Yazarlar Alexis M. Wilson ve Marisa E. Bertoli filme ve video bu el yazması için hazırlanıyor ile ilgili onların yardım için teşekkür etmek istiyorum. Bu araştırma, Doğa Bilimleri ve mühendislik Araştırma Konseyi Kanada (JMK, JRK, IQW), Alberta Innovates-Sağlık Çözümleri (JMK) ve Kanada kurumları, Sağlık Araştırma (IQW) tarafından desteklenmiştir.

<ol>
	<li>Karl, J. M., Whishaw, I. Q. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Different+evolutionary+origins+for+the+Reach+and+the+Grasp:+an+explanation+for+dual+visuomotor+channels+in+primate+parietofrontal+cortex.">Different evolutionary origins for the Reach and the Grasp: an explanation for dual visuomotor channels in primate parietofrontal cortex.</a> Front Neurol. 4 (208), (2013).</li><li>Whishaw, I. Q., Karl, J. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+contribution+of+the+reach+and+the+grasp+to+shaping+brain+and+behaviour.">The contribution of the reach and the grasp to shaping brain and behaviour.</a> Can J Exp Psychol. 68 (4), 223-235 (2014).</li><li>Jeannerod, M., Long, J., Badeley, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Intersegmental+coordination+during+reaching+at+natural+visual+objects.">Intersegmental coordination during reaching at natural visual objects.</a> Attention and Performance IX. , 153-169 (1981).</li><li>Arbib, M. A., Brooks, V. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Perceptual+structures+and+distributed+motor+control.">Perceptual structures and distributed motor control.</a> Handbook of Physiology. 2, 1449-1480 (1981).</li><li>De Bruin, N., Sacrey, L. A., Brown, L. A., Doan, J., Whishaw, I. Q. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Visual+guidance+for+hand+advance+but+not+hand+withdrawal+in+a+reach-to-eat+task+in+adult+humans:+reaching+is+a+composite+movement.">Visual guidance for hand advance but not hand withdrawal in a reach-to-eat task in adult humans: reaching is a composite movement.</a> J Mot Behav. 40 (4), 337-346 (2008).</li><li>Karl, J. M., Sacrey, L. A., Doan, J. B., Whishaw, I. Q. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Hand+shaping+using+hapsis+resembles+visually+guided+hand+shaping.">Hand shaping using hapsis resembles visually guided hand shaping.</a> Exp Brain Res. 219 (1), 59-74 (2012).</li><li>Domell&#246;ff, E., Hopkins, B., Francis, B., R&#246;nnqvist, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effects+of+finger+markers+on+the+kinematics+of+reaching+movements+in+young+children+and+adults.">Effects of finger markers on the kinematics of reaching movements in young children and adults.</a> J Appl Biomech. 23 (4), 315-321 (2007).</li><li>Karl, J. M., Sacrey, L. A., Doan, J. B., Whishaw, I. Q. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Oral+hapsis+guides+accurate+hand+preshaping+for+grasping+food+targets+in+the+mouth.">Oral hapsis guides accurate hand preshaping for grasping food targets in the mouth.</a> Exp Brain Res. 221 (2), 223-240 (2012).</li><li>Karl, J. M., Schneider, L. R., Whishaw, I. Q. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Nonvisual+learning+of+intrinsic+object+properties+in+a+reaching+task+dissociates+grasp+from+reach.">Nonvisual learning of intrinsic object properties in a reaching task dissociates grasp from reach.</a> Exp Brain Res. 225 (4), 465-477 (2013).</li><li>Hall, L. A., Karl, J. M., Thomas, B. L., Whishaw, I. Q. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Reach+and+Grasp+reconfigurations+reveal+that+proprioception+assists+reaching+and+hapsis+assists+grasping+in+peripheral+vision.">Reach and Grasp reconfigurations reveal that proprioception assists reaching and hapsis assists grasping in peripheral vision.</a> Exp Brain Res. 232 (9), 2807-2819 (2014).</li><li>Karl, J. M., Whishaw, I. Q. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Haptic+grasping+configurations+in+early+infancy+reveal+different+developmental+profiles+for+visual+guidance+of+the+Reach+versus+the+Grasp.">Haptic grasping configurations in early infancy reveal different developmental profiles for visual guidance of the Reach versus the Grasp.</a> Exp Brain Res. 232 (9), 3301-3316 (2014).</li><li>Whishaw, I. Q., Karl, J. M., Humphrey, N. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dissociation+of+the+Reach+and+the+Grasp+in+the+destriate+(V1)+monkey+Helen:+a+new+anatomy+for+the+dual+visuomotor+channel+theory+of+reaching.">Dissociation of the Reach and the Grasp in the destriate (V1) monkey Helen: a new anatomy for the dual visuomotor channel theory of reaching.</a> Exp Brain Res. 234 (8), 2351-2362 (2016).</li><li>Timmann, D., Stelmach, G. E., Bloedel, J. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Grasping+component+alterations+and+limb+transport.">Grasping component alterations and limb transport.</a> Exp Brain Res. 108 (3), 486-492 (1996).</li><li>Saling, M., Mescheriakov, S., Molokanova, E., Stelmach, G. E., Berger, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Grip+reorganization+during+wrist+transport:+the+influence+of+an+altered+aperture.">Grip reorganization during wrist transport: the influence of an altered aperture.</a> Exp Brain Res. 108 (3), 493-500 (1996).</li><li>Whishaw, I. Q., Faraji, J., Kuntz, J., Mirza Ahga, B., Patel, M., Metz, G. A. S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Organization+of+the+reach+and+grasp+in+head-fixed+vs+freely-moving+mice+provides+support+for+multiple+motor+channel+theory+of+neocortical+organization.">Organization of the reach and grasp in head-fixed vs freely-moving mice provides support for multiple motor channel theory of neocortical organization.</a> Exp Brain Res. 235 (6), 1919-1932 (2017).</li></ol>

Yazarlar ifşa rakip hiçbir mali ilgi alanlarına sahip.

Mevcut kağıt kare kare video analiz zamansal organizasyon, kinematik yapısı ve insan ulaşmak kavramak hareketlerinin topografik özellikleri kümesini ölçmek için nasıl kullanılacağını açıklar. Teknik tipik görsel olarak güdümlü ulaşmak kavramak hareketleri, aynı zamanda kendine has ulaşmak kavramak hareketleri eğitim için kullanılabilir. Böyle hareketleri geleneksel 3D hareket izleme sistemleri kullanan çalışma zordur, ancak gelişmekte olan bebeklerde, değiştirilmiş duyusal işleme, kat?...

Prehension, bir nesneyi kavramak için ulaşan hareket gıda maddeleri yeme, damat, nesnelerle, Araçlar wielding ve jest ile iletişim için edinme gibi birçok günlük işlevi için kullanılan ve kelime yazılmış. Prehension neurobehavioral kontrolü ile ilgili en önemli teori, ikili Visuomotor kanal teorisi1,2,3,4, öneriyor o prehension iki hareketleri - geniş bir kitleye ulaşarak oluşur el, şekiller, açar ve boyutunu ve şeklini hedef elime kapatır bir kavrayışa ve hedef konuma taşır. İki hareket dissociable ama etkileşen sinirsel yolları üzerinden görsel motor korteks LOB parietal1,2,3,4üzerinden aracılı. Büyük ölçüde ulaşmak kavramak hareket tek bir kesintisiz hareket olarak görünür ve küçük bilinçli bir çaba ile izlerken nedeniyle aslında bu ikili Visuomotor kanal teorisi için davranışsal destek belirsiz oldu. Yine de, prehension hemen hemen her zaman görsel olarak güdümlü prehension içinde görünür hedef nesne kavramak için sağlıklı bir katılımcı ulaşır bağlamında incelenmiştir. Bu şartlar altında eylem bir tahmin edilebilir ve klişeleşmiş moda izlerken tek bir hareket olarak görünür. Önce ulaşmak başlangıçlı Gözler hedefte bağlayacaktın. Kol uzanır gibi rakam açın, nesnenin boyutunu preshape ve daha sonra kapatmak başlatın. Hedef hedef kişi hemen önce gözlerini kapatın ve hedef son kavramak hemen sonra5izler. Ancak, vizyon kaldırıldığında, hareketi yapısını temelden farklıdır. Öyle ki bir open-handed ulaşmak ilk ve o zaman haptic ipuçları6kavramak için hedef iletişim Kılavuzu şekillendirme ve el kapatılması ile ilgili dokunarak hedef bulmak için kullanılır hareketi oluşturan bileşenleri ayrışıp.
Miktar ulaşmak kavramak hareketinin en sık bir 3 boyutlu (3D) hareket izleme sistemi kullanarak elde edilir. Bunlar kızılötesi izleme sistemleri, izleme sistemleri, elektromanyetik içerebilir veya video izleme sistemleri dayalı. Bu sistemlerin kinematik prehension sağlıklı yetişkin katılımcıların klişeleşmiş ulaşmak kavramak hareketleri görünür hedef nesneleri doğru performans ölçü alınıyor için etkili olmakla birlikte, bir takım sakıncaları var. Çok pahalı olmasının yanı sıra, bu sistemlerin sensörleri veya işaretleri kol, el ve basamaklı katılımcının üzerine ekin gerektirir. Bunlar genellikle hangi el dokunsal geribildirim engel, doğal motor davranış değiştirme ve katılımcılar7dikkatini tıbbi bant kullanarak eklenir. Bu sistemler genellikle sayısal çıktı hızlanma, yavaşlama ve hız gibi farklı kinematik değişkenleri ile ilgili oluşturmak gibi onlar da nasıl el hedef bağlantı kurduğunda soruşturma için ideal değildir. Ne zaman bu sistemler, ek sensörler veya ekipman kullanarak gerekli el hangi kısmını belirlemek için hedefle temas, hedef işlemek için hedefteki kişiyi oluşur, ve el yapılandırmasını değiştirmek nasıl sipariş yapar. Buna ek olarak, en çok istihdam vardır, kızılötesi izleme sistemleri yandan 3B alanda6de işaretleri konumunu izlemek için özel bir fotoğraf makinesi kullanılmasını gerektirir. Bu doğrudan bir görüş kamera ve el sensörlerde arasında gerektirir. Bu nedenle, herhangi bir idiosyncrasies hareketi bu ufku karanlık ve kritik kinematik veri kaybına neden muhtemeldir. Ancak, çok sayıda idiosyncrasies ulaşmak kavramak hareketi aslında norm olan örnekleri vardır. Ne zaman bebekler sadece ulaşmak ve nesneler için kavramak öğrenme bunlar erken geliştirme sırasında hedef nesne görünür ve dokunsal olmadığında ipuçları Kılavuzu ulaşmak ve kavramak için kullanılması gerekir; Ne zaman hedef nesne bir garip şekil veya doku olduğunu; ve katılımcı sensorimotor bozuklukları felç gibi çeşitli herhangi biri ile sunduğunda Huntington hastalığı, Parkinson hastalığı, serebral palsi, vb tüm bu durumlarda ulaşmak kavramak hareketi ne olur tahmin edilebilir, ne de basmakalıp, ne de mutlaka vision tarafından yönlendirilir. Sonuç olarak, güvenilir bir şekilde bu hareketler zamansal ve kinematik yapısını ölçmek için 3D hareket izleme sistemleri yeteneğini elinden, doğal motor davranış, kaybetme-in veri değişiklikleri duyusal geribildirim aksamalar nedeniyle ciddi sınırlı olabilir, ve/veya bu aygıtlardan kendine has kinematik çıkış yorumlama zorluklar.
Mevcut kağıt uygun olduğu, el veya doğal motor davranış, duyusal geribildirim engel değil ve güvenilir, ancak esnek olabilir çeşitli insan nüfusu içinde kendine has ulaşmak kavramak hareketleri miktarının için yeni bir teknik anlatılmaktadır deneysel paradigmalar çeşitli uyacak şekilde değiştiren. Teknik birçok açıdan ulaşmak kavramak hareketinden kaydetmek için birden fazla yüksek hızlı video kamera kullanarak içerir. Video sonra çevrimdışı video karelerini tek teker teker ilerliyor ve görsel denetim sağlayan, birlikte, kavramak için ulaşmak zamansal ve kinematik organizasyonu quantified açıklaması belge anahtar davranış olaylara kullanarak analiz edilir hareketi. Mevcut kağıt etkinliğini göstermek için görsel olarak - nonvisually-güdümlü ulaşmak kavramak hareketleri sağlıklı insan yetişkin6,8,9,10 karşı karşılaştırmalı bir analiz açıklar tekniği; Ancak, teknik değiştirilmiş sürümlerini de insan bebeklerin11 ve insan dışı primatlar12ulaşmak kavramak eylemleri ölçmek için kullanılmaktadır. Bu çalışmalar kare kare video analiz kapsamlı davranış kanıt prehension çift Visuomotor kanallı teorisi destek sağlamak için ilk arasında sonuçlarıdır.

<table><tbody><tr><td>High Speed Video Cameras</td><td>Casio</td><td>http://www.casio-intl.com/asia-mea/en/dc/ex_f1/ or http://www.casio-intl.com/asia-mea/en/dc/ex_100/</td><td>Casio EX-F1 High Speed Camera or Casio EX-100 High Speed Camera used to collect high speed video records</td></tr><tr><td>Adobe Photoshop</td><td>Adobe</td><td>http://www.adobe.com/ca/products/photoshop.html</td><td>Software used to calibrate and measure distances on individual video frames</td></tr><tr><td>Adobe Premiere Pro</td><td>Adobe</td><td>http://www.adobe.com/ca/products/premiere.html?sdid=KKQOM&amp;amp;mv=search&amp;amp;s_kwcid=AL!3085!3!193588412847!e!!g!!adobe%20premiere%20pro&amp;amp;ef_id=WDd17AAABAeTD6-D:20170606160204:s</td><td>Software used to perform Frame-by-Frame Video Analysis</td></tr><tr><td>Height-Adjustable Pedestal</td><td>Sanus</td><td>http://www.sanus.com/en_US/products/speaker-stands/htb3/</td><td>A height adjustable speaker stand with a custom made 9 cm x 9 cm x 9 cm triangular top plate attached to the top with a screw is used as a reaching pedestal</td></tr><tr><td>1 cm Calibration Cube</td><td>Learning Resources (Walmart)</td><td>https://www.walmart.com/ip/Learning-Resources-Centimeter-Cubes-Set-500/24886372</td><td>A 1 cm plastic cube is used to transform distance measures from pixels to centimeters</td></tr><tr><td>Studio Light</td><td>Dot Line</td><td>https://www.bhphotovideo.com/c/product/1035910-REG/dot_line_rs_5620_1600w_led_light.html</td><td>Strong lamp with cool LED light used to illumate the participant and testing area</td></tr><tr><td>3 Dimensional (3D) Sleep Mask</td><td>Kfine</td><td>https://www.amazon.com/Kfine-Sleeping-Contoured-lightweight-Comfortable/dp/B06W5CDY78?th=1</td><td>Used as a blindfold to occlude vision in the No Vision condition</td></tr><tr><td>Orange Slices</td><td>N/A</td><td>N/A</td><td>Orange slices served as the large sized reaching targets</td></tr><tr><td>Donut Balls</td><td>Tim Hortons</td><td>http://www.timhortons.com/ca/en/menu/timbits.php</td><td>Old fashion plain timbits from Tim Hortons served as the medium sized reaching targets</td></tr><tr><td>Blueberries</td><td>N/A</td><td>N/A</td><td>Blueberries served as the small sized reaching targets</td></tr></tbody></table>

frame-by-frame video analysis of idiosyncratic reach-to-grasp movements in humans

Prehension, bir nesneyi kavramak için ulaşan hareket insan deneyimi için merkezi bir noktada bulunuyor. Biz kendimizi beslemek, kendimizi damat ve nesneleri ve araçları bizim ortamda işlemek için kullanın. Bu davranışlar birçok sensorimotor bozuklukları tarafından Engelliler, henüz kendi sinir kontrolü geçerli anlayışımızı çok uzak tamamlandıktan. Kullanmak araştıran insan ulaşmak kavramak hareketleri için geçerli teknolojik kez hareket pahalı, işaretçileri veya alıcılar eki ellerine gerektirir, doğal hareket ve duyusal geribildirim engel ve kinematik sağlamak sistemleri izleme yorumlamak zor olabilir çıktı. Basmakalıp ulaşmak kavramak hareketleri sağlıklı görüşlü yetişkinlerin eğitim için genellikle etkili iken çok bu teknolojilerin ek sınırlamalar yüz tahmin edilemez ve kendine has ulaşmak kavramak hareketlerini incelemek çalışırken Genç bebekler, görmeyen yetişkin ve sinir hastalıkları olan hastalar. Böylece, biz insanlarda kendine has ulaşmak kavramak hareketleri zamansal ve kinematik yapısını miktarının bir roman, ucuz ve son derece güvenilir henüz esnek protokol mevcut. Yüksek hızlı kameralar birden çok görünüm ulaşmak kavramak hareketi yakalayın. Kare kare video analiz sonra zamanlama ve hareket başlangıç, koleksiyon, maksimum yüksekliği, en yüksek diyafram, ilk temas ve son kavramak gibi önceden tanımlanmış davranış olaylar büyüklüğü belgelemek için kullanılır. El kinematik yapısını 2 boyutlu kalibre için fotoğraf düzenleme yazılımı cetvel veya ölçü birimi işlevini kullanarak sayısal iken her olay göreli kare sayısını belgeleyerek hareketinin zamansal yapısı yeniden doğrusal iki vücut parçaları arasında veya bir vücut parçası ve hedef arasındaki mesafeler. Kare kare video analiz kendine has ulaşmak kavramak hareketlerinin nicel ve kapsamlı bir açıklama sağlayabilir ve araştırmacılar kendi alanında araştırma daha geniş bir yelpazede doğal kavrayıcı içerecek şekilde genişletmeye olanak sağlar davranışlar, duyusal yöntemleri, hem sağlıklı hem de klinik nüfus daha çok rehberliğinde.

Bu bölüm, kare kare video analiz araştırmaya nonvisual duyusal rehberliği altında kendine has ulaşmak kavramak hareketleri kullanırken elde edilebilir sonuçlar örnekler sağlar. Ne zaman katılımcıların vizyon preemptively hem dışsal (yer/yönlendirme) tanımlamak için kullanabilirsiniz ve içsel (boyutu/şekil) özellikleri hedef ulaşmak ve kavramak tek bir kesintisiz kavrayıcı hareket içine entegre itiraz birincil bulgu ki hangi (şekil 2A</stron...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Frame-by-Frame Video Analysis of Idiosyncratic Reach-to-Grasp Movements in Humans at JoVE.com

Frame-by-Frame Video Analysis of Idiosyncratic Reach-to-Grasp Movements in Humans

Bu iletişim kuralı kare kare video analiz kendine has ulaşmak kavramak hareketleri insanlarda ölçmek için nasıl kullanılacağını açıklar. Karşılaştırmalı bir analiz görmeyen sağlıklı yetişkin karşı görüşlü ulaşan tekniği göstermek için kullanılır, ama gelişimsel ve klinik çalışma yöntemi uygulanabilir.

Kare kare Video analiz insanlarda kendine has ulaşmak kavramak hareketlerinin

Prehension, the act of reaching to grasp an object, is central to the human experience. We use it to feed ourselves, groom ourselves, and manipulate ...

frame-frame-video-analysis-idiosyncratic-reach-to-grasp-movements

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8.2K Görüntüleme.  Thompson Rivers University. Bu iletişim kuralı kare kare video analiz kendine has ulaşmak kavramak hareketleri insanlarda ölçmek için nasıl kullanılacağını açıklar. Karşılaştırmalı bir analiz görmeyen sağlıklı yetişkin karşı görüşlü ulaşan tekniği göstermek için kullanılır, ama gelişimsel ve klinik çalışma yöntemi uygulanabilir.

Video: Frame-by-Frame Video Analysis of Idiosyncratic Reach-to-Grasp Movements in Humans

Corticospinal Excitability Modulation During Action Observation

This study used the transcranial magnetic stimulation/motor evoked potential (TMS/MEP) technique to pinpoint when the automatic tendency to mirror someone else's action becomes anticipatory simulation of a complementary act. TMS was delivered to the left primary motor cortex corresponding to the hand to induce the highest level of MEP activity from the abductor digiti minimi (ADM; the muscle serving little finger abduction) as well as the first dorsal interosseus (FDI; the muscle serving index finger flexion/extension) muscles. A neuronavigation system was used to maintain the position of the TMS coil, and electromyographic (EMG) activity was recorded from the right ADM and FDI muscles. Producing original data with regard to motor resonance, the combined TMS/MEP technique has taken research on the perception-action coupling mechanism a step further. Specifically, it has answered the questions of how and when observing another person's actions produces motor facilitation in an onlooker's corresponding muscles and in what way corticospinal excitability is modulated in social contexts.

Single-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation over the primary motor cortex, neuronavigation, and registration of electromyographic activity of hand muscles were used in this study to explore corticospinal excitability while participants were observing action sequences.

Eylem Gözlemi Sırasında Kortikospinal Uyarilebilirlik Modülasyonu

This study used the transcranial magnetic stimulation/motor evoked potential (TMS/MEP) technique to pinpoint when the automatic tendency to mirror someone ...

Davranış

Methods to Explore the Influence of Top-down Visual Processes on Motor Behavior

Kinesthetic awareness is important to successfully navigate the environment. When we interact with our daily surroundings, some aspects of movement are deliberately planned, while others spontaneously occur below conscious awareness. The deliberate component of this dichotomy has been studied extensively in several contexts, while the spontaneous component remains largely under-explored. Moreover, how perceptual processes modulate these movement classes is still unclear. In particular, a currently debated issue is whether the visuomotor system is governed by the spatial percept produced by a visual illusion or whether it is not affected by the illusion and is governed instead by the veridical percept. Bistable percepts such as 3D depth inversion illusions (DIIs) provide an excellent context to study such interactions and balance, particularly when used in combination with reach-to-grasp movements. In this study, a methodology is developed that uses a DII to clarify the role of top-down processes on motor action, particularly exploring how reaches toward a target on a DII are affected in both deliberate and spontaneous movement domains.

It is unclear how top-down signals from the ventral visual stream affect movement. We developed a paradigm to test motor behavior towards a target on a 3D depth inversion illusion. Significant differences are reported in both deliberate, goal-directed movements and automatic actions under illusory and veridical viewing conditions.

Motor Davranış Top-down Görsel Süreçlerin Etkisi keşfedin Yöntemleri

Kinesthetic awareness is important to successfully navigate the environment. When we interact with our daily surroundings, some aspects of movement are ...

Investigating Motor Skill Learning Processes with a Robotic Manipulandum

Skilled reaching tasks are commonly used in studies of motor skill learning and motor function under healthy and pathological conditions, but can be time-intensive and ambiguous to quantify beyond simple success rates. Here, we describe the training procedure for reach-and-pull tasks with ETH Pattus, a robotic platform for automated forelimb reaching training that records pulling and hand rotation movements in rats. Kinematic quantification of the performed pulling attempts reveals the presence of distinct temporal profiles of movement parameters such as pulling velocity, spatial variability of the pulling trajectory, deviation from midline, as well as pulling success. We show how minor adjustments in the training paradigm result in alterations in these parameters, revealing their relation to task difficulty, general motor function or skilled task execution. Combined with electrophysiological, pharmacological and optogenetic techniques, this paradigm can be used to explore the mechanisms underlying motor learning and memory formation, as well as loss and recovery of function (e.g. after stroke).

A paradigm is presented for training and analysis of an automated skilled reaching task in rats. Analysis of pulling attempts reveals distinct subprocesses of motor learning.

Bir Robotik Manipulandum ile motor Beceri Öğrenme Süreçlerinin İncelenmesi

Skilled reaching tasks are commonly used in studies of motor skill learning and motor function under healthy and pathological conditions, but can be ...

The Structure of Skilled Forelimb Reaching in the Rat: A Movement Rating Scale

Skilled reaching for food is an evolutionary ancient act and is displayed by many animal species, including those in the sister clades of rodents and primates. The video describes a test situation that allows filming of repeated acts of reaching for food by the rat that has been mildly food deprived. A rat is trained to reach through a slot in a holding box for food pellet that it grasps and then places in its mouth for eating. Reaching is accomplished in the main by proximally driven movements of the limb but distal limb movements are used for pronating the paw, grasping the food, and releasing the food into the mouth. Each reach is divided into at least 10 movements of the forelimb and the reaching act is facilitated by postural adjustments. Each of the movements is described and examples of the movements are given from a number of viewing perspectives. By rating each movement element on a 3-point scale, the reach can be quantified. A number of studies have demonstrated that the movement elements are altered by motor system damage, including damage to the motor cortex, basal ganglia, brainstem, and spinal cord. The movements are also altered in neurological conditions that can be modeled in the rat, including Parkinson's disease and Huntington's disease. Thus, the rating scale is useful for quantifying motor impairments and the effectiveness of neural restoration and rehabilitation. Because the reaching act for the rat is very similar to that displayed by humans and nonhuman primates, the scale can be used for comparative purposes. from a number of viewing perspectives. By rating each movement element on a 3-point scale, the reach can be quantified. A number of studies have demonstrated that the movement elements are altered by motor system damage, including damage to the motor cortex, basal ganglia, brainstem, and spinal cord. The movements are also altered in neurological conditions that can be modeled in the rat, including Parkinson's disease and Huntington's disease. Thus, the rating scale is useful for quantifying motor impairments and the effectiveness of neural restoration and rehabilitation.

Experiments on animals were performed in accordance with the guidelines and regulations set forth by the University of Lethbridge Animal Care Committee in accordance with the regulations of the Canadian Council on Animal Care.

The skilled reaching scale divides the movement by a forelimb in a reach for food act into composite elements each of which are evaluated with a three-point scale. The rating scale is described for a normal rat and can be applied toward evaluating neurological motor disorders.

Sıçan ulaşmak Nitelikli ön ayakları Yapısı: Hareket Ölçeği

Skilled reaching for food is an evolutionary ancient act and is displayed by many animal species, including those in the sister clades of rodents and ...

Biyoloji

Design and Use of an Apparatus for Presenting Graspable Objects in 3D Workspace

Reaching and grasping are highly-coupled movements, and their underlying neural dynamics have been widely studied in the last decade. To distinguish reaching and grasping encodings, it is essential to present different object identities independent of their positions. Presented here is the design of an automatic apparatus that is assembled with a turning table and three-dimensional (3D) translational device to achieve this goal. The turning table switches different objects corresponding to different grip types while the 3D translational device transports the turning table in 3D space. Both are driven independently by motors so that the target position and object are combined arbitrarily. Meanwhile, wrist trajectory and grip types are recorded via the motion capture system and touch sensors, respectively. Furthermore, representative results that demonstrate successfully trained monkey using this system are described. It is expected that this apparatus will facilitate researchers to study kinematics, neural principles, and brain-machine interfaces related to upper limb function.

Presented here is a protocol to build an automatic apparatus that guides a monkey to perform the flexible reach-to-grasp task. The apparatus combines a 3D translational device and turning table to present multiple objects in an arbitrary position in 3D space.

3B çalışma alanında graspable nesneleri sunmak için bir cihazın tasarımı ve kullanımı

Reaching and grasping are highly-coupled movements, and their underlying neural dynamics have been widely studied in the last decade. To distinguish ...

Automated Rat Single-Pellet Reaching with 3-Dimensional Reconstruction of Paw and Digit Trajectories

Rodent skilled reaching is commonly used to study dexterous skills, but requires significant time and effort to implement the task and analyze the behavior. Several automated versions of skilled reaching have been developed recently. Here, we describe a version that automatically presents pellets to rats while recording high-definition video from multiple angles at high frame rates (300 fps). The paw and individual digits are tracked with DeepLabCut, a machine learning algorithm for markerless pose estimation. This system can also be synchronized with physiological recordings, or be used to trigger physiologic interventions (e.g., electrical or optical stimulation).

Rodent skilled reaching is commonly used to study dexterous skills, but requires significant time and effort to implement the task and analyze the behavior. We describe an automated version of skilled reaching with motion tracking and three-dimensional reconstruction of reach trajectories.

Paw ve digit yörüngeleri 3 boyutlu yeniden yapılanma ile ulaşan otomatik Rat tek Pellet

Rodent skilled reaching is commonly used to study dexterous skills, but requires significant time and effort to implement the task and analyze the ...

Estimation of Contact Regions Between Hands and Objects During Human Multi-Digit Grasping

To grasp an object successfully, we must select appropriate contact regions for our hands on the surface of the object. However, identifying such regions is challenging. This paper describes a workflow to estimate the contact regions from marker-based tracking data. Participants grasp real objects, while we track the 3D position of both the objects and the hand, including the fingers' joints. We first determine the joint Euler angles from a selection of tracked markers positioned on the back of the hand. Then, we use state-of-the-art hand mesh reconstruction algorithms to generate a mesh model of the participant's hand in the current pose and the 3D position. 
Using objects that were either 3D printed or 3D scanned-and are, thus, available as both real objects and mesh data-allows the hand and object meshes to be co-registered. In turn, this allows the estimation of approximate contact regions by calculating the intersections between the hand mesh and the co-registered 3D object mesh. The method may be used to estimate where and how humans grasp objects under a variety of conditions. Therefore, the method could be of interest to researchers studying visual and haptic perception, motor control, human-computer interaction in virtual and augmented reality, and robotics.

When we grasp an object, multiple regions of the fingers and hand typically make contact with the object's surface. Reconstructing such contact regions is challenging. Here, we present a method for approximately estimating the contact regions by combining marker-based motion capture with existing deep learning-based hand mesh reconstruction.

İnsanın Çok Haneli Kavraması Sırasında Eller ve Nesneler Arasındaki Temas Bölgelerinin Tahmini

To grasp an object successfully, we must select appropriate contact regions for our hands on the surface of the object. However, identifying such regions ...

The Impact of Motor Task Conditions on Goal-Directed Arm Reaching Kinematics and Trunk Compensation in Chronic Stroke Survivors

Trunk compensation is the most common movement strategy to substitute for upper extremity (UE) motor deficits in chronic stroke survivors. There is a lack of evidence examining how task conditions impact trunk compensation and goal-directed arm reaching kinematics. This protocol aims to investigate the impact of task conditions, including task difficulty and complexity, on goal-directed arm reaching kinematics. Two non-disabled young adults and two chronic stroke survivors with mild UE motor impairment were recruited for testing the protocol. Each participant performed goal-directed arm reaches with four different task conditions (2 task difficulties [large vs. small targets] X 2 task complexities [pointing vs. picking up]). The task goal was to reach and point at a target or pick up an object located 20 cm in front of the home position as quickly as possible with a stylus or a pair of chopsticks, respectively, in response to an auditory cue. Participants performed ten reaches per task condition. A 3-dimensional motion capture camera system was used to record trunk and arm kinematics. Representative results showed that there was a significant increase in movement duration, movement jerkiness, and trunk compensation as a function of task complexity, but not task difficulty in all participants. Chronic stroke survivors showed significantly slower, jerkier, and more feedback-dependent arm reaches and significantly more compensatory trunk movements than non-disabled adults. Our representative results support that this protocol can be used to investigate the impact of task conditions on motor control strategies in chronic stroke survivors with mild UE motor impairment.

This protocol is intended to investigate the impact of task conditions on movement strategies in chronic stroke survivors. Further, this protocol can be used to examine if a restriction in elbow extension induced by neuromuscular electrical stimulation causes trunk compensation during goal-directed arm reaches in non-disabled adults.

Kronik İnme Kurtulanlarında Kinematik ve Gövde Telafisi'ne Ulaşan Hedefe Yönlendirilmiş Kol Üzerindeki Motor Görev Koşullarının Etkisi

Trunk compensation is the most common movement strategy to substitute for upper extremity (UE) motor deficits in chronic stroke survivors. There is a lack ...

Nörobilim

In Vivo Wireless Optogenetic Control of Skilled Motor Behavior

Fine motor skills are essential in everyday life and can be compromised in several nervous system disorders. The acquisition and performance of these tasks require sensory-motor integration and involve precise control of bilateral brain circuits. Implementing unimanual behavioral paradigms in animal models will improve the understanding of the contribution of brain structures, like the striatum, to complex motor behavior as it allows manipulation and recording of neural activity of specific nuclei in control conditions and disease during the performance of the task. 
Since its creation, optogenetics has been a dominant tool for interrogating the brain by enabling selective and targeted activation or inhibition of neuronal populations. The combination of optogenetics with behavioral assays sheds light on the underlying mechanisms of specific brain functions. Wireless head-mounted systems with miniaturized light-emitting diodes (LEDs) allow remote optogenetic control in an entirely free-moving animal. This avoids the limitations of a wired system being less restrictive for animals' behavior without compromising light emission efficiency. The current protocol combines a wireless optogenetics approach with high-speed videography in a unimanual dexterity task to dissect the contribution of specific neuronal populations to fine motor behavior.

In Vivo Wireless Optogenetic Control of Skilled Motor Behavior

The present protocol describes how to use wireless optogenetics combined with high-speed videography in a single pellet reach-to-grasp task to characterize the neural circuits involved in the performance of skilled motor behavior in freely moving mice.

İn Vivo Yetenekli Motor Davranışın Kablosuz Optogenetik Kontrolü

Fine motor skills are essential in everyday life and can be compromised in several nervous system disorders. The acquisition and performance of these ...

Assessing Corticospinal Excitability During Goal-Directed Reaching Behavior

Reaching is a widely studied behavior in motor physiology and neuroscience research. While reaching has been examined using a variety of behavioral manipulations, there remain significant gaps in the understanding of the neural processes involved in reach planning, execution, and control. The novel approach described here combines a two-dimensional reaching task with transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) and concurrent electromyography (EMG) recording from multiple muscles. This method allows for the noninvasive detection of corticospinal activity at precise time points during the unfolding of reaching movements. The example task code includes a delayed response reaching task with two possible targets displayed &#177; 45&#176; off the midline. Single pulse TMS is delivered on the majority of task trials, either at the onset of the preparatory cue (baseline) or 100 ms prior to the imperative cue (delay). This sample design is suitable for investigating changes in corticospinal excitability during reach preparation. The sample code also includes a visuomotor perturbation (i.e., cursor rotation of &#177; 20&#176;) to investigate the effects of adaptation on corticospinal excitability during reach preparation. The task parameters and TMS delivery can be adjusted to address specific hypotheses about the state of the motor system during reaching behavior. In the initial implementation, motor evoked potentials (MEPs) were successfully elicited on 83% of TMS trials, and reach trajectories were recorded on all trials.

Reaching is a fundamental skill that allows humans to interact with the environment. Several studies have aimed to characterize reaching behavior using a variety of methodologies. This paper offers an open-source application of transcranial magnetic stimulation to assess the state of corticospinal excitability in humans during reaching task performance.

Hedefe Yönelik Ulaşma Davranışı Sırasında Kortikospinal Uyarılabilirliğin Değerlendirilmesi

Reaching is a widely studied behavior in motor physiology and neuroscience research. While reaching has been examined using a variety of behavioral ...