="width:185px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">P35405</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:340px;">anisol</td>
			<td style="width:185px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">96109</td>
			<td>Flammable</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:340px;">trichloromethylsilane</td>
			<td style="width:185px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">M85301</td>
			<td>Flammable</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">sample dilution buffer</td>
			<td style="width:185px;">Laborservice Onken</td>
			<td style="width:191px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:340px;">sodium dihydrogen phosphate</td>
			<td style="width:185px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">106370</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:340px;">disodium hydrogen phosphate</td>
			<td style="width:185px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">795410</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">(2-carboxyethyl)phosphine hydrochloride</td>
			<td style="width:185px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">C4706</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:340px;">citric acid</td>
			<td style="width:185px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">251275</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:340px;">sodium citrate dihydrate</td>
			<td style="width:185px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">W302600</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">tris-acetate</td>
			<td style="width:185px;">Carl Roth,&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">7125</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:340px;">Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid</td>
			<td style="width:185px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">E26282&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:340px;">peptide calibration standard II</td>
			<td style="width:185px;">Bruker Daltonics GmbH</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">8222570</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:340px;"></td>
			<td style="width:185px;"></td>
			<td style="width:191px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:340px;">Name of Equipment</td>
			<td style="width:185px;">Company</td>
			<td style="width:191px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:340px;">solid-phase peptide synthesizer</td>
			<td>Intavis Bioanalytical Instruments AG</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">EPS 221</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="25">
			<td height="25" style="height:25px;width:340px;">lyophilizer&#160;</td>
			<td>Martin Christ GmbH</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">&#160;Alpha 1-2 Ldplus</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:340px;">semipreparative HPLC</td>
			<td>Jasco</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">system PV-987</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:340px;">Eurospher 100 C18 column (RP, 5 &#181;m particle size, 100 &#197; pore size, 250 x 32 mm)</td>
			<td style="width:185px;">Knauer</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">25QE181E2J</td>
			<td>purification of the linear peptide</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:340px;">Vydac 218TP1022 column (RP C18, 10 &#181;m particle size, 300 &#197; pore size, 250 x 22 mm)</td>
			<td>Hichrom-VWR</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">HICH218TP1022</td>
			<td>purification of the oxidized peptide</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:340px;">analytical HPLC&#160;</td>
			<td>Shimadzu</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">system LC-20AD</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:340px;">Vydac 218TP54 column (C18 RP, 5 &#181;m particle size, 300 &#197; pore size, 250 x 4.6 mm)&#160;</td>
			<td>Hichrom-VWR</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">HICH218TP54</td>
			<td>analytical column</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:340px;">ground steel target (MTP 384)</td>
			<td>Bruker Daltonics GmbH</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">NC0910436</td>
			<td>MALDI preparation&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:340px;">C18-concentration filter (ZipTip)</td>
			<td style="width:185px;">Merck KGaA</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">ZTC18S096</td>
			<td>MALDI preparation&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="24">
			<td height="24" style="height:24px;">MALDI mass spectrometer</td>
			<td style="width:185px;">Bruker Daltonics GmbH</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">ultraflex III TOF/TOF</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">amino acid analyzer</td>
			<td>Eppendorf-Biotronik GmbH</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">LC 3000 system</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:340px;">NMR spectrometer Bruker Avance III</td>
			<td>Bruker Daltonics GmbH</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">Bruker Avance III 600 MHz</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">computer program for molecular visualising</td>
			<td>YASARA Biosciences GmbH</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">Yasara structures</td>
			<td>NMR structure calculation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:340px;">computer program for MALDI data evaluation&#160;</td>
			<td>Bruker Daltonics GmbH</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">flexAnalysis, BioTools</td>
			<td>MS/MS fragmentation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:340px;">analog vortex mixer</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">VM 3000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:340px;">Microcentrifuge</td>
			<td>Eppendorf</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">5410</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:340px;">Centrifuge</td>
			<td>Hettich</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">EBA 20</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:340px;">Rotational vacuum concentrator</td>
			<td style="width:185px;">Christ</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">2-18 Cdplus</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:340px;">Analytical Balance</td>
			<td style="width:185px;">A&#38;D Instruments</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">GR-202-EC</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

synthesis and structure determination of &#181;-conotoxin piiia isomers with different disulfide connectivities

Peptides with a high number of cysteines are usually influenced regarding the three-dimensional structure by their disulfide connectivity. It is thus highly important to avoid undesired disulfide bond formation during peptide synthesis, because it may result in a completely different peptide structure, and consequently altered bioactivity. However, the correct formation of multiple disulfide bonds in a peptide is difficult to obtain by using standard self-folding methods such as conventional buffer oxidation protocols, because several disulfide connectivities can be formed. This protocol represents an advanced strategy required for the targeted synthesis of multiple disulfide-bridged peptides which cannot be synthesized via buffer oxidation in high quality and quantity. The study demonstrates the application of a distinct protecting group strategy for the synthesis of all possible 3-disulfide-bonded peptide isomers of &#181;-conotoxin PIIIA in a targeted way. The peptides are prepared by Fmoc-based solid phase peptide synthesis using a protecting group strategy for defined disulfide bond formation. The respective pairs of cysteines are protected with trityl (Trt), acetamidomethyl (Acm), and tert-butyl (tBu) protecting groups to make sure that during every oxidation step only the required cysteines are deprotected and linked. In addition to the targeted synthesis, a combination of several analytical methods is used to clarify the correct folding and generation of the desired peptide structures. The comparison of the different 3-disulfide-bonded isomers indicates the importance of accurate determination and knowledge of the disulfide connectivity for the calculation of the three-dimensional structure and for interpretation of the biological activity of the peptide isomers. The analytical characterization includes the exact disulfide bond elucidation via tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) analysis which is performed with partially reduced and alkylated derivatives of the intact peptide isomer produced by an adapted protocol. Furthermore, the peptide structures are determined using 2D nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) experiments and the knowledge obtained from MS/MS analysis.

15 different disulfide-bridged isomers of the &#181;-conotoxin PIIIA are synthesized and characterized in detail (Figure 1). Disulfide bonds are identified by partial reduction and subsequent MS/MS analysis (Figure 2). NMR analysis of the different isomers is carried out (Figure 3) to reveal the individual peptide structures. Notably, a combination of RP HPLC, MS/MS fragmentation, and NMR analysis is...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Synthesis and Structure Determination of Âµ-Conotoxin PIIIA Isomers with Different Disulfide Connectivities at JoVE.com

Synthesis and Structure Determination of &#181;-Conotoxin PIIIA Isomers with Different Disulfide Connectivities

Cysteine-rich peptides fold into distinct three-dimensional structures depending on their disulfide connectivity. Targeted synthesis of individual disulfide isomers is required when buffer oxidation does not lead to the desired disulfide connectivity. The protocol deals with the selective synthesis of 3-disulfide-bonded peptides and their structural analysis using NMR and MS/MS studies.

Peptides with a high number of cysteines are usually influenced regarding the three-dimensional structure by their disulfide connectivity. It is thus ...

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12.5K Views.  University of Bonn. Cysteine-rich peptides fold into distinct three-dimensional structures depending on their disulfide connectivity. Targeted synthesis of individual disulfide isomers is required when buffer oxidation does not lead to the desired disulfide connectivity. The protocol deals with the selective synthesis of 3-disulfide-bonded peptides and their structural analysis using NMR and MS/MS studies.

Video: Synthesis and Structure Determination of µ-Conotoxin PIIIA Isomers with Different Disulfide Connectivities

Production of Disulfide-stabilized Transmembrane Peptide Complexes for Structural Studies

Physical interactions among the lipid-embedded alpha-helical domains of membrane proteins play a crucial role in folding and assembly of membrane protein complexes and in dynamic processes such as transmembrane (TM) signaling and regulation of cell-surface protein levels. Understanding the structural features driving the association of particular sequences requires sophisticated biophysical and biochemical analyses of TM peptide complexes. However, the extreme hydrophobicity of TM domains makes them very difficult to manipulate using standard peptide chemistry techniques, and production of suitable study material often proves prohibitively challenging. Identifying conditions under which peptides can adopt stable helical conformations and form complexes spontaneously adds a further level of difficulty. Here we present a procedure for the production of homo- or hetero-dimeric TM peptide complexes from materials that are expressed in E. coli, thus allowing incorporation of stable isotope labels for nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) or non-natural amino acids for other applications relatively inexpensively. The key innovation in this method is that TM complexes are produced and purified as covalently associated (disulfide-crosslinked) assemblies that can form stable, stoichiometric and homogeneous structures when reconstituted into detergent, lipid or other membrane-mimetic materials. We also present carefully optimized procedures for expression and purification that are equally applicable whether producing single TM domains or crosslinked complexes and provide advice for adapting these methods to new TM sequences.

Biophysical and biochemical studies of interactions among membrane-embedded protein domains face many technical challenges, the first of which is obtaining appropriate study material. This article describes a protocol for producing and purifying disulfide-stabilized transmembrane peptide complexes that are suitable for structural analysis by solution nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and other analytical applications.

Physical  interactions among the lipid-embedded alpha-helical domains of membrane  proteins play a crucial role in folding and assembly of membrane ...

Structure and Coordination Determination of Peptide-metal Complexes Using 1D and 2D 1H NMR

Copper (I) binding by metallochaperone transport proteins prevents copper oxidation and release of the toxic ions that may participate in harmful redox reactions. The Cu (I) complex of the peptide model of a Cu (I) binding metallochaperone protein, which includes the sequence MTCSGCSRPG (underlined is conserved), was determined in solution under inert conditions by NMR spectroscopy.
NMR is a widely accepted technique for the determination of solution structures of proteins and peptides. Due to difficulty in crystallization to provide single crystals suitable for X-ray crystallography, the NMR technique is extremely valuable, especially as it provides information on the solution state rather than the solid state. Herein we describe all steps that are required for full three-dimensional structure determinations by NMR. The protocol includes sample preparation in an NMR tube, 1D and 2D data collection and processing, peak assignment and integration, molecular mechanics calculations, and structure analysis. Importantly, the analysis was first conducted without any preset metal-ligand bonds, to assure a reliable structure determination in an unbiased manner.

Structure and Coordination Determination of Peptide-metal Complexes Using 1D and 2D 1H NMR

The NMR-solution structure of a metallochaperone model peptide with Cu (I) was determined, and a detailed protocol from sample preparation and 1D and 2D data collection to a three-dimensional structure is described.

Copper (I) binding by metallochaperone transport proteins prevents copper oxidation and release of the toxic ions that may participate in harmful redox ...

From Constructs to Crystals &#8211; Towards Structure Determination of &#946;-barrel Outer Membrane Proteins

Membrane proteins serve important functions in cells such as nutrient transport, motility, signaling, survival and virulence, yet constitute only ~1% percent of known structures. There are two types of membrane proteins, &#945;-helical and &#946;-barrel. While &#945;-helical membrane proteins can be found in nearly all cellular membranes, &#946;-barrel membrane proteins can only be found in the outer membranes of mitochondria, chloroplasts, and Gram-negative bacteria. One common bottleneck in structural studies of membrane proteins in general is getting enough pure sample for analysis. In hopes of assisting those interested in solving the structure of their favorite &#946;-barrel outer membrane protein (OMP), general protocols are presented for the production of target &#946;-barrel OMPs at levels useful for structure determination by either X-ray crystallography and/or NMR spectroscopy. Here, we outline construct design for both native expression and for expression into inclusion bodies, purification using an affinity tag, and crystallization using detergent screening, bicelle, and lipidic cubic phase techniques. These protocols have been tested and found to work for most OMPs from Gram-negative bacteria; however, there are some targets, particularly for mitochondria and chloroplasts that may require other methods for expression and purification. As such, the methods here should be applicable for most projects that involve OMPs from Gram-negative bacteria, yet the expression levels and amount of purified sample will vary depending on the target OMP.

&#946;-barrel outer membrane proteins (OMPs) serve many functions within the outer membranes of Gram-negative bacteria, mitochondria, and chloroplasts. Here, we hope to alleviate a known bottleneck in structural studies by presenting protocols for the production of &#946;-barrel OMPs in sufficient quantities for structure determination by X-ray crystallography or NMR spectroscopy.

Membrane proteins serve important functions in cells such as nutrient transport, motility, signaling, survival and virulence, yet constitute only ~1% ...

Synthesis and Characterization of Supramolecular Colloids

Control over colloidal assembly is of utmost importance for the development of functional colloidal materials with tailored structural and mechanical properties for applications in photonics, drug delivery and coating technology. Here we present a new family of colloidal building blocks, coined supramolecular colloids, whose self-assembly is controlled through surface-functionalization with a benzene-1,3,5-tricarboxamide (BTA) derived supramolecular moiety. Such BTAs interact via directional, strong, yet reversible hydrogen-bonds with other identical BTAs. Herein, a protocol is presented that describes how to couple these BTAs to colloids and how to quantify the number of coupling sites, which determines the multivalency of the supramolecular colloids. Light scattering measurements show that the refractive index of the colloids is almost matched with that of the solvent, which strongly reduces the van der Waals forces between the colloids. Before photo-activation, the colloids remain well dispersed, as the BTAs are equipped with a photo-labile group that blocks the formation of hydrogen-bonds. Controlled deprotection with UV-light activates the short-range hydrogen-bonds between the BTAs, which triggers the colloidal self-assembly. The evolution from the dispersed state to the clustered state is monitored by confocal microscopy. These results are further quantified by image analysis with simple routines using ImageJ and Matlab. This merger of supramolecular chemistry and colloidal science offers a direct route towards light- and thermo-responsive colloidal assembly encoded in the surface-grafted monolayer.

A protocol for the synthesis and characterization of colloids coated with supramolecular moieties is described. These supramolecular colloids undergo self-assembly upon the activation of the hydrogen-bonds between the surface-anchored molecules by UV-light.

Control over colloidal assembly is of utmost importance for the development of functional colloidal materials with tailored structural and mechanical ...

X-ray Powder Diffraction in Conservation Science: Towards Routine Crystal Structure Determination of Corrosion Products on Heritage Art Objects

The crystal structure determination and refinement process of corrosion products on historic art objects using laboratory high-resolution X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD) is presented in detail via two case studies.
The first material under investigation was sodium copper formate hydroxide oxide hydrate, Cu4Na4O(HCOO)8(OH)2&#8729;4H2O (sample 1) which forms on soda glass/copper alloy composite historic objects (e.g., enamels) in museum collections, exposed to formaldehyde and formic acid emitted from wooden storage cabinets, adhesives, etc. This degradation phenomenon has recently been characterized as &#34;glass induced metal corrosion&#34;.
For the second case study, thecotrichite, Ca3(CH3COO)3Cl(NO3)2&#8729;6H2O (sample 2), was chosen, which is an efflorescent salt forming needlelike crystallites on tiles and limestone objects which are stored in wooden cabinets and display cases. In this case, the wood acts as source for acetic acid which reacts with soluble chloride and nitrate salts from the artifact or its environment.
The knowledge of the geometrical structure helps conservation science to better understand production and decay reactions and to allow for full quantitative analysis in the frequent case of mixtures.

Modern high resolution X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD) in the laboratory is used as an efficient tool to determine crystal structures of long-known corrosion products on historic objects.

The crystal structure determination and refinement process of corrosion products on historic art objects using laboratory high-resolution X-ray powder ...

Synthesis and Characterization of Fe-doped Aluminosilicate Nanotubes with Enhanced Electron Conductive Properties

The goal of the protocol is to synthesize Fe-doped aluminosilicate nanotubes of the imogolite type with the formula (OH)3Al2-xFexO3SiOH. Doping with Fe aims at lowering the band gap of imogolite, an insulator with the chemical formula (OH)3Al2O3SiOH, and at modifying its adsorption properties towards azo-dyes, an important class of organic pollutants of both wastewater and groundwater.
Fe-doped nanotubes are obtained in two ways: by direct synthesis, where FeCl3 is added to an aqueous mixture of the Si and Al precursors, and by post-synthesis loading, where preformed nanotubes are put in contact with a FeCl3&#8226;6H2O aqueous solution. In both synthesis methods, isomorphic substitution of Al3+ by Fe3+ occurs, preserving the nanotube structure. Isomorphic substitution is indeed limited to a mass fraction of ~1.0% Fe, since at a higher Fe content (i.e., a mass fraction of 1.4% Fe), Fe2O3 clusters form, especially when the loading procedure is adopted. The physicochemical properties of the materials are studied by means of X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), N2 sorption isotherms at -196 &#176;C, high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), diffuse reflectance (DR) UV-Vis spectroscopy, and &#950;-potential measurements. The most relevant result is the possibility to replace Al3+ ions (located on the outer surface of the nanotubes) by post-synthesis loading on preformed imogolite without perturbing the delicate hydrolysis equilibria occurring during nanotube formation. During the loading procedure, an anionic exchange occurs, where Al3+ ions on the outer surface of the nanotubes are replaced by Fe3+ ions. In Fe-doped aluminosilicate nanotubes, isomorphic substitution of Al3+ by Fe3+ is found to affect the band gap of doped imogolite. Nonetheless, Fe3+ sites on the outer surface of nanotubes are able to coordinate organic moieties, like the azo-dye Acid Orange 7, through a ligand-displacement mechanism occurring in an aqueous solution.

Here, we present a protocol to synthesize and characterize Fe-doped aluminosilicate nanotubes. The materials are obtained by either sol-gel synthesis upon addition of FeCl3&#8226;6H2O to the mixture containing the Si and Al precursors or by post-synthesis ionic exchange of preformed aluminosilicate nanotubes.

The goal of the protocol is to synthesize Fe-doped aluminosilicate nanotubes of the imogolite type with the formula (OH)3Al2-xFexO3SiOH. Doping with Fe ...

Probing the Structure and Dynamics of Interfacial Water with Scanning Tunneling Microscopy and Spectroscopy

Water/solid interfaces are ubiquitous and play a key role in many environmental, biophysical, and technological processes. Resolving the internal structure and probing the hydrogen-bond (H-bond) dynamics of the water molecules adsorbed on solid surfaces are fundamental issues of water science, which remains a great challenge owing to the light mass and small size of hydrogen. Scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) is a promising tool for attacking these problems, thanks to its capabilities of sub-&#197;ngstr&#246;m spatial resolution, single-bond vibrational sensitivity, and atomic/molecular manipulation. The designed experimental system consists of a Cl-terminated tip and a sample fabricated by dosing water molecules in situ onto the Au(111)-supported NaCl(001) surfaces. The insulating NaCl films electronically decouple the water from the metal substrates, so the intrinsic frontier orbitals of water molecules are preserved. The Cl-tip facilitates the manipulation of the single water molecules, as well as gating the orbitals of water to the proximity of Fermi level (EF) via tip-water coupling. This paper outlines the detailed methods of submolecular resolution imaging, molecular/atomic manipulation, and single-bond vibrational spectroscopy of interfacial water. These studies open up a new route for investigating the H-bonded systems at the atomic scale.

Here, we present a protocol to investigate the structure and dynamics of interfacial water at the atomic scale, in terms of submolecular resolution imaging, molecular manipulation, and single-bond vibrational spectroscopy.

Water/solid interfaces are ubiquitous and play a key role in many environmental, biophysical, and technological processes. Resolving the internal ...

Fabricating High-viscosity Droplets using Microfluidic Capillary Device with Phase-inversion Co-flow Structure

The generation of monodisperse droplets with high viscosity has always been a challenge in droplet microfluidics. Here, we demonstrate a phase-inversion co-flow device to generate uniform high-viscosity droplets in a low-viscosity fluid. The microfluidic capillary device has a common co-flow structure with its exit connecting to a wider tube. Elongated droplets of the low-viscosity fluid are first encapsulated by the high-viscosity fluid in the co-flow structure. As the elongated low-viscosity droplets flow through the exit, which is treated to be wetted by the low-viscosity fluid, phase inversion is then induced by the adhesion of the low viscosity droplets to the tip of the exit, which results in the subsequent inverse encapsulation of the high-viscosity fluid. The size of the resultant high-viscosity droplets can be adjusted by changing the flow rate ratio of the low-viscosity fluid to the high-viscosity fluid. We demonstrate several typical examples of the generation of high-viscosity droplets with a viscosity up to 11.9 Pas, such as glycerol, honey, starch, and polymer solution. The method provides a simple and straightforward approach to generate monodisperse high-viscosity droplets, which may be used in a variety of droplet-based applications, such as materials synthesis, drug delivery, cell assay, bioengineering, and food engineering.

A phase-inversion co-flow device is demonstrated to generate monodisperse high-viscosity droplets above 1 Pas, which is difficult to realize in droplet microfluidics.

The generation of monodisperse droplets with high viscosity has always been a challenge in droplet microfluidics. Here, we demonstrate a phase-inversion ...

Synthesis of Graphene Nanofluids with Controllable Flake Size Distributions

A method for synthesizing graphene nanofluids with controllable flake size distributions is presented. Graphene nanoflakes can be obtained by the exfoliation of graphite in the liquid phase, and the exfoliation time is used to control the lower limits of the graphene nanoflake size distributions. Centrifugation is successfully used to control the upper limits of the nanoparticle size distributions. The objective of this work is to combine exfoliation and centrifugation to control the graphene nanoflake size distributions in the resulting suspensions.

A method for synthesizing graphene nanofluids with controllable flake size distributions is presented.

A method for synthesizing graphene nanofluids with controllable flake size distributions is presented. Graphene nanoflakes can be obtained by the ...

Organic Structure-directing Agent-free Synthesis for *BEA-type Zeolite Membrane

Membrane separation has drawn attention as a novel-energy saving separation process. Zeolite membranes have great potential for hydrocarbon separation in petroleum and petrochemical fields because of their high thermal, chemical, and mechanical strength. A *BEA-type zeolite is an interesting membrane material because of its large pore size and wide Si/Al range. This manuscript presents a protocol for *BEA membrane preparation by a secondary growth method that does not use an organic structure-directing agent (OSDA). The preparation protocol consists of four steps: pretreatment of support, seed preparation, dip-coating, and membrane crystallization. First, the *BEA seed crystal is prepared by conventional hydrothermal synthesis using OSDA. The synthesized seed crystal is loaded on the outer surface of a 3 cm long tubular &#945;-Al2O3 support by a dip-coating method. The loaded seed layer is prepared with the secondary growth method using a hydrothermal treatment at 393 K for 7 days without using OSDA. A *BEA membrane having very few defects is successfully obtained. The seed preparation and dip-coating steps strongly affect the membrane quality.

A *BEA seed crystal was loaded on a porous &#945;-Al2O3 support by the dip-coating method, and hydrothermally grown without using an organic structure-directing agent. A *BEA-type zeolite membrane having very few defects was successfully prepared by the secondary growth method.

Membrane separation has drawn attention as a novel-energy saving separation process. Zeolite membranes have great potential for hydrocarbon separation in ...

Synthesis and Structure Determination of µ-Conotoxin PIIIA Isomers with Different Disulfide Connectivities

Summary

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