The present study was supported by grants from Kidney Research UK (ST4/2011), the Cunningham Trust (CT11/14) and the Mrs EA Hogg's Charitable Trust.

NOTE: Animal experiments were performed in accordance with the guidelines and regulations imposed by the Animals (Scientific Procedures) Act 1986. Procedures were conducted using sterile (autoclaved) surgical instruments and consumables. Whilst the murine model of renal IRI presented here was performed on an 8-week-old male Balb/c mouse it can be reproducibly performed on a variety of murine strains of either gender typically aged between 7 &#8211; 15 weeks, with the optimum age being 8 weeks. The data presented in the representative results section was obtained from both Balb/c and FVB mice. The application of warmed saline is used to keep the intestines and surgical area moist but it should be carefully monitored and kept to a minimum as the excessive application of fluids can lead to an artifactual lowering of the serum or plasma creatinine levels, which is an important experimental readout.
1. Animal Preparation and Laparotomy
<ol>
	<li>Anesthetize the mouse with ketamine hydrochloride (70 mg/kg) and medetomidine hydrochloride (1 mg/kg) intraperitoneally and confirm the depth of anesthesia by loss of reflexes e.g. toe pinch. The duration of the resulting anesthetic plane is 4 hours. This is sufficient to perform the entire surgical procedure and no supplemental anesthesia is required.</li>
	<li>Remove the hair surrounding the incision area, ensure that the area is free of loose hair, and sanitize the abdominal skin using a dilute chlorhexidine solution.</li>
	<li>Place the mouse on a heated surgical pad in a supine position and fix the upper and lower limbs to the pad using low-tack adhesive tape. Ensure that the upper extremities are maintained in a normal position to prevent lung compression. Throughout the procedure monitor the mouse for thermal burns. If possible it is recommended that a non-electric heat source be used.</li>
	<li>Administer the analgesic buprenorphine hydrochloride (0.06 mg/kg) subcutaneously and apply eye lubricant to the eyes to prevent corneal drying. Analgesics are administered pre-operatively in order to aid the post-surgical recovery.</li>
	<li>Using tissue separating scissors or a scalpel blade make a midline laparotomy incision and bluntly separate the skin from the peritoneum. This allows the skin and peritoneum to be sutured separately during wound closure. An incision of the avascular linea alba is made giving access to the peritoneal cavity.</li>
	<li>To create a clear view of the surgical area insert a retractor and drape the mouse.</li>
</ol>
2. Ureter Division and Right Nephrectomy
<ol>
	<li>Gently push the intestines towards the left side of the abdominal cavity using autoclaved sterilized cotton swabs moistened with saline to expose the right kidney and ureter. Cover the intestines with moistened drapes to prevent drying.</li>
	<li>Lift the right ureter with angled forceps. Ligate the right ureter twice using 6/0 silk-braided suture. For long term experiments, use absorbable sutures for all abdominal surgeries.</li>
	<li>Divide the ureter between the sutures. Whilst the vesico-ureteric junction should prevent urine from leaking into the peritoneum from the bladder the ureter is ligated as a safeguard against any leakage post-operatively during long-term experiments.</li>
	<li>To allow easier access when performing the right nephrectomy, gently push the liver up and to the right using a moistened cotton swab and hold in place using moistened gauze to expose the right renal artery and vein.</li>
	<li>Bluntly dissect the connective tissue and fat along the medial aspect of the right kidney as far as the right renal artery and vein.</li>
	<li>Create a channel underneath the renal artery and vein by carefully sliding the angled forceps underneath the blood vessels. Guide the forceps underneath with the tips closed and gently remove with the tips open in order to facilitate the formation of the channel.</li>
	<li>Repeat step 2.6 until the tips of the forceps are visible through the connective tissues just above the renal artery and vein. Once visible gently rub the tips of the forceps against the tips of another set of angled forceps to gently break the connective tissue.</li>
	<li>With the renal artery and vein clearly accessible they can now be occluded. Carefully slide angled forceps underneath the renal artery and vein with the tips closed. Once in place open the tips of the forceps and guide the haemostatic clip applicator between the tips and firmly apply a haemostatic clip onto the renal artery and vein close to the kidney. Alternatively the renal artery and vein can be ligated using 6/0 silk braided suture.</li>
	<li>Divide the occluded renal artery and vein close to the kidney, which can now be removed with any remaining adherent connective tissue.</li>
	<li>Remove any gauze used to hold the liver and replace the intestines with cotton swabs.</li>
</ol>
3. Left Kidney Ischaemia and Reperfusion
<ol>
	<li>Gently push the intestines towards the right side of the abdominal cavity with cotton swabs to expose the left kidney and ureter and cover with moistened drapes. If necessary the pancreas can be deflected with moistened gauze to allow easier access.</li>
	<li>Use blunt dissection to gently break the connective tissues anterior and posterior to the left renal artery and vein, and then create a channel underneath the vessels in a similar manner to that described in Ureter Division and Right Nephrectomy step 2.4.</li>
	<li>Induce ischaemia of the left kidney by applying a micro serrafine clip onto the renal artery and vein. Successful ischaemia can be visually confirmed by a gradual uniform darkening of the kidney. Blood vessels in addition to the left renal artery and vein may occasionally supply the kidney. If present, these additional blood vessels will also need to be occluded using micro serrafine clips in order to successfully induce ischaemia of the entire kidney.</li>
	<li>Replace the intestines and carefully ensure that there are no abrupt twists that may lead to intestinal ischaemia compromising results. Temporarily close the peritoneum with a single suture.</li>
	<li>Following ischaemia induction immediately place the mouse on a homeothermic blanket with a rectal thermistor attached to a control unit that will maintain the body temperature at 37 &#176;C for the required duration of ischaemia. To define the appropriate length of ischaemia necessary to induce the desired degree of renal injury and kidney failure it is recommended that a titration be performed for each strain and surgical operator.</li>
	<li>Shortly before the end of the ischaemic period re-open the peritoneum and carefully position the intestines to allow access to the clamp and view the kidney. Insertion of the retractor, as shown in the video, is not necessary and was solely performed for presentational purposes.</li>
	<li>Remove the clamp after the period of ischaemia has concluded. Immediately after removal the kidney will rapidly change color from a dark maroon to a healthy dark pink indicating successful reperfusion.</li>
	<li>Again ensure that the intestines are not twisted prior to closing the peritoneum with a blanket stitch using 6/0 braided silk suture. Then close the skin using metallic skin clips.</li>
	<li>To minimize the risk of post-operative infection, apply an antiseptic such as iodine/alcohol solution to the surgical area.</li>
</ol>
4. Post-operative Recovery and Care
<ol>
	<li>Partially reverse anesthesia with atipamezole hydrochloride (2 mg/kg) subcutaneously and administer fluids with a subcutaneous injection of 1&#160;ml&#160;warmed saline to prevent dehydration following surgery.</li>
	<li>Carefully monitor mice until they have recovered consciousness, appear alert and are able to right themselves.</li>
	<li>Allow mice to recover in a heated box kept at 29 &#176;C, located in a quiet environment, for 24 hr. Mice will have an impaired ability to thermoregulate due to the anesthesia and it is therefore crucial that they are housed at an elevated temperature to enable effective recovery. Moistened food can also be provided to encourage fluid and nutrition intake.</li>
	<li>For long-term recovery experiments provide ongoing analgesics and remove skin clips 7 days following surgery.</li>
</ol>
5. Assessing Functional and Structural Kidney Injury and Regeneration
<ol>
	<li>Blood may be collected from the tail vein during experiments or by cardiac puncture at the time of euthanasia at the end of the experiment. Measure renal function by serum creatinine, using a creatinase based method, and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) on a biochemical centrifugal analyzer as described previously7. The renal function of normal healthy mice needs to be determined before establishing a model of renal failure as this can vary markedly depending on the analysis method used e.g. the Jaffe reaction and creatinase based methods for measuring creatinine give different results.</li>
	<li>Examine renal structure by histopathology on paraffin embedded kidney tissue sections stained with Haematoxylin and Eosin (H&#38;E) or Periodic Acid Schiff (PAS). Capture between 5 &#8211; 10 images at 200x magnification within the outer stripe of the outer medulla (OSOM) for each mouse. Assess the level of injury in the OSOM as this region is injured in this model because it is highly vulnerable to hypoxia.</li>
	<li>Use either of the two scoring systems detailed below to measure acute tubular necrosis (ATN) or regeneration. Representative morphology of the classifications used in these systems is illustrated in Figure 1.</li>
	<li>Use a simple binary system to score ATN. On the basis of cellular integrity and morphology mark and count tubules as either viable (intact cell morphology) or necrotic (compromised cell integrity, abnormal cell morphology or loss of cells).
	<ol>
		<li>Express the number of necrotic tubules as a percentage of the total number of tubules (necrotic tubules %).</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>Classify regeneration using another system based on cell integrity, morphology and nuclei number. Mark and count tubules as healthy, necrotic, injured or recovering according to the criteria listed in the following steps.
	<ol>
		<li>As with the ATN scoring system (detailed in step 5.4) mark tubules with intact normal cells as healthy whilst tubules showing compromised cell integrity, abnormal cell morphology or overt cell loss should be scored as necrotic.</li>
		<li>Classify tubules as injured if they have a thinned cytoplasm containing few nuclei. In contrast, designate tubules containing more nuclei with more normal cell morphology as recovering.</li>
		<li>Express each tubule classification as a percentage of the total tubule number.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
</ol>

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A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Macrophage/monocyte+depletion+by+clodronate,+but+not+diphtheria+toxin,+improves+renal+ischemia/reperfusion+injury+in+mice.">Macrophage/monocyte depletion by clodronate, but not diphtheria toxin, improves renal ischemia/reperfusion injury in mice.</a> Kidney Int. 82, 928-933 (2012).</li><li>Ferenbach, D. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Macrophages+expressing+heme+oxygenase-1+improve+renal+function+in+ischemia/reperfusion+injury.">Macrophages expressing heme oxygenase-1 improve renal function in ischemia/reperfusion injury.</a> Mol Ther. 18, 1706-1713 (2010).</li><li>Keppler, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Plasma+creatinine+determination+in+mice+and+rats:+an+enzymatic+method+compares+favorably+with+a+high-performance+liquid+chromatography+assay.">Plasma creatinine determination in mice and rats: an enzymatic method compares favorably with a high-performance liquid chromatography assay.</a> Kidney Int. 71, 74-78 (2007).</li><li>Vinuesa, E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Macrophage+involvement+in+the+kidney+repair+phase+after+ischaemia/reperfusion+injury.">Macrophage involvement in the kidney repair phase after ischaemia/reperfusion injury.</a> J Pathol. 214, 104-113 (2008).</li><li>Friedewald, J. 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The authors have no competing or conflicting interests to disclose.

Renal IRI is an important cause of AKI with no specific treatment available. The experimental study of renal IRI has been highly informative with previous work demonstrating the role of macrophages, dendritic cells, lymphocytes, regulatory T-cells as well as other cells and mediators in the induction of both the acute injury and healing phase5,8-16. In addition, experimental renal IRI has been used to assess the effect of various therapeutic agents4,17-19.
The model of re...

Ischaemia reperfusion injury (IRI) is a common mode of injury for multiple organs including the kidney, heart and brain. Renal IRI may lead to acute kidney injury (AKI) in patients and no specific treatment is available. AKI as a result of IRI has a complicated pathogenesis involving both the innate and adaptive immune response1. An experimental model of renal IRI offers the potential to dissect the key cells and mediators involved in the pathogenesis of AKI as well as the subsequent renal regeneration that ensues over subsequent days. Furthermore the effects of novel therapeutic agents upon disease processes can be assessed.
The overall goal of the experimental model of renal IRI described here is to induce both acute functional and structural kidney injury. Some investigators have utilized a model that involves the induction of bilateral IRI2. Although the bilateral renal IRI model is of use, the unilateral renal IRI model has the advantage of a right nephrectomy being undertaken at the time of surgery. The right nephrectomy tissue serves as valuable control tissue in studies involving a pretreatment step that either induces or suppresses the expression of a gene or protein. For example, we have used this model to assess the preconditioning effects of heme arginate (HA) injection 24 hours before renal IRI3. The successful induction of the cytoprotective enzyme heme-oxygenase-1 (HO-1) by HA before IRI was confirmed in the right nephrectomy control tissue4. HA reduced renal IRI in aged mice in part via an HO-1 dependent mechanism. Similarly, we have used the model in macrophage depletion studies to examine the role of macrophages in renal IRI5. Immunohistochemical analysis of the right nephrectomy tissue can be used to confirm the efficacy of the ablation methodology. The right nephrectomy tissue can therefore be used to both confirm and quantify the level of induction or inhibition of the molecule of interest in each individual experimental animal. This model will be of interest to researchers who are using drugs or other compounds to modulate the expression of genes or proteins etc. prior to the induction of renal IRI.
Other studies have used flank incisions to access the kidneys. The model described here uses a single midline abdominal surgery to perform both the right nephrectomy and induce ischaemia reperfusion of the left kidney. This surgical approach provides excellent visualization of the surgical field including the renal pedicles and color changes that follow renal pedicle clamping. Our published experience with the model4-6 indicates that mice quickly recover from the surgery with a near 100% survival rate.
Lastly, kinetic analysis of the model over a period of 7 days indicates that this model exhibits restoration of both renal function and tubular integrity, with significant tubular cell proliferation.

<table><tbody><tr><td>Tissue scissors</td><td>Fine Science Tools</td><td>14072 - 10</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Micro-Adson forceps (Rat toothed)</td><td>Fine Science Tools</td><td>11019 - 12</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>S&amp;amp;T JFA-5bTC Forceps - SuperGrip Angled</td><td>Fine Science Tools</td><td>00649-11</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Colibri retractor</td><td>Fine Science Tools</td><td>17000 - 04</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Micro clip applicator</td><td>Fine Science Tools</td><td>18057-14</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Micro serrafines&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Fine Science Tools</td><td>18055-04</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Olsen-Hegar needle holder</td><td>Fine Science Tools</td><td>12002 - 12</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Hemoclip Plus Ligating Clips Small</td><td>Weck</td><td>533837</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Autoclip Wound Clip System, 9mm</td><td>Harvard Apparatus</td><td>PY2 52-3748</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Silk Black Braided Suture, Size 6-0</td><td>Harvard Apparatus</td><td>723288</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Standard Heat Matt</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Homeothermic Blanket &amp;amp; Control Unit</td><td>Harvard Apparatus</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Lacri-Lube</td><td>Allergan</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Vetasept Chlorhexidine&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;</td><td>AnimalCare</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Vetalar : Ketamine hydrochloride</td><td></td><td></td><td>100 mg/ml solution</td></tr><tr><td>Domitor : medetomidine hydrochloride&amp;nbsp;</td><td></td><td></td><td>1 mg/ml</td></tr><tr><td>Vetergesic : Buprenorphine hydrochloride&amp;nbsp;</td><td></td><td></td><td>0.3 mg/ml</td></tr><tr><td>Antisedan : Atipamezole hydrochoride</td><td></td><td></td><td>5 mg/ml</td></tr></tbody></table>

renal ischaemia reperfusion injury: a mouse model of injury and regeneration

Renal ischaemia reperfusion injury (IRI) is a common cause of acute kidney injury (AKI) in patients and occlusion of renal blood flow is unavoidable during renal transplantation. Experimental models that accurately and reproducibly recapitulate renal IRI are crucial in dissecting the pathophysiology of AKI and the development of novel therapeutic agents. Presented here is a mouse model of renal IRI that results in reproducible AKI. This is achieved by a midline laparotomy approach for the surgery with one incision allowing both a right nephrectomy that provides control tissue and clamping of the left renal pedicle to induce ischaemia of the left kidney. By careful monitoring of the clamp position and body temperature during the period of ischaemia this model achieves reproducible functional and structural injury. Mice sacrificed 24 hr&#160;following surgery demonstrate loss of renal function with elevation of the serum or plasma creatinine level as well as structural kidney damage with acute tubular necrosis evident. Renal function improves and the acute tissue injury resolves during the course of 7 days following renal IRI such that this model may be used to study renal regeneration. This model of renal IRI has been utilized to study the molecular and cellular pathophysiology of AKI as well as analysis of the subsequent renal regeneration.

Tubular injury and recovery may be assessed by H&#38;E or PAS staining of tissue sections following renal IRI. Tubules located within the OSOM are classified as healthy, injured, necrotic or recovering according to cell morphology, integrity and nuclei number (Figure 1). The functional and structural injury in this model is dependent upon the duration of ischaemia. A progressive increase in the severity of renal dysfunction, assessed by plasma creatinine and BUN, is evident as the duration of ischaemia i...

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Renal Ischaemia Reperfusion Injury: A Mouse Model of Injury and Regeneration

The mouse model of renal ischaemia reperfusion injury described here comprises of a right nephrectomy that provides control tissue and clamping of the left renal pedicle to induce ischaemia that results in acute kidney injury. This model uses a midline laparotomy approach with all steps performed via one incision.

Renal ischaemia reperfusion injury (IRI) is a common cause of acute kidney injury (AKI) in patients and occlusion of renal blood flow is unavoidable ...

renal-ischaemia-reperfusion-injury-mouse-model-injury

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49.5K Views.  University of Edinburgh. The mouse model of renal ischaemia reperfusion injury described here comprises of a right nephrectomy that provides control tissue and clamping of the left renal pedicle to induce ischaemia that results in acute kidney injury. This model uses a midline laparotomy approach with all steps performed via one incision.

Video: Renal Ischaemia Reperfusion Injury: A Mouse Model of Injury and Regeneration

Normothermic Cardiac Arrest and Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation: A Mouse Model of Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury

Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) is a common, highly lethal, complication of critical illness which has a high mortality1-4 and which is most 
frequently caused by whole-body hypoperfusion.5,6 Successful reproduction of whole-body hypoperfusion in rodent models has been fraught with 
difficulty.7-9,9,10 Models which employ focal ischemia have repeatedly demonstrated results which do not translate to the clinical setting, and larger 
animal models which allow for whole body hypoperfusion lack access to the full toolset of genetic manipulation possible in the mouse.11,12 However, in recent 
years a mouse model of cardiac arrest and cardiopulmonary resuscitation has emerged which can be adapted to model AKI.13 This model reliably reproduces 
physiologic, functional, anatomic, and histologic outcomes seen in clinical AKI, is rapidly repeatable, and offers all of the significant advantages of a murine surgical 
model, including access to genetic manipulative techniques, low cost relative to large animals, and ease of use. Our group has developed extensive experience 
with use of this model to assess a number of organ-specific outcomes in AKI.14,15

A powerful model for perioperative and critical care related acute kidney injury is presented. Using whole body hypoperfusion induced by cardiac arrest it is possible to nearly replicate the histologic and functional changes of clinical AKI.

Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) is a common, highly lethal, complication of critical illness which has a high mortality1-4 and which is most 
frequently caused ...

Ischemia-reperfusion Model of Acute Kidney Injury and Post Injury Fibrosis in Mice

Ischemia-reperfusion induced acute kidney injury (IR-AKI) is widely used as a model of AKI in mice, but results are often quite variable with high, often unreported mortality rates that may confound analyses. Bilateral renal pedicle clamping is commonly used to induce IR-AKI, but differences between effective clamp pressures and/or renal responses to ischemia between kidneys often lead to more variable results. In addition, shorter clamp times are known to induce more variable tubular injury, and while mice undergoing bilateral injury with longer clamp times develop more consistent tubular injury, they often die within the first 3 days after injury due to severe renal insufficiency. To improve post-injury survival and obtain more consistent and predictable results, we have developed two models of unilateral ischemia-reperfusion injury followed by contralateral nephrectomy. Both surgeries are performed using a dorsal approach, reducing surgical stress resulting from ventral laparotomy, commonly used for mouse IR-AKI surgeries. For induction of moderate injury BALB/c mice undergo unilateral clamping of the renal pedicle for 26 min and also undergo simultaneous contralateral nephrectomy. Using this approach, 50-60% of mice develop moderate AKI 24 hr after injury but 90-100% of mice survive. To induce more severe AKI, BALB/c mice undergo renal pedicle clamping for 30 min followed by contralateral nephrectomy 8 days after injury. This allows functional assessment of renal recovery after injury with 90-100% survival. Early post-injury tubular damage as well as post injury fibrosis are highly consistent using this model.

We describe models of moderate and severe ischemia-reperfusion-induced kidney injury in which the mice undergo unilateral renal pedicle clamping followed by simultaneous or delayed contralateral nephrectomy, respectively. These models consistently give rise to renal dysfunction and post-injury fibrosis, but injury severity and survival are dependent on mouse background, age and surgical equipment.

Ischemia-reperfusion induced acute kidney injury (IR-AKI) is widely used as a model of AKI in mice, but results are often quite variable with high, often ...

A Murine Model of Myocardial Ischemia-reperfusion Injury through Ligation of the Left Anterior Descending Artery

Acute or chronic myocardial infarction (MI) are cardiovascular events resulting in high morbidity and mortality. Establishing the pathological mechanisms at work during MI and developing effective therapeutic approaches requires methodology to reproducibly simulate the clinical incidence and reflect the pathophysiological changes associated with MI. Here, we describe a surgical method to induce MI in mouse models that can be used for short-term ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury as well as permanent ligation. The major advantage of this method is to facilitate location of the left anterior descending artery (LAD) to allow for accurate ligation of this artery to induce ischemia in the left ventricle of the mouse heart. Accurate positioning of the ligature on the LAD increases reproducibility of infarct size and thus produces more reliable results. Greater precision in placement of the ligature will improve the standard surgical approaches to simulate MI in mice, thus reducing the number of experimental animals necessary for statistically relevant studies and improving our understanding of the mechanisms producing cardiac dysfunction following MI. This mouse model of MI is also useful for the preclinical testing of treatments targeting myocardial damage following MI.

We introduce a surgical method to induce experimental ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury to simulate myocardial infarction (MI) in mouse models that allows for more clarity in positioning of the ligation on the left anterior descending artery (LAD) to increase the reproducibility of MI experiments in mice.

Acute or chronic myocardial infarction (MI) are cardiovascular events resulting in high morbidity and mortality. Establishing the pathological mechanisms ...

Murine Model of Intestinal Ischemia-reperfusion Injury

Intestinal ischemia is a life-threatening condition associated with a broad range of clinical conditions including atherosclerosis, thrombosis, hypotension, necrotizing enterocolitis, bowel transplantation, trauma and chronic inflammation. Intestinal ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injury is a consequence of acute mesenteric ischemia, caused by inadequate blood flow through the mesenteric vessels, resulting in intestinal damage. Reperfusion following ischemia can further exacerbate damage of the intestine. The mechanisms of IR injury are complex and poorly understood. Therefore, experimental small animal models are critical for understanding the pathophysiology of IR injury and the development of novel therapies.
Here we describe a mouse model of acute intestinal IR injury that provides reproducible injury of the small intestine without mortality. This is achieved by inducing ischemia in the region of the distal ileum by temporally occluding the peripheral and terminal collateral branches of the superior mesenteric artery for 60 min using microvascular clips. Reperfusion for 1 hr, or 2 hr after injury results in reproducible injury of the intestine examined by histological analysis. Proper position of the microvascular clips is critical for the procedure. Therefore the video clip provides a detailed visual step-by-step description of this technique. This model of intestinal IR injury can be utilized to study the cellular and molecular mechanisms of injury and regeneration.

Here we describe the detailed procedure of intestinal ischemia-reperfusion in mice which results in reproducible injury without mortality to encourage the standardization of this technique across the field. This model of intestinal ischemia-reperfusion injury can be utilized to study the cellular and molecular mechanisms of injury and regeneration.

Intestinal ischemia is a life-threatening condition associated with a broad range of clinical conditions including atherosclerosis, thrombosis, ...

A Mouse Model of Retinal Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury Through Elevation of Intraocular Pressure

Retinal ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) is a pathophysiological process contributing to cellular damage in multiple ocular conditions, including glaucoma, diabetic retinopathy, and retinal vascular occlusions. Rodent models of I/R injury are providing significant insights into mechanisms and treatment strategies for human I/R injury, especially with regard to neurodegenerative damage in the retinal neurovascular unit. Presented here is a protocol for inducing retinal I/R injury in mice through elevation of intraocular pressure (IOP). In this protocol, the ocular anterior chamber is cannulated with a needle, through which flows the drip of an elevated saline reservoir. Using this drip to raise IOP above systolic arterial blood pressure, a practitioner temporarily halts inner retinal blood flow (ischemia). When circulation is reinstated (reperfusion) by removal of the cannula, severe cellular damage ensues, resulting ultimately in retinal neurodegeneration. Recent studies demonstrate inflammation, vascular permeability, and capillary degeneration as additional elements of this model. Compared to alternative retinal I/R methodologies, such as retinal arterial ligation, retinal I/R injury by elevated IOP offers advantages in its&#160;anatomical specificity, experimental tractability, and technical accessibility, presenting itself as a valuable tool for examining neuronal pathogenesis and therapy in the retinal neurovascular unit.

This article describes a procedure for inducing retinal ischemia-reperfusion injury by elevated intraocular pressure in mice. Retinal ischemia-reperfusion injury by elevated intraocular pressure serves to model human pathologies characterized by compromised oxygen and nutrient delivery in the retina, enabling researchers to examine potential cellular mechanisms and treatments for human diseases of the retinal neurovascular unit.

Retinal ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) is a pathophysiological process contributing to cellular damage in multiple ocular conditions, including glaucoma, ...

Myocardial Infarction in Neonatal Mice, A Model of Cardiac Regeneration

Myocardial infarction induced by coronary artery ligation has been used in many animal models as a tool to study the mechanisms of cardiac repair and regeneration, and to define new targets for therapeutics. For decades, models of complete heart regeneration existed in amphibians and fish, but a mammalian counterpart was not available. The recent discovery of a postnatal window during which mice possess regenerative capabilities has led to the establishment of a mammalian model of cardiac regeneration. A surgical model of mammalian cardiac regeneration in the neonatal mouse is presented herein. Briefly, postnatal day 1 (P1) mice are anesthetized by isoflurane and placed on an ice pad to induce hypothermia. After the chest is opened, and the left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD) is visualized, a suture is placed around the LAD to inflict myocardial ischemia in the left ventricle. The surgical procedure takes 10-15 min. Visualizing the coronary artery is crucial for accurate suture placement and reproducibility. Myocardial infarction and cardiac dysfunction are confirmed by triphenyl-tetrazolium chloride (TTC) staining and echocardiography, respectively. Complete regeneration 21 days post myocardial infarction is verified by histology. This protocol can be used to as a tool to elucidate mechanisms of mammalian cardiac regeneration after myocardial infarction.

This protocol describes a highly reproducible model of cardiac regeneration by surgical induction of myocardial infarction in the left ventricle of postnatal day 1 mice. The method involves induction of hypothermic anesthesia and ligation of the left anterior descending coronary artery.

Myocardial infarction induced by coronary artery ligation has been used in many animal models as a tool to study the mechanisms of cardiac repair and ...

An Effective Mouse Model of Unilateral Renal Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury

Ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) is the leading cause of acute renal failure and is a significant contributor to delayed graft function. Animal models are the only available resources that mimic the complexities of the IRI-associated damage encountered in vivo. This paper describes an effective mouse model of unilateral renal IRI that delivers highly reproducible data. Ischemia is induced by occluding the right renal pedicle for 30 min followed by reperfusion. In addition to the surgical procedure, a sequential overview of the expected physiological and histopathological changes following renal IRI will be provided by comparing data from seven different reperfusion times (4 h, 8 h, 16 h, 1 day, 2 days, 4 days, and 7 days). Critical data for planning experiments ahead, such as mean surgical time, average anesthetic consumption, and body weight changes over time, will be shared. This work will help researchers implement a reliable renal IRI model and select the appropriate reperfusion time that aligns with their intended investigative goals.

Renal ischemia-reperfusion injury is associated with high morbidity and mortality in hospitalized patients. Here, we present a simple and effective mouse model of unilateral renal ischemia-reperfusion injury and provide a sequential overview of representative pathological changes observed in the kidney.

Ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) is the leading cause of acute renal failure and is a significant contributor to delayed graft function. Animal models ...

Induction of Myocardial Infarction and Myocardial Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury in Mice

Acute myocardial infarction is a common cardiovascular disease with high mortality. Myocardial reperfusion injury can counteract the beneficial effects of heart reflow and induce secondary myocardial injury. A simple and reproducible model of myocardial infarction and myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury is a good tool for researchers. Here, a customizable method to create a myocardial infarction (MI) model and MIRI by precision ligation of the left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD) through micromanipulation is described. Accurate and reproducible ligature positioning of the LAD helps obtain consistent results for heart injury. ST-segment changes can help to identify model accuracy. The serum level of cardiac troponin T (cTnT) is used to assess the myocardial injury, cardiac ultrasound is employed to evaluate the myocardial systolic function, and Evans-Blue/triphenyl tetrazolium chloride staining is used to measure infarct size. In general, this protocol reduces procedure duration, ensures controllable infarct size, and improves mouse survival.

Here we describe a simple and reproducible method that can induce myocardial infarction or myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury in mice by precision ligation of the left anterior descending coronary artery through micromanipulation.

Acute myocardial infarction is a common cardiovascular disease with high mortality. Myocardial reperfusion injury can counteract the beneficial effects of ...

Technical Refinement of a Bilateral Renal Ischemia-Reperfusion Mouse Model for Acute Kidney Injury Research

Cardiac arrest poses a large public health burden. Acute kidney injury (AKI) is an adverse marker in survivors of cardiac arrest following the return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) after successful cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Conversely, recovery of kidney function from AKI is a predictor of favorable neurological outcomes and hospital discharge. However, an effective intervention to prevent kidney damage caused by cardiac arrest after ROSC is lacking, suggesting that additional therapeutic strategies are required. Renal hypoperfusion and reperfusion are two pathophysiological mechanisms that cause AKI after cardiac arrest. Animal models of ischemia-reperfusion-induced AKI (IR-AKI) of both kidneys are comparable with patients with AKI following ROSC in a clinical setting. However, IR-AKI of both kidneys is technically challenging to analyze because the model is associated with high mortality and wide variation in kidney damage, which may affect the analysis. Lightweight mice were chosen, placed under general anesthesia with isoflurane, subjected to surgery with a dorsolateral approach, and their body temperature maintained during operation, thereby reducing tissue damage and establishing a reproducible acute renal IR-AKI research protocol.

This study established a protocol focusing on the technical refinement of a mouse model of bilateral renal ischemia-reperfusion for acute kidney injury research.

Cardiac arrest poses a large public health burden. Acute kidney injury (AKI) is an adverse marker in survivors of cardiac arrest following the return of ...

Developing Murine Acute Kidney Injury Model Using Bilateral Ischemia-Reperfusion

Bilateral Renal Ischemia-Reperfusion Model for Acute Kidney Injury in Mice

Acute kidney injury (AKI) is defined as a rapid decline in renal function, in which persistent kidney dysfunction gradually progresses to chronic kidney disease (CKD) due to the irreversible loss of nephrons and their maladaptive repair. In recent years, the incidence of AKI has been increasing concerning diverse etiologies, including volume depletion, sepsis, nephrotoxicity, muscle injury, and major trauma, in which ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI)&#160;accounts for most episodes. Development of the IRI model in mice is induced by surgical clamping of the renal pedicles, which provides powerful and controllable tools for preclinical models of AKI. Importantly, the IRI model is deployed at different stages of the AKI development, especially in the processes of AKI to CKD. Despite the IRI model being widely practiced in many laboratories, a series of variables still influence the results of this model. Here, we describe the procedure of IRI model development to provide a repeatable and reliable method for researchers to explore the underlying pathogenesis in the development of AKI and the progression of AKI to CKD.

The ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) model can be used at different stages of acute kidney injury (AKI) development, especially during AKI to chronic kidney disease (CKD) progression. Here, we describe the procedure for IRI model development in mice via a trans-abdominal approach, clamping renal pedicles via a vascular clip to induce ischemic injury.

Acute kidney injury (AKI) is defined as a rapid decline in renal function, in which persistent kidney dysfunction gradually progresses to chronic kidney ...