Bu araştırma finanse edilen ve Güney Florida su yönetimi bölgesi, Everglades sistemleri değerlendirme bölümünün altında yürütülen.

1. hazırlık ve konumu dikim için ulaşım
<ol><li>Yörede yetiştirilen yerel ağaçların (plastik kap), torf torbaları, (ölçme 0,46 x 0.6 m3x 0.3) ağaç ve çalı gübre tırmanıştır ticari 2 ya da 3 gal (7 ya da 11 L) fidan elde etmek için koli bandı, polivinil klorid (PVC) boru (2-3 m uzunluk, 0.8 inç (2.1 cm) çapı 40 zamanlama), kutu kesici, çöp torbaları ve metal bir çubuk veya torf torbaları kestiği (1-2 m uzunluğunda, 1.3 cm çapında) demir. Everglades için uygun potansiyel ağaç türü bulunmaktadır Annona glabra, Ficus aurea, ve Acer rubrum. İş Eldivenleri giyiyor önerilir.</li>
	<li>Açılır pencereler nerede su baskını sırasında ıslak mevsim minimize edilebilir genellikle bir alanda yüksek hayalet ağaç adanın en az 0,3 m ana kaya üzerinde kalan turba ile dağıtmak için en iyi yer belirleyin.</li>
	<li>Fidan, ticari torf torbaları (fidan başına bir adet), ağaç ve çalı gübre sivri (bir fidan başına), koli bandı (uygun şekilde rulo sayısı), PVC boru (iki fidan başına) ve diğer araçlar ve malzemeler dikim konumuna (genellikle iskelesinden tarafından) taşıma.</li>
</ol>2. açılır derleme
Not: saksı fidan ve ağaç ada (Adım 3) üzerinde suda yerleştirerek önce tekne açılır pencere (Adım 2.1-2.6) bir araya
<ol><li>Plastik kap fidan kökleri ve potu toprak, kapalı slayt ve pota altındaki büyük bir delik açın veya bir maket veya makas (şekil 1) kullanılarak her fidan pot tüm alt kaldırabilirsiniz.</li>
	<li>Geri üzerine fidan kökleri ve potu toprak ekleme için açık alt ile pota turba torba içine kaydırın.</li>
	<li>Bir 20-30 cm X şeklindeki kesim (biraz daha büyük pot çapından) ne-ecek var olmak bir maket kullanarak üst yüzey Merkezi turba çanta olun.</li>
	<li>2000-5000 cm3 (yaklaşık yarım miktar pot) X şeklindeki açılış ve çöp kaldırma için yerde turba çantasından içindekiler hakkında kaldırın.</li>
	<li>Fidan X şeklindeki açılış / torf torf çantasından kaldırarak oluşturulan depresyon içinde dipsiz potu ayarlayın. Dipsiz pot X şeklindeki açılış yanını (Şekil 2) karşı işaret noktaları (üçgen) ile yarım aşağı hakkında olmalıdır. Fidan ek ayrıcalık ve fiziksel destek sağlamak için tencerelerde bırakılır.</li>
	<li>Yer koli bandı, pot ve çanta üçgenler kapsayan etrafında birkaç sargıları ile tencerede güvenli. Bu çanta üçgenler pota (şekil 3) yapıştırmayın ve pot büyüme önümüzdeki 2-3 yıl içinde tutmak. Bu pop-up oluşturur.</li>
</ol>3. açılan dağıtım
<ol><li>Pop-up suda ayarlayın. Suya girmek ve kayan pop-up dikim siteye taşımak.</li>
	<li>Yerde iki yaklaşık 2-3 m PVC boru uzun uzunlukları eklenen çantayı Fidan, her iki tarafında aracılığıyla yaklaşık bir-üçüncü substrat (toprak altında çanta) 4.5 m içine ile pop-up urgan (şekil 3).</li>
	<li>Üst, alt ve yan çanta metal çubuk (inşaat demiri) tamamen su çıkmaya kökleri izin veren ve girmek için izin vermek için açıklıklar (en az dört ilk/son) ve dört her tarafında oluşturma torbadan, (şekil 3) sürüş tarafından delik. Açılır pencereler yaklaşık 6 ay için yüzer olacak.</li>
	<li>Bir ağaç gübre spike tamamen şekil 3' te gösterilen yerlerden biri çantada tepesine yerleştirin.</li>
</ol>4. kontrol için bakım, ölçümler ve plastik kaldırma
<ol><li>Siteye sık sık gerekli, özellikle aşağıdaki şiddetli fırtına olaylar görüldüğü gibi döner ve Not koşul ve hayatta kalma ve ağaç yüksekliğini ve yıllık bazda kalan her ağaç Bazal çapı ölçmek.</li>
	<li>3 yıl sonra tencere ve plastik turba çantasından kaldırmak ve onları geri dönüşüm kutusu kesiciler/makas ve çöp torbaları ile siteye dönün. Pot ve plastik çanta (üst ve iki taraf) kolayca fidan bozmadan kaldırılır; plastik turba çanta altında erişilebilir (şekil 4) olabilir.</li>
	<li>Siteye hayatta kalma ve büyüme değerlendirmek için yıllık bazda dönün.</li>
</ol>

<ol>
	<li>Sklar, F. H., van der Valk, A. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Tree Islands of the Everglades. , (2002).</li><li>Wetzel, P. R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Maintaining+tree+islands+in+the+Florida+Everglades:+nutrient+redistribution+is+the+key.">Maintaining tree islands in the Florida Everglades: nutrient redistribution is the key.</a> Front Ecol Environ. 3 (7), 370-376 (2005).</li><li>Aich, S., Ewe, S. M. L., Gu, B., Dreschel, T. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+evaluation+of+peat+loss+from+an+Everglades+tree+island,+Florida,+USA.">An evaluation of peat loss from an Everglades tree island, Florida, USA.</a> Mires and Peat. 14 (2014), 1-15 (2014).</li><li>Dreschel, T. W., Cline, E. A., Hill, S. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Everglades+tree+island+restoration:+testing+a+simple+tree+planting+technique+patterned+after+a+natural+process.">Everglades tree island restoration: testing a simple tree planting technique patterned after a natural process.</a> Restor Ecol. , (2017).</li><li>Stanturf, J. A., Conner, W. H., Gardiner, E. S., Schweitzer, C. J., Ezell, A. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Recognizing+and+Overcoming+Difficult+Site+Conditions+for+Afforestation+of+Bottomland+Hardwoods.">Recognizing and Overcoming Difficult Site Conditions for Afforestation of Bottomland Hardwoods.</a> Ecol Restor. 22 (3), 183-193 (2004).</li><li>Sharitz, R., Barton, C. D., DeSteven, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Tree+Plantings+in+Depression+Wetland+Restorations+Show+Mixed+Success+(South+Carolina).">Tree Plantings in Depression Wetland Restorations Show Mixed Success (South Carolina).</a> Ecol Restor. 24 (2), 114-115 (2006).</li><li>Brandt, L. A., Portier, K. M., Kitchens, W. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Patterns+of+Change+in+Tree+Islands+in+Arthur+R.+Marshall+Loxahatchee+National+Wildlife+Refuge+from+1950-1991.">Patterns of Change in Tree Islands in Arthur R. Marshall Loxahatchee National Wildlife Refuge from 1950-1991.</a> Wetlands. 20 (1), 1-14 (2000).</li><li>Armentano, T. V., Jones, D. T., Ross, M. S., Gamble, B. W., Sklar, F. H., van der Valk, A. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Vegetation+pattern+and+process+in+tree+islands+of+the+southern+Everglades+and+adjacent+areas.">Vegetation pattern and process in tree islands of the southern Everglades and adjacent areas.</a> Tree Islands of the Everglades. , 225-281 (2002).</li><li>Jones, D. T., Sah, J. P., Ross, M. S., Oberbauer, S. F., Hwang, B., Jayachandran, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Growth+and+physiological+responses+of+twelve+tree+species+common+in+Everglades+tree+islands+to+simulated+hydrologic+regimes.">Growth and physiological responses of twelve tree species common in Everglades tree islands to simulated hydrologic regimes.</a> Wetlands. 26 (3), 830-844 (2006).</li><li>Stoffella, S. L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Survival+and+growth+responses+of+eight+Everglades+tree+species+along+an+experimental+hydrological+gradient+on+two+tree+island+types.">Survival and growth responses of eight Everglades tree species along an experimental hydrological gradient on two tree island types.</a> Appl Veg Sci. 13 (4), 439-449 (2010).</li><li>Aich, S., Dreschel, T. W., Cline, E., Sklar, F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+development+of+a+geographic+information+system+(GIS)+to+document+research+in+an+Everglades+physical+Model.">The development of a geographic information system (GIS) to document research in an Everglades physical Model.</a> J Environ Sci Eng. 5 (2011), 289-302 (2011).</li><li>Weinbaum, S. A., Johnson, R. S., DeJong, T. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Causes+and+Consequences+of+Overfertilization+in+Orchards.">Causes and Consequences of Overfertilization in Orchards.</a> HortTechnology. 2 (1), 112-121 (1992).</li></ol>

Bu eser finansman ve Güney Florida su yönetimi bölgesi, Florida eyaletinde bir ajans gözetimi altında gerçekleştirildi. Florida geniş kamu kayıtları hukuk sahiptir. Bu belge bu yasalarına tabidir ve genel kaydının bir parçası olarak kabul.

Ağaç Adaları süreçte bu önerilen yaklaşım, yükseklik ve dolgu her siteye getirmek için gerekli yollar inşa olmadan bir tekne ağaçlardan dağıtımını artış sağlar. Bu ağaç Adası plantings uygulama karışıklık ve maliyetini en aza indirir.
PVC boru, plastik torbalar ve plastik kaplar büyük miktarda bir ağaç ada bir zamanlar bir bataklık özelliği koymasıyla ilgili estetik ve çevre sorunları ile bu teknik bir konudur. Güncel yaklaşımlar ve düzgün bir biçimd...

Varsa Adaları ağaç türleri1,2bir çeşitlilik ile yakın yerli ağaç türleri tarafından bozulmuş Everglade ağaç adaların doğal recolonization tohum dağılım ile mümkündür. Sklar ve van der Valk göre ciddi yatışmış ağaç Adaları geri yükleme1 "bu çabaların pahalı olsa başlarını, ayrıcalık yükseltme ve emek yoğun tarafından." mümkün olabilir Şu anda çok az yerli (arzu) ağaçlar Everglades su koruma alanı (WCA) bozulmuş (olarak da bilinen "hayalet") ağaç Islands yanında mevcut vardır-2A (beş WCAs biri su için depolamak ve kentsel çevreleyen taşmasını önlemek için oluşturulan ve tarım alanları) bozulmuş ağaç Adaları3recolonizing için gereken tohumlar sağlamak için.
Ağaçlandırma için bir ağaç yatışmış ada yükselmesine yükseltmek için uygun dolgu Adası'na gönderilmesi gerekir. Bu kamyonlar için yollar inşa veya mavna, Everglades büyük bir finansal maliyet, şiddetli hasar lider için su yollarını oluşturma gerektirir. Bir basit, düşük maliyetli teknik bozulmuş ağaç Adaları ayrıcalık sağlayacaktır yerli ağaç türleri ile yeniden doldurmanız için gereklidir (hydroperiod azaltmak) ve değişken hidroloji Everglades4' e endemik altında yaşam geliştirmek.
Bu açılır pencerelerin boyutunu dikim sitesine ulaşım kolaylığı sağlar. Bu geleneksel alanları doldurma ve yollar gerektiren ağaç dikim göre bir avantaj taşınmasında inşa sağlar. Bu teknik böylece ağaç dikme etkinliği ekolojik etkisini azaltır. Ayrıca, bu açılır pencereleri dağıtım fidan kurulması izin vermek için aşağıdaki ilk altı ay için float seçeneğine sahipsiniz. Su seviyelerinin yükselmesi senaryoları dikim geleneksel ağacın altında ağaçlar artan sel stres kuruluş sırasında karşılaşabilirsiniz.
Tasarımları bir dizi test edildi ve bu büyük açılır Yükseklik (çanta yönlendirme), besin ve pop-up ile tek bir fidan dikim eklemek için bir ağaç gübre spike bozulmuş bir Everglade üzerine dağıtımı için en iyi yapılandırmayı elde belirlendi ağaç Adası4. Diğer araştırmacılar ormanlık sulak alanlarda5,6, bizim bilgi için geri yükleme için ağaçlar dikim tarif rağmen açıklanan dikim teknikleri hiçbiri hydroperiod azaltmak için yükseltme eklendi.
Bu yordam uzak ana kaya tatili ve yüzeye yüzen turba kaynaklanan Everglades ağaç Adaları yüzen oluşumu taklit eder. Upland bitkiler forma sonunda taşır ve turba yüzeye yerleşir ve ne olur bir "açılan" veya kayan ağaç ada "batarya" ağaç ada1,7olarak adlandırılır oluşturabilirsiniz.
Everglades ağaç ada ağaç türleri için büyüme ve hayatta kalma8,9,10sel için farklı toleranslar var. Kontrollü bir çalışmada, Jones ve ark. Everglades ağaç Adası türler9varlığını sürdürmesi için hydroperiod önemini gösterdi. Stoffella vd (su yüzeye) göreli yükseklik ekili yerli ağaç türlerin hayatta kalma ve büyüme, her tür belirli toleransları için10sel nedeniyle değişen ve derin etkileri olduğu bulundu. Ağaç türleri mevcut belirli koşullar için seçilebilir. Burada açıklanan tekniği dikim ağaç ek yükselme ve sonuç olarak, ağaç tohum kaynakları ayrıcalık kaybettim ve şimdi yerli ağaç türleri için zararlı bir su baskını/taşkın ortam tabi eskiden ormanlık bölgelerinde sağlayabilir.
Eskiden genişletilmiş hydroperiods deneyim ormanlık bölgeleri için bu alanlara odunsu türler reintroduce için bu yöntemi üzerinden yararlanabilir. Bu tekniğin yükseklik, böylece hydroperiod azaltarak sağlar. Buna ek olarak, ağaçların ve alan sürekli kolonizasyon için bir tohum kaynağı sağlamak toprak (kök ve yaprak biyokütle) inşa edecek.

<table><tbody><tr><td>One or Two Gallon Native Tree Saplings in plastic pots.</td><td>Local Native Plant Nurseries</td><td>N/A</td><td>Obtain native tree saplings grown from locally obtained seed</td></tr><tr><td>Commercial Peat Bags. 5 cubic ft.</td><td>Lambert</td><td>Lambert Canadian Sphagnum Peat Moss (6649801115)</td><td>Product description: Lambert peat moss is an excellent soil amendment because of its capacity to retain water, aerate the soil and it is completely natural. All of Lambert&#039;s peat moss packages carry the OMRI (Organic Material Review Institute) logo, which indicates that they are approved for use in organic production. Size: 5.5 cu.ft.</td></tr><tr><td>Vigoro Tree Spikes (Tree and Shrub Fertilizer Spikes, 15-Count)</td><td>Vigoro, Swiss Farms Products Inc.</td><td>Model # 154205</td><td>GUARANTEED ANALYSIS (%) TOTAL IN PRODUCT (ppm): Total Nitrogen (N) 12.0000; Available Phosphoric Acid (P2O5) 5.0000; Soluble Potash (K2O) 7.0000</td></tr><tr><td>PVC Pipe: 1/2 in schedule 40</td><td>JM Eagle</td><td>Model # 67447</td><td>Any manufacturer or supplier will do.</td></tr><tr><td>Duct Tape, 1-7/8 in x 12 yds</td><td>MSC Industrial Supply</td><td>Gorilla Heavy-Duty Duct Tape, Model # 60012</td><td>Any manufacturer or supplier will do.</td></tr><tr><td>Metal Rod (Rebar 1.3 cm diameter, 1.2 m long)</td><td>Weyerhaeuser</td><td>Model # 35616</td><td>Any manufacturer or supplier will do.</td></tr><tr><td>Box Cutter</td><td>Stanley</td><td>Model # STHT10273</td><td>Any manufacturer or supplier will do.</td></tr><tr><td>Work Gloves</td><td>Firm Grip</td><td>Model # 3101-96</td><td>Any manufacturer or supplier will do.</td></tr><tr><td>Trash Bags (42 gallon)</td><td>HUSKY</td><td>Model # HK42WC050B</td><td>Any manufacturer or supplier will do.</td></tr></tbody></table>

a simple planting technique for re-establishing trees where frequent inundation occurs

Everglades ağaç adaların pek çok ayrıcalık son yüzyıl içinde kaybetmiş ve öyle ki şimdi otsu bitkilerle kaplıdır en-in onların ağaçlar öldü. Bu iletişim kuralı basit, uygun maliyetli ağaç dikme bozulmuş Everglade ağaç Adaları geri yüklemek için gerekli teknik açıklar. Tasarım ağacı hayatta kalma ve büyüme sular altında koşullarında sağlar ve sık sık ağaç Adaları gelişimine yol açar kayan turba Adaları, oluşturduğu bir doğal Everglades işleminden sonra desenli. Piyasada bulunan torf torbaları büyüme ve saksı yerli ağaç fidan kurulması için aracı olarak kullanıldı. Açılır yapılandırma başlangıçta süzülüyor ve su baskını/taşkın, bir tek yerli ağaç türlerin Fidancılık ve bir tek ağaç gübre spike ile en aza indirmek için ek ayrıcalık sağladı. 105 açılır pencereleri içeren bir 3 yıllık çalışma sırasında çoğu bitkiler hayatta (% 80) ve pek çok büyüdü. Bu teknik bir bozulmuş ağaç adada ağaçlar kurmak olup olmadığını belirleyen uzun çalışmalar ve kapsamlı saha testleri gerektirir.

Bu tekniği4 kullanarak çalışma içinde bir 0,32 km2 Everglades fiziksel modeli11, bir hayalet ağaç adada test benzetimini yapmak için bir sırt üzerinde yapılmıştır. Bu çalışma sırasında iki yönelimleri yükseklik için çanta (düşük: 0,3 m, Yüksek: 0,46 m), bir çanta büyüyen başına iki fidan karşı hayatta kalma ve büyüme teşvik etmek için ağaç gübre sivri kullanımı yanı sıra test edildi. Fi...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Simple Planting Technique for Re-establishing Trees Where Frequent Inundation Occurs at JoVE.com

A Simple Planting Technique for Re-establishing Trees Where Frequent Inundation Occurs

Bu iletişim kuralı bir basit, uygun maliyetli ağaç dikim tekniği su baskını/taşkın deneyim bozulmuş Everglades ağaç Adaları geri yükleme açıklar. Tasarım hangi başlangıçta yüzen ve ağaç hayatta kalma ve büyüme sular altında koşullar altında tanıtmak ayrıcalık ekler bir ada (pop-up) oluşturur.

Bir basit tekniği sık su baskını/taşkın oluştuğu için yeniden kurulması ağaç dikme

Many of the Everglades tree islands have lost elevation over the past century and most of their trees have died such that they are now covered with ...

a-simple-planting-technique-for-re-establishing-trees-where-frequent

Universidad de Cartagena UDEC

Research

JoVE Journal

Environment

6.1K Görüntüleme.  South Florida Water Management District. Bu iletişim kuralı bir basit, uygun maliyetli ağaç dikim tekniği su baskını/taşkın deneyim bozulmuş Everglades ağaç Adaları geri yükleme açıklar. Tasarım hangi başlangıçta yüzen ve ağaç hayatta kalma ve büyüme sular altında koşullar altında tanıtmak ayrıcalık ekler bir ada (pop-up) oluşturur.

Video: A Simple Planting Technique for Re-establishing Trees Where Frequent Inundation Occurs

A Venturi Effect Can Help Cure Our Trees

In woody plants, xylem sap moves upwards through the vessels due to a decreasing gradient of water potential from the groundwater to the foliage. According to these factors and their dynamics, small amounts of sap-compatible liquids (i.e. pesticides) can be injected into the xylem system, reaching their target from inside. This endotherapic method, called &#34;trunk injection&#34; or &#34;trunk infusion&#34; (depending on whether the user supplies an external pressure or not), confines the applied chemicals only within the target tree, thereby making it particularly useful in urban situations. The main factors limiting wider use of the traditional drilling methods are related to negative side effects of the holes that must be drilled around the trunk circumference in order to gain access to the xylem vessels beneath the bark.
The University of Padova (Italy) recently developed a manual, drill-free instrument with a small, perforated blade that enters the trunk by separating the woody fibers with minimal friction. Furthermore, the lenticular shaped blade reduces the vessels&#39; cross section, increasing sap velocity and allowing the natural uptake of an external liquid up to the leaves, when transpiration rate is substantial. Ports partially close soon after the removal of the blade due to the natural elasticity and turgidity of the plant tissues, and the cambial activity completes the healing process in few weeks.

Compared to the more traditional hole-based methods, most of which require the tree to be drilled, tools with lenticular blades transform the basics of endotherapy easing the closure of the wound and allowing the natural uptake of the solutions.

Bir Venturi Etkisi Bizim Ağaçlar Cure Yardımcı Olabilirsiniz

In woody plants, xylem sap moves upwards through the vessels due to a decreasing gradient of water potential from the groundwater to the foliage. ...

Çevre

Design and Construction of an Urban Runoff Research Facility

As the urban population increases, so does the area of irrigated urban landscape. Summer water use in urban areas can be 2-3x winter base line water use due to increased demand for landscape irrigation. Improper irrigation practices and large rainfall events can result in runoff from urban landscapes which has potential to carry nutrients and sediments into local streams and lakes where they may contribute to eutrophication. A 1,000 m2 facility was constructed which consists of 24 individual 33.6 m2 field plots, each equipped for measuring total runoff volumes with time and collection of runoff subsamples at selected intervals for quantification of chemical constituents in the runoff water from simulated urban landscapes. Runoff volumes from the first and second trials had coefficient of variability (CV) values of 38.2 and 28.7%, respectively. CV values for runoff pH, EC, and Na concentration for both trials were all under 10%. Concentrations of DOC, TDN, DON, PO4-P, K+, Mg2+, and Ca2+ had CV values less than 50% in both trials. Overall, the results of testing performed after sod installation at the facility indicated good uniformity between plots for runoff volumes and chemical constituents. The large plot size is sufficient to include much of the natural variability and therefore provides better simulation of urban landscape ecosystems.

This paper describes the design, construction, and function of a 1,000 m2 facility containing 24 individual 33.6 m2 field plots equipped for measuring total runoff volumes with time and collection of runoff subsamples at selected intervals for quantification of chemical constituents in the runoff water from simulated home lawns.

Kentsel Akış Araştırma Tesisi Tasarımı ve İnşaat

As the urban population increases, so does the area of irrigated urban landscape. Summer water use in urban areas can be 2-3x winter base line water use ...

Vegetated Treatment Systems for Removing Contaminants Associated with Surface Water Toxicity in Agriculture and Urban Runoff

Urban stormwater and agriculture irrigation runoff contain a complex mixture of contaminants that are often toxic to adjacent receiving waters. Runoff may be treated with simple systems designed to promote sorption of contaminants to vegetation and soils and promote infiltration. Two example systems are described: a bioswale treatment system for urban stormwater treatment, and a vegetated drainage ditch for treating agriculture irrigation runoff. Both have similar attributes that reduce contaminant loading in runoff: vegetation that results in sorption of the contaminants to the soil and plant surfaces, and water infiltration. These systems may also include the integration of granulated activated carbon as a polishing step to remove residual contaminants. Implementation of these systems in agriculture and urban watersheds requires system monitoring to verify treatment efficacy. This includes chemical monitoring for specific contaminants responsible for toxicity. The current paper emphasizes monitoring of current use pesticides since these are responsible for surface water toxicity to aquatic invertebrates.

This article summarizes the design attributes and the effectiveness of treatment systems that treat urban stormwater and agriculture irrigation runoff to remove pesticides and other contaminants associated with aquatic toxicity.

Tarım ve Kentsel Akışta Yüzeysel Su Zehirlenmesiyle İlişkili Kirleticilerin Ortadan Kaldırılması İçin Vejetaryan Arıtma Sistemleri

Urban stormwater and agriculture irrigation runoff contain a complex mixture of contaminants that are often toxic to adjacent receiving waters. Runoff may ...

A Method for Quantifying Foliage-Dwelling Arthropods

Terrestrial arthropods play an important role in our environment. Quantifying arthropods in a way that allows for a precise index or estimates of density requires a method with high detection probability and a known sampling area. While most described methods provide a qualitative or semi-quantitative estimate adequate for describing species presence, richness, and diversity, few provide an adequately consistent detection probability and known or consistent sampling areas to provide an index or estimate with adequate precision to detect differences in abundance across environmental, spatial, or temporal variables. We describe how to quantify leaf-dwelling arthropods by sealing the leaves and end of branches in a bag, clipping and freezing the bagged material, and rinsing the previously frozen material in water to separate arthropods from the substrate and quantify them. As we demonstrate, this method can be used at a landscape scale to quantify leaf-dwelling arthropods with adequate precision to test for and describe how spatial, temporal, environmental, and ecological variables influence arthropod richness and abundance. This method allowed us to detect differences in density, richness, and diversity of leaf-dwelling arthropods among 5 genera of trees commonly found in southeastern deciduous forests.

We describe how to quantify leaf dwelling arthropods by sealing the leaves and end of branches in a bag, clipping and freezing the bagged material, and rinsing the previously frozen material in water to separate arthropods from the substrate for quantification.

Yaprak-Konut Eklembacaklıların Ölçülme Yöntemi

Terrestrial arthropods play an important role in our environment. Quantifying arthropods in a way that allows for a precise index or estimates of density ...

Using Tree-Rings to Reconstruct Fire History Information from Forested Areas

Annual tree-ring patterns are a source of ecological and environmental information including the history of fires in forested areas. Tree-ring based fire histories include three fundamental phases: field collection, laboratory methods (preparation and dating), and data analysis. Here we provide step-by-step instructions and issues to consider, including the process for selecting the study area, sampling sites, plus how and which fire-scarred trees to sample. In addition, we describe fire-scar sample preparation and dating which are done in the laboratory. Finally, we describe basic analysis and relevant results, including examples from studies that have reconstructed fire history patterns. These studies allow us to understand the historical fire frequency, changes in those frequencies related to anthropogenic factors, and analyzes of how climate influences fire occurrence over time. The description of these methods and techniques should provide a greater understanding of fire history studies that will benefit researchers, educators, technicians, and students interested in this field. These detailed methods will allow new researchers to this field, a resource to start their own work and achieve greater success. This resource will provide a greater integration of tree-ring aspects within other studies and lead to a better understanding of natural processes with forested ecosystems.

This work explains the most appropriate techniques and methods for conducting a fire history study from beginning site selection to final analysis of fire-climate relationship.

Annual tree-ring patterns are a source of ecological and environmental information including the history of fires in forested areas. Tree-ring based fire ...

A Method to Preserve Wetland Roots and Rhizospheres for Elemental Imaging

Roots extensively interact with their soil environment but visualizing such interactions between roots and the surrounding rhizosphere is challenging. The rhizosphere chemistry of wetland plants is particularly challenging to capture because of steep oxygen gradients from the roots to the bulk soil. Here a protocol is described that effectively preserves root structure and rhizosphere chemistry of wetland plants through slam-freezing and freeze drying. Slam-freezing, where the sample is frozen between copper blocks pre-cooled with liquid nitrogen, minimizes root damage and sample distortion that can occur with flash-freezing while still minimizing chemical speciation changes. While sample distortion is still possible, the ability to obtain multiple samples quickly and with minimal cost increases the potential to obtain satisfactory samples and optimizes imaging time. The data show that this method is successful in preserving reduced arsenic species in rice roots and rhizospheres associated with iron plaques. This method can be adopted for studies of plant-soil relationships in a wide variety of wetland environments that span concentration ranges from trace-element cycling to phytoremediation applications.

We describe a protocol to sample, preserve, and section intact roots and the surrounding rhizosphere soil from wetland environments using rice (Oryza sativa L.) as a model species. Once preserved, the sample can be analyzed using elemental imaging techniques, such as synchrotron X-ray fluorescence (XRF) chemical speciation imaging.

Elementel Görüntüleme için Sulak Alan Köklerini ve Rizosferleri Koruma Yöntemi

Roots extensively interact with their soil environment but visualizing such interactions between roots and the surrounding rhizosphere is challenging. The ...

Inoculation Strategies to Infect Plant Roots with Soil-Borne Microorganisms

The rhizosphere harbors a highly complex microbial community in which plant roots are constantly challenged. Roots are in close contact with a wide variety of microorganisms, but studies on soil-borne interactions are still behind those performed on aboveground organs. Although some inoculation strategies for infecting model plants with model root pathogens are described in the literature, it remains difficult to get a comprehensive methodological overview. To address this problem, three different root inoculation systems are precisely described that can be applied to gain insights into the biology of root-microbe interactions. For illustration, Verticillium species (namely, V. longisporum and V. dahliae) were employed as root invading model pathogens. However, the methods can be easily adapted to other root colonizing microbes - both pathogenic and beneficial. By colonizing the plant xylem, vascular soil-borne fungi such as Verticillium spp. exhibit a unique lifestyle. After root invasion, they spread via the xylem vessels acropetally, reach the shoot, and elicit disease symptoms. Three representative plant species were chosen as model hosts: Arabidopsis thaliana, economically important oilseed rape (Brassica napus), and tomato (Solanum lycopersicum). Step-by-step protocols are given. Representative results of pathogenicity assays, transcriptional analyses of marker genes, and independent confirmations by reporter constructs are shown. Furthermore, the advantages and disadvantages of each inoculation system are thoroughly discussed. These proven protocols can assist in providing approaches for research questions on root-microbe interactions. Knowing how plants cope with microbes in the soil is crucial for developing new strategies to improve agriculture.

This protocol presents a detailed summary of strategies to inoculate plant roots with soil-borne microbes. Exemplified for the fungi Verticillium longisporum and Verticillium dahliae, three different root infection systems are described. Potential applications and possible downstream analyses are highlighted, and advantages or disadvantages are discussed for each system.

Bitki Köklerini Toprak Kaynaklı Mikroorganizmalarla Enfekte Etmek için Aşılama Stratejileri

The rhizosphere harbors a highly complex microbial community in which plant roots are constantly challenged. Roots are in close contact with a wide ...

In Situ Soil Moisture Sensors in Undisturbed Soils

Soil moisture directly affects operational hydrology, food security, ecosystem services, and the climate system. However, the adoption of soil moisture data has been slow due to inconsistent data collection, poor standardization, and typically short record duration. Soil moisture, or quantitatively volumetric soil water content (SWC), is measured using buried, in situ sensors that infer SWC from an electromagnetic response. This signal can vary considerably with local site conditions such as clay content and mineralogy, soil salinity or bulk electrical conductivity, and soil temperature; each of these can have varying impacts depending on the sensor technology.
Furthermore, poor soil contact and sensor degradation can affect the quality of these readings over time. Unlike more traditional environmental sensors, there are no accepted standards, maintenance practices, or quality controls for SWC data. As such, SWC is a challenging measurement for many environmental monitoring networks to implement. Here, we attempt to establish a community-based standard of practice for in situ SWC sensors so that future research and applications have consistent guidance on site selection, sensor installation, data interpretation, and long-term maintenance of monitoring stations.
The videography focuses on a multi-agency consensus of best-practices and recommendations for the installation of in situ SWC sensors. This paper presents an overview of this protocol along with the various steps essential for high-quality and long-term SWC data collection. This protocol will be of use to scientists and engineers hoping to deploy a single station or an entire network.

In Situ Soil Moisture Sensors in Undisturbed Soils

The determination of soil water content is a critical mission requirement for many state and federal agencies. This protocol synthesizes multi-agency efforts to measure soil water content using buried in situ sensors.

Yerinde Bozulmamış Topraklarda Toprak Nemi Sensörleri

Soil moisture directly affects operational hydrology, food security, ecosystem services, and the climate system. However, the adoption of soil moisture ...

Field Collection and Laboratory Maintenance of Canopy-Forming Giant Kelp to Facilitate Restoration

Canopy-forming kelps are essential foundation species, supporting biodiversity and providing ecosystem services valued at more than USD$500 billion annually. The global decline of giant kelp forests due to climate-driven ecological stressors underscores the need for innovative restoration strategies. An emerging restoration technique known as &#39;green gravel&#39; aims to seed young kelps over large areas without extensive underwater labor and represents a promising restoration tool due to cost-effectiveness and scalability. This video article illustrates a protocol and tools for culturing giant kelp, Macrocystis pyrifera. It also provides a resource for further studies to address the successes and limitations of this method in field settings. We outline field and laboratory-based methods for collecting reproductive tissue, sporulating, inoculating, rearing, maintaining, and monitoring substrates seeded with early life stages using the &#39;green gravel&#39;&#160;technique. The protocol simplifies and centralizes current restoration practices in this field to support researchers, managers, and stakeholders in meeting kelp conservation objectives.

This protocol describes the field collection and regular laboratory maintenance of substrates seeded with canopy-forming giant kelp for use in restoration trials to address the success and limitations of the 'green gravel' technique in field settings.

Restorasyonu kolaylaştırmak için gölgelik oluşturan dev yosunun saha koleksiyonu ve laboratuvar bakımı

Canopy-forming kelps are essential foundation species, supporting biodiversity and providing ecosystem services valued at more than USD$500 billion ...

Responses to Drought and Flooding

Water plays a significant role in the life cycle of plants. However, insufficient or excess of water can be detrimental and pose a serious threat to plants.

Under normal conditions, water taken up by the plant evaporates from leaves and other parts in a process called transpiration. In times of drought stress, water that evaporates by transpiration far exceeds the water absorbed from the soil, causing plants to wilt. The general plant response to drought stress is the synthesis of hormone abscisic acid that keeps stomata closed and reduces transpiration. Additionally, plants may respond to extreme water insufficiency by shedding leaves. This method, however, reduces photosynthesis and consequently hampers plant growth.

Mitigation of drought stress in plants by microbes

Drought stress limits the growth and productivity of plants in arid and semi-arid regions. However, certain microbes present in the vicinity of plants may release physical and chemical signals that induce changes related to plant defense under drought conditions. For example, the soil bacterium Paenibacillus polymyx is reported to induce drought tolerance in Arabidopsis. The most significant effect of this bacteria was observed in the growth of legumes under water stress. Leguminous plants depend on soil rhizobium for nitrogen fixation - but rhizobia are extremely sensitive to drought stress, resulting in very low nitrogen fixation. However, soil mixed with P. polymyx resulted in increased nitrogen fixation by rhizobium and increased growth of the bean plant.

Excess water is equally as disastrous to plants as a lack of water. Too much water can suffocate plants by reducing air spaces in the soil, thereby restricting oxygen needed for cellular respiration. Certain woody plant species respond to flood conditions by developing hypertrophic growth that appears as swelling of tissues at the stem base. This hypertrophic growth may aid in the downward diffusion of oxygen as well as potential venting of toxic compounds (carbon dioxide, methane, and ethanol) formed from anaerobic metabolism. Other adaptive responses to flood stress include the formation of adventitious roots, increases in root porosity via specialized cells called aerenchyma cells, and a suberized exodermis to prevent loss of oxygen.

Plant Responses to Drought and Floods

Kuraklığa ve Sele Karşı Yanıtlar

Water plays a significant role in the life cycle of plants. However, insufficient or excess of water can be detrimental and pose a serious threat to ...