Name: microparticle manipulation by standing surface acoustic waves with dual-frequency excitations
Uploaded: 2018-08-21T14:30:00.000+00:00
Duration: 6 min 51 s
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Microparticle Manipulation by Standing Surface Acoustic Waves with Dual-frequency Excitations at JoVE.com

Bu eser akademik araştırma fonu (AcRF) Tier 1 (RG171/15), Milli Eğitim Bakanlığı, Singapur tarafından sponsor oldu.

1. mikrosıvısal kanal hazırlanması
<ol><li>Poli-dimethylsiloxane (PDMS) bir elastomer oranı 10:1 taban ile karıştırın.</li>
	<li>Bir vakum fırını karışımı degas ve üstünde belgili tanımlık tepe olumsuz sesi fotorezist desenli silikon gofret üzerine dökün.</li>
	<li>Desenli silikon gofret tekrar degas ve katılaşma için bir kuluçka 3 h için 70 ° C'de ısı.</li>
</ol>2. ayak parmak güç çeviriciler imalatı
<ol><li>Depozito 20 nm Cr ve 400 Al nm üzerinde LiNbO3 gofret; desen 20 150 µm genişliğini ve fotolitografi için plastik bir maske üzerinde 2 cm bir diyafram ile pozitif fotorezist substrat yatırma tarafından şeritler.</li>
	<li>Aseton ile sigara maruz alanı Cr-Al katmanda kaldırın.</li>
	<li>30 60 W gücü yüzey oksijen plazma (ile azot ve oksijen oranı 2:1) ile tedavi s.</li>
	<li>PDMS microchannel hizalayın ve bir kaç saniye için bir başparmak ile basarak LiNbO3 substrat bağ.</li>
	<li>Tümleşik aygıt Isıtma Odası 3 h için 60 ° C'de yerleştirin.</li>
</ol>3. çift frekanslı uyarma
<ol><li>Aynı anda iki frekans bileşeni uygulamak (f1 ve f3, temel frekans ve fabrikasyon IDT, onun üçüncü harmonik sırasıyla) onlara IDTs, çifti arasındaki faz farkı φ ile böylece üretilen testere aşağıdaki gibi ifade edilebilir. <img alt="Equation 1" src="/files/ftp_upload/58085/58085eq1.jpg"> Burada, <img alt="Equation 2" src="/files/ftp_upload/58085/58085eq2.jpg">ve <img alt="Equation 3" src="/files/ftp_upload/58085/58085eq3.jpg"> akustik basınç =.</li>
	<li>100 MS/s örnekleme sıklığı ArbExpress uygulama yazılımı Denklem Düzenleyicisi'ni kullanarak çift frekanslı dalga sentez ve sonra işlev üreteci testere uyarma denemede için rasgele giriş olarak üzerinden saklayın a USB tel kablo.</li>
	<li>Toplam verilmiş iktidara temel frekans gücünü farklı <img alt="Equation 4" src="/files/ftp_upload/58085/58085eq4.jpg"> 'den %100 (tamamen temel frekansta uyarma) %0 (tamamen üçüncü harmonik, uyarma); iyi bir karşılaştırma için değiştirmek ama toplam güç de aynı olacak.</li>
	<li>Çift frekanslı uyarma 0 ° ile 360 ° faz farkı değişir.</li>
</ol>4. sayısal simülasyon
<ol><li>İncompressible laminar akış hareket düşük Reynolds ile tarif (yani, Re 0.55 =) ve Mach sayıları aşağıdaki gibi35. <img alt="Equation 5" src="/files/ftp_upload/58085/58085eq5.jpg"> <img alt="Equation 6" src="/files/ftp_upload/58085/58085eq6.jpg"> Burada, <img alt="Equation 7" src="/files/ftp_upload/58085/58085eq7.jpg">= Akışkan hızı, <img alt="Equation 8" src="/files/ftp_upload/58085/58085eq8.jpg">Dinamik Viskozite =, <img alt="Equation 9" src="/files/ftp_upload/58085/58085eq9.jpg">Sıvı yoğunluğu =, <img alt="Equation 10" src="/files/ftp_upload/58085/58085eq10.jpg">sıvı basıncı =, <img alt="Equation 11" src="/files/ftp_upload/58085/58085eq11.jpg">özdeşlik matrisini = ve <img alt="Equation 12" src="/files/ftp_upload/58085/58085eq12.jpg">bir dış kuvvet =.</li>
	<li>Üretilen Stoke sürükle kuvvet nesne üzerinde aşağıdaki36açıklanmaktadır. <img alt="Equation 13" src="/files/ftp_upload/58085/58085eq13.jpg"> Burada, <img alt="Equation 14" src="/files/ftp_upload/58085/58085eq14.jpg">microparticle yarıçap =, <img alt="Equation 15" src="/files/ftp_upload/58085/58085eq15.jpg">= sıvı, hızı ve <img alt="Equation 16" src="/files/ftp_upload/58085/58085eq16.jpg">= microparticle hızı.</li>
	<li>Microchannel xboyunca microparticle uygulanan akustik radyasyon güç türetmek-eksende (microchannel genişlik) tek bir frekansta16 izler. <img alt="Equation 17" src="/files/ftp_upload/58085/58085eq17.jpg"> Burada, <img alt="Equation 18" src="/files/ftp_upload/58085/58085eq18.jpg">microparticle hacmi =, <img alt="Equation 19" src="/files/ftp_upload/58085/58085eq19.jpg">microparticle yoğunluğu =, <img alt="Equation 20" src="/files/ftp_upload/58085/58085eq20.jpg">Orta yoğunluğu =, <img alt="Equation 21" src="/files/ftp_upload/58085/58085eq21.jpg">microparticle, sıkışma kabiliyeti = ve <img alt="Equation 22" src="/files/ftp_upload/58085/58085eq22.jpg">sıkışma kabiliyeti orta =.</li>
	<li>Sonuç akustik radyasyon kuvvetleri çift frekanslı uyarma aşağıdaki gibi türetilir. <img alt="Equation 23" src="/files/ftp_upload/58085/58085eq23.jpg">
</li>
	<li>Kanal genişliği boyunca enine hareket hızlı (boyunca y-ekseni) akustik radyasyon kuvvetleri ve Stokes altında Newton'ın ikinci yasa ile aşağıdaki gibi yönetilir kuvvet sürükleyin. <img alt="Equation 24" src="/files/ftp_upload/58085/58085eq24.jpg">
</li>
	<li>Sıradan diferansiyel denklemler (adi diferansiyel) dördüncü sıra Runge-Kutta yöntemi bir kişisel bilgisayar kullanarak yukarıda çözmek. Saat adım ve toplam süre olarak 1 µs ve 20 s, anılan sıraya göre.</li>
</ol>5. deneysel gözlem
<ol><li>Çözüm spin konsantrasyon 5.9 x 107 4 µm ile yeşil yaklaşık 2-3 dakika için girdap tarafından 1 mL başına floresan polistren boncuk ve sonra bir ultrason sonicator 10 dakika için her test önce herhangi bir Topaklanmayı bozmaya bırakın.</li>
	<li>Karışımı 3 mL şırınga doldurun ve sonra 3-5 µL/dk akış hızında bir şırınga pompa ile sürücü.</li>
	<li>Bir işlev jeneratör güç amplifikatörü tarafından takip IDT çift frekanslı sinyal ile sürücü.</li>
	<li>40 X büyütme, hafif bir mikroskop altında aşağı akım microchannel stabilize microparticles işlevlerini izlemek ve kaydetmek görüntü ile bir dijital fotoğraf makinesi.</li>
	<li>ImageJ ve kurulan ölçeği kullanarak yakalanan dijital resimlerdeki birikmiş microparticles konumunu ölçmek ve daha sonra kantitatif ile normalleştirilmiş floresans aydınlık birikmiş microparticle konsantrasyonu belirlemek Her baskı düğüm.</li>
</ol>

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Microchannel çift frekanslı uyarma, bir SSAW tarafından microparticle çekimde kapsamlı bu çalışmada araştırıldı ve çift frekanslı uyarma sinyalleri değişen tarafından etkili bir şekilde akort desenlendirme tekniği geliştirilmiş ve test edilmiştir. Böyle bir dalga üretimi kolayca çoğu işlev jeneratörleri tarafından gerçekleştirilen ve ayar yaklaşım çok uygundur. S12- ve S11-fabrikasyon IDTs frekans tepkiler göstermek birkaç rezonans modları34</su...

LOC teknolojisinin bir veya birkaç işlev bir mikroçip biyoloji, kimya, Biyofizik ve Biyomedikal işlemleri için entegre. LOC alt milimetre, hızlı tepki oranları, kısa tepki süresi, yüksek işlem denetimi, bir düşük güç tüketimi (daha az reaktifler atık, daha düşük maliyet ve daha az gerekli numune hacmi), yüksek işlem hacmi nedeniyle daha küçük bir ölçekte sağlar bir laboratuvar kurulumu parallelization, seri üretim ve uygun maliyetli tek kullanımlık, kimyasal, radyoaktif ve biyolojik araştırmalar yüksek bir güvenilirlik ve kompakt ve taşınabilir aygıt1,2avantajları gelecekte bir düşük maliyetli. Kesin hücre manipülasyon (yani, birikimi ve ayırma) bir LOC tabanlı analiz ve tanı3,4' te kritik olduğunu. Ancak, hassasiyet ve tekrarlanabilirlik microparticle işlemlerinde sorunlar çeşitli var. Elektro-Ozmoz5, dielectrophoresis (DEP)6, magnetophoresis7, thermophoresis8,9, bir optik yaklaşım10, gibi birçok teknik bir opto-elektronik yaklaşım11 , hidrodinamik yaklaşım12ve acoustophoresis13,14,15, geliştirdik. Çünkü teorik olarak, adl tip-in microparticles/hücre etkin bir şekilde manipüle edilebilir ve noninvazif yeterince yüksek kontrast (yoğunluk ve sıkışma kabiliyeti) karşılaştırıldığında, buna karşılık, akustik yaklaşımlar LOC uygulama için uygun çevresindeki sıvı ile. Bu nedenle, kendi muadilleri için karşılaştırıldığında, akustik yaklaşımlar doğal olarak çoğu microparticles ve onların, elektrik, optik ve manyetik özellikleri16olursa olsun biyolojik nesneler için uygundur.
Yüzey akustik dalgalar (testere) IDTs dan çoğunlukla birkaç dalga boylarında kalınlığı, piezoelektrik bir substrat ve sonra sızıntı microchannel sıvı içine Rayleigh açıyla yüzeyinde Snell Yasası17göreyaymak, 18,19,20,21,22. Onlar yüksek enerji verimliliği enerji, büyük tasarım esnekliği yüksek frekansta, iyi sistem entegrasyonu mikrosıvısal kanal ve minyatür kullanarak onların lokalizasyonu nedeniyle yüzey boyunca teknik avantajları var Mikro-elektronik-mekanik sistem (MEMS) teknolojisi ve yüksek potansiyel yığın üretim23. Bu protokol için testere bir çift aynı IDTs oluşturulan ve duran dalga veya SSAW, nerede askıya alınmış microparticles tarafından çoğunlukla uygulamalı akustik basınç düğümlerine itilir microchannel oluşturmak için ters yönde yayılır radyasyon kuvvetleri24. Böyle bir sonuç güç genliği uyarma sıklığını, microparticle boyutu ve onun akustik kontrast faktör22,25tarafından belirlenir.
Böyle acoustophoresis kolayca ayarlanabilir değildir önceden belirlenmiş manipüle desen sınırlaması vardır. Bant genişliği çok sınırlıdır bu yüzden IDTs uyarma sıklığını periyodik onların mesafe tarafından belirlenir. Ayar ve düzenleme özelliğini geliştirmek için çeşitli stratejiler geliştirilmiştir. Akustik duran dalgalar microchannel farklı bölgelerinde uygulanan ilk ve ikinci modları farklı hareket hızları nodal hatları26doğru göre daha etkili bir şekilde microparticles ayrı. Bu iki mod da microchannel bütün bölümüne uygulanan ve alternatif olarak27,28,29açık. Ancak, bunun için donatım (yani, üç işlevi jeneratörler, iki empedans Uyarlayıcıları ünite ve bir elektromanyetik röle) çok sayıda, farklı sayesinde deneysel set-up artan maliyet ve kontrol karmaşıklığı ile gereklidir temel frekans ve piezoceramic üçüncü harmonik elektrik impedances30plaka. Ayrıca, eğimli-parmak ayak parmak güç çeviriciler (SFITs) hücreleri ve eğimli parmak bir süre bir belirli rezonans20,31için heyecan verici tarafından biçimlenme microparticles ayarlamak için uygulanabilir. Ancak, daha sonra bant genişliği ters eğimli parmak sayısıyla doğru orantılı olduğunu. Birden fazla basınç nodal satır bir daha yüksek ayırma verimliliği ve duyarlılık tek nodal satır ile karşılaştırıldığında geleneksel SSAW tabanlı microparticle ayırıcısı olarak var. Alternatif olarak, basınç düğümlerin konumunu da sadece tasarım32,33iki IDTs uygulanan faz farkı ayarlayarak değiştirilebilir.
Onlar aynı zamanda, microparticles manipülasyon34için daha fazla ayar sağlayan heyecanlı böylece temel frekans ve IDTs üçüncü harmonik benzer frekans yanıt var. Bir tek frekansta geleneksel IDT uyarma ile karşılaştırıldığında çift frekanslı uyarma ve aralarındaki faz akustik baskıları ayarlamak belgili tanımlık ilâ gibi teknik benzersiz sağlar ~ 2 kat hareket zaman basınç nodal azaltılmış satır veya microchannel, çeşitli numarası ve basınç nodal hatları ve microparticle konsantrasyonları konumunu ortasına.

<table><tbody><tr><td>poly-dimethylsiloxane</td><td>Dow Corning</td><td>Sylgard 184</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>poly-dimethylsiloxane elastomer base</td><td>Dow Corning</td><td>Sylgard 184</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>silicon wafer</td><td>Bonda Technology</td><td>SI8PSPD</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>negative tone photoresist</td><td>Microchem</td><td>SU-8</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>double-side polished LiNbO&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt; wafer</td><td>University Wafer</td><td>Y-128&amp;deg;</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>positive photoresist</td><td>Nicolaus-Otto-Stra&amp;szlig;e</td><td>AZ 9260</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>oxygen plasma</td><td>Harrick Plasma</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>plastic mask</td><td>Infinite Graphics</td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

microparticle manipulation by standing surface acoustic waves with dual-frequency excitations

Bir duran yüzey akustik dalga (SSAW) ayarlama yeteneğini artırmak için bir yöntem microparticles manipülasyon için bir laboratuvar-on-a-chip (LOC) sisteminde göstermektedir. Temel frekans ve çift frekanslı uyarma, ayak parmak güç çeviriciler (IDTs) bir çift olarak adlandırılır, üçüncü harmonik eşzamanlı uyarma akustik dalgalar halinde bir mikrosıvısal kanal duran yeni bir tür yaratacaktır. Güç ve çift frekanslı uyarma aşamasında farklı sinyalleri reconfigurable alan sonuçlarını microparticles için microchannel uygulanan akustik radyasyon Kuvvetleri (Örneğin, sayısı ve konumu basınç düğümlerinin ve microparticle konsantrasyonları karşılık gelen basınç düğümlerin). Bu makalede, microparticle tek bir basınç düğüme hareket saati azaltılabilir gösterilir ~ logosuna 2 kat temel frekans ~ 90 %'den büyük güç oranında. Buna ek olarak, orada üç basınç düğüm microchannel içinde daha az Eğer bu eşik. Ayrıca, temel frekans ve üçüncü harmonik sonuçlara microparticles microchannel her basınç düğümdeki yüzdesi yanı sıra Üç SSAW basınç düğüm farklı hareket oranları arasında ilk aşaması ayarlama. Deneysel gözlem ve sayısal tahminler arasında iyi bir anlaşma var. Bu roman uyarma Yöntem kolayca ve non-invaziv LOC sisteme entegre edebilirsiniz geniş bir tenability ve yalnızca birkaç değişiklik deneysel kurulur.

Akustik basınç dağılımları ve çift frekanslı uyarma (6.2 ve 18.6 MHz) adlı bir SSAW akustik radyasyon kuvvet Şekil 1' de gösterilmiştir. Burada, çift frekanslı uyarma polistren microparticles (çapı 4 µm) üzerinde bir microchannel 146 akustik bir gücü 300 µm uzunluğuna sahip oluşur mW. Sonuç akustik basınç olduğunu her zaman yalnızca bir basınç böylece düğüm P1 > %90 y mevcut olduğunda aşamasın...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Microparticle Manipulation by Standing Surface Acoustic Waves with Dual-frequency Excitations at JoVE.com

Microparticle Manipulation by Standing Surface Acoustic Waves with Dual-frequency Excitations

Microparticles bir çift frekanslı uyarma ile bir mikrosıvısal kanal değiştirmek için bir iletişim kuralı sunulur.

Çift frekanslı uyarilmalar ile yüzey akustik dalgalar ayakta tarafından Microparticle manipülasyon

We demonstrate a method for increasing the tuning ability of a standing surface acoustic wave (SSAW) for microparticles manipulation in a lab-on-a-chip ...

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6.9K Görüntüleme.  Nanyang Technological University. Microparticles bir çift frekanslı uyarma ile bir mikrosıvısal kanal değiştirmek için bir iletişim kuralı sunulur.

Video: Microparticle Manipulation by Standing Surface Acoustic Waves with Dual-frequency Excitations

Activating Molecules, Ions, and Solid Particles with Acoustic Cavitation

The chemical and physical effects of ultrasound arise not from a direct interaction of molecules with sound waves, but rather from the acoustic cavitation: the nucleation, growth, and implosive collapse of microbubbles in liquids submitted to power ultrasound. The violent implosion of bubbles leads to the formation of chemically reactive species and to the emission of light, named sonoluminescence. In this manuscript, we describe the techniques allowing study of extreme intrabubble conditions and chemical reactivity of acoustic cavitation in solutions. The analysis of sonoluminescence spectra of water sparged with noble gases provides evidence for nonequilibrium plasma formation. The photons and the "hot" particles generated by cavitation bubbles enable to excite the non-volatile species in solutions increasing their chemical reactivity. For example the mechanism of ultrabright sonoluminescence of uranyl ions in acidic solutions varies with uranium concentration: sonophotoluminescence dominates in diluted solutions, and collisional excitation contributes at higher uranium concentration. Secondary sonochemical products may arise from chemically active species that are formed inside the bubble, but then diffuse into the liquid phase and react with solution precursors to form a variety of products. For instance, the sonochemical reduction of Pt(IV) in pure water provides an innovative synthetic route for monodispersed nanoparticles of metallic platinum without any templates or capping agents. Many studies reveal the advantages of ultrasound to activate the divided solids. In general, the mechanical effects of ultrasound strongly contribute in heterogeneous systems in addition to chemical effects. In particular, the sonolysis of PuO2 powder in pure water yields stable colloids of plutonium due to both effects.

Acoustic cavitation in liquids submitted to power ultrasound creates transient extreme conditions inside the collapsing bubbles, which are the origin of unusual chemical reactivity and light emission, known as sonoluminescence. In the presence of noble gases, nonequilibrium plasma is formed. The "hot" particles and the photons generated by collapsing bubbles are able to excite species in solution.

Moleküller, İyonlar, ve Akustik Kavitasyon ile Katı Parçacıklar etkinleştirilmesi

The chemical and physical effects of ultrasound arise not from a direct interaction of molecules with sound waves, but rather from the acoustic ...

Kimya

Fabrication, Operation and Flow Visualization in Surface-acoustic-wave-driven Acoustic-counterflow Microfluidics

Surface acoustic waves (SAWs) can be used to drive liquids in portable microfluidic chips via the acoustic counterflow phenomenon. In this video we present the fabrication protocol for a multilayered SAW acoustic counterflow device. The device is fabricated starting from a lithium niobate (LN) substrate onto which two interdigital transducers (IDTs) and appropriate markers are patterned. A polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) channel cast on an SU8 master mold is finally bonded on the patterned substrate. Following the fabrication procedure, we show the techniques that allow the characterization and operation of the acoustic counterflow device in order to pump fluids through the PDMS channel grid. We finally present the procedure to visualize liquid flow in the channels. The protocol is used to show on-chip fluid pumping under different flow regimes such as laminar flow and more complicated dynamics characterized by vortices and particle accumulation domains.

In this video we first describe fabrication and operation procedures of a surface acoustic wave (SAW) acoustic counterflow device. We then demonstrate an experimental setup that allows for both qualitative flow visualization and quantitative analysis of complex flows within the SAW pumping device.

Yüzey-akustik dalga odaklı Akustik-ters akışlı Mikroakiskan Fabrikasyon, İşletme ve Akış Görselleştirme

Surface acoustic waves (SAWs) can be used to drive liquids in portable microfluidic chips via the acoustic counterflow phenomenon. In this video we ...

Mühendislik

Fabrication and Operation of Acoustofluidic Devices Supporting Bulk Acoustic Standing Waves for Sheathless Focusing of Particles

Acoustophoresis refers to the displacement of suspended objects in response to directional forces from sound energy. Given that the suspended objects must be smaller than the incident wavelength of sound and the width of the fluidic channels are typically tens to hundreds of micrometers across, acoustofluidic devices typically use ultrasonic waves generated from a piezoelectric transducer pulsating at high frequencies (in the megahertz range). At characteristic frequencies that depend on the geometry of the device, it is possible to induce the formation of standing waves that can focus particles along desired fluidic streamlines within a bulk flow. Here, we describe a method for the fabrication of acoustophoretic devices from common materials and clean room equipment. We show representative results for the focusing of particles with positive or negative acoustic contrast factors, which move towards the pressure nodes or antinodes of the standing waves, respectively. These devices offer enormous practical utility for precisely positioning large numbers of microscopic entities (e.g., cells) in stationary or flowing fluids for applications ranging from cytometry to assembly.

Acoustofluidic devices use ultrasonic waves within microfluidic channels to manipulate, concentrate and isolate suspended micro and nanoscopic entities. This protocol describes the fabrication and operation of such a device supporting bulk acoustic standing waves to focus particles in a central streamline without the aid of sheath fluids.

Fabrikasyon ve Acoustofluidic Cihazlarının Çalışma Parçacıkların yoğunlaşırken Sheathless için Toplu Akustik Daimi Dalgalar desteklenmesi

Acoustophoresis refers to the displacement of suspended objects in response to directional forces from sound energy. Given that the suspended objects must ...

A Microfluidic Platform for Precision Small-volume Sample Processing and Its Use to Size Separate Biological Particles with an Acoustic Microdevice

A major advantage of microfluidic devices is the ability to manipulate small sample volumes, thus reducing reagent waste and preserving precious sample. However, to achieve robust sample manipulation it is necessary to address device integration with the macroscale environment. To realize repeatable, sensitive particle separation with microfluidic devices, this protocol presents a complete automated and integrated microfluidic platform that enables precise processing of 0.15&#8211;1.5 ml samples using microfluidic devices. Important aspects of this system include modular device layout and robust fixtures resulting in reliable and flexible world to chip connections, and fully-automated fluid handling which accomplishes closed-loop sample collection, system cleaning and priming steps to ensure repeatable operation. Different microfluidic devices can be used interchangeably with this architecture. Here we incorporate an acoustofluidic device, detail its characterization, performance optimization, and demonstrate its use for size-separation of biological samples. By using real-time feedback during separation experiments, sample collection is optimized to conserve and concentrate sample. Although requiring the integration of multiple pieces of equipment, advantages of this architecture include the ability to process unknown samples with no additional system optimization, ease of device replacement, and precise, robust sample processing.

This protocol describes a system architecture for performing automated small volume (0.15&#8211;1.5 ml) particle separations using a microfluidic device, and discusses methods to optimize acoustofluidic device performance and operation.

Bir mikroakışkan Hassas Küçük hacimli Numune İşleme Platformu ve Akustik mikrocihazda Ayrı Biyolojik Parçacıklar Boyutu Kullanımı

A major advantage of microfluidic devices is the ability to manipulate small sample volumes, thus reducing reagent waste and preserving precious sample. ...

Biyomühendislik

Multiplexing Focused Ultrasound Stimulation with Fluorescence Microscopy

By focusing low-intensity ultrasound pulses that penetrate soft tissues, LIPUS represents a promising biomedical technology to remotely and safely manipulate neural firing, hormonal secretion and genetically-reprogrammed cells. However, the translation of this technology for medical applications is currently hampered by a lack of biophysical mechanisms by which targeted tissues sense and respond to LIPUS. A suitable approach to identify these mechanisms would be to use optical biosensors in combination with LIPUS to determine underlying signaling pathways. However, implementing LIPUS to a fluorescence microscope may introduce undesired mechanical artefacts due to the presence of physical interfaces that reflect, absorb and refract acoustic waves. This article presents a step-by-step procedure to incorporate LIPUS to commercially-available upright epi-fluorescence microscopes while minimizing the influence of physical interfaces along the acoustic path. A simple procedure is described to operate a single-element ultrasound transducer and to bring the focal zone of the transducer into the objective focal point. The use of LIPUS is illustrated with an example of LIPUS-induced calcium transients in cultured human glioblastoma cells measured using calcium imaging.

Low-Intensity Pulsed Ultrasound Stimulation (LIPUS) is a modality for non-invasive mechanical stimulation of endogenous or engineered cells with high spatial and temporal resolution. This article describes how to implement LIPUS to an epi-fluorescence microscope and how to minimize acoustic impedance mismatch along the ultrasound path to prevent unwanted mechanical artefacts.

Çoğullama ultrason stimülasyon floresans mikroskobu ile odaklı

By focusing low-intensity ultrasound pulses that penetrate soft tissues, LIPUS represents a promising biomedical technology to remotely and safely ...

Fabrication of Nanoheight Channels Incorporating Surface Acoustic Wave Actuation via Lithium Niobate for Acoustic Nanofluidics

Controlled nanoscale manipulation of fluids is known to be exceptionally difficult due to the dominance of surface and viscous forces. Megahertz-order surface acoustic wave (SAW) devices generate tremendous acceleration on their surface, up to 108 m/s2, in turn responsible for many of the observed effects that have come to define acoustofluidics: acoustic streaming and acoustic radiation forces. These effects have been used for particle, cell, and fluid manipulation at the microscale, although more recently SAW has been used to produce similar phenomena at the nanoscale through an entirely different set of mechanisms. Controllable nanoscale fluid manipulation offers a broad range of opportunities in ultrafast fluid pumping and biomacromolecule dynamics useful for physical and biological applications. Here, we demonstrate nanoscale-height channel fabrication via room-temperature lithium niobate (LN) bonding integrated with a SAW device. We describe the entire experimental process including nano-height channel fabrication via dry etching, plasma-activated bonding on lithium niobate, the appropriate optical setup for subsequent imaging, and SAW actuation. We show representative results for fluid capillary filling and fluid draining in a nanoscale channel induced by SAW. This procedure offers a practical protocol for nanoscale channel fabrication and integration with SAW devices useful to build upon for future nanofluidics applications.

We demonstrate fabrication of nanoheight channels with the integration of surface acoustic wave actuation devices upon lithium niobate for acoustic nanofluidics via liftoff photolithography, nano-depth reactive ion etching, and room-temperature plasma surface-activated multilayer bonding of single-crystal lithium niobate, a process similarly useful for bonding lithium niobate to oxides.

Akustik Nanofluidics için Lityum Niyobat ile Yüzey Akustik Dalga Aktüasyon Birleştiren Nanoheight Kanallarıimalatı

Controlled nanoscale manipulation of fluids is known to be exceptionally difficult due to the dominance of surface and viscous forces. Megahertz-order ...

Fabrication of Surface Acoustic Wave Devices on Lithium Niobate

Manipulation of fluids and particles by acoustic actuation at small scale is aiding the rapid growth of lab-on-a-chip applications. Megahertz-order surface acoustic wave (SAW) devices generate enormous accelerations on their surface, up to 108 m/s2, in turn responsible for many of the observed effects that have come to define acoustofluidics: acoustic streaming and acoustic radiation forces. These effects have been used for particle, cell, and fluid handling at the microscale&#8212;and even at the nanoscale. In this paper we explicitly demonstrate two major fabrication methods of SAW devices on lithium niobate: the details of lift-off and wet etching techniques are described step-by-step. Representative results for the electrode pattern deposited on the substrate as well as the performance of SAW generated on the surface are displayed in detail. Fabrication tricks and troubleshooting are covered as well. This procedure offers a practical protocol for high frequency SAW device fabrication and integration for future microfluidics applications.

Two fabrication techniques, lift-off and wet etching, are described in producing interdigital electrode transducers upon a piezoelectric substrate, lithium niobate, widely used to generate surface acoustic waves now finding broad utility in micro to nanoscale fluidics. The as-produced electrodes are shown to efficiently induce megahertz order Rayleigh surface acoustic waves.&#160;

Lityum Niyobat üzerine Yüzey Akustik Dalga Cihazlarının İmalatı

Manipulation of fluids and particles by acoustic actuation at small scale is aiding the rapid growth of lab-on-a-chip applications. Megahertz-order ...

Fabrication and Characterization of Thickness Mode Piezoelectric Devices for Atomization and Acoustofluidics

We present a technique to fabricate simple thickness mode piezoelectric devices using lithium niobate (LN). Such devices have been shown to atomize liquid more efficiently, in terms of &#64258;ow rate per power input, than those that rely on Rayleigh waves and other modes of vibration in LN or lead zirconate titanate (PZT). The complete device is composed of a transducer, a transducer holder, and a &#64258;uid supply system. The fundamentals of acoustic liquid atomization are not well known, so techniques to characterize the devices and to study the phenomena are also described. Laser Doppler vibrometry (LDV) provides vibration information essential in comparing acoustic transducers and, in this case, indicates whether a device will perform well in thickness vibration. It can also be used to &#64257;nd the resonance frequency of the device, though this information is obtained more quickly via impedance analysis. Continuous &#64258;uid atomization, as an example application, requires careful &#64258;uid flow control, and we present such a method with high-speed imaging and droplet size distribution measurements via laser scattering.

Fabrication of piezoelectric thickness mode transducers via direct current sputtering of plate electrodes on lithium niobate is described. Additionally, reliable operation is achieved with a transducer holder and &#64258;uid supply system and characterization is demonstrated via impedance analysis, laser doppler vibrometry, high-speed imaging, and droplet size distribution using laser scattering.

Atomizasyon ve Acoustofluidics için Kalınlık Modu Piezoelektrik Cihazların İmalatı ve Karakterizasyonu

We present a technique to fabricate simple thickness mode piezoelectric devices using lithium niobate (LN). Such devices have been shown to atomize liquid ...

Induction of Microstreaming by Nonspherical Bubble Oscillations in an Acoustic Levitation System

When located near biological barriers, oscillating microbubbles may increase cell membrane permeability, allowing for drug and gene internalization. Experimental observations suggest that the temporary permeabilization of these barriers may be due to shear stress that is exerted on cell tissues by cavitation microstreaming. Cavitation microstreaming is the generation of vortex flows which arise around oscillating ultrasound microbubbles. To produce such liquid flows, bubble oscillations must deviate from purely spherical oscillations and include either a translational instability or shape modes. Experimental studies of bubble-induced flows and shear stress on nearby surfaces are often restricted in their scope due to the difficulty of capturing shape deformations of microbubbles in a stable and controllable manner. We describe the design of an acoustic levitation chamber for the study of symmetry-controlled nonspherical oscillations. Such control is performed by using a coalescence technique between two approaching bubbles in a sufficiently intense ultrasound field. The control of nonspherical oscillations opens the way to a controlled cavitation microstreaming of a free surface-oscillating microbubble. High-frame rate cameras allow investigating quasi-simultaneously the nonspherical bubble dynamics at the acoustic timescale and the liquid flow at a lower timescale. It is shown that a large variety of fluid patterns may be obtained and that they are correlated to the modal content of the bubble interface. We demonstrate that even the high-order shape modes can create large-distance fluid patterns if the interface dynamics contain several modes, highlighting the potential of nonspherical oscillations for targeted and localized drug delivery.

A fast and reliable technique is proposed to control the shape oscillations of a single, trapped acoustic bubble that is based on coalescence technique between two bubbles. The steady-state, symmetry-controlled bubble shape oscillations allow analysis of the fluid flow generated in the vicinity of the bubble interface.

Akustik Levitasyon Sisteminde Küresel Olmayan Kabarcık Salınımları ile Mikroakışın İndüksiyonu

When located near biological barriers, oscillating microbubbles may increase cell membrane permeability, allowing for drug and gene internalization. ...

Assembly and Characterization of an External Driver for the Generation of Sub-Kilohertz Oscillatory Flow in Microchannels

Microfluidic technology has become a standard tool in chemical and biological laboratories for both analysis and synthesis. The injection of liquid samples, such as chemical reagents and cell cultures, is predominantly accomplished through steady flows that are typically driven by syringe pumps, gravity, or capillary forces. The use of complementary oscillatory flows is seldom considered in applications despite its numerous advantages as recently demonstrated in the literature. The significant technical barrier to the implementation of oscillatory flows in microchannels is likely responsible for the lack of its widespread adoption. Advanced commercial syringe pumps that can produce oscillatory flow, are often more expensive and only work for frequencies less than 1 Hz. Here, the assembly and operation of a low-cost, plug-and-play type speaker-based apparatus that generates oscillatory flow in microchannels is demonstrated. High-fidelity harmonic oscillatory flows with frequencies ranging from 10-1000 Hz can be achieved along with independent amplitude control. Amplitudes ranging from 10-600 &#181;m can be achieved throughout the entire range of operation, including amplitudes &#62; 1 mm at the resonant frequency, in a typical microchannel. Although the oscillation frequency is determined by the speaker, we illustrate that the oscillation amplitude is sensitive to fluid properties and channel geometry. Specifically, the oscillation amplitude decreases with increasing channel circuit length and liquid viscosity, and in contrast, the amplitude increases with increasing speaker tube thickness and length. Additionally, the apparatus requires no prior features to be designed on the microchannel and is easily detachable. It can be used simultaneously with a steady flow created by a syringe pump to generate pulsatile flows.

The protocol demonstrates a convenient method to produce harmonic oscillatory flow from 10-1000 Hz in microchannels. This is performed by interfacing a computer-controlled speaker diaphragm to the microchannel in a modular manner.

Mikrokanallarda Sub-Kilohertz Salınımlı Akış Üretimi için Harici Bir Sürücünün Montajı ve Karakterizasyonu

Microfluidic technology has become a standard tool in chemical and biological laboratories for both analysis and synthesis. The injection of liquid ...