Hiçbir ilgili kaynaklar var.

Dikkat: Lütfen bir önlük, eldiven ve koruyucu gözlük ve malzeme güvenlik bilgi formları (MSDS) kullanmadan önce okuyun. Daha fazla arıtma tüm satın alınan malzemeler kullanılmaktadır.
1. stiren/PFO/sulu SDS çözüm karışımları oluşan emülsiyonlar hazırlanması
<ol><li>5 mM sulu SDS çözüm hazırlamak için SDS 14.5 mg yüksek saflıkta H2O. 10 ml dağıtılması Not: Yüksek saflıkta H2O kullanılan (direnci (R) 18 MΩ cm, yüzey gerilimi (γ) = 25 ° C'de 72.0 mN m-1 =).</li>
	<li>Stiren 1.5 g, PFO 0.6 g ve sulu SDS çözüm 5 mm 0.9 g 10 mL cam şişe bir heyecan çizgiyle ekleyin. Not: confocal floresan mikroskopi gözlemler tarama, coumarin 102 2.6 mg ve calcein 0,062 mg karışıma ekleyin.</li>
	<li>Oda sıcaklığında altında 1150 rpm'de 60 dk için karışımı ilave edin ve sıcaklığı 80 ° C'ye artırmak</li>
	<li>1150 rpm'de 60 dk ile 80 ° c için karışımı ilave edin</li>
</ol>2. polimer parçacıkları emülsiyonlar oluşan, stiren/PFO/sulu SDS çözüm karışımları kullanarak imalatı
<ol><li>10 mL cam şişe bir heyecan çizgiyle 3,9 mg potasyum peroxodisulfate, dumanında 2 mg, stiren 1.5 g, PFO 0.6 g ve sulu SDS çözüm 5 mm 0.9 g ekleyin ve bir lastik septum ile kapatın.</li>
	<li>Karışımı 30 dk bir şırınga iğnesi ile kabarcıklanma azot gazı tarafından deoxygenate. Uyarı: Yavaş yavaş köpük büyük miktarda üretmek değil için azot gazı akışı.</li>
	<li>Emülsiyon hazırlamak için 1150 rpm ve Oda sıcaklığı 60 dk için karışımı ilave edin ve sıcaklığı 80 ° C'ye artırmak</li>
	<li>1150 rpm'de 30 dk ile 80 ° c için karışımı ilave edin</li>
	<li>Bulutlu bölümü (1,8 mL) sonuç çözüm (3 mL) test tüpü aktarmak ve tamamen polimerizasyon reaksiyonu sonlandırmak için % 30 sulu etanol çözüm ekleyin.</li>
	<li>Solüsyon içeren temizleyicide (güç: 130 W, frekans: 4.2 kHz) sonuç polimer parçacıkları yıkamak ve 2300 x g, 10 dk santrifüj kapasitesi 10 dk için.</li>
	<li>Polimer parçacıkları elde etmek için tüm test tüpünden süpernatant çözüm kaldırın.</li>
	<li>Test tüpü içinde sonuç katı 3 mL su ekleyin. Solüsyon içeren temizleyicide (güç: 130 W, frekans: 4.2 kHz) için 10 dk ve 2300 x g., 10 dk santrifüj süpernatant çözüm test tüpünden çıkarmak.</li>
	<li>Köpük süpernatant çözümden oluşturulmaz kadar (Adım 2.8) çamaşır yordamı yineleyin. İçi boş polimer parçacıkları katı elde etmek için su buharlaşır.</li>
</ol>3. microcapsules içi boş polimer parçacıkları kullanma hazırlanması
<ol><li>İçi boş polistren parçacıkların (Adım 2,9) 1 mg eklemek ve 4 mL su için bir heyecan çizgiyle 10 mL cam şişe.</li>
	<li>Solüsyon içeren temizleyicide (güç: 130 W, frekans: 4.2 kHz) su içi boş parçacıkları dağıtmak için 10 dakika için.</li>
	<li>0.1 mL toluen su parçacıkları dağınık ekleyin ve sonra 100 RPM altında oda sıcaklığında 1 h için ilave edin. Sıvı tüp bebek için transfer. Dikkat: dakikada dönme artarsa, Morfoloji parçacıkların deforme.</li>
	<li>2300 x 10 min için sıvı santrifüj kapasitesi g microcapsules yalıtmak için rakam çok. Süpernatant çözüm test tüpünden kaldırın.</li>
</ol>

<ol>
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İfşa etmek yok.

Janus damlacıkları stiren ve PFO içeren emülsiyonlar sulu SDS konsantrasyon ağırlık kısmını 10 wt % ve stiren ve PFO herhangi bir ağırlık kısmı elde edilmiştir. Zaman çeşitli ağırlık-Janus damlacıkları içeren emülsiyonlar kesirler için 30 dk polimerli, içi boş polistren parçacıklar için tüm kompozisyon elde edilebilir. Protokol işte basit gösterdi bu sonuçları gösterir. Buna ek olarak, çapı, delik boyutu ve delik birim içi boş polistren parçacıkların burada açıklanan yöntemi polimerizasyon zamanında tarafından denetlenebilir.
İçi boş polistren parçacıklar imalatı için aşağıdaki mekanizma öneririz. Janus yağ damlacıkları stiren ve PFO oluşan 80 ° C'de sulu SDS çözüm, stiren ve PFO karışımlar içeren O/W emülsiyonlar oluşan PFO damlacıkları stiren damlacıkları yüzeyde yer alır. KPS, polimerizasyon bir başlatıcı su aşamasında çözünür olduğundan, polimerizasyon stiren/sulu SDS çözüm arayüzü ilerleme olacaktır. PFO polymerizable grup yok, sahip, o sıcaklıkta emülsiyonlar kaldı ise Stiren içinde üçlü emülsiyonlar polistiren 80 ° C'de için polimerli. Polimerizasyon sonlandırıldı, polistren parçacık üzerinde bir delik PFO kaldırma tarafından kuruldu. Bu nedenle, bir delik yüzeyi içi boş Kupası-türü polistren parçacıklar fabrikasyon atany ağırlık kısmını stiren ve PFO ve her polimerizasyon zaman vardı.
90 dk için radikal polimerizasyon tarafından fabrikasyon içi boş polistren parçacıklara toluen küçük bir miktar ekleniyor delik içi boş polistren parçacıklar mühürleme hakkında getiriyor. Bu olayları Hyuk vd.9tarafından bildirilen ile tutarlıdır. Birleştıirme yöntemi bir sulu malzeme parçacıkları içerir.
Bu makalede, bir imalat yöntemi kullanarak Janus yağ damlacıkları stiren ve PFO, karşılıklı olarak immiscible olan oluşan içi boş polimer parçacıkların göstermiştir. Küresel polimer parçacıkları hazırlama yöntemi zaten çeşitli uygulamalarda olası onların kullanım nedeniyle çalışılmıştır. Janus yağ damlacıkları hidrokarbon yağı ve florokarbon yağı kullanarak bu strateji küresel polimer parçacıkları imalatı için çeşitli monomer ve ilaç dağıtım sistemi uygulanır.

Yaygın olarak çeşitli sanayi uygulamalarında kullanılan küresel polimer parçacıkları, Gamze parçacıklar, hemisferlerin, diskler ve ellipsoids, numaralı seribaşı polymerizations1,2tarafından, komşumuz var. iyi bilinen iken 3, fotoğraf-polimerizasyon küresel sigara monomer damlacıkları ile belirli geometrileri4,5, microreactor kullanarak kendi kendine organizasyon polimerler6reprecipitation ve deformasyon küresel polimer kullanma moleküller mekanik dış tarafından7,8zorlar. Özellikle, içi boş polimer parçacıkları mikrometre boyutundaki şişmiş solvent9,10 ve birden çok emülsiyonlar kullanarak polimerizasyon tarafından küresel polimer saçılan iyi bir çözücü buharlaşma tarafından fabrikasyon 11 , 12.
Bu çalışmada, karşılıklı immiscibility polimer parçacıkları imalatı hidrokarbon ve florokarbon yağların kullanımı odaklanmak. Hibrid yüzey aktif maddeleri bir hidrokarbon zinciri ve florokarbon zinciri içinde molekül var. Daha önce geleneksel yüzey aktif maddeleri13,14,15' te gözlenen değil melez yüzey benzersiz özelliklerini bildirdin. Ayrıca hidrokarbon petrol, florokarbon petrol ve sulu yüzey aktif çözüm, karşılıklı immiscible16olan kullanarak emülsiyonlar inceledik. Ancak, emülsiyonlar17çok az sayıda çalışma vardır. Bu çalışmalar oluşan hidrokarbon petrol ve sulu yüzey aktif çözümleri florokarbon yağda yağ damlacıkları morfolojisi anlatmıştık.
İşte, içi boş polimer parçacıkları imalatı detaylı bir protokol tarafından radikal polimerizasyon yağ damlacıkları emülsiyonlar oluşan hidrokarbon petrol, florokarbon petrol ve sulu sodyum dodecylsulfate (SDS) çözümleri kullanarak göstermektedir. Küresel polimer parçacıkları hazırlanması için geleneksel yöntemler farklı yeni bir strateji öneririz. Bu yöntem sadece kısa bir süre içi boş polimer parçacıkları imal. Buna ek olarak, microcapsules içi boş polimer parçacıkları üzerinden hazırlanması Protokolü gösterilir.

<table><tbody><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Material&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Sodium dodecylsulfate, 95.0%</td><td>Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd.</td><td>192-08672</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Styrene, 99.0%</td><td>Tokyo Chemical Industry Co. Ltd.</td><td>S0095</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Perfluorooctane, 99%</td><td>Fluorochem Ltd.</td><td>8706</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Coumarin 102, 97.0%</td><td>Tokyo Chemical Industry Co. Ltd.</td><td>C2267</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Calcein</td><td>Dojindo Molecular Technologies, Inc.</td><td>C001</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Potassium peroxodisulfate, 98.0%</td><td>Kanto Chemical Co., Inc.</td><td>32375-30</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Pyrene, 97.0%</td><td>Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd.</td><td>167-05302</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Ethanol, 99.5%</td><td>Kanto Chemical Co., Inc.</td><td>14033-00</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Toluene, 99.5%</td><td>Kanto Chemical Co., Inc.</td><td>40180-00</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Name&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Company&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Catalog Number&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Comments&lt;/strong&gt;</td></tr><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Equipment&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Scanning Electron Microscope</td><td>Hitachi High-Technologies Corporation</td><td>S-4800</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Scanning Transmission Electron Microscope</td><td>Hitachi High-Technologies Corporation</td><td>S-4800</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Ultrasonic cleaner</td><td>Branson Ultrasonics, Emerson Japan, Ltd.</td><td>Model 3510</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Centrifuge</td><td>AS ONE Corporation</td><td>CN-1050</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

preparation of hollow polystyrene particles and microcapsules by radical polymerization of janus droplets consisting of hydrocarbon and fluorocarbon oils

Bu makalede, içi boş parçacıklar ve microcapsules oluşan hidrokarbon petrol (Stiren) ve florokarbon yağ yağ damlacıkları kullanarak üretmek için bir yöntem göstermiştir (Perfloro -n-oktan, PFO) içinde sulu yüzey aktif (sodyum dodecylsulfate, SDS) çözümler. Florokarbon yağlar hidrokarbon yağlar ile immiscible olduğundan, iki yağlar ayrılır. Emülsiyonlar stiren/PFO/sulu SDS çözüm karışımları 80 ° C'de karıştırarak tarafından hazırlanmıştır Emülsiyonlar türünü ve morfolojisi emülsiyonlar damlacıkları ışık mikroskobu ve tarama confocal floresan mikroskop tarafından görülmektedir. Bu yağ damlacıkları ile karşılıklı immiscible stiren ve PFO oluşan Janus-tipi türleri Morfoloji sulu SDS çözümlerinde oluşmuş bulunur. Polistren parçacıklar tarafından stiren/PFO/sulu SDS çözüm 80 ° C'de üçlü karışımlar radikal polimerizasyon cihazlarında Polistiren türleri Morfoloji elektron mikroskobu tarama ve transmisyon elektron mikroskobu gözlemler tarama tarafından onaylanır. Bu gözlemler ile tek bir delik içi boş polistren parçacıklar hazırlanması yüzeyde göster. Bilgimizi, bu yöntem immiscibility yağların hidrokarbon ve florokarbon kullanarak yeni bir stratejidir. İçi boş parçacıklar microcapsules hazırlık için de uygulanabilir.

Morfoloji ve stiren, PFO ve 5 mM sulu SDS çözüm (şekil 1) emülsiyonlar damlacıkları kompozisyonu belirlemek için ışık ve confocal floresan mikroskopi gözlemler tarama yapıldı. Elektron mikroskobu (SEM) tarama ve transmisyon elektron mikroskobu (kök) gözlemler tarama içi boş parçacıklar ve microcapsules (Şekil 2) gösterdi.
Calcein için karşılık gelen yeşil Floresans içinde gözlenmiştir çünkü DIC ve stiren/PFO/sulu SDS çözüm üçlü karışımları oluşan emülsiyonlar confocal floresan mikroskopi görüntülerini sürekli aşama sulu SDS çözüm, gösteriyor sürekli aşama ve bu nedenle, su yağ tipi emülsiyonlar oluşur (Şekil 1a ve 1b). Bu görüntüleri de yağ damlacıkları oluşur stiren ve PFO, karşılıklı olarak immiscible olan gösterir. DIC ve confocal floresan mikroskopi görüntüleri coumarin 102 içeren emülsiyonlar PFO damlacık su ve stiren damlacık arasında arayüz yer alır ortaya koyuyor. Stiren, PFO ve sulu SDS çözüm Janus içeren 5 mM form emülsiyonlar, üçlü karışımlar damlacıkları, stiren ve PFO oluşan yağ.
Emülsiyonlar stiren/PFO/5 mM sulu SDS çözüm radikal polimerizasyon tarafından fabrikasyon polimer parçacıkları SEM ve kök görüntülerini içi boş olmayan küresel polistren parçacıklar bir delik ile hazırlanması yüzeyde göster (şekil 2a ve 2b). oluşumu oranı, çapı ve içi boş polistren parçacıkların delik boyutu 200 parçacıklar SEM ve kök yoluyla gözlemleyerek değerlendirmeye alınır. SEM gözlemler tahmini ortalama çapı 1.3 µm olduğunu. Boyutu dinamik ışık saçılma ölçümleri tahmini polimer parçacıkları çapı ile tutarlıdır. Yaklaşık %100 oluşumu oranıdır. İçi boş parçacıklar delik hacmi ve ortalama delik boyutu 0.8 ± 0,4 µm ve 0.9 ± 0.4 µm3, sırasıyla vardır. Bu nedenle, 0.8 µm delik içi boş polistren parçacıklar radikal polimerizasyon Janus damlacıkları emülsiyonlar stiren içeren tarafından fabrikasyon.
<img alt="Figure 1" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/56922/56922fig1.jpg"> Şekil 1. Türleri stiren, PFO ve 5 mM sulu SDS çözüm oluşan emülsiyonlar damlacıkları Morfoloji. (a) fark girişim kontrast (DIC) ve (b) confocal floresan mikroskopi görüntülerini içeren sulu floresan calcein emülsiyonlar. (c) DIC ve (d) confocal floresan mikroskopi görüntülerini içeren yağ çözünen floresan coumarin 102 emülsiyonlar. <a href="//cloudflare.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/56922/56922fig1large.jpg" target="_blank">Bu rakam daha büyük bir versiyonunu görüntülemek için buraya tıklayınız.</a>
<img alt="Figure 2" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/56922/56922fig2.jpg"> Şekil 2. İçi boş polistren parçacıklar ve stiren, PFO ve 5 mM sulu SDS çözümü oluşan emülsiyonlar kullanarak fabrikasyon microcapsules türleri Morfoloji. (a) içi boş polistren parçacıkların SEM ve (b) kök görüntüleri. (c) SEM ve (d) kök görüntülerini microcapsules. <a href="//cloudflare.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/56922/56922fig2large.jpg" target="_blank">Bu rakam daha büyük bir versiyonunu görüntülemek için buraya tıklayınız.</a>

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Preparation of Hollow Polystyrene Particles and Microcapsules by Radical Polymerization of Janus Droplets Consisting of Hydrocarbon and Fluorocarbon Oils at J

Preparation of Hollow Polystyrene Particles and Microcapsules by Radical Polymerization of Janus Droplets Consisting of Hydrocarbon and Fluorocarbon Oils

İçi boş polistren parçacıklar ve Microcapsules oluşan hidrokarbon ve florokarbon yağlar Janus damlacıkları radikal polimerizasyon tarafından hazırlanması

İçi boş polimer parçacıkları ve radikal polimerizasyon stiren, Perfloro -noluşan emülsiyonlar kullanarak tarafından microcapsules imalatı için bir protokol-oktan ve sulu SDS (sodyum dodecylsulfate) çözüm sunulmaktadır.

In this article, we have demonstrated a method for producing hollow particles and microcapsules using oil droplets consisting of hydrocarbon oil (styrene) ...

preparation-hollow-polystyrene-particles-microcapsules-radical

Universidad de Cartagena UDEC

Research

JoVE Journal

Chemistry

9.9K Görüntüleme.  Tokyo University of Science. İçi boş polimer parçacıkları ve radikal polimerizasyon stiren, Perfloro -noluşan emülsiyonlar kullanarak tarafından microcapsules imalatı için bir protokol-oktan ve sulu SDS (sodyum dodecylsulfate) çözüm sunulmaktadır.

Video: Preparation of Hollow Polystyrene Particles and Microcapsules by Radical Polymerization of Janus Droplets Consisting of Hydrocarbon and Fluorocarbon Oils

Synthesis of Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) Janus Microhydrogels for Anisotropic Thermo-responsiveness and Organophilic/Hydrophilic Loading Capability

Janus microparticles are compartmentalized particles with differing molecular structures and/or functionality on each of their two sides. Because of this unique property, Janus microparticles have been recognized as a new class of materials, thereby attracting a great deal of attention from various research fields. The versatility of these microparticles has been exemplified through their uses as building blocks for self-assembly, electrically responsive actuators, emulsifiers for painting and cosmetics, and carriers for drug delivery. This study introduces a detailed protocol that explicitly describes a synthetic method for designing novel Janus microhydrogels composed of a single base material, poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAAm). Janus microdroplets are firstly generated via a hydrodynamic focusing microfluidic device (HFMD) based on the separation of a supersaturated aqueous NIPAAm monomer solution and subsequently polymerized through exposure to UV irradiation. The resulting Janus microhydrogels were found to be entirely composed of the same base material, featured an easily identifiable compartmentalized morphology, and exhibited anisotropic thermo-responsiveness and organophilic/hydrophilic loading capability. We believe that the proposed method introduces a novel hydrogel platform with the potential for advanced synthesis of multi-functional Janus microhydrogels.

Synthesis of PolyN-isopropylacrylamide Janus Microhydrogels for Anisotropic Thermo-responsiveness and Organophilic/Hydrophilic Loading Capability

We present a protocol to synthesize Janus microhydrogels composed entirely of the same base material, poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAAm), with a clearly compartmentalized structure base on the phase separation of a supersaturated NIPAAm monomer solution. The synthesized Janus microhydrogels show unique properties such as anisotropic thermo-responsiveness and organophilic/hydrophilic loading capability.

Poli Sentezi (<em&gt; K</em&gt; -isopropylacrylamide) Yönbağımlı Termo yanıt ve organofilik / Hidrofilik Yükleme Kapasitesi için Janus Microhydrogels

Janus microparticles are compartmentalized particles with differing molecular structures and/or functionality on each of their two sides. Because of this ...

Kimya

Using Polystyrene-block-poly(acrylic acid)-coated Metal Nanoparticles as Monomers for Their Homo- and Co-polymerization

We present a template-free method for &#8220;polymerizing&#8221; nanoparticles into long chains without side branches. A variety of nanoparticles are encapsulated in polystyrene-block-poly(acrylic acid) (PSPAA) shells and then used as monomers for their self-assembly. Spherical PSPAA micelles upon acid treatment are known to assemble into cylindrical micelles. Exploiting this tendency, the core-shell nanoparticles are induced to aggregate, coalesce, and then transform into long chains. When more than one type of nanoparticles are used, random and block &#8220;copolymers&#8221; of nanoparticles can be obtained. Detailed procedures are reported for the PSPAA encapsulation of nanoparticles, homo- and co-polymerization of the core-shell nanoparticles, separation and purification of the resulting nanoparticle chains. Transformations of single-line chains into double- and triple-line chains are also presented. The synergy between the polymer shell and the embedded nanoparticles leads to an unusual chain-growth polymerization mode, giving long nanoparticle chains that are distinct from the products of the traditional step-growth aggregation process.

Using Polystyrene-block-polyacrylic acid-coated Metal Nanoparticles as Monomers for Their Homo- and Co-polymerization

We report protocols for &#8220;polymerizing&#8221; various types of polymer-encapsulated metal nanoparticles into long chains of &#8220;homo-&#8220; and &#8220;co-polymers&#8221;.

Polistiren kullanma<em&gt; Bloğu</em&gt; -poli (Akrilik asit) Bunların homo- ve ko-polimerizasyon için monomer olarak metal Nanopartiküller -kaplı

We present a template-free method for &#8220;polymerizing&#8221; nanoparticles into long chains without side branches. A variety of nanoparticles are ...

High Throughput Single-cell and Multiple-cell Micro-encapsulation

Microfluidic encapsulation methods have been previously utilized to capture cells in picoliter-scale aqueous, monodisperse drops, providing confinement from a bulk fluid environment with applications in high throughput screening, cytometry, and mass spectrometry. We describe a method to not only encapsulate single cells, but to repeatedly capture a set number of cells (here we demonstrate one- and two-cell encapsulation) to study both isolation and the interactions between cells in groups of controlled sizes. By combining drop generation techniques with cell and particle ordering, we demonstrate controlled encapsulation of cell-sized particles for efficient, continuous encapsulation. Using an aqueous particle suspension and immiscible fluorocarbon oil, we generate aqueous drops in oil with a flow focusing nozzle. The aqueous flow rate is sufficiently high to create ordering of particles which reach the nozzle at integer multiple frequencies of the drop generation frequency, encapsulating a controlled number of cells in each drop. For representative results, 9.9 &mu;m polystyrene particles are used as cell surrogates. This study shows a single-particle encapsulation efficiency Pk=1 of 83.7% and a double-particle encapsulation efficiency Pk=2 of 79.5% as compared to their respective Poisson efficiencies of 39.3% and 33.3%, respectively. The effect of consistent cell and particle concentration is demonstrated to be of major importance for efficient encapsulation, and dripping to jetting transitions are also addressed. 
Introduction 
Continuous media aqueous cell suspensions share a common fluid environment which allows cells to interact in parallel and also homogenizes the effects of specific cells in measurements from the media. High-throughput encapsulation of cells into picoliter-scale drops confines the samples to protect drops from cross-contamination, enable a measure of cellular diversity within samples, prevent dilution of reagents and expressed biomarkers, and amplify signals from bioreactor products. Drops also provide the ability to re-merge drops into larger aqueous samples or with other drops for intercellular signaling studies.1,2 The reduction in dilution implies stronger detection signals for higher accuracy measurements as well as the ability to reduce potentially costly sample and reagent volumes.3 Encapsulation of cells in drops has been utilized to improve detection of protein expression,4 antibodies,5,6 enzymes,7 and metabolic activity8 for high throughput screening, and could be used to improve high throughput cytometry.9 Additional studies present applications in bio-electrospraying of cell containing drops for mass spectrometry10 and targeted surface cell coatings.11 Some applications, however, have been limited by the lack of ability to control the number of cells encapsulated in drops. Here we present a method of ordered encapsulation12 which increases the demonstrated encapsulation efficiencies for one and two cells and may be extrapolated for encapsulation of a larger number of cells.
To achieve monodisperse drop generation, microfluidic "flow focusing" enables the creation of controllable-size drops of one fluid (an aqueous cell mixture) within another (a continuous oil phase) by using a nozzle at which the streams converge.13 For a given nozzle geometry, the drop generation frequency f and drop size can be altered by adjusting oil and aqueous flow rates Qoil and Qaq. As the flow rates increase, the flows may transition from drop generation to unstable jetting of aqueous fluid from the nozzle.14 
When the aqueous solution contains suspended particles, particles become encapsulated and isolated from one another at the nozzle. For drop generation using a randomly distributed aqueous cell suspension, the average fraction of drops Dk containing k cells is dictated by Poisson statistics, where Dk = &lambda;k exp(-&lambda;)/(k!) and &lambda; is the average number of cells per drop. The fraction of cells which end up in the "correctly" encapsulated drops is calculated using Pk = (k x Dk)/&Sigma;(k' x Dk'). The subtle difference between the two metrics is that Dk relates to the utilization of aqueous fluid and the amount of drop sorting that must be completed following encapsulation, and Pk relates to the utilization of the cell sample. As an example, one could use a dilute cell suspension (low &lambda;) to encapsulate drops where most drops containing cells would contain just one cell. While the efficiency metric Pk would be high, the majority of drops would be empty (low Dk), thus requiring a sorting mechanism to remove empty drops, also reducing throughput.15
Combining drop generation with inertial ordering provides the ability to encapsulate drops with more predictable numbers of cells per drop and higher throughputs than random encapsulation. Inertial focusing was first discovered by Segre and Silberberg16 and refers to the tendency of finite-sized particles to migrate to lateral equilibrium positions in channel flow. Inertial ordering refers to the tendency of the particles and cells to passively organize into equally spaced, staggered, constant velocity trains. Both focusing and ordering require sufficiently high flow rates (high Reynolds number) and particle sizes (high Particle Reynolds number).17,18 Here, the Reynolds number Re =uDh/&nu; and particle Reynolds number Rep =Re(a/Dh)2, where u is a characteristic flow velocity, Dh [=2wh/(w+h)] is the hydraulic diameter, &nu; is the kinematic viscosity, a is the particle diameter, w is the channel width, and h is the channel height. Empirically, the length required to achieve fully ordered trains decreases as Re and Rep increase. Note that the high Re and Rep requirements (for this study on the order of 5 and 0.5, respectively) may conflict with the need to keep aqueous flow rates low to avoid jetting at the drop generation nozzle. Additionally, high flow rates lead to higher shear stresses on cells, which are not addressed in this protocol. The previous ordered encapsulation study demonstrated that over 90% of singly encapsulated HL60 cells under similar flow conditions to those in this study maintained cell membrane integrity.12 However, the effect of the magnitude and time scales of shear stresses will need to be carefully considered when extrapolating to different cell types and flow parameters. The overlapping of the cell ordering, drop generation, and cell viability aqueous flow rate constraints provides an ideal operational regime for controlled encapsulation of single and multiple cells.
Because very few studies address inter-particle train spacing,19,20 determining the spacing is most easily done empirically and will depend on channel geometry, flow rate, particle size, and particle concentration. Nonetheless, the equal lateral spacing between trains implies that cells arrive at predictable, consistent time intervals. When drop generation occurs at the same rate at which ordered cells arrive at the nozzle, the cells become encapsulated within the drop in a controlled manner. This technique has been utilized to encapsulate single cells with throughputs on the order of 15 kHz,12 a significant improvement over previous studies reporting encapsulation rates on the order of 60-160 Hz.4,15 In the controlled encapsulation work, over 80% of drops contained one and only one cell, a significant efficiency improvement over Poisson (random) statistics, which predicts less than 40% efficiency on average.12
In previous controlled encapsulation work,12 the average number of particles per drop &lambda; was tuned to provide single-cell encapsulation. We hypothesize that through tuning of flow rates, we can efficiently encapsulate any number of cells per drop when &lambda; is equal or close to the number of desired cells per drop. While single-cell encapsulation is valuable in determining individual cell responses from stimuli, multiple-cell encapsulation provides information relating to the interaction of controlled numbers and types of cells. Here we present a protocol, representative results using polystyrene microspheres, and discussion for controlled encapsulation of multiple cells using a passive inertial ordering channel and drop generation nozzle.

Combining monodisperse drop generation with inertial ordering of cells and particles, we describe a method to encapsulate a desired number of cells or particles in a single drop at kHz rates. We demonstrate efficiencies twice exceeding those of unordered encapsulation for single- and double-particle drops.

Yüksek Verim Micro-encapsulation Tek hücreli ve Çoklu-hücre

Microfluidic encapsulation methods have been previously utilized to capture cells in picoliter-scale aqueous, monodisperse drops, providing confinement ...

Biyomühendislik

Facile Synthesis of Worm-like Micelles by Visible Light Mediated Dispersion Polymerization Using Photoredox Catalyst

Presented herein is a protocol for the facile synthesis of worm-like micelles by visible light mediated dispersion polymerization. This approach begins with the synthesis of a hydrophilic poly(oligo(ethylene glycol) methyl ether methacrylate) (POEGMA) homopolymer using reversible addition-fragmentation chain-transfer (RAFT) polymerization. Under mild visible light irradiation (&#955; = 460 nm, 0.7 mW/cm2), this macro-chain transfer agent (macro-CTA) in the presence of a ruthenium based photoredox catalyst, Ru(bpy)3Cl2 can be chain extended with a second monomer to form a well-defined block copolymer in a process known as Photoinduced Electron Transfer RAFT (PET-RAFT). When PET-RAFT is used to chain extend POEGMA with benzyl methacrylate (BzMA) in ethanol (EtOH), polymeric nanoparticles with different morphologies are formed in situ according to a polymerization-induced self-assembly (PISA) mechanism. Self-assembly into nanoparticles presenting POEGMA chains at the corona and poly(benzyl methacrylate) (PBzMA) chains in the core occurs in situ due to the growing insolubility of the PBzMA block in ethanol. Interestingly, the formation of highly pure worm-like micelles can be readily monitored by observing the onset of a highly viscous gel in situ due to nanoparticle entanglements occurring during the polymerization. This process thereby allows for a more reproducible synthesis of worm-like micelles simply by monitoring the solution viscosity during the course of the polymerization. In addition, the light stimulus can be intermittently applied in an ON/OFF manner demonstrating temporal control over the nanoparticle morphology.

This article describes a process for producing polymeric self-assembled nanoparticles using visible light mediated dispersion polymerization. Using low energy visible light to control the polymerization allows for the reproducible formation of self-assembled worm-like micelles at high solids content.

Photoredox Katalizörü kullanarak görünür ışık aracılığı ile dispersiyon polimerleştirilmesi ile solucan gibi miseller Facile sentezi

Presented herein is a protocol for the facile synthesis of worm-like micelles by visible light mediated dispersion polymerization. This approach begins ...

Anionic Polymerization of an Amphiphilic Copolymer for Preparation of Block Copolymer Micelles Stabilized by &#960;-&#960; Stacking Interactions

In this study, an amphiphilic copolymer that includes a core-forming block with phenyl groups was synthesized by living anionic polymerization of phenyl glycidyl ether (PheGE) on methoxy-polyethylene glycol (mPEG-b-PPheGE). Characterization of the copolymer revealed a narrow molecular distribution (PDI &#60; 1.03) and confirmed the degree of polymerization of mPEG122-b-(PheGE)15. The critical micelle concentration of the copolymer was evaluated using an established fluorescence method with the aggregation behavior evaluated by dynamic light scattering and transmission electronic microscopy. The potential of the copolymer for use in drug delivery applications was evaluated in a preliminary manner including in vitro biocompatibility, loading and release of the hydrophobic anti-cancer drug doxorubicin (DOX). A stable micelle formulation of DOX was prepared with drug loading levels up to 14% (wt%), drug loading efficiencies &#62; 60% (w/w) and sustained release of drug over 4 days under physiologically relevant conditions (acidic and neutral pH, presence of albumin). The high drug loading level and sustained release is attributed to stabilizing &#960;-&#960; interactions between DOX and the core-forming block of the micelles.

The key steps of living anionic polymerization of phenyl glycidyl ether (PheGE) on methoxy-polyethylene glycol (mPEG-b-PPheGE) are described. The resulting block copolymer micelles (BCMs) were loaded with doxorubicin 14% (wt%) and sustained release of drug over 4 days under physiologically relevant conditions was obtained.

π-π İstifleme etkileşimlerle Stabilize blok kopolimer miselleri hazırlanması için bir amfifilik kopolimerin anyonik polimerizasyonu

In this study, an amphiphilic copolymer that includes a core-forming block with phenyl groups was synthesized by living anionic polymerization of phenyl ...

Grafting Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes with Polystyrene to Enable Self-Assembly and Anisotropic Patchiness

We demonstrate a straightforward protocol to graft pristine multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) with polystyrene (PS) chains at the sidewalls through a free-radical polymerization strategy to enable the modulation of the nanotube surface properties and produce supramolecular self-assembly of the nanostructures. First, a selective hydroxylation of the pristine nanotubes through a biphasic catalytically mediated oxidation reaction creates superficially distributed reactive sites at the sidewalls. The latter reactive sites are subsequently modified with methacrylic moieties using a silylated methacrylic precursor to create polymerizable sites. Those polymerizable groups can address further polymerization of styrene to produce a hybrid nanomaterial containing PS chains grafted to the nanotube sidewalls. The polymer-graft content, amount of silylated methacrylic moieties introduced and hydroxylation modification of the nanotubes are identified and quantified by Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA). The presence of reactive functional groups hydroxyl and silylated methacrylate are confirmed by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR). Polystyrene-grafted carbon nanotube solutions in tetrahydrofuran (THF) provide wall-to-wall collinearly self-assembled nanotubes when cast samples are analyzed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Those self-assemblies are not obtained when suitable blanks are similarly cast from analogous solutions containing non-grafted counterparts. Therefore, this method enables the modification of the nanotube anisotropic patchiness at the sidewalls which results into spontaneous auto-organization at the nanoscale.

A procedure for the synthesis of polystyrene-grafted multiwalled carbon nanotubes using successive chemical modification steps to selectively introduce the polymer chains to the sidewalls and their self-assembly via anisotropic patchiness is presented.

Multiwalled karbon nanotüpler kendinden montajlı etkinleştirmek için polistiren ve Anizotropik seçimdeki aşılama

We demonstrate a straightforward protocol to graft pristine multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) with polystyrene (PS) chains at the sidewalls through a ...

Fabrication of Polymer Microspheres for Optical Resonator and Laser Applications

This paper describes three methods of preparing fluorescent microspheres comprising &#960;-conjugated or non-conjugated polymers: vapor diffusion, interface precipitation, and mini-emulsion. In all methods, well-defined, micrometer-sized spheres are obtained from a self-assembling process in solution. The vapor diffusion method can result in spheres with the highest sphericity and surface smoothness, yet the types of the polymers able to form these spheres are limited. On the other hand, in the mini-emulsion method, microspheres can be made from various types of polymers, even from highly crystalline polymers with coplanar, &#960;-conjugated backbones. The photoluminescent (PL) properties from single isolated microspheres are unusual: the PL is confined inside the spheres, propagates at the circumference of the spheres via the total internal reflection at the polymer/air interface, and self-interferes to show sharp and periodic resonant PL lines. These resonating modes are so-called "whispering gallery modes" (WGMs). This work demonstrates how to measure WGM PL from single isolated spheres using the micro-photoluminescence (&#181;-PL) technique. In this technique, a focused laser beam irradiates a single microsphere, and the luminescence is detected by a spectrometer. A micromanipulation technique is then used to connect the microspheres one by one and to demonstrate the intersphere PL propagation and color conversion from coupled microspheres upon excitation at the perimeter of one sphere and detection of PL from the other microsphere. These techniques, &#181;-PL and micromanipulation, are useful for experiments on micro-optic application using polymer materials.

Protocols for the synthesis of microspheres from polymers, the manipulation of microspheres, and micro-photoluminescence measurements are presented.

Optik Rezonatör ve Lazer Uygulamalarında Polimer Mikrokürelerin Üretimi

This paper describes three methods of preparing fluorescent microspheres comprising &#960;-conjugated or non-conjugated polymers: vapor diffusion, ...

Mühendislik

Microfluidic Preparation of Liquid Crystalline Elastomer Actuators

This paper focuses on the microfluidic process (and its parameters) to prepare actuating particles from liquid crystalline elastomers. The preparation usually consists in the formation of droplets containing low molar mass liquid crystals at elevated temperatures. Subsequently, these particle precursors are oriented in the flow field of the capillary and solidified by a crosslinking polymerization, which produces the final actuating particles. The optimization of the process is necessary to obtain the actuating particles and the proper variation of the process parameters (temperature and flow rate) and allows variations of size and shape (from oblate to strongly prolate morphologies) as well as the magnitude of actuation. In addition, it is possible to vary the type of actuation from elongation to contraction depending on the director profile induced to the droplets during the flow in the capillary, which again depends on the microfluidic process and its parameters. Furthermore, particles of more complex shapes, like core-shell structures or Janus particles, can be prepared by adjusting the setup. By the variation of the chemical structure and the mode of crosslinking (solidification) of the liquid crystalline elastomer, it is also possible to prepare actuating particles triggered by heat or UV-vis irradiation.

This article describes the microfluidic process and parameters to prepare actuating particles from liquid crystalline elastomers. This process allows the preparation of actuating particles and the variation of their size and shape (from oblate to strongly prolate, core-shell, and Janus morphologies) as well as the magnitude of actuation.

Sıvı kristal Elastomer aktüatörler mikrosıvısal hazırlanması

This paper focuses on the microfluidic process (and its parameters) to prepare actuating particles from liquid crystalline elastomers. The preparation ...

Synthesis of Monodisperse Cylindrical Nanoparticles via Crystallization-driven Self-assembly of Biodegradable Block Copolymers

The production of monodisperse cylindrical micelles is a significant challenge in polymer chemistry. Most cylindrical constructs formed from diblock copolymers are produced by one of three techniques: thin film rehydration, solvent switching or polymerization-induced self-assembly, and produce only flexible, polydisperse cylinders. Crystallization-driven self-assembly (CDSA) is a method which can produce cylinders with these properties, by stabilizing structures of a lower curvature due to the formation of a crystalline core. However, the living polymerization techniques by which most core-forming blocks are formed are not trivial processes and the CDSA process may yield unsatisfactory results if carried out incorrectly. Here, the synthesis of cylindrical nanoparticles from simple reagents is shown. The drying and purification of reagents prior to a ring-opening polymerization of &#949;-caprolactone catalyzed by diphenyl phosphate is described. This polymer is then chain extended by methyl methacrylate (MMA) followed by N,N-dimethyl acrylamide (DMA) using reversible addition&#8722;fragmentation chain-transfer (RAFT) polymerization, affording a triblock copolymer that can undergo CDSA in ethanol. The living CDSA process is outlined, the results of which yield cylindrical nanoparticles up to 500 nm in length and a length dispersity as low as 1.05. It is anticipated that these protocols will allow others to produce cylindrical nanostructures and elevate the field of CDSA in the future.

Crystallization-driven self-assembly (CDSA) displays the unique ability to fabricate cylindrical nanostructures of narrow length distributions. The organocatalyzed ring-opening polymerization of &#949;-caprolactone and subsequent chain extensions of methyl methacrylate and N,N-dimethyl acrylamide are demonstrated. A living CDSA protocol that produces monodisperse cylinders up to 500 nm in length is outlined.

Biodegradable blok kopolimerlerin kristalizasyon Driven kendinden montajı ile Monodisperse silindirik Nanopartiküllerin sentezini

The production of monodisperse cylindrical micelles is a significant challenge in polymer chemistry. Most cylindrical constructs formed from diblock ...

Photochemical Initiation Of Radical Polymerization Reactions

Source: David C. Powers, Tamara M. Powers, Texas A&#38;M
In this video, we will carry out the photochemically initiated polymerization of styrene to generate polystyrene, which is an important commodity plastic. We will learn the fundamentals of photochemistry and use simple photochemistry to initiate radical polymerization reactions. Specifically, in this module we will examine the photochemistry of benzoyl peroxide and its role as a photo-initiator of styrene polymerization reactions. In the described experiments, we will investigate the role of wavelength, photon absorption, and excited state structure on the efficiency (measured as quantum yield) of photochemical reactions.

Source: David C. Powers, Tamara M. Powers, Texas A&#38;M
In this video, we will carry out the photochemically initiated polymerization of styrene to ...

İçi boş polistren parçacıklar ve Microcapsules oluşan hidrokarbon ve florokarbon yağlar Janus damlacıkları radikal polimerizasyon tarafından hazırlanması

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